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1
Ardakovska, O. "LEGAL STATUS OF FOREIGN WARSHIPS AS ENVIRONMENTALLY HAZARDOUS OBJECTS." Collection of scientific works of Odesa Military Academy 2, no. 14 (January 25, 2021): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37129/2313-7509.2020.14.2.129-135.
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The article describes the practical experience of the NATO Navy’s environmental activities in the protection of marine ecosystems. The article uses publications on the protection of marine ecosystems, the ecological status of the Black and Azov Seas and environmental control. The physical and geographical characteristics of the Black Sea and the ecological conditions of the Azov-Black Sea are described. Data from the ecological monitoring of the Azov-Black Sea region indicate a severe ecological crisis in the region, which is characterized by excessive development of unicellular algae, death of fish and dolphins. The intensification of the ecological crisis coincided with the beginning of the militarization of the Azov-Black Sea region. The presence of foreign warships will further intensify the environmental crisis in the Black Sea. There is a need for legislative regulation of the naval activities of NATO countries in the territorial and internal waters of Ukraine. Today, the current legislation of Ukraine requires to determine the normative nature of navigation and stay of foreign warships in the territorial and internal waters of Ukraine, to determine recommended courses or sea corridors for foreign warships, to establish areas where military presence and military exercises are prohibited. The environmental legislation of Ukraine should provide rules for environmental safety in the operation of foreign warships, rules for storage and disposal of waste, rules for the destruction of ammunition that has not been used, defines the procedure for compensation for environmental damage from naval activities. So far, these issues have not been regulated by law. The method of calculating damage from foreign warships has not been created or put into effect. In the long run, it is necessary to conduct ecological studies of the North-Western part of the Black Sea to determine the areas closed to naval activities. Keywords: warship, Black Sea, marine ecosystem, maritime law, naval forces, high seas.
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Ahn, Y. H., and H. C. Choi. "Municipal sludge management and disposal in South Korea: Status and a new sustainable approach." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 9 (November 1, 2004): 245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0582.
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Based on figures from 2002, 5,216 ton/d of the municipal sludge is produced from 184 large municipal wastewater treatment plants in 111 cities with total treatment capacity of 19,229,745 m3/d. Even though the large amount of sludge disposal has depended greatly on ocean disposal and landfills until recently, the fraction of sludge reuse has gradually increased from 2.7% to 7%, since 1991. Due to a need of resources recovery from the sludge, high cost requirement of incineration and legislative regulation, recent new research is mainly focused on resources recovery and its reuse from the municipal sludge, such as high performance acid fermenter with pathogen reduction, crystallization (struvite and hydroxyapatite) using waste lime, cofermentation of municipal sludge with food waste, aerobic composting with P crystallization, vermistabilization, lime treatment, etc. Current research and practical activities with some efforts for the new technical development as well as environmental law and regulation are reviewed.
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Dąbrowska, Jolanta, Marcin Sobota, Małgorzata Świąder, Paweł Borowski, Andrzej Moryl, Radosław Stodolak, Ewa Kucharczak, Zofia Zięba, and Jan K. Kazak. "Marine Waste—Sources, Fate, Risks, Challenges and Research Needs." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2 (January 7, 2021): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020433.
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The article presents a comprehensive and cross-cutting review of key marine waste issues, taking into account: sources, fate, risks, transport pathways, threats, legislation, current challenges, and knowledge gaps. The growing amount of both human-created waste in seas and oceans and waste reaching marine ecosystems from land is one of today’s challenges for the global economy and the European Union. It is predicted that if no decisive steps are taken to limit the amount of this type of waste, there may be more plastic waste than fish in the oceans after 2050. The influence of microplastics and nanoplastics on living organisms remains undiagnosed. Within the international and EU law, solutions are being developed to properly manage waste on board ships and to reduce the impact of processes related to the recycling of the vessels on the environment. Currently, over 80% of ships are dismantled in the countries of South Asia, in conditions that threaten the environment and the safety of workers. After World War 2, large quantities of chemical weapons were deposited in the seas. Steel containers with dangerous substances residing in the sea for over 70 years have begun leaking, thus polluting water. For many years, radioactive waste had also been dumped into marine ecosystems, although since 1993 there has been a total ban on such disposal of radionuclides. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on marine waste generation has also been presented as a significant factor influencing marine waste generation and management.
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Dąbrowska, Jolanta, Marcin Sobota, Małgorzata Świąder, Paweł Borowski, Andrzej Moryl, Radosław Stodolak, Ewa Kucharczak, Zofia Zięba, and Jan K. Kazak. "Marine Waste—Sources, Fate, Risks, Challenges and Research Needs." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2 (January 7, 2021): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020433.
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The article presents a comprehensive and cross-cutting review of key marine waste issues, taking into account: sources, fate, risks, transport pathways, threats, legislation, current challenges, and knowledge gaps. The growing amount of both human-created waste in seas and oceans and waste reaching marine ecosystems from land is one of today’s challenges for the global economy and the European Union. It is predicted that if no decisive steps are taken to limit the amount of this type of waste, there may be more plastic waste than fish in the oceans after 2050. The influence of microplastics and nanoplastics on living organisms remains undiagnosed. Within the international and EU law, solutions are being developed to properly manage waste on board ships and to reduce the impact of processes related to the recycling of the vessels on the environment. Currently, over 80% of ships are dismantled in the countries of South Asia, in conditions that threaten the environment and the safety of workers. After World War 2, large quantities of chemical weapons were deposited in the seas. Steel containers with dangerous substances residing in the sea for over 70 years have begun leaking, thus polluting water. For many years, radioactive waste had also been dumped into marine ecosystems, although since 1993 there has been a total ban on such disposal of radionuclides. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on marine waste generation has also been presented as a significant factor influencing marine waste generation and management.
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Khamitova, G. M., and A. I. Khabirov. "Legal regulation of medical waste disposal in foreign law." Journal of Law and Administration 17, no. 2 (July 16, 2021): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2073-8420-2021-2-59-53-60.
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Introduction. The article considers international and national experience in legal regulation of medical waste disposal. The special attention is given to foreign experience and possibility of application and perfection of the legislation on medical waste recycling in the Russian Federation.Materials and methods. Realization of research tasks has been reached on the basis of studying theoretical and practical experience of foreign countries concerning regulation of medical waste utilization. The study is based on the method of analysis of the current regulatory and legal framework in the Russian Federation, the practice of applying the legislation by judicial and other competent authorities and existing European (world) standards for the purposes of legal unification. Study results. In the article experience of the foreign countries concerning legal regulation of medical waste recycling, presented in the works of foreign and domestic researchers, the legislation of foreign countries is considered; the analysis of the sources regulating recycling of medical waste is conducted; various concepts of classifications of medical waste are revealed.Discussion and conclusions. The study showed that polymorphism of medical waste is both an epidemiological and environmental hazard. The problem is compounded by the potential hazards that arise from contact with these wastes, such as toxicity, radioactivity and infection. This is why environmental and environmental legislation is of particular importance, along with health and sanitary legislation. These legal norms should be taken into account by medical institutions when developing procedures for handling hospital waste. On the basis of the above-stated it seems expedient to study the experience of developed countries, in particular of the USA and the European states, concerning legal regulation of utilization of medical wastes as the problem of safe handling of medical wastes is important for each subject of the Russian Federation.
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Bree, Axel. "The Organisation of Waste Management in the European Union Member States." Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law 2, no. 6 (2005): 478–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187601005x00471.
