Journal articles on the topic 'Wartime Myths'
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1
WILLIAMSON, PHILIP. "BALDWIN'S REPUTATION: POLITICS AND HISTORY, 1937–1967." Historical Journal 47, no. 1 (March 2004): 127–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x03003546.
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In one fundamental sense, a British post-war consensus certainly existed: repudiation and denigration of interwar governments and their leaders. Stanley Baldwin was the chief victim, as it became widely believed during the 1940s that he had ‘failed to rearm’ the nation in the 1930s. Examination of the history of Baldwin's reputation after his retirement – precisely why and how it collapsed – reveals a striking case of the contingent construction of historical interpretation. Partisan politics, legitimation of a new regime, a Churchillian bandwagon, self-exoneration, and selective recollection together reinforced hindsight and a wartime appetite for scapegoats to create a public myth, which despite manifest evidence to the contrary was accepted as historical ‘truth’ by historians and other intellectuals. The main indictment was accepted even by Baldwin's appointed biographer, who added a further layer of supposed psychological deficiencies. Attempts to establish an effective defence were long constrained by official secrecy and the force of Churchill's post-war prestige. Only during the 1960s did political distance and then the opening of government records lead to more balanced historical assessments; yet the myth had become so central to larger myths about the 1930s and 1940s that it persists in general belief.
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Kozachenko, Ivan. "Fighting for the Soviet Union 2.0: Digital nostalgia and national belonging in the context of the Ukrainian crisis." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 52, no. 1 (January 22, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2019.01.001.
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This paper focuses on the use of Soviet-era symbols, myths, and narratives within groups on VKontakte social media site over the initial stage of the Ukraine crisis (2014–2015). The study is based on qualitative content analysis of online discussions, visual materials, and entries by group administrators and commentators. It also applies link-analysis in order to see how groups on social media are interrelated and positioned online. It reveals that these online groups are driven primarily by neo-Soviet myths and hopes for a new version of the USSR to emerge. Over time, the main memory work in these groups shifted from Soviet nostalgia and “pragmatic” discourse to the use of re-constructed World War II memories in order to justify Russian aggression and to undermine national belonging in Ukraine. Reliance on the wartime mythology allowed for the labelling of Euromaidan supporters as “fascists” that should be eliminated “once again.” This powerful swirl of re-created Soviet memories allowed effective mobilization on the ground and further escalation of the conflict from street protests to the armed struggle.
3
Baumeister, Hannah. "Forced Marriage Real Simple." Journal of Human Trafficking, Enslavement and Conflict-Related Sexual Violence 1, no. 1 (September 10, 2020): 25–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7590/266644720x15989693725685.
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The concepts of 'real rape' and 'real rape victim' play a key role in the reporting and prosecution of rape cases and strongly influence their outcomes. Similar biases and misconceptions obscure other acts of gender-based violence such as forced marriage in times of armed conflict. This paper analyses how the Special Court for Sierra Leone, the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia and the International Criminal Court construct and reconstruct the concepts of a 'real' and 'simple forced marriage'. It argues that the difference lies in the elements of consent, coercion, duration and purpose. The paper highlights the gendered everyday realities in which myths surrounding conflict-related forced marriage are embedded and then taken for granted and accepted as normal, contributing to the denial, downplay or justification of acts of violence against women. It argues that by reinforcing these concepts, courts miss an opportunity to educate the legal community and the public about women's experiences in peace and wartime and to develop a definition of the crime of forced marriage that reflects women's realities.
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COOK, HARUKO TAYA, and THEODORE F. COOK. "A lost war in living memory: Japan’s Second World War." European Review 11, no. 4 (October 2003): 573–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798703000498.
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We examine the strata of memory in Japan’s recollections of the wartime experience and explore the shaping and releasing of memory in Japan, seeking to penetrate and recover individual Japanese experience. Individual memories that seemed tightly contained, when released were told with great emotional intensity and authenticity. That there has been little public discourse does not mean that individual Japanese have forgotten that war, but that the conflict – a war with no generally accepted name or firmly fixed start or end – seems disconnected from the private memories of the wartime generation. Japan was defeated thoroughly and completely, and in the history of memory we see no well-established narrative form for telling the tale of the defeated. In Japan's public memory of the war, War itself is often the enemy, and the Japanese its victims. Such a view is ahistorical and unsatisfactory to nations and peoples throughout Asia and the Pacific. The prevailing myths during Japan's war, developed and fostered over 15 years of conflict, and the overwhelming weight of more than three million war dead on the memories of the living forged a link between a desire to honour and cherish those lost and the ways the war is recalled in the public sphere. Enforced and encouraged by government policies and private associations, protecting the dead has become a means of avoiding a full discussion of the war. The memorials and monuments to the Dead that have been created throughout Japan, Asia, and the Pacific stand silent sentry to a Legend of the war. This must be challenged by the release into the public sphere of living memories of the War in all their ambiguity, complexity, and contradiction without which Japan’s Memory can have no historical veracity. Moreover, the memories of the Second World War of other peoples can never be complete without Japan’s story.
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Waters, Chris. "“Dark Strangers” in Our Midst: Discourses of Race and Nation in Britain, 1947–1963." Journal of British Studies 36, no. 2 (April 1997): 207–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/386134.
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It has been more than a decade since Benedict Anderson urged us to consider the nation a particular kind of cultural artefact and to study national communities in terms of the style in which they are imagined. Anticipating Anderson's seminal work, Enoch Powell, the Biblical scholar, Ulster Unionist M.P., and 1960s advocate of the voluntary repatriation of people of color in Britain likewise suggested that the “life of nations … is lived largely in the imagination.” He also noted that the myths on which Britain's “corporate imagination” rested had, since 1945, become severely impoverished. Amidst the rubble produced by the collapse of many of those myths scholars have begun to problematize the various components of national identity that, customarily, have been taken for granted as “real” rather than invented. They have also begun to trace the manner by which the national community has constantly been imagined and reimagined in the past. Some of their more insightful work has considered the articulation of Englishness against other nationalities in the United Kingdom, particularly the Irish. This had led Linda Colley to suggest that national identity is always contingent and relational, the product of boundaries drawn up to distinguish between the collective self and the other.In this essay, I want to suggest that Britain's wartime sense of national unity, generated through the struggle against fascist Germany, began to crumble after 1945. This gradual erosion of national cohesion, coupled with Britain's failure to generate new narratives of national purpose through the rhetoric of the Cold War, led to a veritable crisis of national self-representation in the 1950s, a crisis compounded by domestic social dislocation and the rapid emergence of the political, military, and economic hegemony of the United States.
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Waśkiewicz, Andrzej. "The Polish Home Army and the Politics of Memory." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 24, no. 1 (January 21, 2010): 44–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325409354556.
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Politics of memory makes use as well as abuse of history. As any kind of politics, politics of memory are not guided by truth—they are guided by utility in a broad sense of the term. Truth and utility may coincide, and yet they are not close friends at all. Politics are, as the political scientists say, an open-ended game, and so they are politics of memory. They do not deprive people of the freedom of thinking any more than politics sensu stricto deprive them of freedom of behaviour. Some politics of memory are necessary for uniting people as fellow citizens. The point is that these particular ones the author is referring to in this article were bad politics; they divided, not united. The present article outlines the history of how the Polish Home Army (Armia Krajowa) and particularly the Warsaw Rising of 1944 have been treated and mistreated in the legitimising myths of the regime imposed on Poland in 1945, in the political system the Poles freely elected in 1989, and in the propaganda of the so-called Fourth Republic of Poland in 2005—7. The author intends to show how this controversial wartime event has been entangled in the politics of memory and why its exploitation for political purposes has turned it into a black-and-white picture that has stifled more balanced and less passionate opinions on its meaning and significance.
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Fuhrmann, Aragorn. "De snelschrijver, oorlog en collaboratie. Traumaverwerking in de 'Nota's voor een Oostakkerse cantate' van Hugo Claus." WT. Tijdschrift over de geschiedenis van de Vlaamse beweging 77, no. 4 (December 11, 2019): 309–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/wt.v77i4.15694.
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Deze paper beoogt een nieuw licht te werpen op het vroege literaire werk van Hugo Claus, meer bepaald op De Oostakkerse gedichten (1955). Claus’ canonieke dichtbundel werd tot dusver hoofdzakelijk gelezen vanuit een klassiek structuralistisch paradigma. Dat betekent dat Claus’ gedichten steevast werden losgekoppeld van hun biografische en historische context. In dat verband opteert deze paper voor een alternatieve lezing. Uitgangspunt vormt het oorlogsverleden van de auteur: Claus was tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog lid van een nationaalsocialistische jeugdbeweging en groeide op in een milieu van collaborateurs en geradicaliseerde Vlaams-nationalisten. Nadat de schrijver dit verleden eerst probeerde te ontvluchten door naar Parijs te reizen en zich daar expliciet te profileren als een autonome en kosmopolitische kunstenaar, ging hij er vanaf 1952 toch steeds weer de confrontatie mee aan. In de zomer van dat jaar ging Claus gedurende enkele maanden op bezoek bij zijn familie in Lourdes-Oostakker. Tijdens zijn verblijf in het Oost-Vlaamse dorp en bedevaartsoord kwam hij niet alleen opnieuw in aanraking met de financiële en relationele problemen van zijn door de repressie getekende bloedverwanten, hij werd er ook geconfronteerd met een Vlaanderen dat zijn oorlogsverleden nog steeds niet kritisch had verwerkt. Lourdes-Oostakker bleek het decor te vormen van een van de vele ideologisch verre van onschuldige oostfrontherdenkingen die op dat moment op verschillende plekken in Vlaanderen werden georganiseerd. Tegen die achtergrond schreef Claus een eerste versie van zijn Oostakkerse gedichten: een scherpzinnig onderzoek naar de unheimliche parallellen tussen het nationaalsocialisme en het christelijke denken én zijn eerste, poëtische aanklacht tegen het naoorlogse, in rites en mythes verstrikte Vlaanderen.___________
The rapid-fire writer, war and collaboration. Trauma processing in Hugo Claus’s ‘Nota’s voor een Oostakkerse Cantate’
This paper aims to shed new light on Hugo Claus’s early work, in particular his De Oostakkerse gedichten (1955). Notwithstanding a few exceptions, this work has generally been analysed from a classic structuralist paradigm. Consequently, Claus’s poems have continuously been detached from their biographical and historical contexts. To address this issue, this paper will propose an alternative approach. It will stress the prevalence of Claus’s wartime experiences, when, in a context of collaborating and radicalized Flemish nationalists, he became a member of a National-Socialist youth organisation. After first discarding his wartime upbringing by travelling to Paris and proclaiming to be an autonomous and cosmopolitan artist, Claus would start to confront his past during the summer of 1952, when he visited his family in Lourdes-Oostakker for a couple of months. During this time, Claus would not only encounter destitute family members who were affected by the post-war repression, but also be struck by the fact that Flanders had still not critically addressed its role and involvement in the Second World War. Moreover, Lourdes-Oostakker was one of many sites in Flanders that commemorated those that had fought at the eastern front during the war in a highly partisan manner. It is in these circumstances that Claus would write his initial version of the De Oostakkerse gedichten, constituting an astute examination of the disquieting parallels beween National Socialism and Christian rationale as well as his first, poetical charge against the rites and myths that marked post-war Flanders.
