Journal articles: 'WASH PROCESS'

1

Sun, Li, and Robin Smith. "Rectisol wash process simulation and analysis." Journal of Cleaner Production 39 (January 2013): 321–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.05.049.

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UETAKE, Naohito, Fumio KAWAMURA, and Hideo YUSA. "Alternative Solvent Wash Process Using Tetramethylammonium Hydroxide Solution as Salt-Free Wash Reagent." Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology 26, no. 2 (February 1989): 270–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/18811248.1989.9734302.

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Liberatore, Matthew J., and Robert L. Nydick. "Wash criteria and the analytic hierarchy process." Computers & Operations Research 31, no. 6 (May 2004): 889–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-0548(03)00041-8.

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Shikder, Abdullah Al Rakib, Jabed Hossen Emon, Md Humayun Kabir Khan, Md Mehedi Hasan, and Md Abu Bakar Siddiquee. "Impact of Washing Process on the Physical Properties of Denim Fabric (Twill and Dobby)." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 6, no. 7 (December 2, 2021): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ej-eng.2021.6.7.2638.

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The study was focused on investigating the impact of different washing processes (dark shade, medium shade, light shade) on various properties of denim fabric. Two different types of fabrics with twill and dobby weave constructions were produced from cotton, spandex, and polyester yarn, and different types of washing processes were applied. Dimensional stability, tensile strength, tearing strength, EPI and PPI, weight, colorfastness to rubbing, colorfastness to perspiration (acid and alkaline), and colorfastness to water was investigated and comparisons were made statistically between the before washed sample and after washed sample. It is found that the process result shows better tear and tensile strength in case of dark & medium shade wash than light shade wash. On the other hand, weight and EPI & PPI have shown better result for light wash than other wash. Colorfastness to rubbing, Colorfastness to water, and Colorfastness to perspiration (acid and alkaline medium) are similar. The shrinkage% is higher especially in the weft direction of the fabric for light wash than the dark wash.

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Shikder, Abdullah Al Rakib, Jabed Hossen Emon, Md Humayun Kabir Khan, Md Mehedi Hasan, and Md Abu Bakar Siddiquee. "Impact of Washing Process on the Physical Properties of Denim Fabric (Twill and Dobby)." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 6, no. 7 (December 2, 2021): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2021.6.7.2638.

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The study was focused on investigating the impact of different washing processes (dark shade, medium shade, light shade) on various properties of denim fabric. Two different types of fabrics with twill and dobby weave constructions were produced from cotton, spandex, and polyester yarn, and different types of washing processes were applied. Dimensional stability, tensile strength, tearing strength, EPI and PPI, weight, colorfastness to rubbing, colorfastness to perspiration (acid and alkaline), and colorfastness to water was investigated and comparisons were made statistically between the before washed sample and after washed sample. It is found that the process result shows better tear and tensile strength in case of dark & medium shade wash than light shade wash. On the other hand, weight and EPI & PPI have shown better result for light wash than other wash. Colorfastness to rubbing, Colorfastness to water, and Colorfastness to perspiration (acid and alkaline medium) are similar. The shrinkage% is higher especially in the weft direction of the fabric for light wash than the dark wash.

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Murungu, Ronnie James, Olutayo Bankole Bolawole, Collins Otieno, Charles Mwangi, and Anthony Wolimbwa. "Revitalizing Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene in Uganda’s National Determined Contributions` 2021 Revision Process- A Policy Brief." Sustainable Development Research 4, no. 1 (June 6, 2022): p26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/sdr.v4n1p26.

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Uganda as a signatory to the Paris Agreement is required to update her Nationally Determined Contributions to demonstrate progress after every five years. The Water Sanitation and Hygiene(WASH) sector has proven to be a victim, contributor but also a critical component to addressing the existing climate challenges. Despite the clear link between WASH and Climate change, most climate change initiatives do not address WASH adequately from both adaptation and mitigation perspectives. This study analyzed the WASH related targets in Uganda’s current NDCs to ascertain how they have been addressed from both the mitigation and adaptation perspectives. The paper took on a rapid assessment of the current NDCs using a desk study and secondary literature review approach coupled with key stakeholder expert inputs through write-shops. Whereas WASH climate focused targets have been to a greater extent covered under adaptation, there is limited integration from the mitigation perspective which does not provide a balanced approach towards achieving the targets set out in the NDCs. The policy brief recommends a number of actions that include inclusion of WASH mitigation policy action in the NDCs, setting adaptation targets for the waste sector, amplifying the role of the private sector in WASH in the updated NDCs, prioritizing research and development to support decision making, providing for measurement, reporting and verifications for WASH in the NDCs, enhanced technology transfer and alignment of the updated NDCs with the long-term strategy. If adopted, these recommendations provide a starting point to comprehensively address WASH in the revised NDCs and subsequently contribute to the achievement of goal six of Sustainable Development Goals on clean water and sanitation for all.

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Murungu, Ronnie James, Olutayo Bankole Bolawole, Collins Otieno, Charles Mwangi, and Anthony Wolimbwa. "Revitalizing Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene in Uganda’s National Determined Contributions` 2021 Revision Process- A Policy Brief." Sustainable Development Research 4, no. 1 (June 6, 2022): p26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/sdr.v4n1p26.

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Uganda as a signatory to the Paris Agreement is required to update her Nationally Determined Contributions to demonstrate progress after every five years. The Water Sanitation and Hygiene(WASH) sector has proven to be a victim, contributor but also a critical component to addressing the existing climate challenges. Despite the clear link between WASH and Climate change, most climate change initiatives do not address WASH adequately from both adaptation and mitigation perspectives. This study analyzed the WASH related targets in Uganda’s current NDCs to ascertain how they have been addressed from both the mitigation and adaptation perspectives. The paper took on a rapid assessment of the current NDCs using a desk study and secondary literature review approach coupled with key stakeholder expert inputs through write-shops. Whereas WASH climate focused targets have been to a greater extent covered under adaptation, there is limited integration from the mitigation perspective which does not provide a balanced approach towards achieving the targets set out in the NDCs. The policy brief recommends a number of actions that include inclusion of WASH mitigation policy action in the NDCs, setting adaptation targets for the waste sector, amplifying the role of the private sector in WASH in the updated NDCs, prioritizing research and development to support decision making, providing for measurement, reporting and verifications for WASH in the NDCs, enhanced technology transfer and alignment of the updated NDCs with the long-term strategy. If adopted, these recommendations provide a starting point to comprehensively address WASH in the revised NDCs and subsequently contribute to the achievement of goal six of Sustainable Development Goals on clean water and sanitation for all.

