Journal articles: 'WALNUT/PISTACHIO SHELLS'

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Jeníček, Lukáš, Barbora Tunklová, Jan Malaťák, Jan Velebil, Jitka Malaťáková, Michal Neškudla, and František Hnilička. "The Impact of Nutshell Biochar on the Environment as an Alternative Fuel or as a Soil Amendment." Materials 16, no. 5 (March 3, 2023): 2074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16052074.

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Walnut, pistachio, and peanut nutshells were treated by pyrolysis to biochar and analyzed for their possible usage as fuels or soil fertilizers. All the samples were pyrolyzed to five different temperatures, i.e., 250 °C, 300 °C, 350 °C, 450 °C, and 550 °C. Proximate and elemental analyses were carried out for all the samples, as well as calorific value and stoichiometric analysis. For sample usage as a soil amendment, phytotoxicity testing was performed and the content of phenolics, flavonoids, tannin, juglone, and antioxidant activity were determined. To characterize the chemical composition of walnut, pistachio, and peanut shells, lignin, cellulose, holocellulose, hemicellulose, and extractives were determined. As a result, it was found that walnut shells and pistachio shells are best pyrolyzed at the temperature of 300 °C and peanut shells at the temperature of 550 °C for their use as alternative fuels. The highest measured net calorific value was in pistachio shells, which were biochar pyrolyzed at 550 °C, of 31.35 MJ kg−1. On the other hand, walnut biochar pyrolyzed at 550 °C had the highest ash share of 10.12% wt. For their use as soil fertilizers, peanut shells were the most suitable when pyrolyzed at 300 °C, walnut shells at 300 and 350 °C, and pistachio shells at 350 °C.

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Xiao, Nannan, Martin Felhofer, Sebastian J. Antreich, Jessica C. Huss, Konrad Mayer, Adya Singh, Peter Bock, and Notburga Gierlinger. "Twist and lock: nutshell structures for high strength and energy absorption." Royal Society Open Science 8, no. 8 (August 2021): 210399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.210399.

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Nutshells achieve remarkable properties by optimizing structure and chemistry at different hierarchical levels. Probing nutshells from the cellular down to the nano- and molecular level by microchemical and nanomechanical imaging techniques reveals insights into nature's packing concepts. In walnut and pistachio shells, carbohydrate and lignin polymers assemble to form thick-walled puzzle cells, which interlock three-dimensionally and show high tissue strength. Pistachio additionally achieves high-energy absorption by numerous lobes interconnected via ball-joint-like structures. By contrast, the three times more lignified walnut shells show brittle LEGO-brick failure, often along the numerous pit channels. In both species, cell walls (CWs) show distinct lamellar structures. These lamellae involve a helicoidal arrangement of cellulose macrofibrils as a recurring motif. Between the two nutshell species, these lamellae show differences in thickness and pitch angle, which can explain the different mechanical properties on the nanolevel. Our in-depth study of the two nutshell tissues highlights the role of cell form and their interlocking as well as plant CW composition and structure for mechanical protection. Understanding these plant shell concepts might inspire biomimetic material developments as well as using walnut and pistachio shell waste as sustainable raw material in future applications.

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Ahmad Ghedan Ahmad and Adnan Raad Ahmed. "study of some mechanical and thermal properties for a composite material of a polymeric basis reinforced by natural material shells." Tikrit Journal of Pure Science 25, no. 4 (August 2, 2020): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjps.v25i4.272.

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This study includes the possibility of using the agricultural residues shell (walnut and pistachio) as a filler in epoxy resins as an alternative to wood and plastic based ingredients. specimens of composite materials were prepared by using hand lay-up method .These specimens were represented by two groups of composite materials that consist of epoxy resin as a material matrix reinforced with walnut shell powder once, and pistachio shell powder again with different weight ratios (11%, 15% and 19%). Mechanical tests (impact, hardness, bending) and some physical tests (thermal conductivity, absorption) were carried out. All the results were done at the temperature of the lab. The results of the specimens tests prepared showed an improvement in the impact strength when adding the minutes of the pistachio shell by ratio 15% where it reached (12.9 KJ/m2), while it saw a decrease in the composite reinforced by walnut shell powder at the same ratio (6.3 KJ/m2), The hardness of the composites also improved at the addition ratio 19% where it reached (83.2 N/m2) in the composites reinforced by the minutes of the walnut shell and (81.9 N/m2) in the composites reinforced by minutes of pistachio shell, Bending resistance also increased to the highest value at the addition ratio 19% to (56.82 N/mm2) in the composites reinforced by the minutes of the walnut shell and (54.4 N/mm2) in the composites reinforced by the minutes of the pistachio shell..On the other hand, physical measurement showed a slight increase in the values of thermal conductivity and absorption. The results indicate that the composite material reinforced with pistachio shell powder have higher values in impact, bending and thermal conductivity tests and lower values for hardness and water absorption tests when compared with composite material reinforced with walnut shell powder.