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Omer-Sherman, Ranen. "“To Extract from It Some Sort of Beautiful Thing”: The Holocaust in the Families and Fiction of Nava Semel and Etgar Keret." Humanities 9, no. 4 (November 23, 2020): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h9040137.
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In literary narratives by Nava Semel (1954–2017) and Etgar Keret (b. 1967), both Israeli children of Holocaust survivors, readers encounter the kinds of searching questions about inheriting the burden of traumatic inheritance, witnessing, and postmemory frequently intrinsic to second-generation literature in other national contexts. However, their works are further distinguished by acute examinations that probe the moral fabric of Israeli society itself, including dehumanization of the enemy through slogans and other debased forms of language and misuses of historical memory. In addition, their fiction measures the distance between the suffering and pain of intimate family memory (what Semel once dubbed their “private Shoah”) and ceremonial, nationalistic forms of Holocaust memory, and the apartness felt by the children of survivors who sense themselves somehow at odds with their society’s heroic values. Semel’s numerous articles, and fiction as well as nonfiction books, frequently address second and third-generation trauma, arguably most impressively in her harrowing five-part novel And the Rat Laughed (2001) that spans 150 years but most crucially juxtaposes the experiences of a “hidden child” in a remote wartime Polish village repeatedly raped with that of her grandchild writing a dutiful report for her class in contemporary Israel. Elsewhere, in a distant future, a bewildered but determined anthropologist is set on assembling a scientific report with coherent meaning from the fragmented “myths” inherited from the barbaric past. Over the years, Keret (generally known more for whimsical and surreal tales) has often spoken in interviews as well as his memoir about being raised by survivors. “Siren”, set in a Tel Aviv high school, is one of the most acclaimed of Keret’s realist stories (and required reading in Israeli high schools), raises troubling questions about Israeli society’s official forms of Holocaust mourning and remembrance and individual conscience. It is through their portrayals of the cognitive and moral struggles of children and adolescents, the destruction of their innocence, and gradual awakening into compassionate awareness that Semel and Keret most shine, each unwavering in preserving the Shoah’s legacy as a form of vigilance against society’s abuses, whether toward “internal” or “external” others.
9
Verdoodt, Frans-Jos. "Het oorlogsjaar 1917, de IJzersymbolen en de relativiteit van de IJzermythes." WT. Tijdschrift over de geschiedenis van de Vlaamse beweging 77, no. 3 (December 11, 2019): 269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/wt.v77i3.15689.
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Oorlogsjaren zijn op zichzelf erg belangrijk, maar het oorlogsjaar 1917 was dat in het bijzonder, zowel internationaal als vanuit Vlaams perspectief. Voor de Vlaamsgezinden aan het front betekende 1917 een scharnierjaar: tegen de achtergrond van de eindeloos aanslepende stellingenoorlog enerzijds en de Vlaamsgezinde agitatie van activisme en frontisme anderzijds, werd het oorlogsoffer van een aantal Vlaamsgezinde soldaten nadrukkelijk een sterven-voor-Vlaanderen. Hun offerbereidheid voedde de hoop dat het politieke initiatief na de oorlog in de handen van de Vlaamsgezinden zou komen. Maar tegelijk groeide het gevoel van verlatenheid ten opzichte van de hoogste kerkelijke en politieke overheden, in de eerste plaats tegenover kardinaal Mercier en koning Albert, op wie men vruchteloos beroep had gedaan om de Vlaamsgezinde aspiraties in te wil-ligen. De aura van het sterven-voor-Vlaanderen ontwikkelde zich vooral rondom een aantal gesneuvelde Vlaamsgezinden: deze IJzer-helden werden IJzersymbolen. Onder hen verwierven vooral de (in 1917 gesneuvelde) gebroeders Edward en Frans Van Raemdonck en Renaat De Rudder een iconische en ten dele mythische betekenis.__________
The War Year 1917, the Symbols of the Yser and the Relativity of the Yser Myths
Years of war are very important on their own, but the year 1917 was unusually so, in an international as well as Flemish perspective. For Flemish-minded individuals on the front, 1917 was a turning point: against the background of the endlessly persistent war of position on the one hand, and the Flemish-minded agitation of Activism and the Front Movement on the other, the wartime sacrifice of a number of Flemish casualties was emphatically one of ‘dying for Flanders’. Their willingness to sacrifice fed the hope that the political initiative would come into the hands of the Flemish-minded after the war. But at the same time, a sense of abandonment grew regarding the highest ecclesiastical and political authorities, in the first place Cardinal Mercier and King Albert, to whom a fruitless appeal had been made to accede to Flemish demands. The aura of ‘dying for Flanders’ developed largely around a number of fallen Flemish-minded soldiers: these ‘Yser heroes’ became ‘Yser symbols’. Among these, the brothers Edward and Frans Van Raemdonck and Renaat De Rudder, who all died in 1917, developed a particularly iconic and partly mythical significance.
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Sladen, Chris. "Wartime Holidays and the ‘Myth of the Blitz’." Cultural and Social History 2, no. 2 (April 2005): 215–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/1478003805cs026oa.
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Prozhiko, Galina Semyonovna. "The Myth of the Authenticity of the Wartime Newsreels." Journal of Flm Arts and Film Studies 5, no. 3 (September 15, 2013): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/vgik5322-32.
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With all the debate on the accuracy and forging of documentary footage, the basic assumption is the possibility of an absolute truthfulness as an inherent quality of this way of fixing reality. The author questions the validity of this aesthetic myth.
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Weyns, Babette. ""De naam van mijn vader valt als een oordeel." Collaboratuers door de ogen van hun kinderen in de Vlaamse roman (1970-2000)." WT. Tijdschrift over de geschiedenis van de Vlaamse beweging 77, no. 1 (March 30, 2018): 5–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/wt.v77i1.16945.
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De geschiedenis van het Vlaamse collaboratieverleden tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog is vandaag reeds ruim gedocumenteerd: mythes zijn doorprikt en nuance is de nieuwe maatstaf om naar dat verleden te kijken. Toch leverde de lange overheersing van een vertekend beeld, voornamelijk met betrekking tot de naoorlogse repressie, een aantal iconische beelden op in het collectieve geheugen, die hier en daar nog de kop op durven te steken. Door de relatief late wetenschappelijke doorbraak in het polemische debat over de Tweede Wereldoorlog in België, loopt ons land noodgedwongen achter als het aankomt op nieuwe invalshoeken om dat verleden te benaderen. In onze buurlanden bestaat zo al enige tijd aandacht voor een belangrijke groep in de samenleving, die vaak tot op vandaag de gevolgen van dat verleden draagt: de nakomelingen. Niet alleen vanuit historische hoek, maar ook vanuit de literatuurwetenschappen bestaat er reeds een traditie aan onderzoek, dat nagaat hoe daders en slachtoffers van de Tweede Wereldoorlog hun herinneringen doorgeven aan latere generaties. Concepten als trauma- en schuldoverdracht zijn daarin heel populair. Geïnspireerd door het lopende historisch onderzoek van Koen Aerts (UGent), verkent ook deze bijdrage dat terrein. Aan de hand van zes autobiografisch geïnspireerde Vlaamse romans wordt daarbij resoluut de kaart van de interdisciplinariteit getrokken. Hoe gaan de protagonist-nakomelingen in de romans om met het verleden van hun ouders, welke effecten ondervinden ze ervan en vooral: dragen zij een overgedragen schuld met zich mee? Literatuur biedt immers een unieke blik op de werkelijkheid, en laat zelfs toe datgene bloot te leggen, wat men zelf niet wist. Het geeft met andere woorden ook een inkijk in het onderbewuste van zowel de samenleving als de personages uit het werk. Daarom leveren deze herinneringsproducten antwoorden op de vraag naar de relatie tussen een kind en zijn/haar (groot)ouder, die geen afbreuk doen aan de complexe realiteit van zowel dader- als ouderschap, maar een waardevol interpretatiekader vormen voor verder historisch onderzoek.
