Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Waste disposal'
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1
Hai, Qu, Sun PiaoYi, and Li Xiang. "Waste disposal and renewable resources." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Sektionen för hälsa och samhälle, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-10871.
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Purpose/aim: The purpose of this dissertation is to find out the effect of waste disposal on environment and to explore the effect of renewable resources on economy. We use some data to test and verify the existence of effects. Design/methodology/approach: We use our questionnaires to collect data, and analyze the data in statistical tests. We use case studies to find examples to verify the significance of waste classification and renewable resources as well as the problems in main cities of China. Findings: The analysis shows that we need to focus on waste classification education, if we want to apply it in real life. The best way to use renewable resource more widely is to aquire government support. If we can carry out waste classification better, we can make use of more renewable resources. Originality/value: The value of this paper is that we prove that using waste classification and renewable resource can increase economic growth rate and protect the environment. It is also important because economic growth brings about the reduction of environment quality. When the environment quality decreases, the economic level will also decrease.
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Lau, Kin-wah. "Management, disposal and recycling of waste organic solvents in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19945139.
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Thomas, Roger Henri. "Factors influencing household hazardous waste disposal." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0034/MQ27067.pdf.
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Leung, Kin-keung Kenneth, and 梁健強. "Management and disposal of clinical waste." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253775.
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Davison, Nigel. "The geochemistry of radioactive waste disposal." Thesis, Aston University, 1987. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/9698/.
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The present study attempted to identify the significant parameters which affect radionuclide migration from a low level radioactive waste disposal site located in a clay deposit. From initial sorption studies on smectite minerals, increased Kd with decreasing initial cation concentration was observed, and three sorption mechanisms were identified. The observation of anion dependent sorption was related to the existence of a mechanism in which an anion-cation pair are bound to the clay surface through the anion. The influence of competing cations, typical of inorganic groundwater constituents, depended on: (1) Ni/Co:Mn+(Mn+ = competing cation) ratio, (2) nature of M^n+, (3) total solution ionic strength. The presence of organic material in groundwater is well documented, but its effect on cation sorption has not been established. An initial qualitative investigation involving addition of simple organic ligands to Ni(Co)-hectorite samples demonstrated the formation of metal complexes in the clay interlayers, although some modified behaviour was observed. Further quantitative examination involving likely groundwater organic constituents and more comprehensive physical investigation confirmed this behaviour and enabled separation of the organic compounds used into two classes, according to their effect on cation sorption; (i) acids, (ii) amine compounds. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and Mossbauer spectroscopy were used to investigate the nature of transition metal ions sorbed onto montmorillonite and hectorite. Evidence strongly favoured the sorption of the hexaaquo cation, although a series of sorption sites of slightly different chemical characteristics were responsible for broadened peak widths observed in XPS and Mossbauer investigations. The surface sensitivity of XPS enabled recognition of the two surface sorption sites proposed in earlier sorption studies. Although thermal treatment of Fe^3+/Fe^2+-hectorite samples left iron atoms bonded to the silicate sheet structure, Mossbauer evidence indicated the presence of both ferric and ferrous iron in all samples.
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Leung, Kin-keung Kenneth. "Management and disposal of clinical waste /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18733992.
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Shadras, Mohammad Reza. "Solid waste disposal in eastern Mediterranean countries." Thesis, London South Bank University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.332217.
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Rezaee, Mohammad. "SUSTAINABLE DISPOSAL OF COAL PROCESSING WASTE STREAMS." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/mng_etds/26.
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Modern coal preparation facilities incorporate a wide array of solid-solid and solid-liquid separation processes for rejecting mineral matter to meet market specifications. The coarse mineral matter is typically placed into engineered refuse piles whereas the fine refuse is either stored in impoundments or co-disposed with the coarse refuse. The discharge water from the refuse material represents an environmental concern due to the potential release of trace elements, and the subsequent elevation of total dissolved solids and conductivity. The research findings reported in this dissertation addresses sustainable coal processing waste disposal through using strategies aimed at minimizing the environmental impacts. To provide an accurate and inexpensive method to assess the potential environmental effects of a given waste material, a conductivity screening-level test was modified to incorporate the impact of particle surface area. The test was used on various waste streams as well as the particle size and density fractions of each waste stream to identify environmentally sensitive components that can be separated from the bulk and isolated to prevent negative environmental impacts. The results were subsequently evaluated for long term mobility of trace elements under different disposal scenarios: (i) static leaching tests designed to simulate the quiescent conditions in a stable impoundment, and (ii) a dynamic test to simulate waste materials exposed to the atmosphere in variable wet/dry storage conditions. The results indicated that liberating, separating and isolating the highest density fractions (>2.68 SG) which represents less than 5% of the coal refuse materials results in significant abatement of total dissolved solids and conductivity. Required modifications of the coal processing plants were suggested to segregate and subsequently isolate the environmentally sensitive fractions from the remaining refuse material.
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Carolus, Vernon. "Waste and waste management in Breede Valley district." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/784.