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8

Jones, Natalia, Maha Bouzid, Roger Few, Paul Hunter, and Iain Lake. "Water, sanitation and hygiene risk factors for the transmission of cholera in a changing climate: using a systematic review to develop a causal process diagram." Journal of Water and Health 18, no. 2 (January 27, 2020): 145–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2020.088.

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Abstract Cholera is a severe diarrhoeal disease affecting vulnerable communities. A long-term solution to cholera transmission is improved access to and uptake of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH). Climate change threatens WASH. A systematic review and meta-analysis determined five overarching WASH factors incorporating 17 specific WASH factors associated with cholera transmission, focussing upon community cases. Eight WASH factors showed lower odds and six showed higher odds for cholera transmission. These results were combined with findings in the climate change and WASH literature, to propose a health impact pathway illustrating potential routes through which climate change dynamics (e.g. drought, flooding) impact on WASH and cholera transmission. A causal process diagram visualising links between climate change dynamics, WASH factors, and cholera transmission was developed. Climate change dynamics can potentially affect multiple WASH factors (e.g. drought-induced reductions in handwashing and rainwater use). Multiple climate change dynamics can influence WASH factors (e.g. flooding and sea-level rise affect piped water usage). The influence of climate change dynamics on WASH factors can be negative or positive for cholera transmission (e.g. drought could increase pathogen desiccation but reduce rainwater harvesting). Identifying risk pathways helps policymakers focus on cholera risk mitigation, now and in the future.

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9

Lin, Jennifer Shu-Jen, Shuo-Yan Chou, Wayne T. Chouhuang, and C. P. Hsu. "Note on “Wash criterion in analytic hierarchy process”." European Journal of Operational Research 185, no. 1 (February 2008): 444–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2006.12.043.

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10

Van Haute, Sam, Imca Sampers, Kevin Holvoet, and Mieke Uyttendaele. "Physicochemical Quality and Chemical Safety of Chlorine as a Reconditioning Agent and Wash Water Disinfectant for Fresh-Cut Lettuce Washing." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79, no. 9 (February 8, 2013): 2850–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03283-12.

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ABSTRACTChlorine was assessed as a reconditioning agent and wash water disinfectant in the fresh-cut produce industry. Artificial fresh-cut lettuce wash water, made from butterhead lettuce, was used for the experiments. In the reconditioning experiments, chlorine was added to artificial wash water inoculated withEscherichia coliO157 (6 log CFU/ml). Regression models were constructed based on the inactivation data and validated in actual wash water from leafy vegetable processing companies. The model that incorporated chlorine dose and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the wash water accurately predicted inactivation.Listeria monocytogeneswas more resistant to chlorine reconditioning in artificial wash water thanSalmonellaspp. andEscherichia coliO157. During the washing process with inoculated lettuce (4 log CFU/g), in the absence of chlorine, there was a rapid microbial buildup in the water that accumulated to 5.4 ± 0.4 log CFU/100 ml after 1 h. When maintaining a residual concentration of 1 mg/liter free chlorine, wash water contamination was maintained below 2.7, 2.5, and 2.5 log CFU/100 ml for tap water and artificial process water with COD values of 500 and 1,000 mg O2/liter, respectively. A model was developed to predict water contamination during the dynamic washing process. Only minor amounts of total trihalomethanes were formed in the water during reconditioning. Total trihalomethanes accumulated to larger amounts in the water during the wash water disinfection experiments and reached 124.5 ± 13.4 μg/liter after 1 h of execution of the washing process in water with a COD of 1,000 mg O2/liter. However, no total trihalomethanes were found on the fresh-cut lettuce after rinsing.

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11

Tokos, Hela, Zoltan Zavargo, and Mirjana Djuric. "Modeling of simultaneous ultra filtration and diafiltration with real flux." Chemical Industry 59, no. 3-4 (2005): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind0504066t.

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A mathematical model of diafiltration with variable volume is presented in this study. The characteristics of the process were examined, both with constant flux and variable flux. In the case of variable flux, the equations for the flux were taken from the literature, based on different theories. The time dependence of the macro solute concentration, the amount of out-wash liquid, the out-wash degree of the micro solute were studied. The results show that the accomplishment of a high concentration of macro solutes, required more time and out-wash liquid. In order to remove small amounts of micro solutes larger amounts of out-wash liquid must be used. For high degrees of out-washing, the velocity of the process increases and the amount of out-wash liquid decreases. It was observed that the rejection coefficient decreased with macro solute penetration through the membrane causing decrease of the process velocity.

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12

Kim, Youngchul, and Wesley O. Pipes. "Solids routing in an activated sludge process during hydraulic overloads." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 3-4 (August 1, 1996): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0410.

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In order to provide a quantitative description of solids wash-out from the settling tanks of an activated sludge process, a method for “routing” of the suspended solids through the settling tanks was developed. The objective was to develop a method which can be used to predict the mixed liquor suspended solids concentration (X) and the sludge blanket depth (SBD) in the clarifiers during transient hydraulic overloads. There were 27 individual hydraulic overloading events encountered during 31 months of study. The solids routing and the SBD prediction were performed for the individual storm flow events by using settling tank operating data. The results of solids routing analysis were found to be satisfactory. The mixed liquor solids concentration can be predicted within ± 10%. The application of a solids storage relationship developed for the settling tanks was found to be useful for describing the dynamic behavior of the SBD during transient hydraulic overloads. The solids wash-out predictions for rainstorm periods corresponded with the plant performance. Operational procedures for avoiding solids wash-out are also discussed.

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13

FADHIL, Rahmat, S. SAFRIZAL, and Anzar MUHIR. "Sensory taste assessment of Gayo Volcano Arabica Coffee of variety using the analytical hierarchy process method." Sustainable Development of Mountain Territories 14, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21177/1998-4502-2022-14-2-263-268.

