Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'War crime tribunals'
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Torrens, Shannon Maree. "Interrogating International Criminal Law through the Lens of Justice as Process: From Justice Beliefs to Justice Legacies." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/21862.
Full textFutamura, Madoka. "Revisiting the 'Nuremberg legacy' : societal transformation and the strategic success of international war crime tribunals : lessons from the Tokyo trial and Japanese experience." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2006. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/revisiting-the-nuremberg-legacy--societal-transformation-and-the-strategic-success-of-international-war-crime-tribunals--lessons-from-the-tokyo-trial-and-japanese-experience(ca67670c-ca38-4383-8def-20ce29415d1b).html.
Full textWilliams, Meagan. "Judicial Creativity or Justice Being Served? A Look at the Use of Joint Criminal Enterprise in the ICTY Prosecution." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2008. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc9721/.
Full textOkebukola, Elijah Oluwatoyin. "Towards a universal procedural framework for war crimes tribunals." Thesis, University of Buckingham, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.572504.
Full textPaula, Luiz Augusto Módolo de. "Genocídio e o Tribunal Penal Internacional para Ruanda." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-26032012-114115/.
Full textThis dissertation examines the performance of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, Tanzania-based court, created under the auspices of the UN, in charge of prosecuting people responsible for serious violations of International Humanitarian Law committed during the genocide of the Tutsi population, organized by members of the government and the army of Rwanda in 1994, which killed over 800,000 civilians. It is studied the evolution of International Criminal Law over the twentieth century until the establishment of the Court, and also the history and the political organization in Rwanda until the outbreak of civil war and genocide. This dissertation presents the structure, competence and dynamics of the trials, promotes the study of four paradigmatic cases tried, and verifies the concrete results achieved by the Court to prevent impunity, pointing this judicial body as an important forerunner of the International Criminal Court created by the Rome Statute in 1998. The study also aspires to perpetuate the memory of one of the greatest massacres in history, comparable to the Holocaust itself, and treatment given by the law and by the international community to the episode
Aksar, Yusuf. "The 'ad hoc' tribunals and international humanitarian law." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/405a48d5-52b6-4cea-894e-30c7a402faed.
Full textEllenbecker, Joseph A. "From Nuremberg to the Hague : a contrasting study of war crimes tribunals." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1998. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA343637.
Full text"March 1998." Thesis advisor(s): Donald Abenheim. Includes bibliographical references (p. 93-98). Also available online.
LaVilla, Oriana H. D. "Reconciliation and The Rule of Law: The Changing Role of International War Crimes Tribunals." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/439.
Full textKuner, Janosch O. A. "The war crimes trial against German Industrialist Friedrich Flick et al - a legal analysis and critical evaluation." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_1823_1363782732.
Full textThis research paper is an analysis of the case United States v Flick et al which took place in 1947 in Nuremberg, Germany. Friedrich Flick, a powerful German industrialist, and several high ranking officials of his firm were tried by a United States military tribunal for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed during the Third Reich. The 
proceedings and the decision itself are the subject of a critical examination, including an investigation of the factual and legal background. The trial will be regarded in the historical context of prosecutions against German industrialists after World War II. Seen from present-day perspective, the question will be raised whether any conclusions can be drawn from the Flick case in respect of the substance of present-day international criminal law.
 
Penachioni, Júlia Battistuzzi. "Violência sexual em conflitos armados e em ataques generalizados ou sistemáticos: a criminalização pelo Tribunal Penal Internacional." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2017. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/19843.