“The name of my father weighs on me like a judgment”.Collaborators through the eyes of their children in the Flemish novel (1970-2000)Flemish collaboration during the Second World War has been researched profoundly and abundantly. Although historical research has exposed several myths and enabled a nuanced outlook onto the past, distorted memories have left Belgium with recurrent iconic images in its collective memory, especially when it comes to post-war punishment of Flemish collaborators. Only relatively recently scientific historical research is being heard within the polem-ical debate concerning new perspectives on Belgium’s wartime past. Neighbouring countries, unlike Belgium, were therefore able to incorporate descendants of collaborators far sooner into their research. As this social group often has been carrying traces of this past up until today, research focuses on how victims and perpetrators pass on their past to their children and grandchildren. This has not only been approached from a historical point of view, but in literary analysis as well. Transmission of trauma and guilt are popular concepts in this kind of research. Inspired by current historical research by Koen Aerts (UGent), this article offers an exploration of this field of research for Flanders. By discussing six autobiographical inspired Flemish novels, it takes on a fundamentally interdisciplinary approach. How do the protagonists in the novels deal with their parents’ past, which effects do they face and do they carry some form of transmitted guilt? Literature offers a unique perspective on reality, often exposing the subconscious not only of the characters within the work, but on a societal level as well. Accordingly, these products of memory offer insight into the relation between a child and its (grand)parent, taking into account the complex reality of being both a perpetrator and a parent. A discussion of these sources therefore provides a useful interpretative framework for further historical research.
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Weyns, Babette. ""De naam van mijn vader valt als een oordeel". Collaborateurs door de ogen van hun kinderen in de Vlaamse roman (1970-2000)." WT. Tijdschrift over de geschiedenis van de Vlaamse beweging 77, no. 1 (April 4, 2018): 5–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/wt.v77i1.12005.
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De geschiedenis van het Vlaamse collaboratieverleden tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog is vandaag reeds ruim gedocumenteerd: mythes zijn doorprikt en nuance is de nieuwe maatstaf om naar dat verleden te kijken. Toch leverde de lange overheersing van een vertekend beeld, voornamelijk met betrekking tot de naoorlogse repressie, een aantal iconische beelden op in het collectieve geheugen, die hier en daar nog de kop op durven te steken. Door de relatief late wetenschappelijke doorbraak in het polemische debat over de Tweede Wereldoorlog in België, loopt ons land noodgedwongen achter als het aankomt op nieuwe invalshoeken om dat verleden te benaderen. In onze buurlanden bestaat zo al enige tijd aandacht voor een belangrijke groep in de samenleving, die vaak tot op vandaag de gevolgen van dat verleden draagt: de nakomelingen. Niet alleen vanuit historische hoek, maar ook vanuit de literatuurwetenschappen bestaat er reeds een traditie aan onderzoek, dat nagaat hoe daders en slachtoffers van de Tweede Wereldoorlog hun herinneringen doorgeven aan latere generaties. Concepten als trauma- en schuldoverdracht zijn daarin heel populair. Geïnspireerd door het lopende historisch onderzoek van Koen Aerts (UGent), verkent ook deze bijdrage dat terrein. Aan de hand van zes autobiografisch geïnspireerde Vlaamse romans wordt daarbij resoluut de kaart van de interdisciplinariteit getrokken. Hoe gaan de protagonist-nakomelingen in de romans om met het verleden van hun ouders, welke effecten ondervinden ze ervan en vooral: dragen zij een overgedragen schuld met zich mee? Literatuur biedt immers een unieke blik op de werkelijkheid, en laat zelfs toe datgene bloot te leggen, wat men zelf niet wist. Het geeft met andere woorden ook een inkijk in het onderbewuste van zowel de samenleving als de personages uit het werk. Daarom leveren deze herinneringsproducten antwoorden op de vraag naar de relatie tussen een kind en zijn/haar (groot)ouder, die geen afbreuk doen aan de complexe realiteit van zowel dader- als ouderschap, maar een waardevol interpretatiekader vormen voor verder historisch onderzoek.________“The name of my father weighs on me like a judgment”.Collaborators through the eyes of their children in the Flemish novel (1970-2000)Flemish collaboration during the Second World War has been researched profoundly and abundantly. Although historical research has exposed several myths and enabled a nuanced outlook onto the past, distorted memories have left Belgium with recurrent iconic images in its collective memory, especially when it comes to post-war punishment of Flemish collaborators. Only relatively recently scientific historical research is being heard within the polem-ical debate concerning new perspectives on Belgium’s wartime past. Neighbouring countries, unlike Belgium, were therefore able to incorporate descendants of collaborators far sooner into their research. As this social group often has been carrying traces of this past up until today, research focuses on how victims and perpetrators pass on their past to their children and grandchildren. This has not only been approached from a historical point of view, but in literary analysis as well. Transmission of trauma and guilt are popular concepts in this kind of research. Inspired by current historical research by Koen Aerts (UGent), this article offers an exploration of this field of research for Flanders. By discussing six autobiographical inspired Flemish novels, it takes on a fundamentally interdisciplinary approach. How do the protagonists in the novels deal with their parents’ past, which effects do they face and do they carry some form of transmitted guilt? Literature offers a unique perspective on reality, often exposing the subconscious not only of the characters within the work, but on a societal level as well. Accordingly, these products of memory offer insight into the relation between a child and its (grand)parent, taking into account the complex reality of being both a perpetrator and a parent. A discussion of these sources therefore provides a useful interpretative framework for further historical research.
14
Weyns, Babette. ""De naam van mijn vader valt als een oordeel." Collaboratuers door de ogen van hun kinderen in de Vlaamse roman (1970-2000)." WT. Tijdschrift over de geschiedenis van de Vlaamse beweging 77, no. 1 (March 30, 2018): 5–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/wt.v77i1.16945.
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De geschiedenis van het Vlaamse collaboratieverleden tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog is vandaag reeds ruim gedocumenteerd: mythes zijn doorprikt en nuance is de nieuwe maatstaf om naar dat verleden te kijken. Toch leverde de lange overheersing van een vertekend beeld, voornamelijk met betrekking tot de naoorlogse repressie, een aantal iconische beelden op in het collectieve geheugen, die hier en daar nog de kop op durven te steken. Door de relatief late wetenschappelijke doorbraak in het polemische debat over de Tweede Wereldoorlog in België, loopt ons land noodgedwongen achter als het aankomt op nieuwe invalshoeken om dat verleden te benaderen. In onze buurlanden bestaat zo al enige tijd aandacht voor een belangrijke groep in de samenleving, die vaak tot op vandaag de gevolgen van dat verleden draagt: de nakomelingen. Niet alleen vanuit historische hoek, maar ook vanuit de literatuurwetenschappen bestaat er reeds een traditie aan onderzoek, dat nagaat hoe daders en slachtoffers van de Tweede Wereldoorlog hun herinneringen doorgeven aan latere generaties. Concepten als trauma- en schuldoverdracht zijn daarin heel populair. Geïnspireerd door het lopende historisch onderzoek van Koen Aerts (UGent), verkent ook deze bijdrage dat terrein. Aan de hand van zes autobiografisch geïnspireerde Vlaamse romans wordt daarbij resoluut de kaart van de interdisciplinariteit getrokken. Hoe gaan de protagonist-nakomelingen in de romans om met het verleden van hun ouders, welke effecten ondervinden ze ervan en vooral: dragen zij een overgedragen schuld met zich mee? Literatuur biedt immers een unieke blik op de werkelijkheid, en laat zelfs toe datgene bloot te leggen, wat men zelf niet wist. Het geeft met andere woorden ook een inkijk in het onderbewuste van zowel de samenleving als de personages uit het werk. Daarom leveren deze herinneringsproducten antwoorden op de vraag naar de relatie tussen een kind en zijn/haar (groot)ouder, die geen afbreuk doen aan de complexe realiteit van zowel dader- als ouderschap, maar een waardevol interpretatiekader vormen voor verder historisch onderzoek.
“The name of my father weighs on me like a judgment”.Collaborators through the eyes of their children in the Flemish novel (1970-2000)Flemish collaboration during the Second World War has been researched profoundly and abundantly. Although historical research has exposed several myths and enabled a nuanced outlook onto the past, distorted memories have left Belgium with recurrent iconic images in its collective memory, especially when it comes to post-war punishment of Flemish collaborators. Only relatively recently scientific historical research is being heard within the polem-ical debate concerning new perspectives on Belgium’s wartime past. Neighbouring countries, unlike Belgium, were therefore able to incorporate descendants of collaborators far sooner into their research. As this social group often has been carrying traces of this past up until today, research focuses on how victims and perpetrators pass on their past to their children and grandchildren. This has not only been approached from a historical point of view, but in literary analysis as well. Transmission of trauma and guilt are popular concepts in this kind of research. Inspired by current historical research by Koen Aerts (UGent), this article offers an exploration of this field of research for Flanders. By discussing six autobiographical inspired Flemish novels, it takes on a fundamentally interdisciplinary approach. How do the protagonists in the novels deal with their parents’ past, which effects do they face and do they carry some form of transmitted guilt? Literature offers a unique perspective on reality, often exposing the subconscious not only of the characters within the work, but on a societal level as well. Accordingly, these products of memory offer insight into the relation between a child and its (grand)parent, taking into account the complex reality of being both a perpetrator and a parent. A discussion of these sources therefore provides a useful interpretative framework for further historical research.
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Summerhayes, Colin, and Peter Beeching. "Hitler's Antarctic base: the myth and the reality." Polar Record 43, no. 1 (January 2007): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003224740600578x.