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Volcano arabica coffee is one of the best coffee derived from Gayo Highlands, Aceh Province, Indonesia. That coffee was cultivated in a volcanic region, therefore as known as Gayo volcano arabica coffee. Several varieties from Gayo volcano arabica coffee were included Borbor, Timtim, and P88. Gayo volcano arabica coffee was a low caffeine coffee with a taste exceeding the Blue Mountain coffee from Jamaica which was determined using sensory assessment. This study aims to conduct a sensory taste assessment from Gayo volcano arabica coffee variety using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method. The AHP method is one of the easiest methods to produce an output calculated based on the input and weight value. Sensory assessment criteria have consisted the flavour, sweetness, aftertaste, body, and acidity. The preference for the best criteria based on the panellists was included taste (0.280), then the sweet criteria (0.253), after tasting (0.212); body (0.140); and acidity (0.115). The estimation was tested with a consistency ratio under 0.1 (10%). The results of the sensory assessment of the acceptance of Gayo volcano arabica coffee products showed that the P-88 variety with full-wash processing (0.206) was the product with the highest approval. Then followed by the Borbor variety with full-wash (0.176) and semi-wash processing (0.166), then the Timtim variety with semi-wash (0.166) and full-wash processing (0.164). The P-88 variety with semi-wash processing (P88) was the product with the lowest level of acceptance by the panellists. This finding was most important for the commercial development of arabica volcano coffee in the future. The varieties associated with the highest acceptable taste became the better necessary varieties to cultivation and developt for farmers and agroindustry.

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., Shashikant R. Mise. "TREATMENT OF DISTILLERY SPENT WASH BY ANAEROBIC DIGESTION PROCESS." International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 02, no. 13 (November 25, 2013): 310–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15623/ijret.2013.0213057.

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15

Economides, D. G., A. G. Vlyssides, S. I. Simonetis, and Th L. Philippakopoulou. "Reuse of effluent from a wastepaper wash-deinking process." Environmental Pollution 103, no. 2-3 (November 1998): 229–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0269-7491(98)00117-1.

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16

Finan, J. S., and W. J. Hurley. "The analytic hierarchy process: can wash criteria be ignored?" Computers & Operations Research 29, no. 8 (July 2002): 1025–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-0548(00)00100-3.

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Jansens, P. J., R. Van Der Ham, O. S. L. Bruinsma, G. M. Van Rosmalen, and M. Matsuoka. "The furification process in hydraulic packed-bed wash columns." Chemical Engineering Science 50, no. 17 (September 1995): 2717–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(95)00098-p.

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Lin, Yan Jun, Qiang Wei, Xue Fei Jia, and Dian Qing Li. "Mathematical Model and Equations of Wash Water Recycling in the Preparation of Layered Double Hydroxides." Advanced Materials Research 455-456 (January 2012): 1239–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.455-456.1239.

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A wash water recycling method is used in the preparation of layered double hydroxides (LDHs). Based on the multiple-low-amount principle, a mathematical model and the equations of the washing process have been formulated. The experimental data are very similar to the calculated values, which means that the model and equations can be used to design and optimize the practical process of wash water recycling. The recycling of wash water in this way results in a water-saving of above 80%.

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Habib, Ahsan, Zarin Tasnime, Mst Tanjima Khatun, Osman Babaarslan, and Md Abdullah Al Mamun. "Eco-Friendly Knit Garments Washing Implementation and Its Impact." Journal of Sustainable Business and Economics 6, no. 3 (August 4, 2023): 24–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30564/jsbe.v6i3.5803.

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Environment pollution is one of the major threats to today’s world and researchers say most of the pollution comes from the washing industry. So, the study aims to find out an alternative way to the existing chemical wash process of the washing industry to save the environment. To conduct this study, one knit washing factory has been selected that has eco-friendly wash facilities. The eco-friendly wash process samples have been developed and finally show the comparison in respect of time, per day production and test result to the conventional chemical wash processes along with the impact of production cost on the garment. For all eco-friendly process, it has been found that water consumptions are too less in comparison with conventional process potentials which is partially related to Sustainable Development Goals 13 (Climate Action). This study might help to find out a new era of doing washed knitted product business without polluting the environment.

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Zaneti, R. N., R. Etchepare, and J. Rubio. "Car wash wastewater treatment and water reuse – a case study." Water Science and Technology 67, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.492.

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Recent features of a car wash wastewater reclamation system and results from a full-scale car wash wastewater treatment and recycling process are reported. This upcoming technology comprises a new flocculation–column flotation process, sand filtration, and a final chlorination. A water usage and savings audit (22 weeks) showed that almost 70% reclamation was possible, and fewer than 40 L of fresh water per wash were needed. Wastewater and reclaimed water were characterized by monitoring chemical, physicochemical and biological parameters. Results were discussed in terms of aesthetic quality (water clarification and odour), health (pathological) and chemical (corrosion and scaling) risks. A microbiological risk model was applied and the Escherichia coli proposed criterion for car wash reclaimed water is 200 CFU 100 mL−1. It is believed that the discussions on car wash wastewater reclamation criteria may assist institutions to create laws in Brazil and elsewhere.

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Egodawatta, Prasanna, and Ashantha Goonetilleke. "Understanding road surface pollutant wash-off and underlying physical processes using simulated rainfall." Water Science and Technology 57, no. 8 (April 1, 2008): 1241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.260.

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Pollutant wash-off is one of the key pollutant processes that detailed knowledge is required in order to develop successful treatment design strategies for urban stormwater. Unfortunately, current knowledge relating to pollutant wash-off is limited. This paper presents the outcomes of a detailed investigation into pollutant wash-off on residential road surfaces. The investigations consisted of research methodologies formulated to overcome the physical constraints due to the heterogeneity of urban paved surfaces and the dependency on naturally occurring rainfall. This entailed the use of small road surface plots and artificially simulated rainfall. Road surfaces were selected due to its critical importance as an urban stormwater pollutant source. The study results showed that the influence of initially available pollutants on the wash-off process was limited. Furthermore, pollutant wash-off from road surfaces can be replicated using an exponential equation. However, the typical version of the exponential wash-off equation needs to be modified by introducing a non dimensional factor referred to as ‘capacity factor' CF. Three rainfall intensity ranges were identified where the variation of CF can be defined. Furthermore, it was found that particulate density rather than size is the critical parameter that influences the process of pollutant wash-off.

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Murungu, Ronnie James, Olutayo Bankole-Bolawole, Collins Otieno, Charles Mwangi, and Girma Aboma. "Inclusion of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Ethiopia`s Nationally Determined Contributions 2020 Update Process- A Policy Brief." Sustainable Development Research 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): p32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/sdr.v4n1p32.