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Thesis (MTech (Environmental Health))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2007The waste management that is taking place in the Breede Valley district focus mainly on disposal and end-of-pipe solutions. This approach resulted in serious negative impacts on the environment and human health. Improper waste management practices have become a major source of concern due to the risk associated with poor waste management in the area. Indiscriminate dumping of waste at street corners is very common. The basic waste management processes of collection, transport, segregation and [mal disposal appear to be very inefficient and inadequate. The objective of this study was to determine the composition of the waste stream as well as public awareness, attitudes and behaviours towards current and alternative waste management practices. A waste assessment study was conducted to determine the amount of waste generated by the different communities, as well as how much and what of the recyclables can be taken out of the waste stream by recycling. For this study data was obtained by formulation of questionnaires for businesses, communities and medical practitioners, as well as an interview with the Engineering Department of the Breede Valley Municipality about the current waste management situation in the area. From the data obtain from businesses, communities and medical facilities, it is clear that public participation, partnership, education and awareness is essential for effective integrated waste management. This study revealed that waste management practices are inefficient, uncontrolled and fragmented. This investigation shows that there is a huge difference between the different communities in terms of the volume of waste generation. The study also shows that waste related legislation is outdated and fragmented and there is no enforcement by municipal officials. The major Issues and challenges that affect the management of waste. include its organisational structure and lack of waste minimisation plans.
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Maiden, Benjamin Gaylord. "Geographic implications of public policy : the siting of noxious facilities /." The Ohio State University, 1986. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487266011225094.
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Creese, Thomas Chalmers. "Use of metamodels in a probabilistic radiological assessment /." Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Čepanko, Violeta. "Investigation of fermented waste and technologies of disposal." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2010~D_20100628_092621-12161.
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Object of the work – the fermented solid waste (substrate) and liquid (filtrate) fractions and their technologies of disposal. The key aim of this work is to analyse and evaluate the possibilities of using fermented wastes (sewage sludge, swine and poultry manure, fruit and vegetable waste, and grain) for fertilisation, composting and incineration taking into account their elementary composition and a level of pollution with heavy metals. Carry out an evaluation of gaseous pollutant (NOx) emissions from the process of incineration through the employment of a digital model.Tyrimų objektas – fermentuotų atliekų kietoji (substratas) ir skystoji (filtratas) frakcijos bei jų panaudojimo technologijos. Darbo tikslas – išnagrinėti bei įvertinti fermentuotų atliekų (nuotekų dumblo, kiaulių ir vištų mėšlo, vaisių su daržovėmis bei žliaugto) panaudojimo tręšimui, kompostavimui bei deginimui galimybes atsižvelgiant į jų elementinę sudėtį ir užtaršos lygį sunkiaisiais metalais. Atlikti šių atliekų deginimo proceso metu išsiskiriančių dujinių teršalų (NOx) įvertinimą naudojant skaitinį modelį.
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Leung, Carolina, and 梁碧芬。. "A review of the 1989 waste disposal plan." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31254329.
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Sizer, Calvin Gregory. "Minor actinide waste disposal in deep geological boreholes." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/41595.
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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Nuclear Science and Engineering, 2006.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 63-65).
The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate a waste canister design suitable for the disposal of vitrified minor actinide waste in deep geological boreholes using conventional oil/gas/geothermal drilling technology. The nature of minor actinide waste was considered, paying particular attention to nuclides whose decay energy and half lives were of relative significance to the minor actinide waste as a whole. Thermal Analysis was performed based on a reference borehole design, by Ian C. Hoag. The strategy of the thermal analysis is aimed at finding peak temperatures within the configuration, paying particular attention to the heat transfer under deep geological conditions in the air gap between the canister and the borehole. A first order economic analysis was made to compare the designed canister emplacement costs to that of intact spent fuel. The results of this analysis show that three minor actinide nuclides dominate heat generation after ten years cooling: Cm-244, Am-241, and Am-243 account for 97.5% of minor actinide decay heat. These three nuclides plus Np-237 account for 99% of the minor actinide mass. The thermal analysis was based on an irretrievable canister design, consisting of a 5 meter long synroc waste form, with minor actinides loaded to 1% wt, an outer radius of 15.8 cm and inner annular radius of 8.5 cm. Filling the annulus with a vitrified technetium and iodine waste form was found to be feasible using a multi-stage emplacement process. This process would only be required for three of the fifty boreholes because technetium and iodine have low heat generations after 10 years cooling. The suggested borehole waste form has a maximum centerline temperature of 349C. The costs of drilling boreholes to meet the demand of 100,000MT of PWR waste are estimated to be 3.5% of the current nuclear waste fund, or about $9.6/kg of original spent fuel.
by Calvin Gregory Sizer.
S.B.
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Leung, Carolina. "A review of the 1989 waste disposal plan /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21301712.
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Bunsri, Thidarat. "Contaminant transport processes in onsite waste disposal systems." Thesis, School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, 2006. https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/642.
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Groundwater contamination is an important environmental problem to the present day. The groundwater pollution caused by pathogens from human excreta, particularly in developing countries is directly associated with the lack of safe drinking water and proper sanitation. A septic system is the simplest and the most economic onsite sanitation unit. It includes a tank and a drainage field. A septic tank is designed to receive domestic wastewater, especially black and grey, or a combination of both. Due to the worldwide spread of septic tank usage, it was estimated that they disposed of the largest volumes of wastewater into the ground through their drainage fields. Poorly discharged effluent often contains high concentrations of organic carbon, nutrients and pathogens. Therefore, there is a need to develop a model for estimating the migration of contaminants in a drainage field. The aim of this study was to develop a model for the transport and fate of pollutants discharged by a septic tank below the ground surface.
