Relevant bibliographies by topics / War Initiation

Academic literature on the topic 'War Initiation'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "War Initiation"

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Reiter, Dan, and Allan C. Stam. "Democracy, War Initiation, and Victory." American Political Science Review 92, no. 2 (June 1998): 377–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2585670.

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How do nation-states' political institutions affect the relations between states? This article addresses that question by testing the predictions of different theories linking political institutions to war outcomes. Specifically, rent-seeking and regime legitimacy theories predict that all democratic belligerents are more likely to win wars because they fight more effectively. Alternatively, other theories focusing on the domestic political vulnerability of leaders and the marketplace of ideas predict that democracies are likely to be more careful about choosing when to start war. This would mean that only democratic initiators are more likely to win. Analyzing all interstate wars from 1816 to 1982 with a multivariate probit model, we find that democratic initiators are significantly more likely to win wars; democratic targets are also more likely to win, though the relationship is not as strong. We also find empirical support for several control variables, including strategy, terrain, and capability.
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Mayer, Thomas F. "Arms Races and War Initiation." Journal of Conflict Resolution 30, no. 1 (March 1986): 3–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002786030001001.

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Djeriouat, Hakim, and Etienne Mullet. "People's Mental Models of War Initiation." Peace Review 25, no. 2 (April 2013): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10402659.2013.785326.

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Rodman, David. "War initiation: The case of Israel." Journal of Strategic Studies 20, no. 4 (December 1997): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01402399708437696.

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Alsharabati, Carole, and Jacek Kugler. "War Initiation in a Changing World." International Interactions 34, no. 4 (October 2008): 358–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03050620802574960.

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Nevin, John A. "War Initiation and Selection by Consequences." Journal of Peace Research 33, no. 1 (February 1996): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343396033001007.

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Ramsey, Michael D. "Constitutional War Initiation and the Obama Presidency." American Journal of International Law 110, no. 4 (October 2016): 701–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002930000763184.

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In 2007, presidential candidate Barack Obama argued that the U.S. president did not have independent constitutional authority to use military force except in response to an actual or imminent attack on the United States. Since 2008, President Obama has directed the use of U.S. military force in at least seven countries (Iraq, Syria, Libya, Yemen, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Somalia). Critics find inconsistency in these positions, contending that the Obama presidency will be remembered for expansion of the presidency's war powers. But when the administration's record is closely examined, these claims seem overstated. At least with regard to war initiation, the Obama presidency need not be regarded as materially enhancing the president's constitutional powers.This assessment begins by establishing two baselines. First, most war powers scholars agree that under the Constitution's original meaning, Congress’ power to “declare War” required the president to seek congressional approval prior to initiating war. This constitutional command had substantial grey areas, including responses to threats and attacks, relations with non-state actors, and low-level hostilities. Nonetheless, the basic proposition stated by candidate Obama appears well founded both in the Constitution's text itself and in early postratification practice. Second, in the modern (post-Vietnam War) era, most scholars agree that the practice has changed somewhat, with presidents asserting an expanded independent authority over uses of military force. This essay agrees with that description, although it contends that the change in actual practice is less dramatic than commentary sometimes claims.
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Nicholson, Michael. "Asymmetric conflicts: war initiation by weaker powers." International Affairs 70, no. 4 (October 1994): 763. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2624565.

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Peterson, Susan, and T. V. Paul. "Asymmetric Conflicts: War Initiation by Weaker Powers." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 27, no. 1 (1996): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/206490.

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Paul, T. V. "Time Pressure and War Initiation: Some Linkages." Canadian Journal of Political Science 28, no. 2 (June 1995): 255–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423900018837.

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AbstractThis article examines the linkages by which time pressure influences national decision makers to initiate wars. It is argued that time pressure matters most significantly as an intervening variable at the decision-maker level in conjunction with system and subsystem level variables, such as changes in relative strike capability and alliance relationships, and state level variables like military strategy and doctrine. Most studies treat time pressure as having relevance during an acute crisis; in this article, time pressure is viewed as having an intermediate-term significance, that is, prior to the escalation phase or during the early phase of a crisis. It is shown that independent variables such as relative capability, alliance relationships and military doctrines are most likely to be associated with war initiation when they are mediated by time pressure. The article also distinguishes between immediate time pressure—that occurs during the escalation phase of a crisis—and intermediate time pressure, which can happen prior to, and at the onset phase of a crisis.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "War Initiation"

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Van, Orden Patrick. "The Foreign Policies of Revolutionary Leaders: Identity, Emotion, and Conflict Initiation." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/24192.