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AbstractThe organisation of waste management raises an important question: Who has access to waste - the public waste management services or private waste management companies ? The answer has important economic consequences, since waste management is a significant market. At the same time, environmental concerns have to be observed. The framework legislation of the European Community leaves the organisational structure of waste management to the national legislation of the Member States. However, under Community legislation waste is subject to the principle of the free movement of goods, which may be restricted on environmental grounds. Furthermore EU law draws a distinction between waste for disposal, for which shipment can be restricted more easily, and waste for recovery, which is subject to less stringent control procedures. Given the broad European framework, this article explores the national legislation in most EU countries. It aims to analyse the approach taken by the national legislators to find a way between public service and private autonomy. In conclusion, it seems clear that in the countries examined an important distinction is made between household and industrial waste. Only Germany has adopted the European distinction between waste for recovery and waste for disposal as a major criterion for the allocation of the waste streams between public and private entities, whereas in the other Member States this criterion only plays an insignificant, if any, role at all.
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Valentova, Eva. "Waste Management in the Czech Republic." Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law 2, no. 6 (2005): 502–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187601005x00507.
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AbstractMajor changes have taken place in the Czech waste management system based on national waste treatment legislation adopted in 2001. This legislation revised the interpretation of essential terms, including "waste", so as to reflect new developments in the field of EU waste management. It also adopted new strategies in the area of waste classification and waste management; as a fundamental principle, waste recovery is now given priority over waste disposal. Waste management plans have become a critical component of the Czech waste management system. The powers and responsibilities of municipal councils and State authorities have also been re-organised.
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Eskesen, Lotte. "The Current State of Waste Management in Denmark and Related Legal Issues." Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law 2, no. 6 (2005): 497–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187601005x00499.
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AbstractOver the last decade, waste management in Denmark has gradually become more influenced by EU legislation. Historically, the responsibility for the collection, management and disposal of waste lies with the local municipalities. The disposal of waste is regarded as a public task and Danish citizens, householders and business undertakings are obliged to deliver their waste to those recipients designated by the municipalities1.
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Vander Beken, Tom, and Annelies Balcaen. "Crime Opportunities Provided by Legislation in Market Sectors: Mobile Phones, Waste Disposal, Banking, Pharmaceuticals." European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 12, no. 3-4 (December 2006): 299–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10610-006-9025-0.
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Hey, Ellen. "Hard Law, Soft Law, Emerging International Environmental Law and the Ocean Disposal Options for Radioactive Waste." Netherlands International Law Review 40, no. 03 (December 1993): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165070x00009645.
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Kato, Saburo. "The Management of Household Human Waste in Japan." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 7-8 (July 1, 1986): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0272.
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The present status and recent progress of Japan's waste management have been overviewed. The current Waste Disposal and Public Cleansing Law is first discussed to give the general framework of waste management. Relevant data on generation, collection and disposal are then given in tables and figures for both municipal solid waste (MSW) and night soil. Latest new legislation authorizing local authorities to construct large-scale offshore land reclamation projects in the near future is also summarized.
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Koch, Hans-Joachim, and Moritz Reese. "Public Waste Management Services in the Internal Market – and the Interpretation of Article 106 TFEU." Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law 8, no. 1 (2011): 23–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187601011x559709.
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AbstractA matter of current dispute in the German waste-management sector is the extent to which it is permissible under EU law to restrict the market for the recovery of household waste in favour of public providers of disposal services, as is common practice in many member states. This dispute raises fundamental questions as to the relationship between the public provision of services of general interest and European competition and so concerns, in particular, the relevant rules under Article 106 TFEU. In adopting this article, the parties to the Treaty have—as will be shown below—reserved considerable freedom to exempt public services of general interest from competition and the free movement of goods. Whilst their freedom to do so may be limited under secondary legislation providing for an EU-wide competition solution, such legislation must take the form of a targeted liberalisation measure which also lays down the accompanying rules needed to guarantee a universal, reliable and affordable provision of services. The secondary EU waste legislation does not meet this requirement.
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Lebedeva, Yulia. "The Legal Definition of “Radioactive Waste” in EU Law and the Legislation of the Russian Federation." Legal Concept, no. 2 (July 2020): 116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/lc.jvolsu.2020.2.17.
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Introduction: the adoption of the legal definition of “radioactive waste” in the Russian legislation and EU law was a significant event, as it reflected the importance of understanding the dangers to humans and the environment that humanity faced when dealing with radiation. The purpose of the study was to adopt one of the main legal concepts in atomic law – “radioactive waste”. Methods: the methodological framework for the research is a set of methods of scientific knowledge, among which the main ones are the general scientific philosophical methods of dialectical and historical materialism, the methods of comparative law, consistency, the methods of logical and structural and functional analysis. Results: the author’s well-founded position is based on the Russian legislation, EU law, and the opinions of the competent Soviet, Russian, and foreign scientific community on the issue of adopting a legal definition of “radioactive waste”. Based on the comparative legal analysis of the norms of the Federal laws of the Russian Federation and EU Directives, the differentiation of characteristic features of the legal definition of “radioactive waste” in EU law and the Russian legislation is carried out. Its features in Russian law are revealed. Conclusions: the study revealed the role of a unified legal approach to the legal definition of “radioactive waste” in order to explore the possibility of starting negotiations between the EU and Russia to develop an agreement in the field of scientific research of processing and new ways of disposal of radioactive waste.
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Botes, W. A. M., and K. S. Russell. "The Option to Discharge Industrial or Sewage Effluent to the Marine Environment." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0012.
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The utilisation of the ocean for the disposal of domestic or industrial waste is a controversial subject with different views and perceptions by the public, the scientific community and developers. With extensive developments, increased stresses are exerted on the coastal zone areas. Disposal of wastes will have effect on the environment (land, atmosphere or ocean) and it is the responsibility of the scientific community and the authorities to minimise detrimental effects to the environment. The ocean as a disposal medium is an inappropriate medium to dispose of persistent toxic materials, however, the assimilative capacity of the sea is enormous for certain substances providing:Impact assessments to determine the influence of disposal to the marine environment should be compared to similar assessments of the environment to be influenced by alternative disposal options.Social and economic considerations should also form an integral part of such an assessment.Water quality criteria should be clearly defined and scientifically sound to provide the basis for the design of outfalls as well as for monitoring the short and long-term impacts.Authorised control and effective legislation should be available to enforce quality requirements and remedial actions to be taken.
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Knight, Michael J. "Legislation and administration of inground waste disposal in new South Wales and Victoria, Australia." Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology 32, no. 1 (December 1985): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02594768.
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Tretiak, A. V. "PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF LEGISLATION IN THE FIELD OF WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT REFORM IN UKRAINE." Actual problems of native jurisprudence 5, no. 5 (October 2021): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/392198.