Firstly, a conceptual model was developed to describe removal mechanisms and the fate of contaminants such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrate, phosphate and Escherichia Coli (E.Coli) in unsaturated soil conditions. The governing equations were formulated to support the established conceptual model. The migration of contaminants depends on the advection-dispersion transport and retardation processes that can be evaluated using a modified form of the Richards equation. The retardations are mainly due to adsorption and biodegradation processes that are traditionally described using the multiplicative Monod’s equations and isotherm equation, respectively. Secondly, a mathematical model was developed by modifying these governing equations. The mathematical model is in the form of hyperbolic/parabolic partial differential equations with strong nonlinearity due to pressure head dependencies in the specific moisture capacity, hydraulic conductivity terms and complex retardation processes. In order to solve the mathematical model, a numerical approach was employed. The developed model was solved numerically using the Galerkin finite element method. The numerical model was coded with MATLAB software. Finally, the developed model was calibrated using the writer’s laboratory data and other data obtained from case studies.
The movement of water and wastewater and the retardation of contaminants were investigated experimentally and the results of these experiments were compared with the simulations of the developed model. Two types of porous media were used, sand and topsoil. Sand is a uniform and non-reactive porous medium which provides an effective permeability for infiltration. Topsoil is a non-uniform and reactive porous medium which provides various rates of retardation. The infiltration experiments were conducted using laboratory and pilot scale columns of 20 and 120 cm effective heights, respectively. Laboratory scale sand and soil columns were used to determine the hydraulic properties of sand and soil, the movement of water with various boundary conditions such as gravitational, static equilibrium of capillary and infiltrationredistribution flows. A pilot scale soil column was used to examine the transport of contaminants in field conditions.
The computational code used in the advective-dispersive transport (Richards’ equation) was applied to the data obtained from the laboratory scale soil columns. The simulation results for the hydraulic pressure head and moisture content in both sand and soil columns matched the observed data well. The contaminant transport model could satisfactorily estimate the contaminant concentration and retardation zone. The simulation results indicate that all contaminants except E.Coli were reduced significantly across a 15 cm depth (elevation of 105 cm) whereas the E.Coli reduction zone was observed within 10 cm depth (elevation of 110 cm) of the soil column.
Eight case studies were used in the model verification processes. The developed model could effectively predict the profiles of pressure head and moisture content observed in infiltration and infiltration-redistribution systems. Furthermore, the developed model could predict the profiles of non-reactive and reactive contaminant concentrations presented in all the case studies. This indicates that the developed model is an effective alternative tool for predicting the migration of contaminants in the ground underneath a septic effluent drainage field.
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Tong, Cheuk-kei. "Municipal waste management in Shanghai, 1866-1949." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B41634032.
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Liu, Ka-man. "Kitchen solid waste." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B41549430.
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Kwan, Woon-yin Patrick. "Policy review on domestic waste management in selected places." access abstract and table of contents access full-text, 2007. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/ezdb/dissert.pl?ma-sa-b22107149a.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A.)--City University of Hong Kong, 2007."A capstone project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts in Public Policy and Management at City University of Hong Kong." Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Oct. 12, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.
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Wilson, Bruce Gordon. "Systems modelling of municipal solid waste collection operations /." *McMaster only, 2001.
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Lau, Kin-wah, and 劉健華. "Management, disposal and recycling of waste organic solvents in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31254056.
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Junin, Radzuan bin. "Downhole disposal of oil-rig drill cuttings." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339712.
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Hoag, Christopher Ian. "Canister design for deep borehole disposal of nuclear waste." Thesis, (5 MB), 2006. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA473223.
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Thesis (M.S. in Nuclear Science and Engineering)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006."May 2006." Description based on title screen as viewed on June 1, 2010. DTIC Descriptor(s): Boreholes, Radioactive Wastes, Disposal, Canisters, Thermal Properties, USSR, Diameters, Thickness, Stability, Permeability, Environments, Corrosion, Drilling, Flooding, Storage, Reactor Fuels, Nuclear Energy, Barriers, Emplacement, Internal, Fuels, Igneous Rock, Geothermy, Drills, Hazards, Performance (Engineering), Water, Theses, Granite, Steel, Containment (General). Includes bibliographical references (p. 122-125). Also available in print.
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Taiyabi, Asif A. "A multi-attribute analysis of nuclear waste disposal alternatives." Master's thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-02022010-020127/.
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McKeown, Christopher. "A model approach to radioactive waste disposal at Sellafield." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1997. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2588/.