Full textMade available in DSpace on 2017-03-23T13:08:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Júlia Battistuzzi Penachioni.pdf: 1880890 bytes, checksum: ce978eef9cfb8d02702f7c7d748d4701 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-20
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
This dissertation seeks to analyze how sexual violence in armed conflicts and in widespread or systematic attacks has become an international crime, and is criminalized especially by the International Criminal Court (ICC), responsible for characterizing it as a crime against humanity and a war crime, in addition to allowing it to be understood as a form of genocide. For a long time, sexual violence has been seen as an inevitable part of war, notion that will change with the new forms of global accountability — such as individual criminal accountability, contemplated by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, Courts that contributed to bring sexual violence in armed conflict to prominence, as well as opening important precedents for what would later be understood by the ICC — together with the construction of a solid normative basis, which strengthened the legal foundations that culminated in the formation of the Rome Statute of the ICC
A presente dissertação busca analisar de que maneira a violência sexual em conflitos armados e em ataques generalizados ou sistemáticos tornou-se um crime internacional, sendo criminalizada sobretudo pelo Tribunal Penal Internacional (TPI), responsável por caracterizá-la como um crime contra a humanidade e como crime de guerra, além de possibilitar que fosse entendida como uma forma de genocídio. Durante muito tempo a violência sexual foi considerada como uma parte inevitável da guerra, concepção que vai se alterar a partir das novas formas de prestação de contas global — como a responsabilização penal individual, observada no Tribunal Penal Internacional para a antiga Iugoslávia (TPII) e no Tribunal Penal Internacional para Ruanda (TPIR), Cortes que contribuíram para que a violência sexual em conflitos armados fosse colocada em evidência, além de abrir precedentes de grande relevância para o que mais tarde seria entendido pelo TPI — em conjunto com a construção de uma base normativa sólida, que fortificou os fundamentos legais que culminaram na formação do Estatuto de Roma do TPI
Mohan, Mahdev. "The paradox of victim-centrism : a case study of the civil party process at the Khmer Rouge Tribunal /." Thesis, Scroll list to author, 2009. http://www.law.stanford.edu/publications/dissertations_theses/.
Full textSubmitted to the Stanford Program in International Legal Studies at the Stanford Law School, Stanford University. "April 2009." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 78-82). Abstract available online.
Price, Lisa S. "Making rape a war crime : the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and its treatment of sexual violence." Thesis, Leeds Beckett University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312977.
Full textWeisers, Marie-Anne. "Juger les crimes contre les Juifs: des Allemands devant les tribunaux belges, 1941-1951." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209269.
Full textDoctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Gillan, Troy. "Peacemaking through remaking: the international criminal tribunals and the political and social reconstruction of occupied Japan and Germany after 1945." Thesis, University of Canterbury. History, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/10841.
Full textAckermann, Silvia Regina. "Quando preferir um samba ao hino nacional é crime: integralismo, etnicidade e os crimes contra o estado e a ordem social (Espírito Santo 1934-1945)." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2009. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/6668.
Full textUniversidade Federal de Sao Carlos
This work focuses on the State of Espírito Santo in the 30 and 40 decades in the 20th century and aims to analyze the conflicts that took place in the meeting of two relevant events of this period: the repression to the Integralism and the consequences of the Second World War. It is important to stand out that the State of Espírito Santo, as well as other Brazilian States, had its history marked by European immigration in the 19th century. At that time the state received, mainly, Pomeranian/German and Italian immigrants. Part of these immigrants and descendants, in the decade of 30, acted in Brazilian Integralist Action (AIB), a right extreme party and influenced by European Nazi-fascism. Some conflicts that imbricated ethical issues and the acting of AIB, officially forbidden since the coup of the New State, became more visible and resulted in criminal proceedings. It was ascertained that AIB had strong presence in Espírito Santo, especially, in the regions of Pomeranian/German and Italian settlement. Also, it was verified that ethical conflicts did not seem to be so prominent as it was expected to. It seemed that the major conflicts were marked by a nationalistic feeling and confrontations that still had AIB as an explanation. It can also be suggested that differentiated cultural practices of the immigrants and descendants were not understood as so dangerous by the government since they were followed of economic and politic status, for instance, case of the South of Brazil. Originated criminal proceedings in the State of Espírito Santo, which were presented at the court of National Security (TSN), were used as privileged sources. Some paper was analyzed such as: documents and photographs apprehended by the Espírito Santo police from AIB nucleus, official letters from the Education and Justice department, newspaper and magazines, besides interviews with inhabitants of Domingos Martins city (ES). The historical event reported starts with AIB National Congress in Vitória (1934) and it closes up with the Second World War end (1945). Key words: Brazilian Integralist Action. Second World War. Immigrants. Criminal Proceedings. National Security Court.