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Issues related to the generation and disposal of household waste are becoming increasingly important in our country and in other countries, because waste is one of the main threats that exacerbates global warming trends. The article focuses on the established decentralization course in Ukraine and the legislative consolidation of problematic issues of waste management at the local level, in particular, considers the Draft Law “On Waste Management” from 04.06.2020 № 2207-1-d. It is emphasized that the existence of an extensive system of regulations and legislation that establish the role of local authorities in waste management at the local level, although they contain a number of important provisions, and do not fully meet the needs of local communities, which is manifested in excessive accumulation of household waste and an unsatisfactory percentage of their processing. Using such general scientific research methods as: description, comparison, analysis, induction and others, the article compares the provisions of the Draft Law with the norms set forth in the Law of Ukraine “On Waste” and draws a clear conclusion that the provisions of the Project are more in line with modern realities. The main advantages of the Draft Law are the provision of a hierarchy of waste management, a municipal waste management system and the establishment of the obligation of direct participation of executive bodies of local councils in the implementation of state policy on waste management. In particular, іn the context of Ukraine’s obligation under the Association Agreement with the EU to harmonize national legislation in the field of waste management with EU law in this area, a number of arguments are given, according to which the Draft Law “On Waste Management” of 04.06.2020 № 2207-1-d is more in line with existing decentralization trends in Ukraine than the current Law of Ukraine “On Waste” of March 5, 1998 № 187/98-VR.
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Kite-Powell, Hauke L., Porter Hoagland, and Di Jin. "Policy, law, and public opposition: the prospects for abyssal ocean waste disposal in the United States." Journal of Marine Systems 14, no. 3-4 (May 1998): 377–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-7963(97)00036-5.
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Gomes Ferreira, Tatiane, Fabiana Rocha Pinto, David Barbosa de Alencar, and Manoel Henrique Reis Nascimento. "PGRSS Application in a Public Hospital Unit of Manaus and its Sustainability Characteristics." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 7, no. 11 (November 30, 2019): 608–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol7.iss11.1915.
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Solid waste from health services, the so-called “hospital waste”, has high risks to society and the environment. Because of this, it was necessary to create legislation that would indicate a whole treatment, seeking impact resolution without losing the quality of care provided. Thus are in force the CONAMA Resolutions 358/05, RDC ANVISA 222/18 and Law 12.305 / 10 that deal with health service waste management (SSR) steps and their management, defining the conduct of SSR agents to prevent and properly treat waste with potential contamination. This requires that every institution implements these safe-conduct strategies in the handling, storage, transportation, treatment and final disposal of SSR. In this research, the steps proposed by the Health Care Waste Management Plan (PGRSS) were analyzed: (segregation, packaging, identification, internal transport, temporary storage, treatment, external storage, collection and external transportation and final disposal). in a public hospital unit, located in the city of Manaus, by observing and describing the practices performed in the unit, resulting in 8 stages out of 9, which were presented, obtained satisfactory conditions in compliance with the legislation. What needs improvement in order to meet conditions responsive to legislation is local segregation. Another issue observed was related to sustainable responsibility, which hospital unit has. When adopting sustainable practices, there should be interactions of activities and awareness of all entities, which is already observed in this specific hospital unit, with sustainable practices based on certification because it meets the importance of the relationship with the environment, seeking to obtain increasingly satisfactory results, not only to respond to the legislative condition.
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Trehub, О. A. "DEVELOPMENT OF LEGAL REGULATION OF CONCESSION IN THE FIELD OF WASTE MANAGEMENT." Economics and Law, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/econlaw.2020.04.035.
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The article considers the peculiarities of legal regulation of concession relations in field of waste management in the context of the new Law of Ukraine «On Concession». The main purpose of this paper is to substantiate proposals for the development of the above-mentioned legal regulation. The paper offers to establish special performance indicators, the achievement of which will determine the amount of fee for the operational readiness of waste facility (paid to concessionaire by public partner). Such indicators are increase in volume of separate collection and recycling of waste, reducing volume of biodegradable waste disposal, as well as non-pretreated household waste disposal. The procedure for analyzing the effectiveness of public-private partnership in the form of a concession is specified, taking into account the principles of waste hierarchy, self-sufficiency and proximity. The waste hierarchy will allow a fuller assessment of the environmental, resource, energy, social and other efficiencies of potential concession projects. The principle of proximity can be an important criterion for determining the optimal location of waste facility to be built by concessionaire. It is proposed to approve model concession agreements for the construction and management of waste facilities. By analogy with model lease agreements of state property, all conditions established by model concession agreements for the construction and management of waste facilities it is advisable to divide into changeable (recommended) and unchangeable (mandatory). It is argued the direct inclusion of waste legislation in the legislation, which is not subject to the guarantees of the rights of concessionaire.
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Ganze, Charles W., and Richard L. Brown. "Increasing Regulations Result in Decreasing Operational Efficiency." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 8 (April 1, 1994): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0399.
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In 1972, the Congress of the United States of America passed major legislation called the Clean Water Act, which required all wastewater discharges to meet minimal standards. The Clean Water Act promoted efficiency and cost effectiveness. The Gulf Coast Waste Disposal Authority was created in 1969 by the Legislature of the State of Texas to, among other things, own and operate wastewater disposal systems which would be protective of public health, “terrestrial and aquatic life, the operation of existing industries and the economic development of the state“. Since enactment of the Clean Water Act, other pieces of legislation, rulings by courts of law, and rules established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency have thwarted many efforts to operate efficient and cost-effective wastewater treatment facilities. This paper will discuss several of the laws and rules that have discouraged efficiency and cost effectiveness.
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Cayumil, Romina, Rita Khanna, Yuri Konyukhov, Igor Burmistrov, Jumat Beisembekovich Kargin, and Partha Sarathy Mukherjee. "An Overview on Solid Waste Generation and Management: Current Status in Chile." Sustainability 13, no. 21 (October 21, 2021): 11644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132111644.
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The widespread generation of, ever increasing volumes of and the sustainable management of solid wastes are global issues of great concern. Due to wide variations in composition and associated complexities, significant efforts are required for their collection, processing and environmentally safe disposal in a cost effective manner. An overview of solid wastes is presented in this article with a specific focus on municipal solid wastes and industrial waste from the iron/steelmaking and aluminium industries. Key waste issues such as its sources, compositions, volumes, the factors affecting waste generation and waste processing are first discussed, followed by a further discussion regarding recycling, resource recovery, disposal and the associated environmental impacts. In a special case study, waste generation and management in Chile is presented in greater detail. Detailed information is provided on government initiatives and legislation for integrated solid waste management and its movement towards a circular economy. Measures include regulations on waste management framework which concerns the transboundary movements of hazardous wastes, persistent organic pollutants, the closure of mining activities and installations and restrictions on plastics disposal. With Chile being world’s largest producer of copper, significant efforts for mining waste management, its infrastructure and procedures are being put in place to reduce the environmental impact of the mining sector and its associated waste generation.
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Guarnieri, Patricia, Barbara de Oliveira Vieira, Giselle Cappellesso, Solange Alfinito, and Lucio Camara e. Silva. "Analysis of Habits of Consumers Related to e-Waste Considering the Knowledge of Brazilian National Policy of Solid Waste: A Comparison among White, Green, Brown and Blue Lines." Sustainability 14, no. 18 (September 15, 2022): 11557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141811557.
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Background: The increase in waste generation, caused by technological innovation and planned obsolescence has demanded strategies such as reverse logistics to mitigate the negative impacts on the environment. Objective: This paper analyzes the differences in the consumer’s habits of the four lines of electrical and electronics, and the alterations in these habits considering the knowledge of legislation related to waste management. Methods: We conducted applied, exploratory, descriptive, and quantitative research. We performed a survey with Brazilian consumers of electrical and electronics equipment, through a questionnaire. To analyze data, we performed a logistic regression. Results: As the main results, we can highlight the probabilities of habits by line and the knowledge of legislation by habits, and confirm our study’s two hypotheses. The first was related to the analysis of whether specific consumer habits tend to relate to particular lines of equipment and the second analyzes whether these habits tend to relate to knowledge of the legislation. Conclusion: We found that, depending on the type of e-waste, the participants of our study have different habits related to disposal and reverse logistics, and those with knowledge of the BPSW tend to have appropriate habits related to discard and reverse logistics. This paper can be helpful because it discusses the existing differences in the habits of the participants considering the lines and knowledge of legislation.