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In January-February 1939, a secret German expedition visited Dronning (or Queen) Maud Land, Antarctica, apparently with the intention inter alia of establishing a base there. Between 1943 and 1945 the British launched a secret wartime Antarctic operation, code-named Tabarin. Men from the Special Air Services Regiment (SAS), Britain's covert forces for operating behind the lines, appeared to be involved. In July and August 1945, after the German surrender, two U-boats arrived in Argentina. Had they been to Antarctica to land Nazi treasure or officials? In the southern summer of 1946–1947, the US Navy appeared to ‘invade’ Antarctica using a large force. The operation, code-named Highjump, was classified confidential. In 1958, three nuclear weapons were exploded in the region, as part of another classified US operation, code-named Argus. Given the initial lack of information about these various activities, it is not, perhaps, surprising that some people would connect them to produce a pattern in which governments would be accused of suppressing information about ‘what really happened’, and would use these pieces of information to construct a myth of a large German base existing in Antarctica and of allied efforts to destroy it. Using background knowledge of Antarctica and information concerning these activities that has been published since the early 1940s, it is demonstrated: that the two U-Boats could not have reached Antarctica; that there was no secret wartime German base in Dronning Maud Land; that SAS troops did not attack the alleged German base; that the SAS men in the region at the time had civilian jobs; that Operation Highjump was designed to train the US Navy for a possible war with the Soviet Union in the Arctic, and not to attack an alleged German base in Antarctica; and that Operation Argus took place over the ocean more than 2000 km north of Dronning Maud Land. Activities that were classified have subsequently been declassified and it is no longer difficult to separate fact from fancy, despite the fact that many find it attractive not to do so.
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Roberts, Geoffrey. "Stalin at the Tehran, Yalta, and Potsdam Conferences." Journal of Cold War Studies 9, no. 4 (October 2007): 6–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws.2007.9.4.6.
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This article presents new evidence from the Russian Foreign Ministry archive regarding Josif Stalin's participation in the Tehran, Yalta, and Potsdam conferences. The article shows that the published Soviet records of these wartime summits are incomplete and inaccurate in a number of respects. These omissions and distortions were motivated by political considerations, and the correction of them facilitates a more complete rendition of Stalin's statements at the three conferences. Of particular importance is evidence that Stalin during the war strongly favored the dismemberment of Germany. Not until later did he begin to propagate the myth that he had always supported German unity.
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Khasbulatova, Olga, and Vladimir Okolotin. "Labor feat of women in the rear during the Great Patriotic War (1941—1945) (Case study of the Ivanovo region)." Woman in russian society, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21064/winrs.2020.2.1.
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The article is devoted to the labor feat of women during the Great Patriotic War. Based on extensive factual material and archival sources, it is shown that women employed in the textile and clothing industry of Ivanovo region, in difficult wartime conditions, played a major role in the clothing of the active army. They showed true heroism, donated blood, took care of wounded soldiers in hospitals, and nurtured children. The authors emphasize that this historical example of women’s resilience once again crosses out the myth of the weak sex, actualizes their role as a subject of social progress
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Pastor, Peter. "A New Historical Myth from Hungary: The Legend of Colonel Ferenc Koszorús as the Wartime Savior of the Jews of Budapest. Review Article of Jeszenszky, Géza, ed. July 1944: Deportation of the Jews of Budapest Foiled. Reno, Nevada: Helena History Press, 2018, pp. 317. Distributed by CEU Press." Hungarian Cultural Studies 12 (August 1, 2019): 132–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/ahea.2019.355.
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This book is a compilation of essays by authors who were previously published elsewhere. Its main focus is on Ferenc Koszorús, a wartime colonel of the Hungarian army fighting as an ally of Germany who ostensibly was responsible for saving the Jews of Budapest with the so-called Koszorús Action during the German occupation of Hungary. Some of the articles also examine the roles of Regent Miklós Horthy and the Hungarian government in the destruction of close to one half million of its Jewish citizens, mostly in German death camps. The reviewer marshals facts, documentation, and works by prominent historians to demonstrate that Koszorús had little to do with the survival of the Budapest Jews in July 1944. The myth of Koszorús as a wartime champion of the Jews was invented by the colonel himself in his postwar memoirs. In the volume, the editor Géza Jeszenszky points out that most non-Jewish Hungarians were either active supporters of the deportations or were passive bystanders. It may be this sad fact that prompted him to mythologize and create a hero who allegedly saved the life of three hundred-thousand Jews.
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Kocijančič, Matic. "Truly Bewept, Full of Strife: The Myth of Antigone, the Burial of Enemies, and the Ideal of Reconciliation in Ancient Greek Literature." Clotho 3, no. 2 (December 24, 2021): 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/clotho.3.2.55-72.
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In postwar Western culture, the myth of Antigone has been the subject of noted literary, literary-critical, dramatic, philosophical, and philological treatments, not least due to the strong influence of one of the key plays of the twentieth century, Jean Anouilh’s Antigone. The rich discussion of the myth has often dealt with its most famous formulation, Sophocles’ Antigone, but has paid less attention to the broader ancient context; the epic sources (the Iliad, Odyssey, Thebaid, and Oedipodea); the other tragic versions (Aeschylus’s Seven Against Thebes and his lost Eleusinians; Euripides’s Suppliants, Phoenician Women, and Antigone, of which only a few short fragments have been preserved); and the responses of late antiquity. This paper analyses the basic features of this nearly thousand-year-long ancient tradition and shows how they connect in surprising ways – sometimes even more directly than Sophoclean tragedy does – with the main issues in some unique contemporary traditions of its reception (especially the Slovenian, Polish and Argentine ones): the question of burying the wartime (or postwar) dead and the ideal of reconciliation.
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Tsokhas, Kosmas. "The Myth of Wartime Harmony and Conflict in the Australian Pastoral Industry, 1939-1945." Australian Journal of Politics & History 36, no. 2 (June 28, 2008): 217–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8497.1990.tb00654.x.
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Jeszenszky, Géza. "The Controversy About 1944 in Hungary and the Escape of Budapest’s Jews from Deportation. A Response." Hungarian Cultural Studies 13 (July 30, 2020): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/ahea.2020.388.
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The purpose of this Note is to clarify the interpretation of the volume, July 1944: Deportation of the Jews of Budapest Foiled (Reno, NV: Helena History Press, 2018), put forth by Peter Pastor in his book review, “A New Historical Myth from Hungary: The Legend of Colonel Ferenc Koszorús as the Wartime Saviour of the Jews of Budapest,” that was published in the 2019 issue of Hungarian Cultural Studies. Rather than making any attempt to remove or lessen blame for the acts committed following the German occupation of Hungary in March 1944, this collection of studies aims to shed light on whether Regent Horthy’s order to Colonel Ferenc Koszorús prevented the deportation of the remaining, nearly 300,000 Hungarian Jews who lived (or were just hiding) in Budapest.
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Kranjc, Gregor. "Answering Vlasov's Call: Memory and Slovene Perceptions of the Osttruppen, 1945." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 22, no. 2 (May 2008): 249–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325408315762.
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Using archival evidence, this article reveals atrocities committed by the Varjag regiment, a nominal part of General Vlasov's anti-communist Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia, in Slovenia in the final months of World War II. The fact that the Varjag unit mistreated a civilian population that was generally supportive of the Slovene anti-communist domobranci (home guard) units challenges the myth of fraternal solidarity between the Third Reich's non-German collaborators that was trumpeted in domobranci wartime propaganda. As a corollary, this article also highlights the veil of silence that anti-communist Russian authors as well as anti-communist émigré Slovenes cast on these events from exile in the postwar period. The reticence of survivors to acknowledge or to speak of such events underscores the correlation between personal trauma and memory.
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Gontarz, Beata. "Pisarz wobec historii i mitu — wokół debiutu literackiego Jana Józefa Szczepańskiego." Prace Literackie 58 (April 28, 2020): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0079-4767.58.10.
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The purpose of the article is to reconstruct polemics about Jan Józef Szczepański’s literary debut, the short story “Buty” (The Shoes), published in Tygodnik Powszechy (1947, no. 6). The analysis of Szczepański’s answer to the readers’ objections and to Kazimierz Wyka’s review leads to conclusions that this controversy helped Szczepański to rethink the tasks of literature and to under-stand his own role as a writer. At the time of his debut, Szczepański formulated a programme of creativity based on the truth of his experience of evil during the Second World War. This programme did not match the readers’ expectations, as they were hoping that a writer dealing with a wartime subject would take up the myth of Good and Evil, which justified a national code popular in Polish literature, i.e. “the holy fight for the homeland.”
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Lams, Lutgard, and Wei-lun Lu. "Puppets, Compatriots, and Souls in Heaven: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Chiang Kai-shek's Early Wartime Rhetoric." Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 47, no. 2 (August 2018): 87–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/186810261804700204.
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The study adopts a critical discourse analysis approach to Chiang Kai-shek's (CKS) internal nationalist propaganda and authoritarian discourse practices, investigating his New Year and National Day speeches in the 1950s. Authoritarian characteristics are evident in strategies such as legitimation, reification, or myth-making, in the antagonist categorisation of Self versus Other, in Self-glorification and the idolisation of the dead, in the hegemonic creation of commonality and unity, and in the metaphorical conceptualisation of reality. Patterns of idolising the dead serve to impose and legitimise CKS's worldview among his citizens. Another pattern is CKS's invention of imaginary compatriots within the “enslaved China” waiting for the best time to overthrow the “bandits”' rule. Reference to these imaginary agents indirectly presents to his audience a false but better impression of the Self, and a dimmer view of the communist bandits. A third pattern is CKS's metaphorical use of language, such as references to communist China as a puppet regime of Russia.
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Ivanov, Andrey V. "David and Goliaths." Canadian-American Slavic Studies 56, no. 1 (January 25, 2022): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/22102396-05601010.
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Abstract This article explores the content of wartime sermons in eighteenth-century Russia, delivered by the Orthodox bishops during the pivotal military conflicts of early imperial period. Apart from communicating war aims and current events to the laity, these sermons also presented an image of the enemy to the masses. This imagery manifested bishops’ support for the Petrine and Catherinian cultural opening to the West, on the one hand, while promoting a myth of an existential antagonism against the Ottoman South, on the other. Unlike their seventeenth-century predecessors, eighteenth-century sermons avoided the stereotypes of heterodoxy or heresy when describing Russia’s Western enemies, preferring instead the language of just or unjust wars, protection of European neighbors or the metaphor of David facing titanic Goliaths. The non-sectarian imagery, however, did not extend to Islam. Sermons of the Russo-Ottoman wars presented the conflict as a purely religious and Russia’s involvement as a holy war.