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This manuscript addresses an important empirical regularity: Why are revolutionary leaders more likely to initiate conflict? With the goal of explaining this regularity, I offer an identity-driven model of decision making that can explain why certain leaders are more likely to take risky gambles. Broadly, this manuscript provides a different model of decision making that emphasizes emotion and identity as key to explain decision making. I offer a plausibility probe of the identity-driven model with four in-depth case studies: The initiation of the Iran-Iraq War, the initiation of the Gulf War, the Cuban Missile Crisis, and the start of the Korean War. I use the congruence method and process tracing to test the plausibility probe. I find strong support in two cases—the initiation of the Iran-Iraq War and the Gulf War—and mixed support for the Cuban Missile Crisis and the Korean War.
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Addei, Cecilia. "Childhoods dis-ordered: Non-realist narrative modes in selected post-2000 West African war novels." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5447.

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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD
This study explores how selected West African war novels employ non-realist narrative modes to portray disruptions in the child’s development into adulthood. The novels considered are Chris Abani’s Song for Night (2007), Ahmadou Kourouma’s Allah is Not Obliged (2006), Uzodinma Iweala’s Beasts of No Nation (2005) and Delia Jarrett-Macauley’s Moses, Citizen and Me (2005). These novels strain at the conventions of realism as a consequence of the attempt to represent the disruptions in child development as a result of the upheavals of war. A core proposition of the study is to present why the authors in question are obliged to employ non-realist modes in representing disrupted childhoods that reflect the social and cultural disorder attendant upon war. The dissertation also asks pertinent questions regarding the ideological effect of these narrative strategies and the effect of the particular stylistic idiosyncrasies of each of the authors in figuring childhood in postcolonial Africa. The novels in question employ surrealism, the absurd, the grotesque and magical realism, in presenting the first person narratives of children in war situations, or the reflections of adult narrators on children affected by war. This study further analyses the ways the aesthetic modes employed by these authors underscore, in particular, children’s experiences of war. Through strategic use of specific literary techniques, these authors highlight questions of vulnerability, powerlessness and violence on children, as a group that has been victimised and co-opted into violence. The study further considers how these narrative transformations in the representations of children in novels, capture transformations in ideas about childhood in postcolonial Africa.
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Lee, Jong Sun. "Attitudes of civilian and military leaders toward war initiation : application of Richard Betts' analysis of American cases to other countries /." The Ohio State University, 1991. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu148775868016317.

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Lichtenberg, Bianca. "Kindersoldaten in Afrika : Sozialisations- und Entwicklungsbedingungen von Kindern und Jugendlichen in Kriegsgebieten am Beispiel von Kindersoldaten in Afrika." Master's thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2007. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/1985/.