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O'Keeffe, Jacqui. "Transfrontier Shipments of Waste: A Bureaucrat's Dream?" European Energy and Environmental Law Review 9, Issue 1 (January 1, 2000): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/262040.
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In the April 1999 edition of European Environmental Law Review, AME Veldkamp analysed the implementation of Regulation (EEC) No 259/93 on the Supervision and Control of Shipments of Waste within, into and out of the European Community (the "European Shipments Regulation") and the difficulties faced by Member States in seeking to develop "transnational enforcement cooperation". Anyone involved with the movement of waste within, through, into or from Western Europe and in particular the European Community ("EC"), is faced with a myriad of legislation at international, European (and in some cases regional) and national levels. Not only is the volume of legislation daunting, but there appears to be no one coherent system of regulation. Recent attempts to simplify the procedure have, at least in the short term, only succeeded in making matters more complex. The new Annex V to the European Shipments Regulation, introduced by Regulation 2408/98, governs the ban on exports of waste to non-OECD countries, and uses three systems for classifying waste: the Basel Convention, the OECD Control System and the hazardous waste list under the Hazardous Waste Directive (Council Directive 91/689/EEC). Annex V exposes the weaknesses in a system riddled with cross reference and contradiction. "Waste" for the purposes of Annex V, will be banned if "it displays any of the properties listed in Annex III to Directive 91/689/EEC taking into account as regards H3 to H8 of the said Annex, the limit values laid down in Decision 94/904/EC as provided for in Article 1(4) second indent of Directive 91/689/EEC and in the header of Annex II to Regulation (EEC) No 259/93". Although the Basel ban has been implemented by European legislation it has not yet been brought into force at an international level. A controversial proposal for developing countries and exporters from the OECD, the ban exposes the weaknesses of the waste shipment system, and the lack of redress for a party aggrieved by a decision based on diverse definitions of "waste", "hazardous waste", "recovery" or "disposal", or on the absence of a definition. In this article, the evolution of the European and international systems for shipments of waste are discussed, uncovering a legislative maze.
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MONOGIOU (Ε. ΜΟΝΟΓΙΟΥ), E. "Legislative framework for the proper carrying out experimental protocols in laboratory animals and the management of carcasses." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 60, no. 3 (November 20, 2017): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.14927.
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There is a specific legal, both national and EU framework, that regulates animal testing and cadaver disposal. Indicatively, as far as the National legislation is concerned, the Presidential Decree 160/1991 and the Law 2015/1992 on the validation of the European Convention on the protection of laboratory animals is mentioned. As for the European legislation, the Council Directive 86/609/EEC as well as the Recommendation of the European Commission E (2007) 2525 is mentioned. Animal testing on laboratory animals consists of four actions as defined by meaning: the field of study, the licensing of experimentation (Reduction-Refinement-Replacement), the recommendation of a Commission of Ethics assessment and finally the Cost-benefit analysis. The aims of the above mentioned legislation are the following: reduction in the number of the laboratory animals in use, providing care to them, reduction of the fear and pain, suppress any attempt to avoid the unnecessary repetitions of experimental protocols and, finally, acquirement of alternative methods of research. The cadavers of laboratory animals (considered to be animal by-products) are part of category 1 and are handled accordingly based on the Veterinary legislation (European Regulation 1774/2002, Presidential Decree 211/2006) through the following stages: collection in special collectors, frozen storage, transfer with licensed vehicles and eventually, arrival at a licensed processing unit and final disposal of the material as waste via cremation or burial under hygienic conditions. The proper handling of laboratory animals is documented with many kinds of ancillary material. However, they can be handled also through the Medical Waste Legislation (as dangerous-infectious-toxic waste / category 2) with stages that take place either within or out of health units (Ministerial Decision 8668/2007, Joint Ministerial Decision 24944/1159) as follows: firstly, collection in appropriate confection and frozen storage, followed by transfer by licensed vehicles to a licensed unit, followed by cremation or sterilization and finally, disposal through burial under hygienic conditions. This way of handling of laboratory animals is documented by many kinds of subsidiary material. The Veterinary legislation, as well as the legislation concerning public health, imposes serious penalties to any violators. The current legal framework is accepted as the foundation which provides a basis for any efforts (a) improving care on the assessment of the cost/living quality ratio of laboratory animals, (b) substitution of these animals with alternative methods of research and (c) protection of the environment, in general, through the proper handling / traceability of the cadavers of the animals that are part of experiments.
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Nasrullah, Abdul Haseeb Ansari, and Adis Putri Nelaniken. "THE LEGAL PROTECTION OF MARINE ECOSYSTEM FROM CIGARETTE BUTTS POLLUTION IN INDONESIA." IIUM Law Journal 29, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 129–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumlj.v29i1.558.
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Indonesia is recognized as a country with high potential in maritime resources. However, Indonesia is also known as the second-largest contributor to plastic waste in the ocean. It is estimated that Indonesia contributes around 200,000 tonnes of plastic disposals. The highest pollutant of the plastic product was found to be cigarette butts. The trillions of cigarette butts generate chemical contamination the ocean waters. Chemicals that leach from the cigarette butts are extremely toxic to the aquatic life in the ocean. The marine pollution caused by this contamination was never seriously noticed, even though the huge number of cigarette butts were found in the sea. A grave concern should be shown on the impacts of the cigarette butts to the ocean. The objective of this article is to elaborate on Indonesian law dealing with the issue the cigarette butt pollution contaminating the oceans of Indonesia.This article is the result of normative research which analyzes exiting statutes and cases that aims at protecting the marine ecosystem from the cigarette filter disposal. This research attempts to analyze the existing laws and regulations in Indonesia on the protection of the marine ecosystem from toxic and hazardous wastes, especially from cigarette butts waste disposal. The results of this study show that to date there is no specific regulation dealing with tobacco waste product disposals. Accordingly, the government is suggested to enact a set of specific and effective regulations pertaining to tobacco waste products as done by some developed countries or states such as Singapore and Australia, so that marine pollution caused by cigarette butts could be prevented.
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Collivignarelli, Maria, Alessandro Abbà, Andrea Frattarola, Marco Carnevale Miino, Sergio Padovani, Ioannis Katsoyiannis, and Vincenzo Torretta. "Legislation for the Reuse of Biosolids on Agricultural Land in Europe: Overview." Sustainability 11, no. 21 (October 29, 2019): 6015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11216015.
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The issues concerning the management of sewage sludge produced in wastewater treatment plants are becoming more important in Europe due to: (i) the modification of sludge quality (biological and chemical sludge are often mixed with negative impacts on sludge management, especially for land application); (ii) the evolution of legislation (landfill disposal is banned in many European countries); and (iii) the technologies for energy and material recovery from sludge not being fully applied in all European Member States. Furthermore, Directive 2018/851/EC introduced the waste hierarchy that involved a new strategy with the prevention in waste production and the minimization of landfill disposal. In this context, biological sewage sludge can be treated in order to produce more stabilized residues: the biosolids. In some European countries, the reuse of biosolids as soil improver/fertilizer in arable crops represents the most used option. In order to control the quality of biosolids used for land application, every Member State has issued a national regulation based on the European directive. The aim of this work is to compare the different approaches provided by European Member States for the reuse of biosolids in agricultural soils. A focus on the regulation of countries that reuse significant amount of biosolids for land application was performed. Finally, a detailed study on Italian legislation both at national and regional levels is reported.