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Sellafield in West Cumbria is the potential site of a repository for radioactive, Intermediate Level Waste (ILW). The proposed repository lies at 650 m beneath the ground surface to the west of the 1000 m uplands of the Lake District. The fractured Borrowdale Volcanic Group (BVG) host rock is overlain by a sequence of Carboniferous and Permo-Triassic sediments. Fresh, saline and brine groundwaters exist in the subsurface. Upward trending fluid pressure gradients have been measured in the area of the potential repository site. Steady-state, 2-D simulations of fluid flow were undertaken with the OILGEN code. Topographically driven flow dominates the regional hydrogeology. Subsurface fluid flow trended persistently upwards through the potential repository site. The dense brines to the west of the site promoted upward deflection of groundwaters. The groundwater flow rate through the potential repository site was dependent upon the hydraulic conductivity of the BVG. Calibration of the model was achieved by matching simulated subsurface pressures to those measured in-situ. Emergent repository fluids could reach the surface in 15,000 years. The measured BVG hydraulic conductivity is up to 1000 times too high to be simply declared safe. Geochemical simulations, with Geochemist's Workbench?, showed natural BVG groundwaters display redox disequilibrium. The in-situ Eh is most probably +66 mV. Pyrite, absent from rock fractures, would not enforce a reducing -250 mV Eh. Steel barrels and alkaline cement are intended to geochemically retain 2.5x106 kg of uranium. Simulations of repository cement/BVG groundwater interactions produced pH 10 at 80°C but no change in the +66 mV Eh. Steel barrel interactions produced an alkaline fluid with Eh -500 mV. Uranium solubility in the high pH repository near field was as high as 10-2.7 M, regardless of steel interactions. Uranium solubility adjacent to the repository (pseudo near field) was controlled by Eh; ranging from 10-13 M in the presence of steel, to 10-2.7 M with no steel. Uranium retention is controlled only by steel barrel durability. Oxidising, natural BVG groundwater will enhance steel barrel destruction. Distant from repository (far field) uranium solubility was 10-5.4 M if Eh was as measured in-situ. Thermodynamic data variations affect the calculation of uranium solubility; uranium near field solubility can be as high as 10-1.4 M. Uranium solubilities in near-field high pH groundwater could be more than 600 times greater than the 10-5.5 M used by the UK Nirex Ltd. in their safety case simulations.
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West, J. M. "Geomicrobiological aspects of the deep disposal of radioactive waste." Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.379139.
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Hoag, Christopher Ian. "Canister design for deep borehole disposal of nuclear waste." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/41269.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Nuclear Science and Engineering, June 2006.Includes bibliographical references (p. 122-125).
The objective of this thesis was to design a canister for the disposal of spent nuclear fuel and other high-level waste in deep borehole repositories using currently available and proven oil, gas, and geothermal drilling technology. The canister is suitable for disposal of various waste forms, such as fuel assemblies and vitrified waste. The design addresses real and perceived hazards of transporting and placing high-level waste, in the form of spent reactor fuel, into a deep igneous rock environment with particular emphasis on thermal performance. The proposed boreholes are 3 to 5 km deep, in igneous rock such as granite. The rock must be in a geologically stable area from a volcanic and tectonic standpoint, and it should have low permeability, as shown in recent data taken from a Russian deep borehole. Although deep granite should remain dry, water in flooded boreholes is expected to be reducing, but potentially corrosive to steel. However, the granite and plug are the containment barrier, not the canister itself. The canisters use standard oil drilling casings. The inner diameter is 315.32mm in order to accommodate a PWR assembly with a width of 214mm. At five meters tall, each canister holds one PWR assembly. The canister thickness is 12.19mm, with an outer diameter of 339.7mm. A liner can extend to the bottom of the emplacement zone to aid in retrievability. The liner has an outer diameter of 406.4mm and a thickness of 9.52mm. The standard drill bit used with a liner of this size has an outer diameter of 444.5mm. Sample calculations were performed for a two kilometer deep emplacement zone in a four kilometer deep hole for the conservative case of PWR fuel having a burnup of 60,000 MWd/kg, cooled ten years before emplacement.
(cont.) Tensile and buckling stresses were calculated, and found to be tolerable for a high grade of steel used in the drilling industry. In the thermal analysis, a maximum borehole wall temperature of 2400C is computed from available correlations and used to calculate a maximum canister centerline temperature of 3370C, or 3190C if the hole floods with water. Borehole repository construction costs were calculated to be on the rate of 50 $/kg spent fuel, which is competitive with Yucca Mountain construction costs. Recommendations for future work on the very deep borehole concept are suggested in the areas of thermal analysis, plugging, corrosion of the steel canisters, site selection, and repository economics.
by Christopher Ian Hoag.
S.M.
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Tolosana, Sandra. "Aspects of medical waste disposal in the Cape Peninsula." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26572.