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In ca. 75% der weltweiten Kriege und bewaffneten Konflikte sind Kindersoldaten involviert; diese Fakten lassen die Kindersoldatenproblematik zu einem weltumspannenden Problem werden. Weltweit sind ca. 300.000 Kindersoldaten unter achtzehn Jahren in kriegerische Konflikte eingebunden und als Soldaten, Träger, Boten, Minensucher oder in anderweitigen Diensten tätig. Das Schicksal der Kindersoldaten lässt sich vor allem in Asien und Afrika feststellen. Auf beiden Kontinenten werden sogar 7- bis 12-Jährige in kriegerische Auseinandersetzungen verwickelt. Nach dem United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) ist die größte Anzahl an Kindersoldaten in Afrika zu finden, was auch mit der Tatsache in Zusammenhang steht, dass die meisten Konflikte heutzutage auf dem Afrikanischen Kontinent ausgetragen werden. Von großer erziehungswissenschaftlicher Bedeutung ist das Thema, da Kinder und Jugendliche, die mit kriegerischen Konfliktsituationen aufwachsen und unter diesen Bedingungen sozialisiert werden, selbst bereit sind, Gewalt auszuüben. Das gilt selbstverständlich bereits für Kinder und Jugendliche, die zwar nicht als Kombattanten in das Kriegsgeschehen verwickelt werden, aber von denen dennoch Gewalt als ein alltäglicher Zustand erfahren wird. Gesellschaftliche Werte, wie zum Beispiel Hilfsbereitschaft oder der friedliche Umgang miteinander, werden durch die generalisierte Gewalt auf eine harte Probe gestellt. Das Handeln der Erwachsenen ist durch den kriegerischen Kontext bestimmt und die gesellschaftlichen Werte werden dadurch insgesamt verändert. Kinder und Jugendliche, die in kriegerischen Situationen aufwachsen, haben zudem nur selten die Möglichkeit, eine Ausbildung zu absolvieren und sich somit eine Perspektive für die Zukunft abseits des Kampfes zu sichern. Sie fühlen sich häufig allein gelassen, machtlos und schutzlos. In diesen hoffnungslosen Lebensumständen ist ein Anschluss an eine gewaltbereite Gruppe für einige Kinder und Jugendliche ein Weg, Nahrung, Schutz und eine kurzfristige – am bloßen Überleben orientierte - Perspektive zu gewinnen. Werden die Kinder und Jugendlichen zu Mitgliedern gewaltbereiter Gruppen, so wachsen sie in einem System der Gewalt auf, in dem sie lernen, sich mit Gewalt ihren Lebensunterhalt und ihr Überleben zu sichern. Ein Teufelskreis entsteht, in dessen Kern die Frage steht, wie Kinder und Jungendliche, die keinen Frieden und auch keinen friedvollen Umgang mit sich selbst und anderen Personen kennen, als Zivilisten Frieden schaffen können. Die Problematik der Kindersoldaten stellt also nicht nur eine Bedrohung der Kindheit, sondern eine Bedrohung der zivilen Gesellschaftsstruktur dar, gefährdet die regionale Stabilität und somit die Chancen folgender Generationen, dem Schicksal des Kindersoldatentums zu entgehen.
Worldwide about 300,000 child soldiers under eighteen years of age are involved in armed conflicts as soldiers, porters, messengers or other services. The fate of child soldiers is particularly in Asia and Africa identified. On both continents are even 7 - up to 12-year-old implicated in armed conflicts. According to the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) the largest number of child soldiers is found in Africa, which is also related to the fact that most conflicts today are held on the African continent. Children and adolescents, who grow up during armed conflict and are socialiesed under these conditions are willing to use violence. They experience violence as a condition of everyday. Social values, such as peaceful dealings with each other, are affected by the generalized violence. Children and young people who grow up in war situations, have also rarely the possibility of training and school education. They often feel alone, helpless and defenceless without having a perspective for their future. In these desperate living conditions an active affiliation with a violent group is for some children and adolescents a way to gain food, protection and a short-term-perspective which is oriented on mere survival.
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Daugey, Marie. "Les lions qui ne parlent pas : cycle initiatique et territoire en pays Kabyè (Togo)." Thesis, Paris, EPHE, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016EPHE5020.

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Chez les Kabyè du Togo, le cycle de l'initiation masculine occupe une place centrale dans la construction du rapport au territoire. Échelonnée sur dix années et composée de quatre grades, l'initiation est la voie d'accès au statut d'homme adulte. Les rites d'entrée dans les différents grades procèdent conjointement à l'inscription de tous dans le territoire villageois, et à l'identification progressive des jeunes hommes à des créatures de brousse. Le dispositif rituel construit des jeunes gens aptes à pénétrer en brousse ― chaque grade le faisant selon ses propres modalités ― pour pouvoir finalement faire face aux menaces qu'elle recèle. L'articulation de l'initiation au cycle annuel des rites agraires et cynégétiques, et au cycle quinquennal des rites de régénération du territoire est étudiée. Elle permet de mettre en évidence que le lien des initiants à la brousse est réinvesti par le système rituel, de telle sorte que les initiants sont d'importants intervenants dans les rites permettant le maintien des conditions d'existence au village. Leurs actes complètent ceux des responsables du culte aux divinités du territoire : des grands prêtres aux accents de rois sacrés. La façon dont les initiants prennent part aux rites liés à la pluie, au vent et à la terre, et les interdits auxquels ils sont soumis, appuient l'hypothèse qu'ils partagent avec les grands prêtres un pouvoir immédiat sur les éléments naturels. L'initiation masculine peut être comprise comme une initiation à la royauté sacrée qui, pour la majorité des jeunes hommes, n'ira pas jusqu'à son terme. Dans la phase ultime de l'initiation, certains pourront être intronisés grands prêtres
Among the Kabye of Togo, the male initiation cycle is central to building the relationship to the territory. Completed over a period of ten years and divided into four grades, the initiation cycle is the route to the adult male status. The rites of access to the different grades jointly proceed to the inclusion of all in the village territory, and to the progressive identification of young men to bush creatures. The ritual system makes sure young people are able to penetrate the bush — each grade according to its own terms — and cope with the threats it holds. The link between the initiation and the annual cycle of the agricultural and hunting rites, as well as the quinquennial cycle of regeneration of the territory, is studied hereafter. This highlights that the link between the initiates and the bush is reinvested by the ritual system, in such a way that the initiates are important contributors to the rites, allowing the conditions of existence in the village to be maintained. Their actions complete those of the people in charge of worshipping the territory divinities: great priests resembling sacred kings. The way the initiates take part in rituals linked to rain, wind and earth, in addition to the taboos they face, support the hypothesis that they share with the great priests an immediate power on natural elements. The male initiation cycle can be understood as an initiation to sacred kingship which, for the majority of young men, will not be fully completed. In the ultimate phase of the initiation cycle, some will be enthroned as great priests
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Rawls, Orlando Julius. "Bes: The Ancient Egyptian Way of Initiation." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 2018. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/cauetds/124.