Este trabalho focaliza o Estado do Espírito Santo nas décadas de 30 e 40 do século XX e objetiva analisar os conflitos que se situaram no encontro de dois acontecimentos marcantes desse período: a repressão ao integralismo e as consequências da Segunda Guerra Mundial. É importante ressaltar que o Estado do Espírito Santo, assim como outros Estados brasileiros, teve sua história marcada pela imigração europeia no século XIX recebendo, principalmente, imigrantes alemães/pomeranos e italianos. Parte desses imigrantes e descendentes, na década de 30, atuou na Ação Integralista Brasileira (AIB), um partido de extrema direita e com influências do nazifascismo europeu. Com a entrada do Brasil na guerra, em 1942, vários conflitos que imbricaram questões étnicas e a atuação da AIB que, oficialmente, estava proibida de funcionar desde o golpe do Estado Novo, tornaramse mais visíveis e resultaram em processos criminais. Constata que a AIB teve uma forte atuação no Espírito Santo, especialmente, nas regiões de colonização italiana e alemã/pomerana. Verifica também que conflitos étnicos não se mostraram tão relevantes como se esperava, parecendo que os maiores conflitos estavam marcados por um sentimento nacionalista e por confrontos que ainda tinham a AIB como explicação. Sugere também que, para o governo, as práticas culturais diferenciadas dos imigrantes e descendentes não eram entendidas como tão perigosas do que quando acompanhadas de representatividade econômica e política, caso do Sul do País. Utiliza, como fontes privilegiadas, os processos criminais originados no Estado do Espírito Santo que chegaram ao Tribunal de Segurança Nacional (TSN). Analisa também a documentação e fotografias apreendidas pela polícia capixaba dos núcleos da AIB, os ofícios da Secretaria de Educação e Justiça, jornais e revistas, além de entrevistas com moradores do município de Domingos Martins (ES). O recorte temporal efetuado tem início com o Congresso Nacional da AIB em Vitória (1934) e encerra-se com o fim da Segunda Guerra Mundial (1945).
Le, Merle Mathilde. "Les tribunaux du Gouvernement militaire en zone française d’occupation en Allemagne (1946-1956) : Vivre et agir en régime totalitaire." Thesis, Orléans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ORLE3018.
Full textEven if the trail in Nuremberg and the British and American occupation zones passes into posterity, those in the French Zone rested confidential for a long time. However, there were over 2100 presumed war criminals, men and women, who appeared from 1946 to 1956 before the military government courts and then the Allied High Commission courts. Charged under the Control Council Law Number 10, they were held liable for war crimes, crimes against humanity and in an exceptional case, for crimes against peace. Covering a wide range spectrum of responsibility, ranging from that of ordinary citizens to that of the National Socialist Party officials and members of concentration camps through to that of industrialists, as well as, that of legal and healthcare practitioners, the rich case law of Military Government Courts in the French zone of occupation, marked by the natural law, allowed to define a number of standards that all should respect, even a totalitarian State and what ever was the state of the internal law, otherwise, under penalty of criminal responsibility
Ashnan, Almoktar. "Le principe de complémentarité entre la cour pénale internationale et la juridiction pénale nationale." Thesis, Tours, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOUR1004/document.