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Cho, C. H., M. Hatsu, and K. Takamizawa. "The production of D-xylose by enzymatic hydrolysis of agricultural wastes." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 12 (June 1, 2002): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0414.

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Agricultural wastes, rich in D-xylose content, were hydrolyzed using the mixed crude enzymes produced by Penicillium sp. AHT-1 and Rhizomucor pusillus HHT-1. Shells of pistachio, peanut, walnut, chestnut, barley brans and sunflower seed peels, were used as raw or pretreated forms. Pretreatment was performed by milling or steam explosion. Enzymatic hydrolysis after steam explosion was more effective than milling processing. More than 13 g of D-xylose was produced from 100 g of milled pistachio shells, walnut shells, sunflower seed peels and peanut shells (less than 0.5 mm size) by the action of mixed enzyme solutions. A maximum of 36 g of D-xylose was produced from 100 g of milled pistachio shells when mixed enzyme solution, containing 3,000 U and 33 U per g of substrate with xylanase and β-xyosidase activities, respectively, was applied. The ratio of the enzymatic hydrolysis as compared to acid hydrolysis in this finding was 100%.

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Kuśmierek, Krzysztof, and Andrzej Świątkowski. "Removal of chlorophenols from aqueous solutions by sorption onto walnut, pistachio and hazelnut shells." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 17, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjct-2015-0005.

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Abstract The efficiency of walnut, pistachio and hazelnut shells to remove three monochlorophenols (2-CP, 3-CP and 4-CP) from aqueous solutions has been investigated. To describe the kinetic data pseudo-first and pseudo-second order models were used. The kinetics data were fitted better into the pseudo-second order model with the coefficient of determination values greater than 0.99. The k2 values increased in the order 4-CP < 3-CP < 2-CP. Sorption was also analyzed as a function of solution concentration at equilibrium. The experimental data received were found to be well described by the Freundlich isotherm equation. Effectiveness of chlorophenols removal from water on the walnut, pistachio and hazelnut shells was comparable. Individual differences in sorption of monochlorophenols were also negligible.

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Noszczyk, Tomasz, Arkadiusz Dyjakon, and Jacek A. Koziel. "Kinetic Parameters of Nut Shells Pyrolysis." Energies 14, no. 3 (January 28, 2021): 682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030682.

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The European Union created a European Green Deal Program (EGDP). This program aims at a sustainable economy through the transformation of the challenges related to climate and the environment. The main goal of EGDP is climate neutrality by 2050. The increase of alternative biomass residues utilization from various food processing industries and cooperation in the energy and waste management sector is required to meet these expectations. Nut shells are one of the lesser-known, yet promising, materials that can be used as an alternative fuel or a pre-treated product to further applications. However, from a thermal conversion point of view, it is important to know the energy properties and kinetic parameters of the considered biowaste. In this study, the energy and kinetic parameters of walnut, hazelnut, peanut, and pistachio shells were investigated. The results showed that raw nut shells are characterized by useful properties such as higher heating value (HHV) at 17.8–19.7 MJ∙kg−1 and moisture content of 4.32–9.56%. After the thermal treatment of nut shells (torrefaction, pyrolysis), the HHV significantly increased up to ca. 30 MJ∙kg−1. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) applying three different heating rates (β; 5, 10, and 20 °C∙min−1) was performed. The kinetic parameters were determined using the isothermal model-fitting method developed by Coats–Redfern. The activation energy (Ea) estimated for β = 5 °C∙min−1, was, e.g., 60.3 kJ∙mol−1∙K−1 for walnut, 59.3 kJ∙mol−1∙K−1 for hazelnut, 53.4 kJ∙mol−1∙K−1 for peanut, and 103.8 kJ∙mol−1∙K−1 for pistachio, respectively. Moreover, the increase in the Ea of nut shells was observed with increasing the β. In addition, significant differences in the kinetic parameters of the biomass residues from the same waste group were observed. Thus, characterization of specific nut shell residues is recommended for improved modeling of thermal processes and designing of bioreactors for thermal waste treatment.