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Schubert, Frank. "“Guerrillas Don't Die Easily”: Everyday Life in Wartime and the Guerrilla Myth in the National Resistance Army in Uganda, 1981–1986." International Review of Social History 51, no. 1 (March 30, 2006): 93–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859005002348.
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This article examines the civil war in central Uganda between guerrillas of the National Resistance Army and the government of Milton Obote between 1981 and 1986. Its central focus is the wartime experience of guerrilla fighters – men, women, and children. The material for the article has been collected through interviews with participants about their experiences. The interview partners described their motives and expectations as guerrillas as well as their perception of the reality of war “in the bush”. Their narratives differ from the victorious guerrilla's official history of the war and the guerrilla myth cultivated in that history, as they lack the subsequent certainty of victory and emphasize the fighters' disappointments and suffering. In this way, the method of oral history provides important points of departure for a social history of this war and allows us, at the same time, to differentiate and correct our current understanding of it in significant ways.
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Wils, Lode. "Leo Vindevogel. De politicus en de mythe van zijn proces." WT. Tijdschrift over de geschiedenis van de Vlaamse beweging 73, no. 1 (March 18, 2014): 66–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/wt.v73i1.12176.
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Leo Vindevogel, een lokaal katholiek politicus met uiterst rechtse sympathieën, toonde zich onder de bezetting een ijverig propagandist van de Duitse zaak. Hij werd in januari 1941 benoemd tot burgemeester van Ronse, een stad die sinds 1943 betrokken werd in de beginnende burgeroorlog tussen nazi’s en communisten vooral. Bij de bevrijding in september 1944 meldde hij zich bij de rijkswacht en hij werd nog tijdens de oorlog berecht door de krijgsraad en het krijgshof. Wegens flagrant landverraad, maar ook wegens de betwistbare beschuldiging van verklikking werd hij ter dood veroordeeld en gefusilleerd. De familie en geestverwanten voerden sindsdien campagne tegen die ‘gerechtelijke moord’, op basis van onware voorstellingen die zijn advocaat had verspreid om genade te bekomen.________Leo Vindevogel. The politician and the myth of his trialLeo Vindevogel, a local Catholic politician with far-right sympathies turned out to be a very active propagandist of the German case during the occupation. In January 1941 he was appointed mayor of Ronse, a city that from 1943 on was involved in particular in the beginning civil war between the nazi’s and the communists. At the time of the liberation in September 1944, he gave himself up to the state police. He was tried by court-martial and by the military high court during wartime. He was condemned to death and executed by a firing squad because of blatant treason as well as the undeniable accusation of denunciation. Since then, his family and political sympathizers have been campaigning against this ‘judicial murder’ based on untrue representations, which his lawyer had disseminated in order to prevent a pardon.
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Quesada, Iñaki Tofiño. "Book Review: Jelena Subotić, Yellow Star, Red Star: Holocaust Remembrance after Communism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2019." NETSOL: New Trends in Social and Liberal Sciences 6, no. 2 (December 13, 2021): 23–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24819/netsol2021.12.
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In 2010, Claus Leggewie, a German professor of Political Science, tried to define what he called “the seven circles of European memory”, common memories shared, in theory, by all Europeans: - European unification as a success story which, however, has had little impact on European self-confidence; - the notion of Europe as a continent of immigrants; - European colonialism and colonial massacres, such as the Herero massacre, as forerunners of the Holocaust; - War and wartime memories, specially about World Wars I and II; - Population transfers and ethnic cleansings as pan-European traumas (for example, the Armenian genocide or the Ukranian Holodomor); - Soviet communism; - The Shoah as Europe’s negative founding myth. At that time, he saw the possible problems caused by the imposition of the Holocaust as “the matrix for dealing with communist state crimes against humanity across the whole of Eastern Europe” (Leggewie 4), which might lead “these nations to exploit this consensus [Eastern European countries having been victims of the Soviet empire] in order to relativize or conceal their participation in the murder of the Jews” (Leggewie 5).
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Jeon, Won. "Second-Order Recursions of First-Order Cybernetics: An “Experimental Epistemology”." Open Philosophy 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 381–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opphil-2022-0207.
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Abstract This article examines central tensions in cybernetics, defined as the study of self-organization, communication, automated feedback in organisms, and other distributed informational networks, from its wartime beginnings to its contemporary adaptations. By examining aspects of both first- and second-order cybernetics, the article introduces an epistemological standpoint that highlights the tension between its definition as a theory of recursion and a theory of control, prediction, and actionability. I begin by examining the historical outcomes of the Macy Conferences (1946–1954) to provide a context for cybernetics’ initial development for scientific epistemology, ethics, and socio-political thought. I draw extensively from Norbert Wiener, Heinz von Foerster, Ross Ashby, and Gregory Bateson, key figures of this movement. I then elaborate upon certain premises of cybernetics (Ashby’s coupling mechanism, Bateson’s notion of the myth of power) to further elucidate an intellectual history from which to begin to construct a cybernetic epistemology. I conclude by offering the second-order cybernetic concept of recursivity as a model and method for ethico-epistemological questioning that can account for both the constructive potential and the limitations of cybernetics in science and society.
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Grimsted, Patricia Kennedy. "Legalizing “Compensation” and the Spoils of War: The Russian Law on Displaced Cultural Valuables and the Manipulation of Historical Memory." International Journal of Cultural Property 17, no. 2 (May 2010): 217–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s094073911000010x.
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AbstractThis article analyses the historical and political background of the Russian law on cultural property displaced to the Soviet Union at the end of the Second World War (April 1998, with amendments in 2000). Following the 1990–1991 revelations about the extensive cultural treasures captured by Soviet authorities at the end of the Second World War, there was hope abroad for restitution, with a series of bilateral agreements with the countries of origin, but in spring 1994 the Duma blocked further restitution. We follow the fierce debates, the Constitutional Court ruling (1999), the amended law (July 2000), and its implementation under the Ministry of Culture.We show the wide-scale Russian support of the law, with its concept of “compensatory restitution” that virtually nationalizes the spoils of war, with only scant provisions for restitution to those who fought against the Nazi regime and those victimized by it. What explanation emerges involves the manipulation of historical memory by the Stalinist regime, as the cultural trophies assume symbolic importance in the “myth and memory” of “victory” in the Great Patriotic War. Restitution to legal owners is to be considered only in exchange for equally substantial compensation for wartime loss and suffering of the population at large.
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Tame, Peter. "The Metamorphosis of Places in André Malraux’s Les Noyers de l’Altenburgand Romain Gary’s Education européenne." Literatūra 64, no. 4 (October 29, 2022): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/litera.2022.64.4.6.
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This article examines the importance of imaginary spaces and places (literary isotopias) in André Malraux’s Les Noyers de l’Altenburg (1943) and Romain Gary’s Education européenne (1945). It analyses the metamorphoses of space and place, together with the relationships between those spaces and the novels’ characters, in order to identify commonality as well as differences between the approaches of the two authors. The roles of nature, art and myth in the two novels are also considered, particularly in the context of war. Moreover, the article takes into account the humanism of both authors against the background of wartime. André Malraux’s crucial concept of metamorphosis finds significant echoes in Romain Gary’s novel Education européenne, particularly in the aspiration to transform the world, change mentalities and remake communities both in the national and international contexts. For both writers, the metaphysical struggle against death is often portrayed as being more important than the military conflict with the enemy. Moreover, the novels of both writers have undergone a number of literary metamorphoses in terms of textual genesis and generation. Although Romain Gary’s work is probably less well known today than that of André Malraux, we may find, in conclusion, that the former’s approach, style and content of thought are actually just as “modern” and appealing to readers nowadays.
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Petin, Dmitry I. "Wartime Official and White Guardsman K. E. Murashkinsky: Little-Known Pages of the Biography of the Soviet Biologist." Herald of an archivist, no. 3 (2022): 904–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2022-3-904-915.
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The paper analyzes the previously unexplored stage in the biography of Konstantin Evgenievich Murashkinsky, a world-class Soviet scientist, as an unusual example of the life of a representative of the “former people” in the RSFSR–USSR. It attempts to analyze the experience of the pre-revolutionary academic scientist integrating into the Soviet society after having served as subaltern officer and later wartime official in the “old” and White armies. These aspects of his life and work have been made a subject of in-depth interpretation for the first time; influence of these facts on his subsequent fate has been assessed. The study draws on a complex of unpublished sources of official nature from the fonds of the Historical Archive of the Omsk Region: autobiographies and questionaries of K. E. Murashkinsky, as well as paperwork of the Omsk gubernia and okrug military commissariats, Omsk City Executive Committee related to his being on a special register of ex-Whites and thus deprived of voting rights. Theoretical basis of the study is anthropological and systematic approaches, problem-chronological and comparative-historical methods. This makes it possible to follow up the circumstances of adaptation of the intellectual and former White Guardsman K. E. Murashkinsky to conditions of social cataclysms and also his success in earning professional recognition in the Soviet society, while correlating his biography with general trends in the fate of the “former people” and, in particular, those officers who stayed in the RSFSR–USSR. The research refutes the much replicated myth of complete annihilation of ex-White Guards in the days of great terror. Although Murashkinsky’s dramatic departure from life happened in the era of Stalinism, it had no connection with mass repressions. The publication may be of interest to specialists studying biographies of Russian biologists, aspects of the social adaptation of intelligentsia to the conditions of the First World War and the Civil War in Russia, as well as life of the “former people” in early Soviet society.
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Frunchak, Svetlana. "Commemorating the Future in Post-War Chernivtsi." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 24, no. 3 (April 13, 2010): 435–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325410364673.