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The purpose of this thesis is to explore Osiris’s role in the Book of the Dead[1] to unearth the ancient Egyptian connotation for the term death. This study contends that western scholars have debased the arcane expression of death to literal interpretation. The basic function of ancient Egyptian scripture was to instruct man’s soul into deity—in the earthly realm. This investigation suggests the ancient Egyptian priesthood instituted this esoteric philosophy in scripture to adumbrate this grand idea death, which was Bes—to be initiated. The third century A.D. witnessed the development of Christianity in northeast Africa and subsequent rise of the Western world, delivering the fatal blow to ancient theology sending the art of esotericism into obscurity for centuries. The discovery of the Rosetta Stone would help to reestablish portions of this lost science. Thus, this inquiry aims to restore the sublime philosophy to the Book of the Dead so that its purpose is properly understood. [1] The indigenous term for the Book of the Dead is prt m hrw or Book of Coming Forth by Day.
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Couples, Christopher E. III. "The National Information Infrastructure Initiative: Space, Discipline, War Machine." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37044.

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This thesis concerns itself with the changes wrought by the movement from analog to digital spaces. These changes are mirrored by changes in the way states practice sovereignty. Examples of new practices of sovereignty are found in the documents of the National Information Infrastrucure Advisory Council. Close analysis of these examples reveals the disciplinary projects of spatial (re)construction implied by these new practices. The effects of these types of spatial disciplinarity on individual subjectivities are also discussed.
Master of Arts
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Judge, Sean M. ""Who has the puck?" : strategic initiative in modern conventional war /." Maxwell AFB, Ala. : School of Advanced Air and Space Studies, 2008. https://www.afresearch.org/skins/rims/display.aspx?moduleid=be0e99f3-fc56-4ccb-8dfe-670c0822a153&mode=user&action=downloadpaper&objectid=59437903-4851-4b9b-8de0-4bb83fb7ea61&rs=PublishedSearch.

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Lazzari, Luigi L. "The Strategic Defense Initiative and the end of the cold war." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2008. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion-image.exe/08Mar%5FLazzari.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Europe, Eurasia))--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2008.
Thesis Advisor(s): Tsypkin, Mikhail ; Siegel, Scott. "March 2008." Description based on title screen as viewed on May 1, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 97-104). Also available in print.
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Valiquette, Matt J. "Assessing the U.S. counter proliferation initiative considerations for Military Operations other than war /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2000. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA384711.

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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs) Naval Postgraduate School, Dec. 2000.
Thesis advisor(s): Wirtz, James J. "December 2000." Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-61). Also available in print.
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Books on the topic "War Initiation"

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Copyright Paperback Collection (Library of Congress), ed. Initiation to war. New York, N.Y: New American Library, 2001.

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Prairie initiation: A war bride story. Regina, Saskatchewan: Benchmark Press, 2014.

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Asymmetric conflicts: War initiation by weaker powers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

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Passos, John Dos. One man's initiation--1917: A novel. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1986.

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The initiation of the Second Macedonian War: An explication of Livy Book 31. Stuttgart: F. Steiner, 1996.

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Walking the point: Male initiation and the Vietnam experience. Plantation, FL: Distinctive Pub. Corp., 1994.

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War in space. London: Windward, 1986.

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Flynn, Nigel. War in space. London: Marshall Cavendish, 1986.

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Confronting the Yugoslav controversies: A scholars' initiative. 2nd ed. Washington, D.C: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2013.

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W, Ingrao Charles, and Emmert Thomas Allan 1945-, eds. Confronting the Yugoslav controversies: A scholars' initiative. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "War Initiation"

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Busch, Lara. "Verfilmte Initiation. Es war einmal Indianerland." In Zur Ästhetik psychischer Krankheit in kinder- und jugendliterarischen Medien, 413–32. Göttingen: V&R unipress, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14220/9783737010597.413.

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Völcker, Matthias. "Es war einmal vor langer Zeit: Der Moment der Initiation." In Fan-Sein, 121–40. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-13407-5_8.

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Bikner-Ahsbahs, Angelika, and Maike Vollstedt. "Identität und Sinn: Was für Mathematiklehramtsstudierende bedeutsam ist." In Initiationen mathematikdidaktischer Forschung, 407–30. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-36766-4_21.