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Ethiopia has made large strides in water supply, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) given rapid urbanization and a steadily increasing population. The country has developed several policies and plans that focus on improving the WASH sector. Simultaneously, the Government of Ethiopia has also developed several policies that tackle the impacts of climate change and aim to reduce Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions by adapting sustainable climate resilient practices. The WASH sector plays a significant role in climate change as it contributes to GHG emissions but is also negatively affected by the impacts of climate change. In spite of the clear connection between the WASH sector and climate change Ethiopia’s NDCs do not fully address the mitigation and adaptation measures possible with water resources, sanitation, and waste management. There is growing evidence based on studies that globally emissions from sanitation and domestic wastewater are expected to rise significantly in the future. The sectoral approach in the preparation of the Ethiopia NDCs, rather than an integrated multi-sectoral approach risks missing out on important interactions and cross-cutting issues.

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Mutiara, Mutiara, Aswar Rustam, and Nurindah Nurindah. "Cita rasa khas kopi Topidi melalui proses panen hingga metode pengolahan dry process dan full wash." Filogeni: Jurnal Mahasiswa Biologi 3, no. 1 (April 30, 2023): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24252/filogeni.v3i1.20678.

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Terdapat tiga jenis kopi yang umum dibudidayakan yaitu kopi Arabika (Coffea arabica), kopi Robusta (C. robusta), dan kopi Liberika (C. liberica). Topidi merupakan salah satu daerah penghasil C. arabica dan C. robusta terbesar di Sulawesi Selatan. Metode pengolahan kopi yang banyak digunakan masyarakat adalah metode dry process dan full wash. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan metode pengolahan, serta kualitas dari kedua metode yang dapat menjadi referensi teknologi pasca panen untuk petani kopi. Metode penelitian ini adalah metode observasi langsung dengan pendekatan deskriptif. Adapun hasil dari observasi ini, diketahui bahwa cita rasa khas kopi Topidi berasal dari konsistensi petani terhadap tingkat kematangan yang baik saat panen hingga proses pengolahan. Metode pengolahan dry process tidak melibatkan banyak air dalam prosesnya, sementara full wash banyak menggunakan air. Proses pengolahan dry process lebih cepat dibanding full wash. Proses fermentasi full wash dilakukan di suhu lingkungan dengan wadah karung goni sehingga menghasilkan cita rasa yang kuat dengan body kopi ringan dan lembut, karakter yang bersih, light, cenderung fruity dan acidity cukup tinggi. Metode dry process menghasilkan kopi dengan body penuh, variasi rasa buah-buahan yang beragam (fruity), cita rasa pahit dan acidity rendah, serta kadar kafein rendah dan memenuhi nilai standar mutu kopi bubuk.

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Walters, Jeffrey P., Kate Neely, and Karla Pozo. "Working with complexity: a participatory systems-based process for planning and evaluating rural water, sanitation and hygiene services." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 7, no. 3 (July 24, 2017): 426–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2017.009.

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Individuals working within the water, sanitation and hygiene for development (WASH) sector grapple daily with complex technical, social, economic, and environmental issues that often produce unexpected outcomes that are difficult to plan for and resolve. Here we propose a method we are calling the ‘Participatory Systems-based Planning and Evaluation Process’ (PS-PEP) that combines structural factor analysis and collaborative modeling to guide teams of practitioners, researchers, and other stakeholders through a process of modeling and interpreting how factors systemically and dynamically influence sustained access to WASH services. The use and utility of the PS-PEP is demonstrated with a regional team of water committee members in the municipality of Jalapa, Nicaragua who participated in a two-day modeling workshop. Water committee members left the workshop with a clear set of action items for water service planning and management in Jalapa, informed by the analysis of systemic influences and dependencies between key service factors. In so doing, we find that the PS-PEP provides a powerful tool for WASH project or program planning, evaluation, management and policy, the continued use of which could offer unprecedented growth in understanding of WASH service complexity for a broad spectrum of service contexts.

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Silvestri, Giorgia, Julia Wittmayer, Karlijn Schipper, Robinah Kulabako, Sampson Oduro-Kwarteng, Philip Nyenje, Hans Komakech, and Roel van Raak. "Transition Management for Improving the Sustainability of WASH Services in Informal Settlements in Sub-Saharan Africa—An Exploration." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (November 5, 2018): 4052. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114052.

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This paper explores how transition management processes can be designed to address the unsustainability of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services in informal settlements in cities in Sub-Saharan Africa. The unsustainability of services related to WASH in informal settlements in Sub-Saharan Africa is deeply embedded in current societal and governance structures, cultures, and practices; it is context-dependent and involves numerous actors with different interests. Based on a literature review and empirical work in Arusha (Tanzania), Dodowa (Ghana), and Kampala (Uganda), we identify five context dimensions that account for the unsustainability of WASH services: (a) multiplicity of WASH practices, structures, and arrangements; (b) governance capacities for WASH services and maintenance; (c) landownership for sustainable access to WASH; (d) public participation in decision-making related to WASH; and (e) socio-economic inequalities governing access to WASH. These dimensions pose numerous conceptual and application challenges for transition management. Based on these challenges, recommendations are formulated for the design of a contextualized, participatory transition management process that is not only functional, but also emancipatory.

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Jia, Xuefei, Dianqing Li, David G. Evans, and Yanjun Lin. "Optimization of the wash process and wash water recycling in the preparation of MgZnAl–CO3 layered double hydroxides." Particuology 8, no. 3 (June 2010): 231–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2010.03.005.

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27

Saaty, Thomas L., and Luis G. Vargas. "The Analytic Hierarchy Process: wash criteria should not be ignored." International Journal of Management and Decision Making 7, no. 2/3 (2006): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmdm.2006.009142.

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28

Zawawi, Ashraf Zin, Law Poh Gaik, Noor Haida Sebran, Jofry Othman, and Azlan Shah Hussain. "An optimisation study on biomass delignification process using alkaline wash." Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery 8, no. 1 (February 10, 2017): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13399-017-0246-x.

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29

Raj, C. B. Chidambara, Tan Ee Kwong, Wong Wai Cheng, Lee Mun Fong, Soh Hoo Tiong, and Paul Stefan Klose. "Wash water in waterworks: contaminants and process options for reclamation." Journal of Environmental Sciences 20, no. 11 (January 2008): 1300–1305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1001-0742(08)62225-1.