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Subramanyam, Revanuru. "Solid Waste Management in Lae City, Papua New Guinea." Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 47, no. 2 (May 1, 2021): 371–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2021.371.
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Lae city is the capital of the Morobe Province in Papua New Guinea. It is the main land transport corridor, the country's main industrial hub and largest cargo port. As a result of the urbanization and industrialization process, more people had migrated to Lae city for better opportunities. These activities contributed to the generation of a considerable amount of solid waste that has become a real concern. The present research aims to understand the existing practices of Solid Waste Management, to estimate per capita waste generation rate and composition of waste, to identify the issues and challenges faced in this regard and suggest methods for improvement. All wastes from the city are discarded at the Second Seventh Landfill (SSL) open dump site, located about 10 to 12 kilometers drive away from the city, causing enormous pollution to the surrounding environment. The per capita waste generation rate witnessed was 0.312 kg per capita per day with a composition of 66% organic waste, 22% recyclable, and 12% non-recyclable materials. It was found that ineffective legislation, lack of law enforcement were the challenges faced by the Lae city council. Rehabilitation of SSL or the construction of a new sanitary land fill should be recommended for effective management.
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Logan, Terry J. "Ocean Disposal Systems for Sewage Sludge and Effluent." Journal of Environmental Quality 15, no. 1 (January 1986): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1986.00472425001500010021x.
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KATENIN, Vadym, and Nataliia SAMOILENKO. "CURRENT STATE OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS WASTE MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS IN UKRAINE." Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University. Technical sciences 313, no. 5 (October 27, 2022): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5732-2022-313-5-89-93.
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The paper analyzes the steady trend of solar energy development, which is accompanied by the formation and accumulation of solar panel waste. This process requires the application of accomplished waste management and the development of waste disposal technologies. It was determined that the problem of waste solar photovoltaic panels becomes more urgent due to the military actions taking place on the territory of Ukraine. The general characteristics of waste for different types of panels are given. The heterogeneity of the materials of photovoltaic panels leads to an ambiguous classification and involves a combination of safe and dangerous components. It has been determined that photovoltaic panel waste can be divided into two hazard classes: hazardous waste and non-hazardous waste. The key points of solar panel waste management operations are characterized in accordance with the Law of Ukraine “On Waste Management” and EU Legislation. The main points of disposal of unusable photovoltaic panels with recovery of valuable raw materials are described. It is noted that there are significant differences in the material composition of crystalline silicon panels and thin film modules. It is noted that two processing types of PV modules are currently distinguished – coarse and fine, and the most effective steps in the preparatory stage of disposal are also determined. In general, PV panel waste disposal operations combine mechanical and chemical material extraction processes. The imperfection of the legislative and regulatory framework in the field of waste management, the increase in the ecological danger of the generation and accumulation of waste, the imperfection of the information base and waste monitoring, the insufficient development of the processes of organizing the processes of collection, accumulation and transfer of waste for disposal, the insufficiency of proposals for methods of processing and disposal of solar panels waste as a valuable resource of secondary raw materials are notable as the main problems in the field of waste management of photovoltaic panels in Ukraine. One of the main tasks for development is to increase the share of waste materials that are currently not disposed of, but can be used as secondary raw materials.
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Yang, Meng. "Comparative Study on Marine Environmental Protection Legislation Between China and Japan from The Perspective of International Environmental Law." Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 1 (July 6, 2022): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v1i.649.
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With the development of the economy and the rapid expansion of the global population, the effective utilization of marine resources has become an important way to alleviate the burden of the global population and environmental pressure. After entering the 21st century, the ocean is a strong driving force to promote the sustainable development of human society, however, with the development of industry, many countries have more or less fallen into the “vicious circle” of developing at the expense of the ecological environment for economic benefit. In recent years, a large number of chemicals by human activities and exploitation at sea has caused an imbalance of ecological environment in large area of sea areas; Discharging a large amount of industrial wastewater into the ocean, has deepened the degree of eutrophication is greatly and resulting in frequent red tides; the dumping of land waste makes it impossible for marine life to survive, and a large number of marine plants and animals died. In order to protect the natural environment, International environmental law was concluded in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1972. Both China and Japan are maritime powers, and detailed marine environmental protection laws and regulations have been formulated on the basis of international environmental law. This paper makes a comparative analysis on the similarities and differences of marine environmental protection legislation between China and Japan, and it is believed that Japan pays more attention to the protection of the domestic environment，while China has assumed more responsibilities as a big country in the legislation of marine environmental protection.
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Severo, Elisabeth Maria Ferreira, and Hipólito José Campos De Sousa. "Practical application of the PGRCC in constructions in the city of Recife." South Florida Journal of Environmental and Animal Science 2, no. 2 (April 5, 2022): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.53499/sfjeasv2n2-002.
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The importance of civil construction for the global economy with multiplier effects is indisputable, generating, for each direct employment, at least four indirect ones, bringing positive effects to the trade balance of the countries (ABIKO et al, 2005), however, it is considered as a which accounts for 50% of the CO2 released into the atmosphere and approximately half of the solid waste generated in the world.
In Brazil, in order to improve waste management, specific legislation was created through CONAMA Resolution 307/2002 and Law 12,305 / 2010, bringing, among others, the Integrated Program for the Management of Construction Waste and Rationalization of Production Processes, inducing a improving the quality of life of the population by controlling pollution and contamination of air, water and soil caused by inadequate removal, treatment and final disposal of solid wastes.
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Schamber, Pablo, and Sergio Bon. "Extended producer responsibility (EPR) and packaging regulations in Argentina: reflections on the aspects associated with the blocking of the draft legislation initiatives." Detritus, no. 19 (June 30, 2022): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2022.15195.
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For more than two decades there has been an on-going debate in Argentina about the draft bills presented to congress for the management of packaging waste and the notion of extended producer responsibility. This article analyses the points of agreement and controversies among the stakeholders with respect to their approach to the debate. The analysis basically covers the discussions around three key issues related to a proposed packaging waste management system: the obliged subjects liable to make contributions, the state or private nature of the entity responsible for managing such system, and the role of the waste pickers and their organizations. A number of secondary sources were consulted (legislative files, dossiers, public records and bibliography), and several interviews were conducted to a number key actors (specialists in this field, legislative advisers, waste picker’s referents, law makers, public servants and technical experts) for the writing of this paper.
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Qureshi, Jawed. "A Review of Recycling Methods for Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites." Sustainability 14, no. 24 (December 15, 2022): 16855. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142416855.
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This paper presents a review of waste disposal methods for fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) materials. The methods range from waste minimisation, repurposing, reusing, recycling, incineration, and co-processing in a cement plant to dumping in a landfill. Their strength, limitations, and key points of attention are discussed. Both glass and carbon fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP and CFRP) waste management strategies are critically reviewed. The energy demand and cost of FRP waste disposal routes are also discussed. Landfill and co-incineration are the most common and cheapest techniques to discard FRP scrap. Three main recycling pathways, including mechanical, thermal, and chemical recycling, are reviewed. Chemical recycling is the most energy-intensive and costly route. Mechanical recycling is only suitable for GFRP waste, and it has actually been used at an industrial scale by GFRP manufacturers. Chemical and thermal recycling routes are more appropriate for reclaiming carbon fibres from CFRP, where the value of reclaimed fibres is more than the cost of the recycling process. Discarding FRP waste in a sustainable manner presents a major challenge in a circular economy. With strict legislation on landfill and other environmental limits, recycling, reusing, and repurposing FRP composites will be at the forefront of sustainable waste-management strategies in the future.