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Hazardous waste management practices at ten medical institutions in Cape Town were studied and tests undertaken to determine concentrations of specific chemicals and radioactivity in liquid effluent outflows, as well as emissions from incinerators. To investigate the sewage outflow for Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), N, pH and heavy metals, a continuous sampler was installed at two hospitals and a Medical School. Samples were analysed by atomic absorption spectrometry for As, Hg, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn and Fe. Mercury levels ranged from l-70μg l⁻¹, exceeding the Environmental Target Quality of 0.04μg l⁻¹, and the South African General Effluent Standard of 20μg l⁻¹ . All other heavy metals were below General Effluent Standard Limits. In addition, a sludge sample from the Athlone Wastewater Plant was tested for Hg, realising 6mg kg⁻¹ on a dry weight basis, which was within Department of Health (DOH) Guidelines of 10 mg kg⁻¹. Samples of incinerator bottom ash analysed for heavy metal content gave Hg concentrations of 1.1-4.0mg kg⁻¹, and Zn concentrations of 5.1-11.0g kg⁻¹. Incinerator ash was also analysed for radio-activity and substantial levels of ¹²⁵I (332-650 bq kg⁻¹ ), and Ga⁶⁷ (9186bq kg⁻¹) recorded, which exceeded the South African limits of 200bq kg⁻¹. In Cape Town, hospital incinerators are old, burn large amounts of plastics and produce toxic emissions. They are all situated in residential or inner-city areas, and even though there is legislation dealing with emissions and chemical waste, these laws are not being enforced. Based on the above results, an investigation was carried out to assess attitudes to and knowledge of hazardous waste in the ten institutions. One thousand questionnaires were administered to staff, and the data from the 80% response rate statistically analysed. Results suggest that there is an urgent need for an holistic approach to toxic waste management, encompassing enforceable legislation coupled with on-going educational programmes and strong support from top management and all levels of staff.
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Xu, Nan. "Sustainable Waste Treatment : Facilitating sustainable disposal of used garments." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för design (DE), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-104784.
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Nowadays, with concerns about environmental and health issues, the awareness of more environmentally friendly and sustainable waste disposal is growing. However, due to the widespread disposal of waste items in the fashion field, such as landfills and incineration, the problems caused by these disposal methods cannot meet people’s sustainable needs for waste treatment. Therefore, the project is based on consumers, focusing on the sustainable treatment of used garments, and provides some possibilities for solving problems related to other types of used products. In order to achieve this goal, this project starts from the literature review of garments disposal behavior, and through the understanding of the theories such as life cycle assessment and waste hierarchy, as well as the collection and analysis of user survey data, completed the design of the project solution. By reference to the theoretical framework and application of the methodological framework, the project finally proposed a solution composed of three consumer-oriented design ideas, mainly in the form of social design to facilitate people’s recycling, reuse and other sustainable disposals of used garments.
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Heffner, Heather Ann. "Analysis of post-use hypodermic needle medical waste disposal." Thesis, Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004:, 2004. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-06072004-131158/unrestricted/heffner%5Fheather%5Fa%5F200405%5Fms.pdf.
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Siwiak, Monika. "A review of household hazardous waste and disposal options." Thesis, Siwiak, Monika (2000) A review of household hazardous waste and disposal options. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2000. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/38386/.
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The following review focuses on defining Household Hazardous Waste (HHW), current collection programs established in the Perth Metropolitan Region and around the country. The studies main focus, however, is on HHW disposal options. The methods used to obtain this information involved an extensive literature search on the available published information.
From the information obtained it could be concluded that firstly quantities of HHW collected in Perth are considerably lower than figures from other states and, especially in comparison to the U.S.A. It was concluded that for the Perth Metropolitan collection program to be successful, in terms of economics and recapturing rates, an aggressive public education and outreach program would have to be developed and introduced.
Secondly, it was concluded from the information obtained on disposal options that due to differences in population, geography and extent of industry development, the application of these methods would encounter limitations such as costs, legislation and a lack market and industrial support. Disposal options, such as those for batteries and fluorescent lamps for example, would particularly difficult to incorporate into Perth Collection Programs. However, disposal options used in the U.S.A for the management of paint and used oil filters could quite easily applied to the Perth Metropolitan region as they are simple and relatively inexpensive to set.
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Chambers, Fran. "Albany solid waste management study: Incorporating Cladophora disposal study." Thesis, Chambers, Fran (1992) Albany solid waste management study: Incorporating Cladophora disposal study. Masters by Coursework thesis, Murdoch University, 1992. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/52354/.
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This report presents an integrated solid waste management strategy for Albany based on the principle of waste minimisation. It is the result of a request by the Town and the Shire of Albany to examine solid waste disposal options and to assess the most appropriate method(s) for Albany, and to investigate possible disposal options for the alga, Cladophora, which is being harvested from the Albany harbours.
Chapter One establishes the context. It provides background information on solid waste management in Albany and discusses the circumstances which led to the request by the Town and the Shire. The study objectives and scope are presented, as is a brief discussion of some recent salient reports which have been produced on waste management and which are relevant to this study.
Chapter Two examines the current situation. Solid waste management is under the control of the local authorities, the Town and the Shire of Albany. Current waste practices are examined, as are Albany’s special environmental constraints which accentuate the need for waste minimisation and environmentally acceptable disposal of non-recyclable waste.
Both authorities are involved in waste minimisation through recycling programmes, and both are actively seeking ways to increase efficiency and reduce the waste stream. The analysis reveals duplication in services and administration which could be avoided if the two authorities joined forces for the purpose of waste management.
Albany does not have an inordinate solid waste problem. If waste reduction targets are met over the next decade, less waste will need disposal than is generated today, even if the population expands at a medium-high growth rate. Targets could be more effectively achieved through amalgamation, and the primary recommendation of the document is that the Town and the Shire of Albany jointly establish a Regional Waste Management Council for the purposes of waste management. This key recommendation is presented early in the report as the proposed waste management strategy is based on the premise that such a body should be formed.