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30

Kieling, Dirlei D., Valéria Reginatto, Willibaldo Schmidell, Diane Travers, Rodolfo J. Menes, and Hugo M. Soares. "Sludge wash-out as strategy for Anammox process start-up." Process Biochemistry 42, no. 12 (December 2007): 1579–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2007.08.005.

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31

STOPFORTH, J. D., R. O'CONNOR, M. LOPES, B. KOTTAPALLI, W. E. HILL, and M. SAMADPOUR. "Validation of Individual and Multiple-Sequential Interventions for Reduction of Microbial Populations during Processing of Poultry Carcasses and Parts." Journal of Food Protection 70, no. 6 (June 1, 2007): 1393–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-70.6.1393.

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Changes in aerobic plate counts (APC), total coliform counts (TCC), Escherichia coli counts (ECC), and Salmonella incidence on poultry carcasses and parts and in poultry processing water were evaluated. Bacterial counts were estimated before and after individual interventions and after poultry carcasses were exposed to multiple-sequential interventions at various stages during the slaughter process. Individual and multiple-sequential interventions were evaluated at three processing plants: (i) plant A (New York wash, postevisceration wash, inside-outside bird washes 1 and 2, chlorine dioxide wash, chlorine dioxide wash plus chlorine chiller, chiller exit spray, and postchiller wash), (ii) plant B (New York wash, inside-outside bird washes 1 and 2, trisodium phosphate wash, and chlorine chiller), and (iii) plant C (trisodium phosphate wash and chlorine chiller). The majority of individual interventions effectively or significantly (P < 0.05) reduced microbial populations on or in carcasses, carcass parts, and processing water. Reductions in APC, TCC, and ECC due to individual interventions ranged from 0 to 1.2, 0 to 1.2, and 0 to 0.8 log CFU/ml, respectively. Individual interventions reduced Salmonella incidence by 0 to 100% depending on the type of process and product. Multiple-sequential interventions resulted in significant reductions (P < 0.05) in APC, TCC, ECC, and Salmonella incidence of 2.4, 2.8, and 2.9 log CFU/ml and 79%, respectively, at plant A; 1.8, 1.7, and 1.6 log CFU/ml and 91%, respectively, at plant B; and 0.8, 1.1, and 0.9 log CFU/ml and 40%, respectively, at plant C. These results enabled validation of in-plant poultry processing interventions and provide a source of information to help the industry in its selection of antimicrobial strategies.

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Coetzee, B. J., and PW Sonnendecker. "Fully automated coal quality control using digital twin material tracking and statistical model predictive control for yield optimization during production of semi soft coking- and power station coal." Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 122, no. 8 (September 20, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2002/2022.

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The quality control of a two-stage coal washing process involves several complex components that need to be modelled accurately, to enable autonomous control of the process. The first objective is to develop a method to track the material through the washing process, while ensuring accurate washing prediction models are used. This was achieved through a digital twin model of the Grootegeluk 1 coal processing plant. The model is the amalgamation of manipulating and combining of data-sets from the plant historian, geological wash tables, and mining dispatch servers. This information is then used to control and set the processing medium densities of all 15 modules on the plant, 10 modules in the primary wash and 5 modules in the secondary wash. This controller has been successfully implemented and controlled the plant for 10 days.

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Carnell, Michael, Tobias Zech, Simon D. Calaminus, Seiji Ura, Monica Hagedorn, Simon A. Johnston, Robin C. May, Thierry Soldati, Laura M. Machesky, and Robert H. Insall. "Actin polymerization driven by WASH causes V-ATPase retrieval and vesicle neutralization before exocytosis." Journal of Cell Biology 193, no. 5 (May 23, 2011): 831–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201009119.

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WASP and SCAR homologue (WASH) is a recently identified and evolutionarily conserved regulator of actin polymerization. In this paper, we show that WASH coats mature Dictyostelium discoideum lysosomes and is essential for exocytosis of indigestible material. A related process, the expulsion of the lethal endosomal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans from mammalian macrophages, also uses WASH-coated vesicles, and cells expressing dominant negative WASH mutants inefficiently expel C. neoformans. D. discoideum WASH causes filamentous actin (F-actin) patches to form on lysosomes, leading to the removal of vacuolar adenosine triphosphatase (V-ATPase) and the neutralization of lysosomes to form postlysosomes. Without WASH, no patches or coats are formed, neutral postlysosomes are not seen, and indigestible material such as dextran is not exocytosed. Similar results occur when actin polymerization is blocked with latrunculin. V-ATPases are known to bind avidly to F-actin. Our data imply a new mechanism, actin-mediated sorting, in which WASH and the Arp2/3 complex polymerize actin on vesicles to drive the separation and recycling of proteins such as the V-ATPase.

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Pérez Sánchez, Amaury, José G. Baltá García, Jesús R. Montalván Viart, Elizabeth Ranero González, and Eddy J. Pérez Sánchez. "Simulation of the ethylene oxide production process in ChemCAD® simulator." Revista de Ciencia y Tecnología, no. 37 (May 10, 2022): 15–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.36995/j.recyt.2022.37.002.

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Ethylene oxide is an important industrial chemical compound used as an intermediate in the production of glycols and other plastics. In the present work, the process of ethylene oxide (EO) production from the catalytic oxidation of ethylene was simulated using the ChemCAD® simulator. Heat curves were obtained for each of the shell and tube heat exchangers used, while the flow rate and composition of the most important streams involved in the production process were determined. A sensitivity study was also carried out to establish the influence of a decrease in the feed temperature of the wash water to the absorbers on the amount of EO to be obtained in the distillation column. 22,163.5 kg/h of EO is obtained from the top of the distillation column with a purity of 98.29 %. The wash water should be fed to the absorbers at a temperature of 5 ºC to maximise the amount of EO to be obtained in the distillation column.

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UETAKE, Naohito, Hirotaka YAMAMOTO, Kiyoshi TUTUMI, Yoshikazu KONDO, Nobuhiko TAMURA, Masaki OZAWA, and Yoichiro KISHIMOTO. "Development of radioactive waste volume reduction technique from solvent regeneration process in nuclear fuel reprocessing. Wash efficiency and wash mechanisms of salt-free solvent wash reagents." Journal of the Atomic Energy Society of Japan / Atomic Energy Society of Japan 33, no. 1 (1991): 96–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3327/jaesj.33.96.