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Betz, Martin. "Code+Design Initiative e. V." In Digitalpakt – was nun?, 267–73. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-25530-5_30.

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Dallago, Bruno. "Connecting the EU and China Along the Belt and Road Initiative." In 100 Years of World Wars and Post-War Regional Collaboration, 247–64. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9970-2_20.

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Yu, Miaojie. "RMB Internationalization and Belt and Road Initiative." In China-US Trade War and Trade Talk, 145–59. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3785-1_10.

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Freedman, Lawrence. "The Strategic Defence Initiative — “Star Wars”." In The Price of Peace, 234–67. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10321-8_11.

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Schanetzky, Tim. "Commercial expansion in the steel industry of World War II: The case of Henry J. Kaiser and Friedrich Flick." In Between Coercion and Private Initiative, 77–93. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003321040-6.

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Krasnodębska, Molly. "A Little War the World Forgot: Poland’s Initiative During the Russo-Georgian War." In Politics of Stigmatization, 145–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51521-8_6.

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Bjørn, Pernille, Maria Menendez-Blanco, and Valeria Borsotti. "FemTech.dk Research Initiative." In Diversity in Computer Science, 9–12. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13314-5_2.

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AbstractFemTech.dk is situated in the Department of Computer Science at University of Copenhagen Denmark and has been an ongoing inquiry into the specific circumstances within computer science that produce gender imbalance and includes activities dedicated to making a change through design interventions. FemTech.dk was created in 2016 to engage with research within gender and diversity and to explore the role of gender equity as part of digital technology design and development. FemTech.dk considers how and why computer science as a field and profession in Denmark has such a distinct unbalanced gender representation in the twenty-first century. The focus was initially on the student base of the bachelor’s program in computer science, which from the 1980s until 2016 was remarkably smaller than for other science programs at the University of Copenhagen. In terms of numbers, only 15 women students entered the bachelor’s degree program in 2012 and 2013, and only 12 women students entered the program in 2014. In each of these 3 years, more than 160 students entered the program in total. Reviewing the 15-year period 2000–2014, the share of women students in the program was 7–9%, the lowest percentage of women in a study program across all of the University of Copenhagen. To compare, in 2016 the share of women students in the Math program was 30%, and in Physics was 25%.
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Conference papers on the topic "War Initiation"

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Preece, Dale S., Jerome H. Stofleth, David L. Cole, and Paul W. Cooper. "Design of Conical Shaped Charges for Prompt Initiation of TNT Chemical Munition Bursters." In ASME 2002 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2002-1151.

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The Explosive Destruction System (EDS) has been designed at Sandia National Laboratories for the disposal of chemical munitions (phosgene, mustard gas, sarin etc.), many dating back to World War I. EDS is a portable system that is trailer mounted and consists of a vessel into which a chemical munition can be loaded and neutralized with linear and conical shaped charges. Gases are contained within the sealed chamber. The linear shaped charges split the munition in two and the conical is aimed at the explosive burster, in each munition, which is detonated by the shaped charge jet. Toxic chemicals remaining in the vessel following detonation are neutralized and disposed of. This paper documents the development of a new conical shaped charge (CSC) needed to reliably detonate explosive bursters in an expanding array of chemical munitions that are beyond what the device was originally designed to neutralize. Design of this new CSC was controlled by the need to deliver energy above the detonation threshold into the explosive after penetrating the outer steel casing, fluid, the burster casing and finally the explosive. Design considerations were driven by jet conditions at the steel/explosive interface inside the burster. Parameters to consider in CSC design include: 1) diameter, 2) liner thickness, 3) liner position in body, 4) explosive weight, and 5) liner shape or interior angle. The effects of these parameters on final CSC performance are examined in detail. CSC’s meeting the design specifications have been manufactured and tested. The performance of these charges is compared with the original design requirements.
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THOMPSON, MARIAN KAY. "BUILDING ENVIRONMENTAL COALITIONS AND THE BLACK SEA ENVIRONMENTAL INITIATIVE." In International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies 25th Session. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812797001_0020.

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Westwick, Peter J. "The strategic offense initiative? The Soviets and Star Wars." In NUCLEAR WEAPON ISSUES IN THE 21ST CENTURY. AIP Publishing LLC, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4876321.

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Ajibola, O., S. Ramineni, A. Ajibola, and R. Mazurkiewicz. "Severe Thrombocytopenia Following Initiation of Heparin for Pulmonary Embolism That Was Treated with Folic Acid." In American Thoracic Society 2021 International Conference, May 14-19, 2021 - San Diego, CA. American Thoracic Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2021.203.1_meetingabstracts.a3491.