Chapter Three proposes a waste management strategy which builds on the waste reduction achievements already attained in Albany. The theme of the strategy is waste minimisation, defined as any activity that minimises the generation of waste and thus avoids the problems of disposal. The strategy involves an operational, or management plan, and an organisational, or administrative structure. Targets are in accordance with National and State waste management strategies, with a proposed 50% reduction in the amount of waste that goes to landfill by the year 2000 as the principal target.
Increased community awareness, legal sanctions and financial incentives are the "tools" used to attain the waste reduction targets. The specific techniques proposed are source reduction, or reduction of waste at the point of production, and maximum recycling including composting.
Not everything is recyclable, nor is it likely to be in the foreseeable future, so it necessary to dispose of unrecycled waste in a manner that is acceptable environmentally, socially and economically. Chapter Four evaluates several alternatives to assess their potential as waste disposal facilities.
Options that are capital and/or energy intensive, such as pyrolysis, Neutralysis, incineration for energy recovery and whole refuse composting are rejected as it is considered that a centre the size of Albany does not generate the amount of waste required to justify their construction. They would simply not be cost effective. They are also rejected because they consume recyclable materials in their processing such as paper, cardboard, and timber, which conflicts with the waste minimisation ethos. If recyclables are disposed of in this manner there is little incentive for the householder to participate in recycling to reduce the waste stream. Finally, each of these systems leaves a substantial residue of waste which cannot be utihsed during processing, mainly plastics, metals, glass and hazardous components and which have to be disposed of separately.
Sanitary landfill is therefore considered to be the most appropriate waste disposal method for Albany. It is still the most economical method, and it has fewer environmental and economical uncertainties than the alternatives. The problems associated with landfill as a waste disposal method are not denied, but as environmental awareness increases, these problems are becoming better understood, and with proper management can be made environmentally acceptable, as is discussed in the body of the report.
The major recognised environmental issue for Albany is deterioration in the health of the harbours because of excessive nutrient input from various sources. The Hanrahan Road landfill site was targeted as a possible source of nutrients from leachate runoff and groundwater seepage by the EPA in 1990.
A study of surface leachates conducted this year by Murdoch University Honours student Tony Smith concluded that leachate ponding and surface export was unacceptable. Me recommended that "leachate seepage and contaminated runoff be retained and treated on-site, and that the disposal of leachate effluent be carried out in accordance with the relevant discharge criteria" (Smith, 1991).
Hanrahan Road landfill site has been the Town of Albany’s waste disposal site since 1970. It is a large site with predominantly suitable soils, and is close to the centre of waste generation yet does not impinge upon residential dwellings and it could accommodate all of Albany's waste until at least the turn of the century.
The findings of this study concur with the above recommendation, and as the Hanrahan Road site has many positive attributes, it is in the interests of both the Town and the Shire to control the leachate so that it can continue to operate. This solid waste management study recommends that, subject to environmental acceptability, the Hanrahan Road landfill site should be utilised as the single waste disposal facility for Albany.
For over two decades, the harbourside organic industries and smaller organic industries have disposed of their solid organic waste into the local landfill sites. In July 1990, Hanrahan Road closed the site to this type of waste. It is currently being dumped at the Shire of Albany's landfill site at Baker’s Junction. Chapter Five examines current practices and concludes that disposing of organic residue to landfill is unacceptable environmentally, socially and economically. It is also in conflict with the ethos of waste minimisation.
The environmental issues include (a) the production of high strength leachates from the biodegradation of the organic material which could enter groundwater and waterways, (b) the proliferation of disease vectors such as flies, rodents and mammals, and (c) the unknown impact of pesticides on the ecosystem. Dumping organic waste in this manner is also wasteful, economically unsound and aesthetically undesirable. Apart from throwing away marketable resources, the disposal of organic waste into the tip is reducing the lifespan of Baker's Junction landfill site. The recommendations of this chapter focus on proper management practices and enforcement of regulations to assist the local authorities and the industries to find acceptable alternative solutions to the ones currently being employed.
Chapter Six investigates the possible disposal options for the macroalgae that are being harvested from Albany’s harbours. The macroalgae, predominantly Cladophora species, are to be harvested from Princess Royal Harbour and Oyster Harbour for two reasons, (i) to allow greater light penetration to seagrass beds which will enable the seagrasses to photosynthesise more efficiently, and (ii) to reduce the nutrient pool in the harbours.
Community interest has been high, and several individuals have offered to take the algae for direct application onto farm land and gardens. The algae could also be composted, used as a base for potting mix for salt tolerant plants, and/or used as rehabilitation material for minesites and disused quarries within reserves.
Two major constraints with regard to these disposal options are (i) uncertainty about heavy metal levels within the plant, and (ii) salt and other contaminants entering the town’s water supply through seepage into the Water Authority’s borefield areas. Analysis for contaminants is one of the recommendations of this section.
The final chapter illustrates how Albany’s proposed waste management strategy is part of a broader picture. Regionalisation for solid and liquid waste management is occurring internationally, nationally and at the state level. It is recognised that pooled resources allow for better long term planning, and that fewer waste disposal facilities are more efficient and cost effective than are many smaller sites. Chapter Seven also presents a summary of the recommendations from this report.
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Hoffman, Edward Albert. "Neutron transmutation of nuclear waste." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16700.
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Lai, Wai-hing. "Solid waste management in Hong Kong." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B41013104.