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Nitu, Silvia Andreea, Nicoleta Sporea, Radu Iatan, Ion Durbaca, Ovidiu Vasile, and Gheorghe Cosmin Ciocoiu. "Research on Obtaining Biocomposite Structures with Sound Absorbing Properties." Materiale Plastice 59, no. 1 (April 5, 2022): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.22.1.5566.

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The paper addresses the methodology for obtaining biocomposite structures from waste, with sound-absorbing properties, such as: thuja shells, walnut shells, pistachio shells, beech sawdust, pumpkin seeds shells and sunflower seeds shells. The experimental analysis carried out considers the study of the sound-absorbing properties held by the proposed new biocomposite materials, by determining the value of the sound absorption coefficient, reflection coefficient, impedance ratio, using the Kundt tube. The interpretation of the results obtained from the evaluation of biocomposites shows that they have sound-absorbing properties. Consequently, sound-absorbing panels with soundproofing properties can be made from these materials, which can be used in industry, transportation, construction, etc. as well as for decorative purposes in spaces such as cinemas, malls, spas, etc.

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Trnka, Juraj, Nikola Čajová Kantová, Michal Holubčík, Alexander Čaja, Tomáš Najser, and Jan Najser. "Comparison of energy properties of pellets from shells of different nut species." BioResources 18, no. 1 (January 31, 2023): 2137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.18.1.2137-2145.

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Bio-waste is a source of energy-rich material. Therefore, it can be used in further processes and efficiently utilized. Further processes of waste utilization include compressing them to pellets. However, this type of pellet often has a low bulk density, high ash content, low ash melting temperature, and low calorific value. This research dealt with the energy properties of peanut and pistachio nut shells that were pure or mixed with spruce sawdust in half proportion and compressed into pellets. As a continuation of previous research, the properties of these pellets prepared were measured and compared with pure spruce pellets and with pellets from walnut shells. The tested shell pellets had calorific values similar to wood pellets from spruce. However, mixing nut shells with spruce solved the problems of high ash content and low ash melting temperatures. The amount of wood present in the pellets resulted in increased ash melting temperatures and decreased the ash content.

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Dias, Mariana, João Pinto, Bruno Henriques, Paula Figueira, Elaine Fabre, Daniela Tavares, Carlos Vale, and Eduarda Pereira. "Nutshells as Efficient Biosorbents to Remove Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury from Contaminated Solutions." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4 (February 7, 2021): 1580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041580.

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The release of potentially toxic elements into the environment, and their effects on aquatic ecosystems still present a real threat. To avoid such contamination, the use of biological sorbents as an alternative to conventional and expensive water remediation techniques has been proposed. The present study evaluated the potential of 0.5 g L−1 of peanut, hazelnut, pistachio, walnut, and almond shells to remove the requisite concentrations of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg) from contaminated water. Hazelnut shells were identified as the sorbent with the highest potential and were evaluated in mono- and multi-contaminated mineral water. The influence of sorbent-intrinsic and solution-intrinsic characteristics were assessed. Differences among sorbents were attributed to varying percentages of their main components: cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Matrix complexity increase caused a decrease in Cd removal, presumably due to the diminution in electrostatic interaction, and complexation with anions such as Cl−. When simultaneously present in the solution, contaminants competed, with Pb showing higher affinity to the sorbent than Hg. High efficiencies (>90%) obtained for hazelnut shells for all elements in ultrapure water and for Pb and Hg in mineral water) reveals the high potential of this low-cost and abundant waste for use in the remediation of contaminated waters (circular economy).

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Ionita, Daniela, Mariana Cristea, Susana Felicia Cosmulescu, Georgeta Predeanu, Valeria Harabagiu, and Petrisor Samoila. "Thermal and Viscoelastic Responses of Selected Lignocellulosic Wastes: Similarities and Differences." Polymers 15, no. 9 (April 28, 2023): 2100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15092100.