Full textThe purpose of this research is to analyse the principle of complementarity, to show the specific character of the notion and to study its implementation in the light of the practice of the International criminal court (ICC) in order to highlight the political and legal obstacles. In accordance with Article 1, the Court is complementary to national criminal jurisdictions for crime of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and crime of aggression. Under this principle, national jurisdictions have priority over ICC but the Court’s jurisdiction takes over when a State lacks the technical or legal means, which are necessary to try and punish the perpetrators of such crimes, or if a rigged trial took place. Therefore, complementarity aims to bring an end to impunity for those responsible for the most serious crimes of international concern. The Rome Statute, namely with the provisions of Article 17, indicates how to implement complementarity according to the criteria for admissibility which are inability, unwillingness and seriousness. Articles 18 and 19, for their part, provide the mechanism of preliminary ruling regarding admissibility and challenge. Furthermore, the role of the Security Council regarding complementarity is also considered as essential to understand the effectiveness and the legal impact of this Court. Powers which are conferred under the Rome Statute and chapter VII of the United Nations Charter allow the Security Council to refer a situation to the ICC, to suspend an ICC investigation, to require States to cooperate with the ICC, or to qualify a crime as aggression, and this despite the fact that the independence of the investigation and of the trial is the backbone of criminal justice ensuring it is efficient
Schöpfel, Ann-Sophie. "La France et le procès de Tokyo : l'Engagement de diplomates et de juges français en faveur d'une justice internationale 1941-1954." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0111/document.
Full textAlarmed by the magnitude of the atrocities perpetrated in Europe and in Asia, the Allies demonstrated their resolve to punish those responsible for such acts in 1945. From 1945 to 1948, prominent members of Nazi Germany and the Japanese Empire were prosecuted at the Nuremberg and the Tokyo International Military Trials. In Japan, the United States invited France to participate in the Tokyo trial. This trial offered her an unexpected opportunity to build prestige in the Far East; during World War II, France had lost her richest colony, Indochina, and hoped to regain it. France wanted to prove that she was a nation of rights in Asia where decolonization was gaining ground. But it is hardly surprising that her delegates did not protect the national interest. On the contrary, they just wished to improve the fairness of the Tokyo trial. Based on unpublished sources, this thesis aims to understand their commitment to international justice. It sheds new light on the Tokyo trial and on the history of transitional justice
Park, Erica. "The Trials of a Comfort Woman." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2011. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/113.
Full textBouvier, Charlotte-Lucie. "La mémoire et le droit des crimes de guerre et des crimes contre l'humanité depuis la seconde guerre mondiale : comparaison Allemagne fédérale / France." Thesis, Poitiers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014POIT3018/document.
Full textContrary to the popular belief that the time clears injuries, the finding must be made of the omnipresence of the memory as a matrix of guidelines decided by our leaders. Seventy years after the World War II ended, it occupies public space in all its components and drives the adoption of laws recognizing victims and punishing speech of negation. Meanwhile, the legislature must meet its conventional obligations and the requirements of international criminal justice. But again, the political contingencies are strong, which block legal thinking and lead to the creation of controversial provisions. This phenomenon, striking in France, is less at our german neighbor, yet reliant on a heavy legacy memorial. This observation may surprise those who do not consider the joint but divergent evolutions of the two states since 1945, on the « treatment » of international crimes by nature and their consequences ; hence the usefulness of a transverse, historical and comparative approach to these issues
CRIPPA, MARIA. "LA GIUSTIZIA PENALE INTERNAZIONALE DI FRONTE AI TRIBUNALI DOMESTICI. PROPOSTE PER L¿ADEGUAMENTO DELLA LEGISLAZIONE ITALIANA IN MATERIA DI CRIMINA IURIS GENTIUM." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/932370.