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Throughout the Second World War and the post-war period, the city of Chernivtsi was transformed from a multiethnic and borderland urban microcosm into a culturally uniform Soviet socialist city. As the Soviets finally took power in this onetime capital of a Hapsburg province in 1944, they not only sponsored further large-scale population transfers but also “repopulated” its history, creating a new urban myth of cultural uniformity. This article examines the connection between war commemoration in Chernivtsi in the era of post-war, state-sponsored anti-Semitism and the formation of collective memory and identities of the city’s post-war population. The images of homogeneously Ukrainian Chernivtsi and Bukovina were created through the art of monumental propaganda, promoting public remembrance of certain events and personalities while making sure that others were doomed to oblivion. Selective commemoration of the wartime events was an important tool of drawing the borders of Ukrainian national identity, making it exclusivist and ethnic-based. Through an investigation of the origins of the post-war collective memory in the region, this article addresses the problem of perceived discontinuity between all things Soviet and post-Soviet in Ukraine. It demonstrates that it is, on the contrary, the continuity between Soviet and post-Soviet eras that defines today’s dominant culture and state ideology in Ukraine and particularly in its borderlands.
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Shuvalova, Iryna. "“Moskal's,” “Separs,” and “Vatniks”: The Many Faces of the Enemy in the Ukrainian Satirical Songs of the War in the Donbas." East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies 9, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 177–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.21226/ewjus590.
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This article examines representations of the enemy in the Ukrainian satirical songs pertaining to the Russo-Ukrainian war in the Donbas. I focus primarily on the output of Orest Liutyi (the stage persona of Antin Mukhars'kyi) and the semi-anonymous Mirko Sablich (Mirko Sablic) collective. Using the method of multimodal discourse analysis, I examine how the enemy opposing the Ukrainian Army is portrayed in the song lyrics and the accompanying music videos. Considering the complex nature of the conflict and the lack of uniformity in the backgrounds of the warring parties, I am particularly interested in who and why is identified as the enemy in the songs. The enemy appears in several guises: “moskal's”—Russian or pro-Russian aggressors from outside Ukraine; “separs”—Ukrainian collaborators who support, often through military efforts, the separation of the Donbas from Ukraine; and “vatniks”—passive anti-Ukrainian individuals who live in Ukraine and whose inaction is perceived to be harmful to Ukraine’s wartime efforts. Whereas these songs call upon Ukrainians to repel the external enemy (“moskal's”) in armed combat, no clear strategy is suggested for how the internal enemies (“separs” and “vatniks”) should be dealt with or, in some cases, even identified. As a result, Liutyi and Sablic, while positioning themselves as “counterpropaganda” projects, risk labelling as “the enemy,” and thus alienating, the audiences most susceptible to propaganda, who could otherwise benefit most from their myth-debunking efforts.
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Freer, Scott. "Resurrecting ‘Lucifer’: The Transmedia Mythology of Harry Lime." Adaptation 13, no. 1 (April 6, 2019): 13–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/adaptation/apz010.
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AbstractThis essay examines the transmedia mythology of the popular but also ‘evil’ character, Harry Lime, who, in The Third Man (1949) written by Graham Greene and directed by Carol Reed, is shot dead in the sewers of postwar Vienna. The romance of Lime begins with a famous ‘Wellesian’ performance, with Orson Welles drawing on a tradition of Shakespearean ‘heroic-acting’, and Reed’s alteration of Greene’s ‘happy’ closure that effectively underscores Hannah Schmidt’s hero-worshipping of a cult criminal figure. Both creative interventions established the platform for Lime’s ‘resurrection’ in the radio series, The Lives of Harry Lime (1951–52), the television series, The Third Man (1959–65), and Orson Welles’ film, Mr. Arkadin (1955). I argue that the moral rehabilitation of Greene’s fallen figure is indicative of postwar conformist entertainment industry and folk nostalgia for the wartime black marketeer as well as the differing ‘moral codes’ operating across transmedia platforms. But, whereas the radio and TV serializations conscript Lime into the detective-agent genre by burying the evil results of his penicillin racket, Mr. Arkadin de-romanticizes Lime and in turn exposes the cultural amnesia of the 1950s by returning to the 1949 film’s morality and Faustian image of a sadistic racketeer. Written in the spirit of Hans Blumenberg’s theory of myth-adaptation as ongoing ‘points of departure’, this essay debates the ethical issues at stake in this character-oriented misappropriation whereby the protagonist’s moral status is transformed across media platforms.
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Laporte, Norman. "'Legends have a tenacious life': Ernst Thälmann, the First World War and memory in the GDR." Twentieth Century Communism 17, no. 17 (September 1, 2019): 5–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3898/175864319827751312.
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Despite Ernst Thälmann's prominence in the German Democratic Republic's official antifascist narrative, there was no 'scholarly' biography of him until 1979. The reasons for this shed light on the political culture of the Socialist Unity Party (SED) and its history-writing arm, the Institute of Marxism-Leninism – especially in the regime's early years under Walter Ulbricht. The refusal to falsify Thälmann's relatively conventional war record by the SED's appointed biographer, party veteran Rudolf Lindau, was a refusal to expunge his own party history from official memory. As a founding member of the International Communists of Germany (IKD), which was close to Leninism during and immediately after the war, Lindau did not want to contribute to myth-making which failed to account for the actual wartime antimilitarism of his own proto-communist grouping. The feud was part of wider debates in the SED about the nature of the November Revolution and the origins of the German Communist Party (1918), which ultimately identified the Spartacist tradition as the party's official heritage. Of course, Lindau could not change the party line; but he was given very considerable latitude to disseminate his own views within party circles. He only came into conflict with the party leadership after being accused of building a 'platform' (i.e. taking collective action) in the early 1960s and even then met no serious sanction. In short, the SED was not the monolith of cold-war cliché. Instead, it tried to maximise the latitude given to old Communists from a diversity of party traditions.
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Baughan, Emily. "Rehabilitating an Empire: Humanitarian Collusion with the Colonial State during the Kenyan Emergency, ca. 1954–1960." Journal of British Studies 59, no. 1 (January 2020): 57–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jbr.2019.243.
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AbstractDuring the Kenyan Emergency of 1952–1960, one of the most violent episodes in the history of the British Empire, humanitarian organizations colluded with the colonial state to shore up British power. This article examines how aid agencies that claimed to exemplify the progressive internationalism of the postwar period participated in colonial violence. Far from condemning the brutality of the imprisonment and torture during the Kenyan Emergency, aid organizations were deeply implicated in parallel projects for women and children that sought to achieve the same objectives: the remaking of Kikuyu hearts and minds and the weakening of anticolonial resistance. Far from acting as a check on colonial violence in an era of burgeoning rights discourses in 1950s Kenya, self-proclaimed “impartial” internationalist organizations, while claiming to uphold values of universal humanity, worked as auxiliaries to the colonial counterinsurgency. Taking their cue from military counterinsurgency in 1950s Malaya, humanitarians sought to win “hearts and minds” and undertook material provision for imprisoned anticolonial activists and their families on behalf of the colonial state. They did so by importing new humanitarian expertise developed in wartime Europe and adapting it to fit within racist, colonial norms. In providing this allegedly impartial expertise, humanitarian organizations lent credence to the myth that rehabilitation in Kenya was a progressive program enacted by a liberal empire to modernize its subjects, rather than a ruthless attempt to stymie anticolonial resistance by any means necessary. In this case, postwar humanitarian internationalism did not challenge colonial brutality but enabled it.
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Renders, L. "Tot in die hart van boosheid: Twee resente Afrikaanse romans oor die Anglo-Boereoorlog." Literator 20, no. 3 (April 26, 1999): 113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v20i3.494.
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Into the heart of evil: Two recent Afrikaans noveis about the Anglo-Boer WarThe centenary commemoration of the start of the Anglo-Boer War in 1899 has already inspired the publication of two major Afrikaans novels: Op soek na generaal Mannetjies Mentz by Christoffel Coetzee, and Verliesfontein by Karel Schoeman. These novels should not be considered in isolation. In contemporary Afrikaans literature quite a lot of attention is paid to the Anglo-Boer War. It is, together with the Groot Trek, one of the most significant events in Afrikaner history and has become a very potent symbol of Afrikaner nationalism. The contemporary writer radically debunks the Boer War, thus signifying his absolute rejection of the ideology of the previous generations. This is also the case in Op soek na generaal Mannetjies Mentz and Verliesfontein. Both novels present an unconventional perspective on the war. Op soek na generaal Mannetjies Mentz does not portray a heroic general. On the contrary, Mannetjies Mentz and his commando personify evil. In Verliesfontein the Boer commando not only gave up the village but also all pretence of justice, thereby turning this war episode into their moral Waterloo. Both novels bring a shocking corrective to the traditional representation of the Anglo-Boer War. A s a result they destroy the myths on which Afrikaner nationalism has been built and the Afrikaner is forced to look into his own heart of evil.
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Stynen, Andreas. "De blik gericht op het witte doek. Vier recente studies over filmbeleving in Vlaanderen." WT. Tijdschrift over de geschiedenis van de Vlaamse beweging 71, no. 3 (September 11, 2012): 257–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/wt.v71i3.12253.