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Davis, Amanda L., Kristen Scott, Wu Jiansheng, Yong Q. Chen, and Steven J. Kridel. "Abstract A21: ACC1 is required for prostate cancer initiation, but not progression?" In Abstracts: AACR Special Conference: Metabolism and Cancer; June 7-10, 2015; Bellevue, WA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1557-3125.metca15-a21.

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Kohn, R., J. C. Ginestra, R. A. Hubbard, C. L. Auriemma, M. S. Patel, J. I. Rohrbach, P. Junker, et al. "Association of Time of Day with Delays in Antibiotic Initiation Among Ward Patients with Hospital-Acquired Sepsis." In American Thoracic Society 2020 International Conference, May 15-20, 2020 - Philadelphia, PA. American Thoracic Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2020.201.1_meetingabstracts.a1013.

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Kleinschmidt, Elizabeth G., Nichol L. G. Miller, Isabelle Tancioni, Denise C. Connolly, and David D. Schlaepfer. "Abstract TMEM-027: TARGETING RGNEF (P190RHOGEF/ARHGEF28) IMPAIRS OVARIAN TUMOR INITIATION AND PROGRESSION." In Abstracts: 11th Biennial Ovarian Cancer Research Symposium; September 12-13, 2016; Seattle, WA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1557-3265.ovcasymp16-tmem-027.

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Anczuków, Olga, Shipra Das, Kuan-Ting Lin, Jie Wu, Martin Akerman, Senthil K. Muthuswamy, and Adrian R. Krainer. "Abstract A50: Nonredundant functions of splicing factors in breast-cancer initiation and metastasis." In Abstracts: AACR Special Conference: Advances in Breast Cancer; October 17-20, 2015; Bellevue, WA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1557-3125.advbc15-a50.

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Browne, Alan L., and Nancy L. Johnson. "Dynamic Axial Crush Tests of Roll Wrapped Composite Tubes: Plug vs. Non-Plug Crush Initiators." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-79158.

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This paper discusses the effects of the method of crush initiation on the dynamic axial crush response of roll wrapped composite tubes. This constitutes a portion of a successful fundamental study conducted at GM R&D of the dynamic axial crush of automotive rail-sized composite tubes reinforced variously with carbon fiber, Kevlar® and hybrid combinations of the two, and manufactured using roll wrapping techniques suitable for the low cost high volume needs of the automotive industry. All tubes were manufactured using roll wrapping from multiple layers of uni-directional thermoset prepreg with the uni-directional fabric plies being oriented at ± 15° with respect to the longitudinal axis of the tube. A total of 21 dynamic axial crush tests were conducted using a free flight drop tower facility. Tests spanned a range of tube geometries — circular and square with different wall and cross section dimensions with cored and uncored walls and differing numbers of plies — and a range of drop heights/impact velocities and drop masses. A general finding was that stable and progressive crush occurred at acceptable load levels in all of the roll-wrapped tubes that were tested for all methods of crush initiation that were considered — a 45° lead end bevel either alone, with a zero radius plug-type crush initiator, or with a 12.7 mm radius plug. The method of crush initiation was, however, found to be capable of producing major differences in the crush initiation force Fp, the displacement average crush force Fav(D), the specific energy absorption SEA, and the crush morphology. As examples, both the displacement average value of dynamic axial crush force and the value of SEA were changed by as much as a factor of eight by the method of crush initiation.
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Katsnelson, S. S., A. A. Litvintseva, and G. A. Pozdnyakov. "INITIALIZATION OF SUPERSONIC COMBUSTION BY INJECTING THE TRANSVERSE DETONATION WAVE INTO THE FLOW." In 8TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON NONEQUILIBRIUM PROCESSES, PLASMA, COMBUSTION, AND ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA. TORUS PRESS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30826/nepcap2018-2-22.

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The work presents the investigation results of the influence on supersonic oxygen- hydrogen mixture flow by the injected flow into it generated by a detonation tube installed in the supersonic channel wall. The goal of this work is to study the processes of chemical reaction initiation and flow reconstruction under such influence. The mathematical model of the combustion initiation in the experimental setup is developed within a continuous medium on the model-based of a chemically nonequilibrium single-temperature gas. For the combustion reaction of the oxygen-hydrogen mixture, the following main reagents were selected: H2O, OH, O, H, H2, O2, HO2, H2O2 and O3. The combustion kinetic scheme involving these reagents contains 27 reactions. The numerical solution of the equation initial system was found using a third-order noncentral difference scheme. The parameters of the flow initiating combustion were determined from the system of one-dimensional conservation laws for a detonation wave in a detonation tube.
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Reports on the topic "War Initiation"

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Judge, Sean M. Who Has the Puck? Strategic Initiative in Modern, Conventional War. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada607919.