Full textInternational criminal justice before domestic courts. Proposals for the implementation of Italian provisions on crimina iuris gentium. The thesis aims at proposing solutions for the incorporation into the Italian legal system of International Criminal Court (ICC) Statute’s substantive provisions, whose domestic implementation is, at the moment, still lacking. The research develops, in particular, along three main sections. The first part sketches the main features of the indirect implementation of international criminal law by domestic legal systems. It deals, first of all, with the complex system of sources of international criminal law, as well as with the role of customs, in light of its tensions with the (international and constitutional) principle of legality. The analysis of international courts’ shortcomings leads to shift the scope of enquiry to the indirect implementation of international criminal law, in order to shape effective solutions for an integrated system of international criminal justice, under the complementarity principle (articles 1 and 17 ICC Statute). Within this framework, the extent of positive obligations to adopt domestic provisions on international crimes effects, in a comparative perspective, different solutions implemented by national legislators, considering the wide margin of discretion granted them by the ICC Statute. The second part outlines the extension of national jurisdictions to international crimes committed beyond their traditional territorial borders. The research focuses, firstly, on the notion and the structural shortcomings that characterize the principle of universal jurisdiction in the enforcement of international criminal justice since the Second World War. The section further sets out to verify the controversial 'tendential universality' of Italian criminal law, according to the interpretation of articles 7 - 10 Italian Criminal Code favored by the Italian jurisprudence, regarding in particular cases amounting to international crimes. The third section represents the heart of the research, dedicated to the evaluation of the compliance of provisions currently in force in the Italian criminal system and international criminal law. The research further proposes the introduction of a specific discipline, whenever gaps and shortcomings with respect to the ICC Statute are found. The analysis moves from the special part of criminal law, in order to investigate the conformity of criminal provisions already in place with the definition of international crimes contained in articles 5 et seq. ICC Statute (genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and aggression). The general part is examined with the aim to investigate, on the one hand, the adequacy of ordinary criteria for the attribution of criminal responsibility and, on the other hand, the need to introduce an ad hoc discipline where required by specific instances of international criminal law. The reference is, in particular, to the hypotheses of command and superior responsibility, legal entities liability, irrelevance of functional immunities, as well as statutes of limitations. The research ultimately seeks to ascertain whether the adoption of substantive provisions on international crimes enables the Italian legal order to adhere to an integrated system of international criminal justice and, in a broader sense, to contribute to the development of international criminal law. Indeed, the late implementation of the ICC Statute into the domestic legal system constitutes, according to the conclusions reached by the analysis, an opportunity to expand its provisions in order to overcome its possible shortcomings and to comply with the most recent developments of international criminal justice. Such conclusion would enable to relaunch the role of the Italian legal system in the international criminal justice system and make its legislative intervention, as well as its future jurisprudential applications, a model on the international scene.
Gemählich, Matthias. ""Notre combat pour la paix" : la France et le procès de Nuremberg 1945/46." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01H075.
Full textThe dissertation examines the French contribution to the Trial of the Major German War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal (IMT) at Nuremberg in 1945/46 in its political and judicial dimension
Hassan, Kamal. "Le statut des tribunaux ad hoc en droit international pénal." Thesis, Tours, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOUR1005/document.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis is to examine the ad hoc tribunals by analysing their definition in international public law, their founding legal principles, their jurisdiction over international crimes and their goals to determine wether there is a common international status for these tribunals.The implementation of the first ad hoc tribunals on the international stage after World War II, the IMT of Nuremberg and Tokyo, was due to the inability or unwillingness of the internal judicial system in the countries concerned to bring the perpetrators of war crimes to justice.Subsequently, nine ad hoc tribunals were established (either unilaterally by the Security Council or through an international agreement) with a view to prosecute the most monstrous crimes, such as crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes. In this respect, we can say that the ad hoc tribunals benefit from all the mechanisms required to be efficient, such as individual criminal responsibility, primacy over nation courts and the obligation of States to cooperate,and they have succeeded to achieve the purpose of justice.However, in addition to their natural function to ensure justice, these tribunals had been given a further aim : to achieve international peace and security. They were not able to achieve this aim, because a legal body cannot reach a goal whose motives are political.After studying the status of the ad hoc tribunals and thus necessarily analysing all the texts which organise the function of these tribunals, we are in a position to confirm that the ad hoc tribunals will not be replaced by other judicial bodies, such as transitional justice or universal jurisdiction.Moreover, despite the entry into force of the ICC as a permanent court in 2002, new ad hoc tribunals will be established. Their status could be based on the common status and on our proposals
Devouèze, Nelly. "Le droit à l'intégrité physique et mentale dans la jurisprudence internationale pénale." Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05D008.