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Filmhistorici beperkten zich lange tijd tot de studie van inhoudelijke en vormelijke aspecten enerzijds en van regisseurs anderzijds. In de jaren 1990 verbreedde de focus en sindsdien worden ook het publiek en de hele kijkervaring als relevante geschiedkundige thema’s erkend. Dat perceptie vanuit diverse invalshoeken kan worden geanalyseerd, blijkt uit enkele recente publicaties van Vlaamse auteurs. In De verlichte stad (2007), een bundel onder redactie van Daniël Biltereyst en Philippe Meers, staat de geschiedenis van de infrastructuur en (verzuilde) kaders achter het bioscooplandschap centraal. Dat het zinvol is om ook vanuit de programmatie de impact op de toeschouwers te bestuderen, blijkt overtuigend uit Roel Vande Winkel en Ine Van linthouts De Vlaschaard 1943 (2007): deze minutieuze reconstructie van de controversiële verfilming van Stijn Streuvels’ grote doorbraakroman, in volle oorlogstijd, gaat uitvoerig in op het verrassende onthaal dat deze Duitse productie te beurt viel. Filmen voor Vlaanderen (2008), van Biltereyst en Vande Winkel, herinnert eraan hoe speelfilms lange tijd werden vertoond als deel van een ruimer programma, dat ook actualiteit en zelfs propaganda omvatte. Clemens De Landtsheer, de eerste secretaris van het IJzerbedevaartcomité, wordt voor het voetlicht geplaatst als één van de belangrijkste promotoren van de funderingsmythe van de Vlaamse beweging. De zeven filosofische gesprekken die Johan Swinnen voor Reflecties (2009) voerde, maken tot slot duidelijk dat filmprojectie niet enkel historische vragen oproept.________Eyes focused on the white screen. Four recent studies about film experience in Flanders.For a long time, film historians limited their studies to the content and formal aspects of film on the one hand and film directors on the other hand. During the 1990’s, the area of interest was widened and since then the public and the total viewing experience have also been recognized as relevant historical themes. Some recent publications by Flemish authors demonstrate that perception may be analysed from various perspectives. The main topic of De verlichte stad (The illuminated city) (2007), an anthology edited by Daniël Biltereyst and Philippe Meers, is the history of the infrastructure and the pillarisation behind the cinema landscape. De Vlaschaard (flax grower)1943 (2007) by Roel Vande Winkel and Ine Van linthout demonstrate convincingly that it is meaningful to study the impact on the audience from the perspective of the programming as well. This precise reconstruction of the controversial adaptation of Stijn Streuvel’s main breakthrough novel for the screen, in the middle of wartime, looks in detail at the surprising welcome enjoyed by this German production. Filming for Flanders (2008), by Biltereyst and Vande Winkel, reminds us how for a long time feature films were shown as part of a larger programme that also included current events and even propaganda. Clemens De Landtsheer, the first secretary of the IJzer Pilgrimage Committee, is brought into the limelight as one of the most important promoters of the foundation myth of the Flemish movement. Finally, the seven philosophical conversations, which Johan Swinnen engaged in for Reflecties (reflections) (2009), demonstrate that film projections do not only evoke historical questions.
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KITLV, Redactie. "Book Reviews." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 70, no. 3-4 (January 1, 1996): 309–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002626.
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-Bridget Brereton, Emilia Viotti Da Costa, Crowns of glory, tears of blood: The Demerara slave rebellion of 1823. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. xix + 378 pp.-Grant D. Jones, Assad Shoman, 13 Chapters of a history of Belize. Belize city: Angelus, 1994. xviii + 344 pp.-Donald Wood, K.O. Laurence, Tobago in wartime 1793-1815. Kingston: The Press, University of the West Indies, 1995. viii + 280 pp.-Trevor Burnard, Howard A. Fergus, Montserrat: History of a Caribbean colony. London: Macmillan Caribbean, 1994. x + 294 pp.-John L. Offner, Joseph Smith, The Spanish-American War: Conflict in the Caribbean and the Pacific, 1895-1902. London: Longman, 1994. ix + 262 pp.-Louis Allaire, John M. Weeks ,Ancient Caribbean. New York: Garland, 1994. lxxi + 325 pp., Peter J. Ferbel (eds)-Aaron Segal, Hilbourne A. Watson, The Caribbean in the global political economy. Boulder CO: Lynne Rienner, 1994. ix + 261 pp.-Aaron Segal, Anthony P. Maingot, The United States and the Caribbean. London: Macmillan Caribbean, 1994. xi + 260 pp.-Bill Maurer, Helen I. Safa, The myth of the male breadwinner: Women and industrialization in the Caribbean. Boulder CO: Westview, 1995. xvi + 208 pp.-Peter Meel, Edward M. Dew, The trouble in Suriname, 1975-1993. Westport CT: Praeger, 1994. xv + 243 pp.-Henry Wells, Jorge Heine, The last Cacique: Leadership and politics in a Puerto Rican city. Pittsburgh PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1993. ix + 310 pp.-Susan Eckstein, Jorge F. Pérez-López, Cuba at a crossroads: Politics and economics after the fourth party congress. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1994. xviii + 282 pp.-David A.B. Murray, Marvin Leiner, Sexual politics in Cuba: Machismo, homosexuality, and AIDS. Boulder CO: Westview, 1994. xv + 184 pp.-Kevin A. Yelvington, Selwyn Ryan ,Sharks and sardines: Blacks in business in Trinidad and Tobago. St. Augustine, Trinidad: Institute of social and economic studies, University of the West Indies, 1992. xiv + 217 pp., Lou Anne Barclay (eds)-Catherine Levesque, Allison Blakely, Blacks in the Dutch world: The evolution of racial imagery in a modern society. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993. xix + 327 pp.-Dennis J. Gayle, Frank Fonda Taylor, 'To hell with paradise': A history of the Jamaican tourist industry. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1993. ix + 239 pp.-John P. Homiak, Frank Jan van Dijk, Jahmaica: Rastafari and Jamaican society, 1930-1990. Utrecht: ISOR, 1993. 483 pp.-Peter Mason, Arthur MacGregor, Sir Hans Sloane: Collector, scientist, antiquary, founding Father of the British Museum. London: British Museum Press, 1994.-Philip Morgan, James Walvin, The life and times of Henry Clarke of Jamaica, 1828-1907. London: Frank Cass, 1994. xvi + 155 pp.-Werner Zips, E. Kofi Agorsah, Maroon heritage: Archaeological, ethnographic and historical perspectives. Kingston: Canoe Press, 1994. xx + 210 pp.-Michael Hoenisch, Werner Zips, Schwarze Rebellen: Afrikanisch-karibischer Freiheitskampf in Jamaica. Vienna Promedia, 1993. 301 pp.-Elizabeth McAlister, Paul Farmer, The uses of Haiti. Monroe ME: Common Courage Press, 1994. 432 pp.-Robert Lawless, James Ridgeway, The Haiti files: Decoding the crisis. Washington DC: Essential Books, 1994. 243 pp.-Bernadette Cailler, Michael Dash, Edouard Glissant. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. xii + 202 pp.-Peter Hulme, Veronica Marie Gregg, Jean Rhys's historical imagination: Reading and writing the Creole. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995. xi + 228 pp.-Silvia Kouwenberg, Francis Byrne ,Focus and grammatical relations in Creole languages. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1993. xvi + 329 pp., Donald Winford (eds)-John H. McWhorter, Ingo Plag, Sentential complementation in Sranan: On the formation of an English-based Creole language. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer, 1993. ix + 174 pp.-Percy C. Hintzen, Madan M. Gopal, Politics, race, and youth in Guyana. San Francisco: Mellen Research University Press, 1992. xvi + 289 pp.-W.C.J. Koot, Hans van Hulst ,Pan i rèspèt: Criminaliteit van geïmmigreerde Curacaose jongeren. Utrecht: OKU. 1994. 226 pp., Jeanette Bos (eds)-Han Jordaan, Cornelis Ch. Goslinga, Een zweem van weemoed: Verhalen uit de Antilliaanse slaventijd. Curacao: Caribbean Publishing, 1993. 175 pp.-Han Jordaan, Ingvar Kristensen, Plantage Savonet: Verleden en toekomst. Curacao: STINAPA, 1993, 73 pp.-Gerrit Noort, Hesdie Stuart Zamuel, Johannes King: Profeet en apostel in het Surinaamse bosland. Zoetermeer: Boekencentrum, 1994. vi + 241 pp.
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Geloso, Vincent, and Casey Pender. "The Myth of Wartime Prosperity: Canadian Evidence." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4265177.
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Brassard, Genevieve. "“Not the mother type”: Exploding the Myth of Maternal Devotion in Marghanita Laski's To Bed with Grand Music." Literature & History, November 24, 2022, 030619732211392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03061973221139264.
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Second World War propaganda targeted women in conflicting ways, expecting them to contribute to the war effort while also upholding an idealized view of motherhood as essential to women's identities. This essay examines a fictional challenge to the wartime myth of maternal devotion, Marghanita Laski's To Bed with Grand Music (1946), in dialogue with historical discourse and documents, to argue for the power of fiction to highlight and challenge expectations surrounding women's private lives in times of national crisis. Laski dissects her protagonist's conflicted motivations and exposes her manipulations of wartime propaganda for her own gain. This dissection reveals a central paradox at the core of women's wartime experience: whether it be through motherhood, marriage, or adultery, women remain trapped by men's assumptions and expectations. Laski's complex characterization develops a critique of wartime rhetoric by invoking sympathy for an anti-heroine who passes judgment on her society's limited choices and prophetically points toward a potentially freer future for women.
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Kyrylenko, Kateryna. "Formation of Ukrainian Identity in "Philosophy" Course Teaching in Tertiary Education Institution under Martial Law." NATIONAL ACADEMY OF MANAGERIAL STAFF OF CULTURE AND ARTS HERALD, no. 3 (October 31, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.32461/2226-3209.3.2022.266066.