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Bergeron, Noel B. The Andean Initiative: A Faulty Campaign in the War on Drugs. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada236512.

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Borden, Gregory J. Operational Decision to Execute Gaps in Operations Other than War. Ceding the Information Initiative. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada300243.

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NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA. Closing the Gaps A Strategy for Gaining the Initiative in the War on Terror. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada419907.

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Tussing, Bert, and Kent H. Butts. United States Army Pacific and United States Army War College Lead Trilateral Strategic Planning Initiative. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada423909.

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Cerami, Joseph R. Wresting the Initiative: Ridgway as Operational Commander in the Korean War, December 1950 to April 1951. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada195661.

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Elroy-Stein, Orna, and Dmitry Belostotsky. Mechanism of Internal Initiation of Translation in Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7696518.bard.

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Original objectives Elucidation of PABP's role in crTMV148 IRES function in-vitro using wheat germ extract and krebs-2 cells extract. Fully achieved. Elucidation of PABP's role in crTMV148 IRES function in-vivo in Arabidopsis. Characterization of the physical interactions of PABP and other potential ITAFs with crTMV148 IRES. Partly achieved. To conduct search for additional ITAFs using different approaches and evaluate the candidates. Partly achieved. Background of the topic The power of internal translation via the activity of internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) elements allow coordinated synthesis of multiple gene products from a single transcription unit, and thereby enables to bypass the need for sequential transformation with multiple independent transgenes. The key goal of this project was to identify and analyze the IRES-trans-acting factors (ITAFs) that mediate the activity of a crucifer-infecting tobamovirus (crTMV148) IRES. The remarkable conservation of the IRES activity across the phylogenetic spectrum (yeast, plants and animals) strongly suggests that key ITAFs that mediate its activity are themselves highly conserved. Thus, crTMV148 IRES offers opportunity for elucidation of the fundamental mechanisms underlying internal translation in higher plants in order to enable its rational manipulation for the purpose of agricultural biotechnology. Major conclusions and achievements. - CrTMV IRES requires PABP for maximal activity. This conclusion was achieved by PABP depletion and reconstitution of wheat germ- and Krebs2-derived in-vitro translation assays using Arabidopsis-derived PABP2, 3, 5, 8 and yeast Pab1p. - Mutations in the internal polypurine tract of the IRES decrease the high-affinity binding of all phylogenetically divergent PABPs derived from Arabidopsis and yeast in electro mobility gel shift assays. - Mutations in the internal polypurine tract decrease IRES activity in-vivo. - The 3'-poly(A) tail enhances crTMV148 IRES activity more efficiently in the absence of 5'-methylated cap. - In-vivo assembled RNPs containing proteins specifically associated with the IRES were purified from HEK293 cells using the RNA Affinity in Tandem (RAT) approach followed by their identification by mass spectroscopy. - This study yielded a list of potential protein candidates that may serve as ITAFs of crTMV148 IRES activity, among them are a/b tubulin, a/g actin, GAPDH, enolase 1, ribonuclease/angiogenin inhibitor 1, 26S proteasome subunit p45, rpSA, eEF1Bδ, and proteasome b5 subunit. Implications, both scientific and agriculture. The fact that the 3'-poly(A) tail enhances crTMV148 IRES activity more efficiently in the absence of 5'-methylated cap suggests a potential joint interaction between PABP, the IRES sequence and the 3'-poly(A). This has an important scientific implication related to IRES function in general.
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Ori, Naomi, and Mark Estelle. Role of GOBLET and Auxin in Controlling Organ Development and Patterning. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7697122.bard.