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Aquino, Simone, Glauco Antonio Spina, Maria Leitão Zajac, and Evandro Luiz Lopes. "Reverse Logistics of Postconsumer Medicines: The Roles and Knowledge of Pharmacists in the Municipality of São Paulo, Brazil." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (November 10, 2018): 4134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114134.
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Environmental contamination due to the disposal of expired or obsolete drugs is a concern, since there is no specific Brazilian legislation, regarding disposal by the final consumer, thus reflecting the need for reverse logistics of medicines, after their consumption. The objective of this study was to survey the knowledge of pharmacists regarding their role in the reverse logistics of medicines and to understand the contribution of reverse logistics, aimed at the appropriate disposal of Group B waste, on a voluntary basis, by the population, in the municipality of São Paulo. A survey conducted through interviews with a hundred and sixty-one pharmacists demonstrated that 35% have partial knowledge of the postconsumer reverse logistics of their place of work and 16.8% have complete knowledge of the environmental harm resulting from the contamination of medicinal waste. The pharmacists also reported (10%) that there should be an educational plan for clients, and 50% of them agreed that incentives and disclosure, regarding the importance of reverse logistics for medicines, should be provided to consumers.
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Di Foggia, Giacomo, and Massimo Beccarello. "An Overview of Packaging Waste Models in Some European Countries." Recycling 7, no. 3 (June 10, 2022): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling7030038.
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Efficient packaging waste management systems are essential considering recent revisions of the European legislation on packaging waste management that sets ambitious targets. European rules aim to deal with the increasing quantities of packaging waste, which cause environmental problems. Consequently, it is necessary to identify functional packaging waste management systems to achieve these targets effectively and efficiently. However, given the heterogeneity of the different packaging management systems, policymakers, scholars, and industry operators struggle to have a comparative view. The number of non-harmonized laws in force across countries, autonomous recycling targets, and constant updates are prominent problems that make it difficult to obtain comparable information for research, business, and policymaking. To fill this gap, our research question consists of assigning responsibilities for prevention, collection, recycling, and recovery and an overview of some models at a glance with respect to the general governance and functioning of the system. We base our research on a multiple-case design since more cases are examined using complementary data collection methods, analysis of the previous literature, reports, legislation, and business and institutional websites. Our results provide insights from the following cases: Germany, France, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Portugal, Denmark, Spain, and Italy. In addition, policy implications emerge as our insights help overcome barriers in the European market’s development caused by the different rules on packaging management and design serving policymakers that aim to harmonize the management of packaging waste. The paper also contains managerial implications for circular economy business models that can be used by managers who aim to design or upgrade their business models according to both recent legislative upgrades and packaging management systems.
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Tyler, Paul A. "Disposal in the deep sea: analogue of nature or faux ami?" Environmental Conservation 30, no. 1 (March 2003): 26–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037689290300002x.
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The deep sea is the world's largest ecosystem by volume and is assumed to have a high assimilative capacity. Natural events, such as the sinking of surface plant and animal material to the seabed, sediment slides, benthic storms and hydrothermal vents can contribute vast amounts of material, both organic and inorganic, to the deep ocean. In the past the deep sea has been used as a repository for sewage, dredge spoil and radioactive waste. In addition, there has been interest in the disposal of large man-made objects and, more recently, the disposal of industrially-produced carbon dioxide. Some of the materials disposed of in the deep sea may have natural analogues. This review examines natural processes in the deep sea including the vertical flux of organic material, turbidity currents and benthic storms, natural gas emissions, hydrothermal vents, natural radionuclides and rocky substrata, and compares them with anthropogenic input including sewage disposal, dredge spoil, carbon dioxide disposal, chemical contamination and the disposal of radioactive waste, wrecks and rigs. The comparison shows what are true analogues and what are false friends. Knowledge of the deep sea is fragmentary and much more needs to be known about this large, biologically-diverse system before any further consideration is given to its use in the disposal of waste.
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Spencer, N., Jurgita Malinauskaite, and H. Jouhara. "Waste Prevention and Technologies in the Context of the EU Waste Framework Directive: Lost in Translation?" European Energy and Environmental Law Review 26, Issue 3 (June 1, 2017): 66–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2017009.
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The EU is set to transit from linear to circular economy: turning waste into a resource in order to increase resource efficiency and close the loop in a circular economy. This article centres on the Waste Framework Directive and most importantly its newest proposal, the main EU legislation to regulate waste. It argues that there is not sufficient guidance given to the regulatory limits of the definition of waste, especially in the context of the so-called subcategory of ``waste v. non-waste'' where ``waste'' was utilised as a fuel. While prevention is a breaking point in the waste hierarchy (as reuse, recycle, recovery and finally disposal are assumed to be waste unless cease to be waste), it seems unfortunate that it is not translated into a well-defined classification of waste and non-waste (i.e. product). It is not clear how prevention operates in the context of the WFD, as before a substance or object becomes waste, it was a product. Therefore, the paper calls to the rethink of categorisation of waste and product in the context of prevention placing further emphasis on the environment and human health as its main condition simultaneously embracing circular economy thinking. The European Commission should provide a European standard for waste derived fuels, which is essential for a proper functioning of European market. Furthermore, the paper also discusses that the WFD (and its newest proposal) fails to properly address technological advancements designed to transfer ``waste'' to a valued resource without posing any threat to the environment, which could be upgraded to the prevention systems. Against this background, the patented micro-scale Home Energy Recovery Unit, designed to process all unwanted domestic materials to generate energy for the household is used as a case study in this article.
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Grdović Gnip, Ana, and Žiga Velkavrh. "To Pollute or Not To Pollute? Exploring MARPOL Efficiency in the Adriatic Sea." Transactions on Maritime Science 11, no. 1 (April 20, 2022): 219–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7225/toms.v11.n01.w13.
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This study explores the efficiency level of the current international regulatory framework (MARPOL) in preventing sea pollution during maritime transportation. We employ a game-theoretic approach that models the decisions of shipowners and countries, with respect to the treatment and disposal of waste, where shipowners' decisions are based on comprehensive estimations of all waste management costs for all categories of waste (i.e. all MARPOL Annexes) differentiated across six types of standard risk vessels, while countries' decisions are based on estimates of all societal costs of (im)proper ship waste management. We focus on the Adriatic Sea case study and evaluate the game separately for members and non-members of the Paris Memorandum of Understanding (Paris MoU). Our main results seem to indicate that shipowners are generally motivated to be environmentally friendly if sailing Paris MoU waters. Otherwise, shipowners are merely motivated to pollute, due to low inspection rates and expected fines.This study explores the efficiency level of the current international regulatory framework (MARPOL) in preventing sea pollution during maritime transportation. We employ a game-theoretic approach that models the decisions of shipowners and countries, with respect to the treatment and disposal of waste, where shipowners' decisions are based on comprehensive estimations of all waste management costs for all categories of waste (i.e. all MARPOL Annexes) differentiated across six types of standard risk vessels, while countries' decisions are based on estimates of all societal costs of (im)proper ship waste management. We focus on the Adriatic Sea case study and evaluate the game separately for members and non-members of the Paris Memorandum of Understanding (Paris MoU). Our main results seem to indicate that shipowners are generally motivated to be environmentally friendly if sailing Paris MoU waters. Otherwise, shipowners are merely motivated to pollute, due to low inspection rates and expected fines.