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Tam, Yiu-man, and 譚耀敏. "Clinical waste management and its future development in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253544.
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Adkins, Dawn Marie. "A comparison perceived and calculated risk for a low-level radioactive waste disposal facility." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19683.
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Bonnett, Timothy Charles. "A systems view of the nuclear waste dilemma." Master's thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-01202010-020205/.
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Paukert, Jill G. "Cost effectiveness of schedule compliance in developing a low-level radioactive waste disposal facility in Texas." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/29375.
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Cheng, Hoi-cheung. "Planning on treatments of solid domestic waste in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19131756.
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Hampson, Christine L. "Residents' reappraisal of the Halton Regional landfill site : a longitudinal study of psychosocial impacts /." *McMaster only, 1997.
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Vrede, Bruce. "Petroleum waste disposal challenges in selected African countries - policy, practice and prospects." University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4152.
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Magister Artium - MAThe oil industry is growing increasingly aware of its serious image problem. There is a growing awareness of the systematic abuses of people and the environment inherent in the production, processing and marketing of petroleum. (Rowell, 1997). From the Club of Rome to the Bruntland Report to Rio De Janeiro and Johannesburg Earth Summits, increased pressure on the oil industry has been witnessed. Pressure has mounted to, in particular, start managing the industry’s impact on the environment. It was the first pictures of earth from space, which revealed the view of the limited “spaceship earth”, after which Garrett Hardin’s seminal article, entitled ‘The Tragedy of the Commons’ triggered an understanding of the close links between the environment and our economic activity in 1974, Daniel Yergin (1991) argues. Today the oil industry is facing ‘peak oil’ (the point in time when the maximum rate of petroleum extraction will be reached) and the looming fallout from environmental damage costs and disasters (Clyde,1996). It has been argued by Brain Clyde (1996) that the emergence of notions of ‘sustainable development’ and practice in the context of the oil industry, reifies global capitalism as the liberating and protecting force (Clyde, 1996). This thesis sets out to explore these notions of sustainable development and the ways in which they challenge (or not) the foundations of knowledge around environmentally ethical behaviour amongst large oil companies and the manner in which they manage, in particular, used oil. There is a growing body of research contained in the fields of Political Ecology and Industrial Ecology that points to the need for blame to be placed between multinational oil companies and national governments for failing in their mandate to protect the environment (Africa Institute, 2013 and Danida, 2012). This thesis argues that used oil management is not only the responsibility of oil companies but also that of national governments and suppliers in the general public. If the role of national governments is to create enabling conditions for the development of “fit for purpose” waste policy and regulations in order to lead or track “best practices” in used oil management, this thesis shows that more often than not, policy has either failed in practice or has not been developed owing to a lack of political will. The prospects for implementation of best practices typically speak to concepts of recycling, reuse and proper disposal in terms of Lansink’s Ladder (1979) concept (He was a Dutch member of parliament who presented a schematic presentation of the order of preference for waste management options, with disposal at the bottom and prevention at the top) of the “waste hierarchy” with which this study engages (Gertsakis and Lewis, 2003). The waste management hierarchy supports the approaches taken in studies in the field of Industrial Ecology which suggest practice-based solutions to waste oil and policy development. This thesis explores four contexts of waste management in Africa, focusing on comparisons between policy and practice in sites that I have worked at in Kenya, Mozambique, Namibia and relates these to South Africa. Waste management infrastructure to support used oil management is largely in poor shape or non-existent, whilst the gap between waste management policy and legislation and actual waste management practices appears to be widening. This is mainly due to ongoing capacity constraints or non-existence of waste management facilities for the different waste streams. As result of industrialization, urbanization and modernization of agriculture in Africa waste generation is expected to increase significantly. My interest in this research, and the major intention of this study came from my personal experience working as an environmental specialist in the petroleum industry, where I have witnessed poor waste oil practices as a result of inadequate infrastructural or waste disposal options. Exacerbating the problem, as I argue in the study, are poorly defined waste management policy/regulations with consequential severe environmental and health degradation.
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Lin, Sheng-Lung. "Effectiveness of sulfur for solidification/stabilization of metal contaminated wastes." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19475.
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Tysor, Dale H. "Municipal solid waste : a look at maximizing the disposal effort." Thesis, Springfield, Va. : Available from National Technical Information Service, 2001. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA395272.
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Zeiss, Christopher Andrew. "Siting waste disposal facilities in host communities : impacts and acceptance." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29223.
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The siting of municipal solid waste disposal facilities is often unsuccessful or delayed because of host community opposition. Physical, economic, social and political impacts of landfill and an incinerator site are identified, assessed and combined in a rational model to explain the cause of opposition.
Residents' beliefs about facility impacts correspond well with the assessed physical impacts at the landfill in identifying odor, birds, traffic, water emissions and explosion risks as negative impacts and convenient disposal as a benefit. At the incinerator, common resident beliefs comprise odors, noise, traffic and air emissions as negative impacts and energy recovery as a benefit. Underlying these obvious physical impacts, however is a group of non-physical beliefs about the harm to community image, loss of control, unfairness, and property value losses in the host community. These non-physical impacts influence the attitude about the facility as strongly as the physical impacts.