Full textThe roots of international criminal law may be found in the individual criminal liability of the major criminals of the Second World War. The Nuremberg and Tokyo International Military Tribunals were followed in the 1990's by the two ad hoc Tribunals for Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, created by the United Nations Security Council, and then in 1998 by an independant and permanent tribunal with a universal vocation : the International Criminal Court. Among the underlying acts of war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide, a leitmotif stands out : physical and mental integrity. Without a uniform definition in national legal systems, this notion is defined on the basis of statutory provisions and becomes clear in the international criminal tribunals' case law. Establishing an autonomous right to physical and mental integrity in terms of genocide and war crimes, the case law of ad hoc tribunals alsouses the notion to complete the liste of underlying acts of crimes against humanity and to define some other crimes. Chambers are also protecting this integrity without any incrimination. Because beyond physical and mental integrity of victimes, arises the question of the physical and mental integrity of other actors of conflicts and proceedings : soldiers, humanitarian workers, witnesses and accused.Studying the right to physical and mental integrity in international criminal case law uncovers the emergence of a right unknown to national legal systems as such. This right raises questions of legal certainty as much as demonstrates the autonomy of international criminal law
Kulali, Yeliz. "Le noyau dur des crimes internationaux (core international crimes) commis envers les individus, particulièrement contre les membres des minorités : l'une des variables de l'essor du nouveau système international." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAA019.
Full textCrimes against humanity, crimes against peace, war crimes and genocide constitute the hard core of most threatful acts to human and international security. They have been codified through the statutes of international criminal tribunals. Transnational crimes or treaty crimes are not codified in these statutes or they are narrowly codified. Examples of such crimes include the apartheid, torture, slavery, maritime piracy, and terrorism. According to the rules of international system transformation as defined by Morton Kaplan, one variable of the international system entails transformations and plays a role in the emergence of international systems. In this study, the hard core of international crimes is considered as one of the variables of the system. Thus, the bipolar system (1945-1991), the new world order (1991- 2001) and the new system after September 11 attacks are analysed. International Tribunals such as Nuremberg, Tokyo, for the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda and the International Penal Court constitute case studies
Mahony, Christopher. "International crimes prosecution case selection : the ICC, ICTR, and SCSL." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a390aead-46cb-42bb-baa7-431540692d9d.
Full textWilliams, Meagan Meernik James David. "Judicial creativity or justice being served ? a look at the use of joint criminal enterprise in the ICTY prosecution /." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2008. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-9721.
Full textPompéo, Wagner Augusto Hundertmarck. "GUERRA AO TERROR E TERROR À GUERRA: POLÍTICAS E PRÁTICAS ANTITERROR, LIBERDADE E O FUTURO DAS TIC S." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2015. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/6384.