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Sarker, Aniruddha, Mithun Kumar Ghosh, Tofazzal Islam, Muhammad Bilal, Rakhi Nandi, Md Lamiur Raihan, Mohammad Nabil Hossain, Juwel Rana, Subrato Kumar Barman, and Jang-Eok Kim. "Sustainable Food Waste Recycling for the Circular Economy in Developing Countries, with Special Reference to Bangladesh." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (September 23, 2022): 12035. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912035.
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Food waste management is a critical environmental issue in many developing countries, including Bangladesh, due to unplanned food waste disposal and lack of dedicated food waste legislation. In those countries, a significant amount of food waste is discarded to the environment rather than being recycled. In Bangladesh, food waste is traditionally often used for composting, landfilling, and feeding animals, as there is no valorization option. In addition, food waste and food waste streams of food industries are utilized for the recycling and production of diverse economically valuable bioactive compounds. Therefore, we conducted a detailed literature review on food waste management and valorization options in Bangladesh and discussed the findings in the context of global status. The amount of food waste in Bangladesh is quite high, and it needs to be recycled to promote the circular economy of this developing nation. In this study, it is revealed that various research uncertainties and gaps regarding sustainable food waste management exist in Bangladesh, which should be investigated as priority research. Furthermore, a logical and global synchronization of the contemporary approach to food waste valorization with policy advocacy is proposed, to ensure efficient food waste decontamination and recycling in Bangladesh. This is the first and most comprehensive evaluation of the present research trend and prospects for sustainable recycling of food waste for the circular economy of Bangladesh.
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Putu Dyah Prastiti Sukma Febriany, Ida Ayu Putu Widiati, and I Wayan Arthanaya. "Penerapan Sanksi Pemerintahan pada PT. Mirtasari Development." Jurnal Preferensi Hukum 2, no. 1 (March 19, 2021): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/jph.2.1.3069.207-212.
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Of natural resources is the primary object for any development Countries Indonesia, thus unwittingly slowly at least not among them triggering pollution and/or destruction of the environment. Therefore, the need for law enforcement that is reflected in the legislation. The problem of this research were: 1 a complaints handling procedure) how pollution and/or destruction of the environment? 2) How the application of sanctions to force the Government in pt. Mirtasari Hotel Development?
The type of research and the approach used is the juridical problems of empirical and juridical sociological. Source material source materials used law of law of primary and secondary sources of law. Legal materials collection techniques are used namely study library and field. As well as legal materials collected processed and analyzed with the use of legal argumentation.
As for the results of this research are the complaints handling procedures due to contamination and/or destruction of the environment will be followed up by agencies or institutions or the PPLHD PPLH advance has received complaints directly or not direct, which is then followed up with several stages, namely: the stages of the preparation, the implementation of field verification, data analysis, and final verification report the complaint. The application of administrative sanctions the Government at PT. Mirtasari Hotel Development was given by the Minister of the environment in the form of the action force to immediately complete the related permit temporary storage of waste, waste water disposal B3, B3 waste submission to third parties, as well as complement the facilities by the rules in the temporary storage of waste B3.
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Martey, Shawn, Keith Hendren, Nicholas Farfaras, Jesse C. Kelly, Matthew Newsome, Izabela Ciesielska-Wrobel, Margaret J. Sobkowicz, and Wan-Ting Chen. "Recycling of Pretreated Polyolefin-Based Ocean-Bound Plastic Waste by Incorporating Clay and Rubber." Recycling 7, no. 2 (April 14, 2022): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling7020025.
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Plastic waste found in oceans has become a major concern because of its impact on marine organisms and human health. There is significant global interest in recycling these materials, but their reclamation, sorting, cleaning, and reprocessing, along with the degradation that occurs in the natural environment, all make it difficult to achieve high quality recycled resins from ocean plastic waste. To mitigate these limitations, various additives including clay and rubber were explored. In this study, we compounded different types of ocean-bound (o-HDPE and o-PP) and virgin polymers (v-LDPE and v-PS) with various additives including a functionalized clay, styrene-multi-block-copolymer (SMB), and ethylene-propylene-based rubber (EPR). Physical observation showed that all blends containing PS were brittle due to the weak interfaces between the polyolefin regions and the PS domains within the polymer blend matrix. Blends containing clay showed rough surfaces and brittleness because of the non-uniform distribution of clay particles in the polymer matrix. To evaluate the properties and compatibility of the blends, characterizations using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and small-amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) rheology were carried out. The polymer blend (v-LDPE, o-HDPE, o-PP) containing EPR showed improved elasticity. Incorporating additives such as rubber could improve the mechanical properties of polymer blends for recycling purposes.
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Dashieva, A. D. "Issues of Involvement in Administrative Responsibility in the Conditions of Higher Preparedness." Siberian Law Herald 2 (2021): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2071-8136.2021.2.21.
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The article describes questions of administrative and legal regulation in the conditions of the high alert regime. The administrative measures taken to prevent the spread of the new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) came into force on April 1, 2020. The article introduces the procedure for establishing rules, requirements and prohibitions for citizens and organizations in the the high alert mode territory. Questions arise about the requirements, for violation of which they are held liable under Article 20.6.1 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation, as the Code established administrative responsibility for non-compliance with the rules of behavior in an emergency or the threat of its occurrence. Part 2 of Art. 6.3 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation has been amendened to regulate the administrative responsibility for violation of legislation in the field of ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population, if such an offence is committed during an emergency regime or in the event of a threat of the spread of a dangerous disease. The requirements for masks and personal protective equipment have been analyzed, as for the absence of masks the requirements can be brought to administrative responsibility. A big problem still is the disposal of personal protective equipment, since they belong to waste category B. The release of used personal protective equipment is the subject to the requirements of the disposal procedure and the requirement to prevent the emergence of a threat of the dangerous disease spread. The article considers the competition between the rules of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation in terms of bringing to responsibility for non-compliance with environmental protection requirements when handling production and consumption waste and the rules of law regulating violation of legislation in the field of ensuring sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population.
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Bungau, Simona, Delia Tit, Katalin Fodor, Gabriela Cioca, Maricel Agop, Ciprian Iovan, Delia Cseppento, Adrian Bumbu, and Cristiana Bustea. "Aspects Regarding the Pharmaceutical Waste Management in Romania." Sustainability 10, no. 8 (August 7, 2018): 2788. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10082788.
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The issue of drug disposal, as well as the development and implementation of efficient collection strategies, represents an important concern at the highest European level. This research looks into the factors that could have an impact on the efficiency of pharmacies in collecting and disposing the medicinal waste of the population. There were 521 pharmacists from all over the country who filled in a questionnaire on their opinion/attitude related to the system of collecting and disposing the pharmaceutical waste of the population. Of the surveyed pharmacists, 16% work in pharmacies that do not collect unused/expired drugs from the population, and nearly 33% of those investigated have refused, at least once, to take the unused medicines from the people. Pharmacists’ most important reasons for refusing to collect the pharmaceutical waste were the lack of procedure, incomplete legislation, exceeding the amount contracted with the operators, and high costs. Results show that pharmacies in Romania face several deficiencies in the pharmaceutical waste collection services. The lack of implemented programs has contributed considerably to lower standards of pharmaceutical waste management in Romania. This study is the first research on this topic in Romania, a country where the management of drug-based waste generated by the population is at the beginning. The results shown in this survey can provide a reference point for competent authorities in developing and implementing a take-back program for waste medicine whose efficiency is superior to the existing ones.