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Darmon, Chloé. "Abandoned wash-houses. Archiving wash-women practices in Oporto modern urban space." Sophia Journal 6, no. 1 (January 12, 2022): 154–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24840/2183-8976_2021-0006_0001_17.

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This visual essay shows the relationship between urban analysis and the use of archival images. Firstly, the research process for the realization of this work will be explained, in which photography is an important tool to understand the urban morphology and help to complete and document the theoretical part of my master thesis Inhabiting Water, Public Wash-houses of Oporto: an experience of women in modern city (2020) - which is a theoretical-practical work. Secondly, the historical dimension of the public wash-houses construction will be discussed, showing the invisibility of women in urban and public space - and in the history of urbanism. This invisibility has motivated the search for areas related to the experience of women in the modern city (19th and 20th centuries), assuming that wash-houses are an observatory of urban hospitality (Perrot 1997, 160) and also of women’s practices on the territory. We will see that, in the contemporary urban space, the wash-houses are abandoned and form a network of places in the city. These ruins are potential cultural facilities to be brought out of oblivion. The photographic work carried out during the master thesis took shape in an interactive map (https://maphub.net/chldmn/lavoirspublicsporto) that shows a selection of photographs from 1940 - with women in red to identify their presence in the washhouses - and photographs taken during the summer of 2020. The integration of these wash-houses in the Oporto Water Heritage Park, protected by the UNESCO Global Network of Water Museums, is one of the outcomes of this research.

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Hassan, Jahidul, Mohammad Nazmol Hasan, and Md Mijanur Rahman Rajib. "Suitability of textile dyeing effluents for germinaion and seedling growth of yard long bean." Jahangirnagar University Journal of Biological Sciences 3, no. 1 (June 19, 2016): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jujbs.v3i1.28278.

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Textile Dyeing effluents from seven different stages of dying process were used for irrigation of the pot culture of yard long bean. Maximum germination was found at 6th day of observation and the highest germination rate occurred for treatments with 2nd wash after soaping stage, which was statistically identical with the ground water treatment. Treatment 2nd wash after soaping stage showed the highest germination energy and relative germination rate consequently has the lowest germination injury rate. Treatment 2nd wash after soaping stage also produced the highest shoot length. So the effluent produced from the 2nd wash water after soaping can be used for irrigation of yard long bean.Jahangirnagar University J. Biol. Sci. 3(1): 55-65, 2014 (June)

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Islam, Sana, Irfan Ahmed Shaikh, Nabeela Firdous, Azhar Ali, and Yumna Sadef. "A new approach for the removal of unfixed dyes from reactive dyed cotton by Fenton oxidation." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 9, no. 2 (January 22, 2019): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2019.011.

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Abstract The use of fresh water in the textile wash-off process is becoming more expensive day by day due to declining water levels in the region. In this study, the potential of using Fenton oxidation in wash-off cotton reactive dyeing was investigated. The spent wash-off wastewater from one dyeing was first treated with Fenton oxidation, and then reused in several washing-offs employing widely used reactive dyes, C.I. Reactive Yellow 145, C.I. Reactive Blue 21, and C.I. Reactive Red 195. Experimental results showed that at acidic pH (3) using optimized quantities of FeSO4 and H2O2, Fenton process yielded a significant reduction (90–95%) of color in 30 minutes of treatment time. New washing-offs were then carried out in Fenton decolorized wash-off wastewater, and dyed cotton fabric samples were subjected to quality evaluations in terms of color difference properties (ΔL*, Δc*,Δb*, Δa*, ΔE*cmc) and wash fastness properties. This study concluded that after Fenton oxidation, treated liquor can be effectively reused subsequent washing-offs without compromising fabric quality parameters as ΔE*cmc was less than 1, and washing and crocking was also in the range of 4.5–5 which is commercially acceptable. Moreover, the difference in color strength in terms of k/s was also negligible.

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Kusuma, Aniek Suryanti, and I. Wayan Gede Sadiawan. "Sistem Informasi Pelayanan Jasa Pencucian Mobil Dan Motor Pada Max Car Wash Berbasis Web." Jurnal Sistem Informasi dan Komputer Terapan Indonesia (JSIKTI) 2, no. 4 (February 18, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.33173/jsikti.88.

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Service is the provision of a performance or invisible action from one side to another side. One of the companies that focus on services is Max Car Wash, Max Car Wash is a company engaged in car wash and motorcycles services located at Jalan Raya Batubulan, Sukawati, Gianyar, Bali. Issues contained among the recording transactions are still on a note and ledger, the distribution of commissions to the staff is not maximum yet. In addition, the service to customers is less satisfactory seen from the behavior of some existing customers that can’t wait for his vehicle in the wash. Based on these problems, Max Car Wash needs a service system that is expected to assist in serving the process of payment transactions and recording commission staff each workmanship. In this system is also available queue booking feature, where customers can make a booking queue first. This study has been successfully built an information system service car and motor wash. This system aims to help the company by improving customer service and provide ease in obtaining the reports desired company.

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Sibanda, Wisdom, Melissa M. Hansen, and Geoffrey Mukwada. "Grappling with Gendered Crises: Women’s Access and Participation in Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Activities at Tongogara Refugee Camp, Zimbabwe." International Journal of Social Science Research and Review 6, no. 7 (July 6, 2023): 212–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.47814/ijssrr.v6i7.1462.

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This paper analyses the participation of women as primary providers, users and managers of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) at household level in Tongogara Refugee Camp (TRC), in Zimbabwe. The study argues that the participation of women is essential for the success of WASH projects and for programme sustainability, but the patriarchal nature of the projects has left most women at the periphery of the planning process. Informed by a feminist political ecology (FPE) approach, the study utilises a qualitative methodology in which data were gathered through 68 interviews, five key informant interviews, eight Focus Group Discussions, observations and a desk review. The research findings show gaps in women’s access, use and control of WASH facilities. Despite their vast knowledge in water management, women still bear the brunt of water shortages and struggle for power. The study concludes that women still grapple with crises of access, use and control of WASH facilities in TRC. Improving access and availability of WASH facilities will reduce incidences of gender-based violence and the burden of WASH shortages on women in TRC.