Full textA presente dissertação tem por escopo analisar o escrutínio de informações e comunicações praticado por atores públicos e privados em tempos de guerra ao terror . O problema de pesquisa se resume a pensar como é possível responsabilizar esses atores Estados-Nação e empresas do setor privado que, usando das facilidades técnicas proporcionadas pelas novas tecnologias de informação e comunicação, no contexto da internacionalização do direito, violam direitos humanos sob a justificativa de constituírem estratégias de políticas e práticas antiterror. No que diz respeito à metodologia, a pesquisa se classifica como fenomenológico-hermenêutica, procedendo-se com a análise crítica do Tribunal Penal Internacional e os Sistemas Regionais de Justiça, revisão e análises bibliográficas, no sentido de diagnosticar por que as políticas de guerra ao terror acabaram por se transvestir no antagônico sentimento de terror à guerra . Como efeito, a migração de um extremo a outro, ao que se concluiu, deriva especialmente das ações de violação praticadas pelos Estados Unidos da América e sua Agência Nacional de Segurança (NSA), que se valendo da pseudo-justificativa de guerra ao terror, violaram as comunicações de muitos cidadãos e chefes de Estado, inclusive os de potências aliadas. Em razão disso, bem como pelas demais críticas que, desde sua criação, ostenta o Tribunal Penal Internacional, acusado de ser um órgão eminentemente político, do ponto de vista de suas decisões, inefetivo, se analisada a ausência de elementos coercitivos ao cumprimento de suas determinações, e mesmo a falta de respostas adequadas a questões como de interesse global o terrorismo, tráfico de drogas e as novas formas de violação de direitos por meio da rede de computadores, por exemplo , é que se propõe a revisão do Estatuto de Roma para o fim de, senão criar novas espécies de tipos penais, ao menos autonomizar o conceito de crimes contra a humanidade de ações de violência típica. A política de guerra ao terror tem provado que alguns direitos humanos, tais qual o direito a comunicação e expressão e mesmo o direito à privacidade, também são passíveis de sofrerem restrições não violentas. Portanto, é fundamental que se promova o alargamento do conceito de crimes contra a humanidade enquanto categoria jurídica, para o fim de englobar também as violações ocorridas de maneira clandestina ou a paisana, diuturnamente executadas por atores tais como os Estados-Nação e mesmo empresas como Facebook e Google, que exploram, respectivamente, o mercado de redes sociais e de provedores de pesquisa, ou a VASTec, AT&T e Amesys, especializadas na interceptação de comunicações em massa.
Diop, Mamadou Falilou. "Essai de construction de poursuites d’auteurs de crimes internationaux à travers les mécanismes nationaux et régionaux." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM1066.
Full textInternational crimes constitute offences whose dramatic consequences affect the international community as a whole. This international community has committed itself to prosecute alleged perpetrators of these crimes through various legal mechanisms created by international criminal justice. The States are primarily responsible for ensuring the effective implementation of international criminal law. Consequently, when alleged perpetrators of international crimes are on the territory or under the jurisdiction of a given State, national authorities must prosecute them in their own national courts or extradite them to others States or international criminal courts when necessary. Since the Second World War, some States implement these international obligations by prosecuting international criminals. The national prosecution of international crimes faces many barriers related most of the time to a lack of financial resources or political will. This can also result from the inadequacy of some national legal systems, realpolitik, the need to safeguard inter-state relations... In addition to this, a supranational body compelling States to respect their international obligations to prosecute international crimes has not yet been created. Therefore, the legal involvement of regional human rights courts in the implementation of national prosecution of international crimes is necessary. This is the consequence of international requirements related to the pursuit of international criminals reminding the States of their legal duties
La, Rosa Aurélie. "Le concept d'enfant soldat et la Cour Pénale Internationale." Thesis, Lille 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL20006.
Full textSince the end of the 20th century, the eyes of the international community have been focused on the utilization of child soldier in armed conflicts. The proliferation of small arms and light weapons, of poverty, and especially of non international armed conflicts, are crucial factors underlying the phenomenon. Numerous rights of the child protection instruments plan the ban on recruiting and using children as soldiers in hostilities. Despite the normative gaps that emerge, regarding in particular the hiring age of the child soldier, important efforts have been provided by the whole international community. These efforts are going to be completed by the International Criminal Court, in particular with the Thomas Lubanga case, first person brought before the Court, under the unique charge of war crime, namely enlisting or conscripting children under the age of fifteen years, and using them to participate actively in hostilities. This first historical verdict sets up a novel and founding case law regarding war crimes of enlistment and use of child soldiers, which legacy may make other proceedings easier on a national level. If the child soldier appears as a victim, he is also a player in hostilities. When dealing with the child soldier phenomenon, a confusion is quite often made between two antonyms : victim and executioner. How does the international law treat the criminal liability of the child soldier ? Are we witnessing the generalization of a status or, at least, a common denominator ?
ZARINECHI, Farisa. "An Analysis : The legitimacy of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and its subject-matter jurisdiction : an analysis." Doctoral thesis, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5618.