Finally, exposure to obvious physical impacts is shown to negatively influence the beliefs about physical and non-physical (economic, social and political) impacts. Thus, by screening the host community from obvious physical impacts (nuisances), the beliefs about community image, control, fairness and property values can be enhanced.
Since negative attitude and opposition action are strongest prior to facility construction, the siting efforts need to be focused on this period. After construction, the host community adapts to the new situation.
The facility impacts are combined into a model to define a criterion for acceptance. The net value of facility impacts and benefits must reach or exceed in value the narrow tolerance range at the original host community reference point to avoid significant host community opposition. Impact reduction rather than compensation is theoretically shown to be the more effective approach to fulfilling the acceptance criterion. This approach is empirically tested at typical waste facility sites.
Despite higher costs for prevention and emission control methods to reduce physical and non-physical impacts, these methods are shown to be superior to mitigation and compensation in gaining community acceptance.
Based on the conclusions, the policy statement on waste facility sitings recommends first, defining entitlements and rules for the siting process, establishing increasing waste reduction and separation in a waste management plan, and using participative community planning as long-term, preventive facility siting measures. Short term siting measures comprise, the negotiation of siting agreements, the use of best available technical emission controls and continued monitoring by an overview committee. The focused use of prevention and control measures to address host community concerns can substantially enhance community acceptance of municipal solid waste facilities.Applied Science, Faculty of
Civil Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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Kelly, Andrea E. "Molecular ecology of methanotrophs in municipal solid waste disposal sites." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250545.
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Edwards, Alan Jonathan. "Hydrogeological aspects of waste disposal on the Carboniferous limestone aquifer." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261352.
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Kuo, Weng-Sheng. "Evaluation of deep drillholes for high level nuclear waste disposal." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/45197.
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Gunderson, Katie Marie. "Radiation damage in phosphates and silicates for nuclear waste disposal." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608095.
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Harvey, Penelope. "The material politics of waste disposal - decentralization and integrated systems." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/79784.
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Este artículo, y el anterior «Encuentros y desencuentros del estado local y regional en la gestión integrada de los residuos sólidos. Una tarea pendiente en el Valle Sagrado» de Teresa Tupayachi, son trabajos complementarios sobre la gestión de residuos sólidos en el valle del Vilcanota en Cusco. Penelope Harvey and Teresa Tupayachi trabajaron juntas el tema. El presente artículo investiga cómo se experimentan y entienden las discontinuidades entre diversas instancias del Estado. A partir de un estudio etnográfico del Valle Sagrado, en el departamento de Cusco, el artículo examina las políticas de la materia que implica la gestión de residuos sólidos en tiempos neoliberales. Enfrentados con el problema de cómo manejar los residuos sólidos, los ciudadanos del Cusco y del Valle Sagrado experimentan una falta de responsabilidad institucional y demandan mayor presencia del Estado. El artículo describe los esfuerzos de los expertos técnicos por diseñar sistemas integrales para la gestión de los residuos, sistemas que aprovechan las posibilidades de reciclado para transformar la ‘basura’ (materia tóxica) en materia con vitalidad económica, lo que ahora se conoce como ‘residuos sólidos’. La financiación de los residuos parece llevar a un bien común incontestable. Sin embargo, encontramos que en la práctica los esfuerzos para diseñar un sistema viable para recolectar y tratar a los residuos en un espacio político descentralizante manifiesta profundas tensiones y contradicciones sociales. Las discontinuidades sociales que la descentralización implica perturban las posibilidades y promesas de los infraestructuras integradas. Los actores locales resisten las soluciones que se impone desde arriba y buscan no solo soluciones alternativas, sino también nuevas maneras de formular los problemas de un modo más preciso, y su relación más amplia con el Estado.This article and the previous «Convergence and divergence between the local and regional state around solid waste management. An unresolved problem in the Sacred Valley» from Teresa Tupayachi are published as complementary accounts on the management of solid waste in the Vilcanota Valley in Cusco. Penelope Harvey and Teresa Tupayachi worked together on this theme. The present article explores how discontinuities across diverse instances of the state are experienced and understood. Drawing from an ethnographic study of the Vilcanota Valley in Cusco, the article looks at the material politics of waste disposal in neoliberal times. Faced with the problem of how to dispose of solid waste, people from Cusco experience a lack of institutional responsibility and call for a stronger state presence. The article describes the efforts by technical experts to design integrated waste management systems that maximise the potential for re-cycling, minimise toxic contamination, and turn ‘rubbish’ into the altogether more economically lively category of ‘solid waste’. However while the financialization of waste might appear to offer an indisputable public good, efforts to instigate a viable waste disposal business in a decentralizing political space elicit deep social tensions and contradictions. The social discontinuities that decentralization supports disrupt ambitions for integrated solutions as local actors resist top-down models and look not just for alternative solutions, but alternative ways of framing the problem of urban waste, and by extension their relationship to the state.
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Timofeeva, О. "Household solid waste disposal as the factor of sustainable development." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/49285.
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Environment protection and improvement issue was first discussed by United Nations Conference on the Human Environment from June 5th till June 16th, 1972. From this moment on, particular attention is paid to environmental component of sustainable development. This issue is so important due to the fact that environment condition directly affects population health and thus life quality. WHO reports that about 20% of deaths are environment-related.