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Jera, Tawona Martin, and Clayton Bhondayi. "A Review on Froth Washing in Flotation." Minerals 12, no. 11 (November 19, 2022): 1462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12111462.

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In the attempt to process lower-grade ores, mineral flotation has taken centre stage as the preferred recovery route. However, in many instances, the froth product does not have a high grade due to the entrainment of gangue minerals. Industry has solved this challenge by introducing froth washing mechanisms. Clean wash water is introduced into or on top of the froth to reduce the amount of entrained gangue in the final concentrate. This article reviews froth-washing systems in detail and highlights the advantages and disadvantages of each wash-water delivery mechanism. Comments on industrial uptake are provided. The indications are that froth washing improves the grade of the concentrate and influences froth stability and mobility. Other researchers have reported an improvement in recovery—especially of coarse particles—with wash water being added, while others have reported a reduction in recovery, especially with composite particles. Froth washing is generally applied in mechanical flotation cells by washing at the lip. In column flotation cells and Jameson cells, wash water is added to the entire froth surface. The literature also indicates that the wash-water rate, wash-water quality, type of wash-water delivery/ distribution mechanism and the area covered by wash water are critical parameters that dictate the efficacy of the washing system. Further research is necessary on the impact of wash-water quality on the froth phase sub-processes including froth rheology.

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Jiao, Tiantian, Xulei Zhuang, Hongyan He, Lihong Zhao, Chunshan Li, Hongnan Chen, and Suojiang Zhang. "Correction: An ionic liquid extraction process for the separation of indole from wash oil." Green Chemistry 17, no. 10 (2015): 4846. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5gc90043c.

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Rosenfeld, Jason, Ruth Berggren, and Leah Frerichs. "A Review of the Community Health Club Literature Describing Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Outcomes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4 (February 15, 2021): 1880. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041880.

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The Community Health Club (CHC) model is a community-based health promotion program that utilizes water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) education as the first stage of a longitudinal development process. Although the CHC model has been implemented in fourteen countries over 20 years, this is the first review of the literature describing the model’s outcomes and impact. We conducted a review of the literature that provided quantitative or qualitative evidence of CHC interventions focused on WASH in low- and middle-income countries. We identified 25 articles that met our inclusion criteria. We found six major outcomes: WASH behaviors and knowledge, social capital, collective action, health, and cost or cost-effectiveness. The most consistent evidence was associated with WASH behaviors and knowledge, with significant effects on defecation practices, hand washing behaviors, and WASH knowledge. We also found qualitative evidence of impact on social capital and collective action. CHCs catalyze favorable changes in WASH behaviors and knowledge, yielding outcomes commensurate with other WASH promotion strategies. This review provides insights into the model’s theory of change, helping identify areas for further investigation. The CHC model’s holistic focus and emphasis on individual and collective change offer promising potential to address multiple health and development determinants.

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Choi, Yong-Seok, and Tae-Woo Lim. "Numerical Simulation and Validation in Scrubber Wash Water Discharge from Ships." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 4 (April 10, 2020): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8040272.

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A regulation on the sulfur emissions of ships sailing in global sea areas has been enforced since 1 January 2020. In this new regulation, ships are required to use low-sulfur fuel oils or to install an after-treatment equipment, such as a scrubber. Open and hybrid scrubbers wash the exhaust gas using seawater and then discharge the wash water overboard. According to the regulation promulgated by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC), the wash water must have a pH of 6.5 or higher at 4 m from the discharge point. Wash water is generally acidic, with a pH of 2.5–3.5, whereas seawater is alkaline, with a pH of approximately 8.2. The wash water is dispersed after being discharged overboard through a nozzle, and its pH is restored through dilution with the surrounding seawater. In this study, the pH was calculated by using a theoretical chemical reaction model, and then the dispersion of wash water was analyzed using CFD simulation. This study describes the process of selecting the appropriate turbulent Schmidt number in a wide range of nozzle diameters. Finally, the appropriate nozzle diameter was determined based on the initial pH of the discharged scrubber wash.

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Bujak, Tomasz, Tomasz Wasilewski, and Zofia Nizioł-Łukaszewska. "Effect of molecular weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone on the skin irritation potential and properties of body wash cosmetics in the coacervate form." Pure and Applied Chemistry 91, no. 9 (September 25, 2019): 1521–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2018-0703.

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Abstract Body wash cosmetics are among the most common groups of cosmetics used by consumers. Faced with strong competition in the marketplace, cosmetic manufacturers search for innovative solutions both in terms of product composition and form. An example of an innovative technology which can be used in the production of body wash cosmetics is the process of coacervation which yields a concentrated body wash product. Another important aspect which needs to be considered in the formulation of body wash cosmetics is their safety of use. It is crucial to ensure that such cosmetic products do not induce skin irritations. At present, the most widespread method of reducing the skin irritation potential of cosmetic products is the use of surfactant mixtures. The study is an attempt to evaluate the effect of using polyvinylpyrrolidone in the formulations of model body wash cosmetics in the coacervate form on the skin irritation potential and basic quality determinants of body wash products. Polyvinylpyrrolidone was found to contribute to a significant reduction in the irritant effect, and the skin irritation potential decreased in proportion to increasing molecular mass of the polymer. The application of polyvinylpyrrolidone with the different molecular weight also has an impact on improving the foaming properties of model body wash cosmetics and the stability of foam they produce.

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CUTTER, CATHERINE N. "Combination Spray Washes of Saponin with Water or Acetic Acid to Reduce Aerobic and Pathogenic Bacteria on Lean Beef Surfaces†." Journal of Food Protection 62, no. 3 (March 1, 1999): 280–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-62.3.280.