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The size and shape of plant leaves are extremely diverse within and among species, and are also sensitive to growth conditions. Compound leaves, such as those of tomato, maintain morphogenetic activity during early stages of their development, enabling them to elaborate lateral appendages such as leaflets. The aim of the research project was to understand the interaction between the plant hormone auxin, the putative auxin response inhibitor ENTIRE (E, SlIAA9) and the NAM/CUC transcription factor GOBLET (GOB) in compound-leaf development in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). The specific aims of the project were: 1. Investigation of the role of GOB in compound-leaf development. 2. Characterization of E function in auxin signaling. 3. Characterization of the role of auxin in compound-leaf development. 4. Investigation of the genetic and molecular interaction between E and GOB. 5. Investigate the role of these factors in fruit development. There were no major changes in these objectives. GOB was shown to mark and promote the boundaries between the leaf and initiating leaflets. Its accurate distribution was found to be required for proper leaflet initiation and separation. E was found to interact with the TIR1 and AFB6 proteins in an auxin-dependant manner, indicating that these are functional auxin receptors that mediate E degradation in the presence of auxin. This was further supported by the stabilization of E by a mutation in domain II of the protein, which is thought to mediate its auxin-dependant degradation. Over expression of this stabilized form in tomato leaves and characterization of the e mutant phenotype and the E expression domain indicated that E acts between initiating leaflets to inhibit auxin response and lamina growth. Generation and analysis of tomato plants expressing the auxin response reporter DR5::VENUS, and analysis of the effect of auxin microapplication or overexpression of an auxin biosynthesis gene, indicated that auxin marks the sites of leaflet initiation and promotes lamina growth. Investigation of the molecular and genetic interaction between auxin, GOB and E revealed a complex network of mutual regulation that is utilized to precisely pattern the leaf margin in a manner that enables the combination of tight control and flexibility. E, auxin and GOB were shown to affect fruit development and fruit set, and in an extension of the project are currently utilized to identify new players that affect these processes. The research project yielded enhanced understanding of the mechanisms of compound leaf patterning and provided tools that will enable the manipulation of leaf shape and fruit set.
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Dudenbostel, Tobias. Supporting researchers under threat in today’s Academia. Lessons learnt from the evaluation of the Philipp Schwartz Initiative. Fteval - Austrian Platform for Research and Technology Policy Evaluation, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22163/fteval.2022.552.

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The Philipp Schwartz Initiative (PSI) is a relatively new program of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (AvH) that was launched in 2016 in close cooperation with the Federal Foreign Office. PSI enables universities and other research institutions in Germany to host foreign scientists who are exiled, displaced, and threatened by war and persecution in their own countries. As Philipp Schwartz fellows they are entitled to continue their research for a period of two years. Technopolis Austria was tasked with an evaluation of the first four selection rounds of PSI. The evaluation aimed at taking stock of program implementation, collecting interim results, assessing goal attainment and to provide recommendations to further improve the program. The program aimed at developing structures within organisations hosting threatened researchers, at integrating fellows into research to increase career perspectives, as well as at raising awareness and at sharing information and facilitate networking within German Academia. To our knowledge, this was the first evaluation of a comparable initiative.
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LaBonte, Don, Etan Pressman, Nurit Firon, and Arthur Villordon. Molecular and Anatomical Characterization of Sweetpotato Storage Root Formation. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592648.bard.

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Original objectives: Anatomical study of storage root initiation and formation. Induction of storage root formation. Isolation and characterization of genes involved in storage root formation. During the normal course of storage root development. Following stress-induced storage root formation. Background:Sweetpotato is a high value vegetable crop in Israel and the U.S. and acreage is expanding in both countries and the research herein represents an important backstop to improving quality, consistency, and yield. This research has two broad objectives, both relating to sweetpotato storage root formation. The first objective is to understand storage root inductive conditions and describe the anatomical and physiological stages of storage root development. Sweetpotato is propagated through vine cuttings. These vine cuttings form adventitious roots, from pre-formed primordiae, at each node underground and it is these small adventitious roots which serve as initials for storage and fibrous (non-storage) “feeder” roots. What perplexes producers is the tremendous variability in storage roots produced from plant to plant. The marketable root number may vary from none to five per plant. What has intrigued us is the dearth of research on sweetpotato during the early growth period which we hypothesize has a tremendous impact on ultimate consistency and yield. The second objective is to identify genes that change the root physiology towards either a fleshy storage root or a fibrous “feeder” root. Understanding which genes affect the ultimate outcome is central to our research. Major conclusions: For objective one, we have determined that the majority of adventitious roots that are initiated within 5-7 days after transplanting possess the anatomical features associated with storage root initiation and account for 86 % of storage root count at 65 days after transplanting. These data underscore the importance of optimizing the growing environment during the critical storage root initiation period. Water deprivation during this phenological stage led to substantial reduction in storage root number and yield as determined through growth chamber, greenhouse, and field experiments. Morphological characterization of adventitious roots showed adjustments in root system architecture, expressed as lateral root count and density, in response to water deprivation. For objective two, we generated a transcriptome of storage and lignified (non-storage) adventitious roots. This transcriptome database consists of 55,296 contigs and contains data as regards to differential expression between initiating and lignified adventitious roots. The molecular data provide evidence that a key regulatory mechanism in storage root initiation involves the switch between lignin biosynthesis and cell division and starch accumulation. We extended this research to identify genes upregulated in adventitious roots under drought stress. A subset of these genes was expressed in salt stressed plants.
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