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Duncan, Benét, Kelley D. Johnson, Thomas H. Suchanek, Maria Brown, and John L. Largier. "Developing ocean climate change indicators for the north-central California coast and ocean." Journal of Environmental Management 252 (December 2019): 109343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109343.
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Bordean, Despina-Maria, Luminita Pirvulescu, Mariana-Atena Poiana, Ersilia Alexa, Antoanela Cozma, Diana Nicoleta Raba, Aurica Breica Borozan, et al. "An Innovative Approach to Assess the Ecotoxicological Risks of Soil Exposed to Solid Waste." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (May 29, 2021): 6141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116141.
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The adoption of sustainable waste management strategies is a challenge faced by most European countries, mainly due to the need to generate less waste and replace landfills with new methods of waste treatment, associated with increases in the separate collection of waste and recycling rates. This paper highlights the significance of environmental legislation regarding waste removal to protect ecosystems. The aim was to predict ecological responses to heavy metals in soil exposed to hazardous waste and to identify environmental hazards in landfills, small illegal waste dumps, and litter, in addition to identifying if heavy metal accumulation in the investigated soil samples showed a single or cumulative risk. This is an innovative method to predict the ecological risk generated by hazardous waste landfills. The assessment of ecological risks was based on the evaluation of a heavy metal soil contamination factor, pollution index of soil loadings, a geo-accumulation index for heavy metals, and potential ecological risk. The current study is also the first to attempt to identify the dimension of risk based on the type of waste deposit (landfill, small illegal waste dump, and litter) and to identify potential patterns. The geological index corresponding to cadmium Igeo(Cd) showed heavy contamination in the soil samples from the landfill and moderate contamination for those from the illegal waste dumps. These findings indicate that soil contamination is influenced by contamination time, anthropogenic processes, and a history of industrial activity, and not only by waste composition and storage. The present study shows that cadmium might be considered a latent fingerprint for waste disposal, which is correlated to the industrialization level and rehabilitation procedures.
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STROHA, Yelyzaveta, and Vladyslava KRAKOVA. "Peculiarities of legal regulation of waste management of individual protection means in a pandemic condition." Economics. Finances. Law, no. 11/3 (November 27, 2020): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.37634/efp.2020.11(3).1.
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The paper is devoted to the problem of medical waste disposal, namely personal protective equipment. The authors point out that the spread of acute respiratory disease caused by SARS-CoV–2 is not only a direct threat to human life and health, but also indirectly affects the environment of Ukraine. The paper notes that the disposal of personal protective equipment attracted attention only after the beginning of the pandemic, because their use by humans began in too large quantities. The paper also states that as a result of such use, a significant amount of hazardous waste is generated, which is not properly disposed of by companies that have the appropriate license and special equipment. The authors emphasize that there are gaps in the legal regulation of the treatment of personal protective equipment, as clear regulations are available only for PPE used by medical institutions. As for the protective equipment used by infected people in the home and referred by the legislator to the group of ordinary solid household waste, there are provisions for them only of a recommendatory nature. Therefore, their implementation will be provided only by conscious citizens, but we know that there are fewer of them in our country. The paper states that despite the established legal responsibility for health care institutions and licensees for non-compliance with regulations, which are clearly regulated by the legislation of Ukraine, the state does not adopt any effective mechanisms of influence to avoid their negative manifestations. The authors also note that in Ukraine, due to the lack of legal regulation of the treatment of PPE in everyday life, as a result, all of them are not disposed of properly and sent to regular landfills. Therefore, we propose ways to solve this problem, namely: to amend the Law “On Waste” and adopt a new bylaw to implement this law; create special containers to be used outside healthcare facilities.
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Jayaram, Varalakshmi, Abhilash Nigam, William A. Welch, J. Wayne Miller, and David R. Cocker. "Effectiveness of Emission Control Technologies for Auxiliary Engines on Ocean-Going Vessels." Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 61, no. 1 (January 2011): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3155/1047-3289.61.1.14.
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Schwarz, Jill N. "Dynamic partitioning of tropical Indian Ocean surface waters using ocean colour data — management and modelling applications." Journal of Environmental Management 276 (December 2020): 111308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111308.
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Dagher, E. E., T. S. Nguyen, and J. A. Infante Sedano. "Development of a mathematical model for gas migration (two-phase flow) in natural and engineered barriers for radioactive waste disposal." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 482, no. 1 (November 29, 2018): 115–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp482.14.
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AbstractIn a deep geological repository (DGR) for the long-term containment of radioactive waste, gases could be generated through a number of processes. If gas production exceeds the containment capacity of the engineered barriers or host rock, these gases could migrate through these barriers and potentially expose people and the environment to radioactivity. Expansive soils, such as bentonite-based materials, are currently the preferred choice of seal materials. Understanding the long-term performance of these seals as barriers against gas migration is an important component in the design and long-term safety assessment of a DGR. This study proposes a hydro-mechanical linear poro-elastic visco-capillary mathematical model for advective-diffusive controlled two-phase flow through a low-permeability expansive soil. It is based on the theoretical framework of poromechanics, incorporates Darcy's Law for both the porewater and poregas, and a modified Bishop's effective stress principle. Using the finite element method (FEM), the model was used to numerically simulate 1D flow through a low-permeability expansive soil. The results were verified against experimental results found in the current literature. Parametric studies were performed to determine the influence on the flow behaviour. Based on the results, the mathematical model looks promising and will be improved to model flow through preferential pathways.
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Dada, Abubakar Dauda, and Pınar Ulucay Righelato. "Assessment of Household Solid Waste Management Techniques in Nassarawa “A” Ward in Minna, Niger State, Nigeria." European Journal of Sustainable Development 11, no. 4 (October 1, 2022): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2022.v11n4p217.
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The most pressing environmental challenge encountered by the urban areas of Nigeria is domestic solid waste management. With its population reaching 200 million, Nigeria sustains its position as one of Africa's largest producers of solid waste. It is indicated that more than 30 million tons of solid waste are generated annually, mostly by households (URL1). Insufficient collection and disposal of municipal waste and lack of reliable transport infrastructures, including inadequate budgetary provisions make the implementation of waste management processes across the States very difficult. Despite the measures put in place by governments across the country, waste management is still a challenge to tackle in high-density residential areas, specifically in informal settlements. Public awareness and participation are critical components in waste management programs besides appropriate legislation, resilient technical support, and adequate funding if certain accomplishments are required. Based on this perspective, the research focuses on understanding what kind of solid waste is generated and how it is disposed of in a selected high-density residential area, the Nassarawa “A” Ward in Minna city where the existence of rising informal settlements is a pressing issue. A household survey is conducted amongst informal settlers to assess the connection between the level of education of households, their awareness of the topic, and also, willingness to participate in the process. The research results proved that majority of the residents were concerned and affected by the poor state of their environment due to the lack of an appropriate solid waste management approach. Very few residents had awareness regarding the stages of waste management such as reusing, recycling, and composting. The research concludes that based on the results obtained from the survey, any waste management strategies introduced should encourage the education of residents and their active participation in the process.