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Saponins are naturally occurring compounds known as triterpenoid glycosides found in a variety of plant species. Saponins are approved for use in the food industry as foaming agents. When combined with water or organic acid in spray treatments, saponins' foaming property may improve carcass decontamination. In the first experiment of this study, lean beef carcass surfaces were experimentally inoculated with a fecal slurry containing antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium. Spray-washing treatments with 1% saponin followed by a water wash, or 1% saponin followed by 2% acetic acid, were more effective for reducing aerobic bacteria than saponin, water, or 2% acetic acid washes alone. However, 1% saponin followed by a either a water or 2% acetic acid wash was no more effective than a 2% acetic acid wash for reducing populations of E. coli O157:H7 or Salmonella Typhimurium. In the second experiment, experimentally inoculated beef surfaces were subjected to spray treatments with water followed by another water wash, water followed by a 2% acetic acid wash, 1% saponin followed by a water wash, or 1% saponin followed by a 2% acetic acid wash. When examined for effectiveness against all bacterial populations, 1% saponin followed by a water wash and 1% saponin followed by a 2% acetic acid wash were as effective as two water washes or a water wash followed by 2% acetic acid for reducing aerobic bacteria, E. coli O157:H7, and Salmonella Typhimurium from beef surfaces. Under the conditions described, reductions associated with combination spray washes may be attributed to the physical removal of bacteria during the spraying process, not to any specific action of saponin.

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Kim, Su Jin. "Upgrading of Wash Oil through Reduction of Nitrogen-Containing Compounds." Processes 9, no. 11 (October 20, 2021): 1869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9111869.

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As part of improving the quality of wash oil, the reduction of three kinds of nitrogen-containing compounds (NCs), including quinoline (QU), iso-quinoline (IQU), and indole (IN), found in wash oil was examined by liquid–liquid equilibrium extraction. The wash oil and an aqueous solution of formamide were used as the raw material and the solvent, respectively. Increasing the volume fraction of water in the solvent in the initial state (yw,0) resulted in a decrease in the distribution coefficients of each NC, while inversely, the selectivity of each NC in reference to 2-methylnaphthalene increased. The selectivity ranges of QU, IQU and IN at yw,0 = 0.05~0.3 were 19~57, 19~56 and 50~79, respectively. Through five stages of equilibrium extraction performed under the condition of yw,0 = 0.05, the concentrations of QU and IQU contained in the raffinate oil recovered at the fifth stage were reduced by about 69% and 65% compared to those contained in the wash oil. The concentration of IN in particular, a useful compound in the chemical industry, which is a raw material for pharmaceuticals, dyes, and fragrances, was reduced by 93.4% through a five-stage extraction operation. The formamide extraction method of this study was highly efficient in reducing the NC present in the wash oil, showing the feasibility of this method.

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Purwanto, Eko Setyo, Mohamad Gandi Efendi, Raditya Tohpati, and Patrick Marionatha. "Car Wash Ordering App for Better Queue." Engineering, MAthematics and Computer Science (EMACS) Journal 4, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/emacsjournal.v4i3.8607.

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This study aims to create a booking application that is applied in a car wash. Seeing the very rapid development of technology, one of which is the booking application There are so many business people who take advantage of this booking application, for example, hotel booking applications, ticket bookings, etc. But there is some business that has not taken advantage of this booking application, one of which is the car wash business. Most car wash businesses still use manual methods in the process, from recording customer data and payments. In using this manual method, many problems occur. for example, recording incorrect data, counterfeiting money, etc. Therefore, a study was conducted using the system development method, namely Waterfall. The waterfall method includes Analysis, Design, Coding, and Testing. The results obtained from this study are a Car Wash booking application by utilizing the IoT topic which is expected to help problems that occur in the car wash business.

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MacArthur, Jess, Naomi Carrard, Samrach Koh, and Juliet Willetts. "Fostering the transformative potential of participatory photography: Insights from water and sanitation assessments." PLOS Water 1, no. 8 (August 12, 2022): e0000036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pwat.0000036.

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Transformative research and evaluation both aim to foster social change as part of the inquiry process, often leveraging participatory and tactile methods with an advocacy objective. One such approach is participatory photography which engages marginalized individuals in image creation and includes activities such as photovoice and photo-elicitation. This article considers opportunities to strengthen the transformative potential of participatory photography activities within the water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) sector. The research comprised two components: 1) a systematic literature review of participatory photography activities in the WASH sector (n = 32) and 2) an empirical case of a photovoice evaluation of a staff-focused gender mainstreaming intervention in Cambodia (n = 20), including a structured survey, structured observations of the evaluation process, and three participatory reflection workshops with program leadership. Drawing on the two components, we reflect on the extent to which photography-based approaches in the WASH-sector have been transformative. Our findings indicate that transformative potential can arise from participatory photography’s process and outcomes. The research identified opportunities for the WASH-sector to strengthen participatory photography by 1) purposefully recruiting participants, 2) creating engaging orientation opportunities, 3) supporting participants in ethical image creation, 4) facilitating image interpretation, and 5) progressing photo-stories into advocacy. The study also considers how participatory photography can address gender inequalities inherent in photography, hence seeking gender-transformation. While these insights were derived for participatory photography activities in the WASH sector, the findings and implications have relevance in other sectors that seek to investigate complex change and foster transformations.

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Hussain, A., and J. Basar. "Continuous desalting concept on ionic liquid-mediated de-acidification process of crude oil: A pilot study." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1195, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1195/1/012013.

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Abstract Desalting process concept was tested using methyltrimethylammonium methylcarbonate [N4441][MeCO3] treated Pyrenees crude oil (initial Total Acid Number (TAN) of 1.6 mg KOH/g oil) with the aim to gain empirical evidences on the effectiveness of in-line water washing and electrostatic aided phase separation as mean to recover the naphthenic acid derivatives for recycling. The treated crude oil (final TAN value of less than 0.3 mg KOH/g oil) was subjected to typical operating scheme such as single stage desalting and effects of water wash volumes. The novelty of the work comes from the utilisation of ionic liquids to neutralise acid components of the crude oil. Furthermore, the work is also able to test the hypothesis of whether naphthenate salts behave as is its inorganic counterpart and quantify the solubility behaviour in water as extraction medium. The effectiveness of such scheme will be measured against naphthenic acids derivative percent recovery in the wash water. The results indicate the electrostatic conditions can facilitate the recovery of the naphthenate salts post neutralization with high recovery rate of average of 70.6 % with 30 % water wash volume in a single-stage contact, observed over 12 hours steady-state operation. The water wash weight was observed to increase post separation which indicate hydrocarbon carry-over in the heavy phase due to formation of tight water – oil emulsion. The technique is viable should the amount of water required is available and the process water can be recycled safely into the desalter again without causing tripping to the desalter. Ionic liquid can be used in conjunction with desalter and the presence of electrostatic field did hasten the separation of the phases, however the amount of water used may hinder the viability of the solution.

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Journal articles on the topic 'WASH PROCESS'

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