Academic literature on the topic 'WALNUT/PISTACHIO SHELLS'
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Journal articles on the topic "WALNUT/PISTACHIO SHELLS"
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Jeníček, Lukáš, Barbora Tunklová, Jan Malaťák, Jan Velebil, Jitka Malaťáková, Michal Neškudla, and František Hnilička. "The Impact of Nutshell Biochar on the Environment as an Alternative Fuel or as a Soil Amendment." Materials 16, no. 5 (March 3, 2023): 2074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16052074.
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Walnut, pistachio, and peanut nutshells were treated by pyrolysis to biochar and analyzed for their possible usage as fuels or soil fertilizers. All the samples were pyrolyzed to five different temperatures, i.e., 250 °C, 300 °C, 350 °C, 450 °C, and 550 °C. Proximate and elemental analyses were carried out for all the samples, as well as calorific value and stoichiometric analysis. For sample usage as a soil amendment, phytotoxicity testing was performed and the content of phenolics, flavonoids, tannin, juglone, and antioxidant activity were determined. To characterize the chemical composition of walnut, pistachio, and peanut shells, lignin, cellulose, holocellulose, hemicellulose, and extractives were determined. As a result, it was found that walnut shells and pistachio shells are best pyrolyzed at the temperature of 300 °C and peanut shells at the temperature of 550 °C for their use as alternative fuels. The highest measured net calorific value was in pistachio shells, which were biochar pyrolyzed at 550 °C, of 31.35 MJ kg−1. On the other hand, walnut biochar pyrolyzed at 550 °C had the highest ash share of 10.12% wt. For their use as soil fertilizers, peanut shells were the most suitable when pyrolyzed at 300 °C, walnut shells at 300 and 350 °C, and pistachio shells at 350 °C.
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Xiao, Nannan, Martin Felhofer, Sebastian J. Antreich, Jessica C. Huss, Konrad Mayer, Adya Singh, Peter Bock, and Notburga Gierlinger. "Twist and lock: nutshell structures for high strength and energy absorption." Royal Society Open Science 8, no. 8 (August 2021): 210399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.210399.
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Nutshells achieve remarkable properties by optimizing structure and chemistry at different hierarchical levels. Probing nutshells from the cellular down to the nano- and molecular level by microchemical and nanomechanical imaging techniques reveals insights into nature's packing concepts. In walnut and pistachio shells, carbohydrate and lignin polymers assemble to form thick-walled puzzle cells, which interlock three-dimensionally and show high tissue strength. Pistachio additionally achieves high-energy absorption by numerous lobes interconnected via ball-joint-like structures. By contrast, the three times more lignified walnut shells show brittle LEGO-brick failure, often along the numerous pit channels. In both species, cell walls (CWs) show distinct lamellar structures. These lamellae involve a helicoidal arrangement of cellulose macrofibrils as a recurring motif. Between the two nutshell species, these lamellae show differences in thickness and pitch angle, which can explain the different mechanical properties on the nanolevel. Our in-depth study of the two nutshell tissues highlights the role of cell form and their interlocking as well as plant CW composition and structure for mechanical protection. Understanding these plant shell concepts might inspire biomimetic material developments as well as using walnut and pistachio shell waste as sustainable raw material in future applications.
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Ahmad Ghedan Ahmad and Adnan Raad Ahmed. "study of some mechanical and thermal properties for a composite material of a polymeric basis reinforced by natural material shells." Tikrit Journal of Pure Science 25, no. 4 (August 2, 2020): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjps.v25i4.272.
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This study includes the possibility of using the agricultural residues shell (walnut and pistachio) as a filler in epoxy resins as an alternative to wood and plastic based ingredients. specimens of composite materials were prepared by using hand lay-up method .These specimens were represented by two groups of composite materials that consist of epoxy resin as a material matrix reinforced with walnut shell powder once, and pistachio shell powder again with different weight ratios (11%, 15% and 19%). Mechanical tests (impact, hardness, bending) and some physical tests (thermal conductivity, absorption) were carried out. All the results were done at the temperature of the lab. The results of the specimens tests prepared showed an improvement in the impact strength when adding the minutes of the pistachio shell by ratio 15% where it reached (12.9 KJ/m2), while it saw a decrease in the composite reinforced by walnut shell powder at the same ratio (6.3 KJ/m2), The hardness of the composites also improved at the addition ratio 19% where it reached (83.2 N/m2) in the composites reinforced by the minutes of the walnut shell and (81.9 N/m2) in the composites reinforced by minutes of pistachio shell, Bending resistance also increased to the highest value at the addition ratio 19% to (56.82 N/mm2) in the composites reinforced by the minutes of the walnut shell and (54.4 N/mm2) in the composites reinforced by the minutes of the pistachio shell..On the other hand, physical measurement showed a slight increase in the values of thermal conductivity and absorption. The results indicate that the composite material reinforced with pistachio shell powder have higher values in impact, bending and thermal conductivity tests and lower values for hardness and water absorption tests when compared with composite material reinforced with walnut shell powder.