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Woody lignocellulosic biomasses comprise the non-edible parts of fruit trees. In recent years, the exploitation of this biomass has been widening in order to mitigate environmental issues. At the same time, this waste could be transformed into a value-added product (active carbon by pyrolysis, isolation of nanocellulose, oils or proteins). For either valorization path, a complete thermo-mechanical characterization is required. A detailed thermo-mechanical study (TGA, DSC, DMA) was performed on two types of lignocellulosic wastes, with and without kernels: on one side, the walnut shells (WS) and the pistachio shells (PsS) and, in the second category, the apricot seeds (AS), the date seeds (DS), and the plum seeds (PS). The results of the sample-controlled thermal analyses (HiRes TGA) evidenced a better resolution of the degradation steps of WS. Kinetic studies conducted also by conventional TGA (Flynn–Wall–Ozawa) and modulated TGA (MTGA) allowed us to make comparative reasonings concerning the degradation of the investigated biomasses. The DMA results revealed the effect of water traces and oil kernels on relaxation and supported the atypical DSC endotherm emphasized in the freezing temperature domain.

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Kazimierski, Paweł, Katarzyna Januszewicz, Wojciech Godlewski, Aleksander Fijuk, Tomasz Suchocki, Patryk Chaja, Beata Barczak, and Dariusz Kardaś. "The Course and the Effects of Agricultural Biomass Pyrolysis in the Production of High-Calorific Biochar." Materials 15, no. 3 (January 28, 2022): 1038. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15031038.

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The thermal pyrolysis of agriculture biomass has been studied in a fixed-bed reactor, where the pyrolysis was conducted at a steady temperature of 800 °C. This work analyses the pyrolysis products of six agricultural wastes: pistachio husks, walnut husks, sunflower hulls, buckwheat husks, corncobs and coconut shells. The conducted research compared examples of large waste biomass streams from different parts of the world as a potential source of renewable energy. Additionally, the kinetics of the reaction with the activation energy were analyzed and calculated for all raw materials in pyrolysis process. Biochars are characterised by higher combustion heat in comparison to the raw material samples. The average value of the heat of combustion increased due to pyrolysis process from 10 MJ/kg, with minimal value of 2.7 MJ/kg (corncob) and maximum of 13.0 MJ/kg for coconut, which is also characterised by the maximal absolute combustion heating value (32.3 MJ/kg). The increase in calorific values varied from 15% to 172% (with 54% reference for wood chips), which indicates that charring is an effective method for increasing the energy concentration. The obtained biochar were compared with wood chips, which are widely used solid fuel of organic origin. The studied biomass-derived fuels are characterised by lower ash contribution than wood. An analogous observation was made for the obtained biochars, whose ash contribution was lower than for the chips in terms of both unit-mass and unit-combustion-heat. The main advantage of this method is the production of solid fuel from biomass, which increases the calorific value and bulk density of biochar in comparison to raw material.

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LITTLE, C. L., W. JEMMOTT, S. SURMAN-LEE, L. HUCKLESBY, and E. de PINNA. "Assessment of the Microbiological Safety of Edible Roasted Nut Kernels on Retail Sale in England, with a Focus on Salmonella." Journal of Food Protection 72, no. 4 (April 1, 2009): 853–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-72.4.853.

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There is little published information on the prevalence of Salmonella in edible nut kernels. A study in early 2008 of edible roasted nut kernels on retail sale in England was undertaken to assess the microbiological safety of this product. A total of 727 nut kernel samples of different varieties were examined. Overall, Salmonella and Escherichia coli were detected from 0.2 and 0.4% of edible roasted nut kernels. Of the nut varieties examined, Salmonella Havana was detected from 1 (4.0%) sample of pistachio nuts, indicating a risk to health. The United Kingdom Food Standards Agency was immediately informed, and full investigations were undertaken. Further examination established the contamination to be associated with the pistachio kernels and not the partly opened shells. Salmonella was not detected in other varieties tested (almonds, Brazils, cashews, hazelnuts, macadamia, peanuts, pecans, pine nuts, and walnuts). E. coli was found at low levels (range of 3.6 to 4/g) in walnuts (1.4%), almonds (1.2%), and Brazils (0.5%). The presence of Salmonella is unacceptable in edible nut kernels. Prevention of microbial contamination in these products lies in the application of good agricultural, manufacturing, and storage practices together with a hazard analysis and critical control points system that encompass all stages of production, processing, and distribution.