Full textKuner, Janosch O. A. "The war crimes trial against german industrialis riedrich flick et al - a legal analysis and critical evaluation." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3442.
Full textMagister Legum - LLM
Ntamulenga, Christian Kabati. "The ICC's jurisdictional limitations and the impunity for war crimes in the DRC : a plea for the establishment of a special criminal tribunal." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/9822.
Full textThesis (LL.M.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2012.
Whyte, Angela C. "Placing blame or finding peace: a qualitative analysis of the legal response to rape as a war crime in the former Yugoslavia." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/94.
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Agbor, Avitas A. "Instigation to commit crimes against humanity under Article 6(1) of the Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: a critique of the jurisprudence of the Trial and Appeal Chambers." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/12623.
Full textWibabara, Charity. "The relationship between national and international jurisdiction for ‘core crimes’ under international law-a critical analysis." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3422.
Full textWith regard to the establishment of legislative frameworks for investigating and prosecuting genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes at both national and international level, a number of pertinent issues come up concerning the Court which should have primacy to deal with a particular case. States have had a variety of options at their disposal, such as complementarity, exclusivity, subsidiarity and concurrent jurisdiction principles. As a rule, these experiences find their limits in the full criminalisation of conduct that is also punishable before the international criminal tribunals under international law, ignoring the fact that international law does not provide definite guidance with respect to a number of questions in relation to interaction between national and international jurisdiction vis-à-vis the ‘core crimes.’ In addition,a considerable increase in the content of international law and divergences in various legal systems in criminal law, both general and special, since the end of World War II, influence the effective prosecution of ‘core crimes.’ Against this background; this work is organised into five chapters. Chapter one gives a general introduction and background to the study. Chapter two will set out the present international legal framework governing the prosecution of ‘core crimes’ in national courts and a description of the relevant practice in various states. Chapter three will examine critically the jurisdiction and overlaps of the international courts and ad hoc tribunals,along with the corresponding models of international criminal justice of exclusivity, subsidiarity, complimentarity and concurrent jurisdiction. Chapter four seeks to discuss the optimal relationship based on interactions between national and international jurisdictions. It will also include the merits and limits of both jurisdictions, basing on existing precedents and legislation.Finally, Chapter five contains a summary of conclusions drawn from the whole study and winds up with a set of recommendations.
Ivanovic, Lidija. "The development of joint criminal enterprise and command responsibility by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/10845.
Full textKohout, David. "Právněhistorické aspekty trestání nacistických zločinců na pozadí procesu s Adolfem Eichmannem." Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-327184.
Full textFitzgerald, Kyla. "An unjust execution: a case study of Inouye Kanao, the Kamloops Kid." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/12073.
Full textGraduate
Starczewska, Katarzyna. "Międzynarodowy Trybunał Wojskowy dla Dalekiego Wschodu." Praca dyplomowa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11315/26048.
Full textThe International Military Tribunal for the Far East, also known as a Tokyo Tribunal, was the second institution of its kind in the world, established in order to bring to justice the most important representatives of the Empire of Japan for starting the Second World War in the Far East and for the war crimes committed in its duration. It was the first time in history when for the breaches of the international law, formally being the acts of a nation, the responsibility was placed on country’s leaders. Despite the importance of Tokyo Tribunal for the international criminal law and the still visible consequences of the 1948 judgement, it is recalled merely as an appendix to the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg. Grave issues concerning the procedure, linguistic problems, different aims of the eleven world powers represented in Japan and the charges of retroactivity set the stage for criticism of the trial in Tokyo, labelling it as an example of “victors’ justice”.
Dudáš, Michal. "Generál prof. JUDr. Bohuslav Ečer." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-343211.
Full textMendel, Wojciech. "Odpowiedzialność karna żołnierzy za przestępstwa popełnione podczas użycia Sił Zbrojnych Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej poza granicami państwa." Doctoral thesis, 2019. https://depotuw.ceon.pl/handle/item/3297.
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