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The purpose of the article is to analyse the trends in activities by academic and teaching personnel of "Philosophy" course as a general subject to students of non-philosophical specialties, on the formation of Ukrainian identity among students of the first (bachelor's) level of tertiary education in the conditions of the current russia’s war against Ukraine. The article states that there is a rapidly growing demand for a systematic understanding of the phenomenon of Ukrainian identity in the Ukrainian society, so tertiary education institutions should develop effective ways of forming Ukrainian identity among their students. The results of the work of the Department of Philosophy and Pedagogy of the Kyiv National University of Culture and Arts (KNUK&A) on the formation of Ukrainian identity in the process of "Philosophy" course teaching during the war between russia and Ukraine and the imposition of martial law in Ukraine are highlighted. The article affirms that teaching the "Philosophy" course is a powerful resource for generating the foundations of forming Ukrainian identity in the prospective university graduate. The full-scale invasion of russia into Ukraine proved that the lecturer of the tertiary education institution should not only provide high-quality subject-professional training for the prospective graduate, but also find a proper place for the formation of Ukrainian identity during the educational process. The research methodology is based on the application of such general scientific methods as observation and generalisation, analysis, and synthesis. The scientific novelty of the research consists in familiarising the educational community with the work experience of the Department of Philosophy and Pedagogy of KNUK&A on the formation of Ukrainian identity among students during the "Philosophy" course in wartime. Conclusions. It was found that the way of forming a stable Ukrainian identity among students, important areas of the lecturer's educational and methodological work include the analysis of the concepts of "national identity", "individual", "collective", "conscious", "unconscious", and "fragmentary" identity in global intellectual studies and Ukrainian socio-political discourse; coverage of approaches to the interpretation of the Ukrainian national idea as the core of Ukrainian identity, debunking the myths of russian propaganda, discussion with students of currently important topics; creating in the educational space an atmosphere of soft conviction in the need to build a Ukrainian-speaking social space; and the involvement of modern Ukrainian-language content in the educational process.
Key words: philosophy teaching in tertiary education institution, Ukrainian identity, educational experience of KNUC&A.
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Gilkison, Perrine, and Sydney Shep. "Mansfield as 'Man Alone?' Katherine Mansfield's Reading Experiences in Wartime Britain and France." Journal of New Zealand Studies, no. 13 (January 24, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/jnzs.v0i13.1195.
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John Mulgan's novel Man Alone (1959) has perpetuated the iconic Kiwi myth of masculine identity founded on isolation, solitude, and rugged individualism. However, the novel is replete with descriptions of Johnson's reading practices connecting this man 'alone' to the world around him. From his first arrival in Auckland to his departure for Spain, newspapers play a key role, linking Johnson to job opportunities and workers' rights, informing him of events beyond New Zealand, situating him in the here and now. Reading provides moments of distraction from the stultifying routine on Stenning's farm and frames his employer's death. And from a store of old magazines and illustrated papers, reading aloud becomes a defining act of sociability that links Johnson to the old loner Bill Crawley. Johnson may warn his reader against spending too much time alone, but it is a solitude punctuated by print and one that, through print, defines his relationship to others and the world at large.
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Stoff, Laurie. "The “Myth of the War Experience“ and Russian Wartime Nursing during World War I." Aspasia 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/asp.2012.060107.
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König, Malte. "Shopping in wartime Italy: On the purchases made by German troops, tourists, and politicians, 1940/1941." War in History, January 11, 2021, 096834452092809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0968344520928098.
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It is well known that the reality of the Axis Alliance could not compete with its myth. Contrary to what had been hoped for by the fascist regime, there was no close cooperation within the ‘Berlin-Rome Axis’ after the war started. Historians certainly went too far when they called the Italy of 1941 a German satellite state. Nevertheless, it cannot be denied that the balance of power within the axis had been redefined. The purchases of German troops, tourists, and politicians in Italy and the countermeasures taken by the fascists are good indicators of how relations had changed.
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Todosić, Ivana Lučić. "The Body as a Source of Meaning in the Culture of Remembrance: The Reputational Entrepreneurship of the Characters of Yugoslav National Heroes." Issues in Ethnology and Anthropology 15, no. 4 (December 15, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.21301/eap.v15i4.9.
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The aim of this paper is to explore the patterns and meanings to be found in the characters of Yugoslav national heroes who met a violent death in World War II. These are heroes who belong to the type of martyr heroes, and their sacrifice is highly rated in all patriotic mythologies. Created to denote the heroism of the chosen, they have sublimated the meaning and symbolism of one remembrance of the war. The death of these national heroes will be analyzed through their official biographies, which served to represent the characters of the National Heroes of Yugoslavia and keep the heroic symbol-names ever present in the collective group memory. Through their characters, a specific wartime experience and the martyr’s death of the national hero who died for the freedom of the Yugoslav peoples, as seen by the victors in this war drama, were transmitted to the citizens of Yugoslavia. Various patterns of wartime heroism (warrior, martyr, leader heroism) were represented as national patriotism, and the fighters and martyrs of the war of national liberation were named. The characteristics of the reputational entrepreneurship of these heroes’ characters are specifically explored, taking into account the characteristics of the discourse through which they were interpreted and presented. On the other hand, the limitations of this discourse provide an opportunity to deconstruct certain common traits of a certain hero type and discover the latent meanings conveyed by the characters of Yugoslav national heroes as actors of a historical-political myth.
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Todosić, Ivana Lučić. "The Body as a Source of Meaning in the Culture of Remembrance: The Reputational Entrepreneurship of the Characters of Yugoslav National Heroes." Issues in Ethnology and Anthropology 15, no. 4 (December 15, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.21301/eap.v15i4.9.
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The aim of this paper is to explore the patterns and meanings to be found in the characters of Yugoslav national heroes who met a violent death in World War II. These are heroes who belong to the type of martyr heroes, and their sacrifice is highly rated in all patriotic mythologies. Created to denote the heroism of the chosen, they have sublimated the meaning and symbolism of one remembrance of the war. The death of these national heroes will be analyzed through their official biographies, which served to represent the characters of the National Heroes of Yugoslavia and keep the heroic symbol-names ever present in the collective group memory. Through their characters, a specific wartime experience and the martyr’s death of the national hero who died for the freedom of the Yugoslav peoples, as seen by the victors in this war drama, were transmitted to the citizens of Yugoslavia. Various patterns of wartime heroism (warrior, martyr, leader heroism) were represented as national patriotism, and the fighters and martyrs of the war of national liberation were named. The characteristics of the reputational entrepreneurship of these heroes’ characters are specifically explored, taking into account the characteristics of the discourse through which they were interpreted and presented. On the other hand, the limitations of this discourse provide an opportunity to deconstruct certain common traits of a certain hero type and discover the latent meanings conveyed by the characters of Yugoslav national heroes as actors of a historical-political myth.
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He, Huan. "The Racial Interface: The Computational Origins of Minority Modeling." Media-N 18, no. 1 (February 1, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.21900/j.median.v18i1.848.
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This article compares two so-called “success stories”: Asian/Americans and computers. In the late 1960s and 1970s, as computers transformed from threatening, wartime machines to user-friendly personal devices, so too did Asian/Americans shift from “yellow peril” to “model minority” citizens. Engaging histories of Asian/America, media art, and information technologies, this article explores the interpenetration of racial and computational forms, logics, and operations within the structures of US liberal capitalism. It examines the discourse surrounding computer scientist Jeffrey Chuan Chu, Japanese American model minorities, and Douglas Engelbart’s Graphic User Interface (GUI) alongside a central case study of Nam June Paik’s drawing Untitled (TV Face) (1980) and digital artwork Confused Rain (1967). By tracking the emergence of two visual abstractions—the model minority and the computer interface—I theorize “minority modeling” as a racial interface, a representational myth that promotes the dual operations of individualist empowerment and structural obfuscation. While liberal histories of race and computation prop up narratives of social progress and assimilation, Paik’s art offers an aesthetics of indeterminacy that emphasizes the irresolvable contradictions linking Asian/American racialization and computational technologies.
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Kirchhof, Astrid Mignon. "Contemporary Ideas in a Traditional Mind-Set: The Nature Conservation Movement in Post War West-Germany (1945-1960)." Ecozon@: European Journal of Literature, Culture and Environment 2, no. 1 (May 21, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.37536/ecozona.2011.2.1.389.
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In winter 1947 the Association for the Protection of the German Forest was founded to prevent the eradication of the forest across Germany after suffering wartime destruction, overuse and firewood logging. Especially the occupying forces faced harsh criticism from the German people for their widespread deforestation even though it seems that the Allied Powers used the wood resources quite responsibly. This article argues that the uproar by nature conservationists, politicians and “normal people” reflected a German sense of powerlessness, and revealed images and convictions of the forest as a national symbol that was supposedly endangered in post-war Germany. These post-war discussions referred back to the discourse of the 19th century, when German intellectuals declared the forest to be the myth of the German people and developed a notion of “Heimat” that saw a close connection between nation and nature. The post-war discussions involved many of those images and convictions. Nevertheless, the discussions were not only retrospective: they also reacted to the contemporary political situation and adapted their answers and solutions accordingly. En el invierno de 1947, se fundó la Asociación para la Protección de los Bosques Alemanes para prevenir la destrucción de los bosques en Alemania después de la guerra, la sobre-explotación y la extracción de leña. Especialmente las fuerzas de ocupación fueron duramente criticadas por el pueblo alemán por la deforestación que causaban, a pesar de que, al parecer, las autoridades alidas explotaban los recursos de madera responsablemente. El presente artículo postula que las quejas de los ambientalistas, políticos y “gente de a pie“ indicaban que el pueblo alemán se sentía impotente y sacaba a relucir imágenes e ideas de los bosques en tanto símbolos nacionales supuestamente en peligro en la Alemania de la posguerra. Estas discusiones de la posguerra reflejaban los discursos del siglo XIX con que los intelectuales alemanes elevaron los bosques a la categoría de mito representativo del pueblo alemán y desarrollaron en la idea de “Heimat” [“Patria”] una íntima conexión entre nación y naturaleza. Las discusiones de la posguerra trataron de muchas de esas imágenes e ideas decimonónicas pero no se limitaron a tener de ellas una mera visión retrospectiva, pues hicieron que respondieran a la situación política del momento y aportaran soluciones de acuerdo a la nueva coyuntura.