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Sarraj, Sara, Małgorzata Szymiczek, Tomasz Machoczek, and Maciej Mrówka. "Evaluation of the Impact of Organic Fillers on Selected Properties of Organosilicon Polymer." Polymers 13, no. 7 (March 30, 2021): 1103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13071103.

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Eco-friendly composites are proposed to substitute commonly available polymers. Currently, wood–plastic composites and natural fiber-reinforced composites are gaining growing recognition in the industry, being mostly on the thermoplastic matrix. However, little data are available about the possibility of producing biocomposites on a silicone matrix. This study focused on assessing selected organic fillers’ impact (ground coffee waste (GCW), walnut shell (WS), brewers’ spent grains (BSG), pistachio shell (PS), and chestnut (CH)) on the physicochemical and mechanical properties of silicone-based materials. Density, hardness, rebound resilience, and static tensile strength of the obtained composites were tested, as well as the effect of accelerated aging under artificial seawater conditions. The results revealed changes in the material’s properties (minimal density changes, hardness variation, overall decreasing resilience, and decreased tensile strength properties). The aging test revealed certain bioactivities of the obtained composites. The degree of material degradation was assessed on the basis of the strength characteristics and visual observation. The investigation carried out indicated the impact of the filler’s type, chemical composition, and grain size on the obtained materials’ properties and shed light on the possibility of acquiring ecological silicone-based materials.

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Karatas, Hakan, and Fehmi Akgun. "Experimental results of gasification of walnut shell and pistachio shell in a bubbling fluidized bed gasifier under air and steam atmospheres." Fuel 214 (February 2018): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.10.061.

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Hashemian, Saeedeh. "A Comparative Study of Cellulose Agricultural Wastes (Almond Shell, Pistachio Shell, Walnut Shell, Tea Waste And Orange Peel) for Adsorption of Violet B Dye from Aqueous Solutions." Oriental Journal of Chemistry 30, no. 4 (December 31, 2014): 2091–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/300478.

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Kazemipour, Maryam, Mehdi Ansari, Shabnam Tajrobehkar, Majdeh Majdzadeh, and Hamed Reihani Kermani. "Removal of lead, cadmium, zinc, and copper from industrial wastewater by carbon developed from walnut, hazelnut, almond, pistachio shell, and apricot stone." Journal of Hazardous Materials 150, no. 2 (January 31, 2008): 322–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.04.118.

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Jalilvand, Hossein, Farzaneh Feyzi, and Mohammad Reza Dehghani. "Adsorption of dimethyl sulfide from model fuel on raw and modified activated carbon from walnut and pistachio shell origins: Kinetic and thermodynamic study." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 593 (May 2020): 124620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.124620.

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Chaudhary, Sudhir, Sandeep Gairola, and Hitesh Sharma. "Influence of the fruit waste fillers on the thermal, mechanical, and morphological properties of flax/epoxy composites." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications, August 3, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14644207231192474.

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In the present research endeavor, the waste shells of pistachio and walnut have been used in the form of fillers to develop hybrid flax epoxy composites. The effect of hybridization on the developed composites was studied in terms of thermal, mechanical, and morphological properties. The properties like tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength, flexural modulus, impact strength, and shore hardness were evaluated to ascertain the mechanical behavior. The thermogravimetric analysis of the composites was also performed in order to determine the thermal stability of the developed composites. The results revealed that pistachio shell filler-based flax/epoxy composites showed improved tensile strength and tensile modulus by over 73.26% and 42.53% in comparison to the control specimen. The walnut shell filler-based flax/epoxy composites also exhibited improved tensile strength and tensile modulus by 66.41% and 17.1% compared to the control specimen. Whereas, the hybrid filler-based flax/epoxy composites were found to be thermally more stable. The fractography of the developed composites was also studied using scanning electron microscope which revealed good filler distribution in the epoxy matrix.

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Januszewicz, Katarzyna, Paweł Kazimierski, Anita Cymann-Sachajdak, Paulina Hercel, Beata Barczak, Monika Wilamowska-Zawłocka, Dariusz Kardaś, and Justyna Łuczak. "Conversion of waste biomass to designed and tailored activated chars with valuable properties for adsorption and electrochemical applications." Environmental Science and Pollution Research, August 16, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-28824-y.

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AbstractWaste biomass, a renewable energy source, is inexpensive material that has great potential in sorption and electrochemical application. The selected waste materials (corncobs, coconut shells, walnuts, and pistachio husks) allow to close the production cycle and enable material recycling, which are important aspects in the hierarchy of waste management. The proposed methodology for production and activation of biochars can be used industrially due to highly porous structure, developed surface area, and sorption ability of the obtained activated carbons (AC). A significant increase (from 4 up to more than 10 times) in specific surface area (SSA) is observed for all samples after the CO2 activation process (0.5 h at 800 °C) up to 725 m2 g−1 for corncobs, 534.9 m2 g−1 for pistachio husks, 523 m2 g−1 for coconut shells, and 393 m2 g−1 for walnut husks. The highest value of SSA is achieved for the AC derived from corncobs. This material is evaluated for use as an adsorbent, revealing 99% removal of Rhodamine B (dye/AC ratio of 0.0017) and 69% removal of chromium (dye/AC ratio of 0.0028). Based on the adsorption kinetics analysis, it is demonstrated that the Cr(VI) undergoes physical adsorption, while RhB undergoes chemisorption. In addition, corncob-derived AC exhibits superior electrochemical performance in 6 M KOH compared to the nonactivated biochar. A specific capacitance of 70 F g−1 at 5 A g−1 is achieved, along with outstanding rate capability (45 F g−1 at 50 A g−1) and cycling stability (94% at 10 A g−1 after 10,000 cycles). In contrast, the nonactivated sample shows only 34 F g−1 at 5 A g−1 and 13 F g−1 at 50 A g−1, with a stability of 91.4%.

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"Study about efficiency of Nitrate removal from water by activated carbon prepared by pistachio, walnut and almond shells." International Journal of Biosciences (IJB) 6, no. 2 (January 28, 2015): 375–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.12692/ijb/6.2.375-379.

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Blasi, Davide, Davide Mesto, Pietro Cotugno, Cosima D. Calvano, Marco Lo Presti, and Gianluca M. Farinola. "Revealing the effects of the ball milling pretreatment on the ethanosolv fractionation of lignin from walnut and pistachio shells." Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, November 11, 2022, 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17518253.2022.2143244.

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ŻELAZIŃSKI, Tomasz, Adam EKIELSKI, Karol DURCZAK, and Magdalena MORAWSKA. "STUDY ON BIODEGRADABLE MATERIALS FROM THERMOPLASTIC STARCH WITH THE ADDITION OF NUTS SHELL." INMATEH Agricultural Engineering, August 17, 2023, 201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.35633/inmateh-70-20.

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The paper presents the results of research on film biocomposites made of thermoplastic starch (TPS) and various types of nut shells. The research involved the use of thermally treated nut shells: hazelnuts, pistachios, walnuts and peanuts. TPS biocomposites were produced by the pour method using non-adherent moulds. The obtained samples were used to test the basic physical properties used in testing biodegradable materials. The following parameters were determined: mechanical strength, colour and colour difference, water contact angle, moisture absorption from water and atmospheric air. Images of biocomposite fractures were also taken using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). It was found that the addition of nut shells enabled the production of homogeneous materials and contributed to the improvement of their strength parameters. The research showed that nut shells can be a prospective raw material for the production of innovative biodegradable materials.

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ERDEMİR, Fulya, and Murat Tolga ÖZKAN. "Meyve Kabuğu tozları Takviyeli Ahşap Plastik Kompozit (APK) Malzemelerin Mekanik Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi ve I-Tipi Snap-Fit Modeli için Örnek Çalışma." Journal of Polytechnic, February 10, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.1230901.

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High quality material production has been among the work of many researchers in recent years. These materials, which are obtained mostly by the production of composite materials, enable the production of lighter, more durable and less costly products. Increasing environmental pollution in recent years, protection of natural resources and ensuring recycling have increased the importance of wood plastic composite material production. In this study, wood plastic composite material was obtained by using ABS (Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) plastic material and six different fruit shell powders (walnut, pistachio, peanut, almond, hazelnut and apricot shell). The mechanical properties of the obtained composite material were determined and its effect on the I type snap-fits was analyzed in ANSYS software. When the resulting composite material's mechanical properties were tested, it was found that the density and tensile strength decreased while the Vicat softening point value and melt flow rate increased. In the analysis performed using the ANSYS software, it was found that the composite I type snap-fit design of the same size can resist 12.6% N less force when the material is subjected to its maximum values when it achieves the elongation at break value.

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Journal articles on the topic 'WALNUT/PISTACHIO SHELLS'

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