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Cho, C. H., M. Hatsu, and K. Takamizawa. "The production of D-xylose by enzymatic hydrolysis of agricultural wastes." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 12 (June 1, 2002): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0414.
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Agricultural wastes, rich in D-xylose content, were hydrolyzed using the mixed crude enzymes produced by Penicillium sp. AHT-1 and Rhizomucor pusillus HHT-1. Shells of pistachio, peanut, walnut, chestnut, barley brans and sunflower seed peels, were used as raw or pretreated forms. Pretreatment was performed by milling or steam explosion. Enzymatic hydrolysis after steam explosion was more effective than milling processing. More than 13 g of D-xylose was produced from 100 g of milled pistachio shells, walnut shells, sunflower seed peels and peanut shells (less than 0.5 mm size) by the action of mixed enzyme solutions. A maximum of 36 g of D-xylose was produced from 100 g of milled pistachio shells when mixed enzyme solution, containing 3,000 U and 33 U per g of substrate with xylanase and β-xyosidase activities, respectively, was applied. The ratio of the enzymatic hydrolysis as compared to acid hydrolysis in this finding was 100%.
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Kuśmierek, Krzysztof, and Andrzej Świątkowski. "Removal of chlorophenols from aqueous solutions by sorption onto walnut, pistachio and hazelnut shells." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 17, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjct-2015-0005.
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Abstract The efficiency of walnut, pistachio and hazelnut shells to remove three monochlorophenols (2-CP, 3-CP and 4-CP) from aqueous solutions has been investigated. To describe the kinetic data pseudo-first and pseudo-second order models were used. The kinetics data were fitted better into the pseudo-second order model with the coefficient of determination values greater than 0.99. The k2 values increased in the order 4-CP < 3-CP < 2-CP. Sorption was also analyzed as a function of solution concentration at equilibrium. The experimental data received were found to be well described by the Freundlich isotherm equation. Effectiveness of chlorophenols removal from water on the walnut, pistachio and hazelnut shells was comparable. Individual differences in sorption of monochlorophenols were also negligible.
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Noszczyk, Tomasz, Arkadiusz Dyjakon, and Jacek A. Koziel. "Kinetic Parameters of Nut Shells Pyrolysis." Energies 14, no. 3 (January 28, 2021): 682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030682.
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The European Union created a European Green Deal Program (EGDP). This program aims at a sustainable economy through the transformation of the challenges related to climate and the environment. The main goal of EGDP is climate neutrality by 2050. The increase of alternative biomass residues utilization from various food processing industries and cooperation in the energy and waste management sector is required to meet these expectations. Nut shells are one of the lesser-known, yet promising, materials that can be used as an alternative fuel or a pre-treated product to further applications. However, from a thermal conversion point of view, it is important to know the energy properties and kinetic parameters of the considered biowaste. In this study, the energy and kinetic parameters of walnut, hazelnut, peanut, and pistachio shells were investigated. The results showed that raw nut shells are characterized by useful properties such as higher heating value (HHV) at 17.8–19.7 MJ∙kg−1 and moisture content of 4.32–9.56%. After the thermal treatment of nut shells (torrefaction, pyrolysis), the HHV significantly increased up to ca. 30 MJ∙kg−1. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) applying three different heating rates (β; 5, 10, and 20 °C∙min−1) was performed. The kinetic parameters were determined using the isothermal model-fitting method developed by Coats–Redfern. The activation energy (Ea) estimated for β = 5 °C∙min−1, was, e.g., 60.3 kJ∙mol−1∙K−1 for walnut, 59.3 kJ∙mol−1∙K−1 for hazelnut, 53.4 kJ∙mol−1∙K−1 for peanut, and 103.8 kJ∙mol−1∙K−1 for pistachio, respectively. Moreover, the increase in the Ea of nut shells was observed with increasing the β. In addition, significant differences in the kinetic parameters of the biomass residues from the same waste group were observed. Thus, characterization of specific nut shell residues is recommended for improved modeling of thermal processes and designing of bioreactors for thermal waste treatment.
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Nitu, Silvia Andreea, Nicoleta Sporea, Radu Iatan, Ion Durbaca, Ovidiu Vasile, and Gheorghe Cosmin Ciocoiu. "Research on Obtaining Biocomposite Structures with Sound Absorbing Properties." Materiale Plastice 59, no. 1 (April 5, 2022): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.22.1.5566.
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The paper addresses the methodology for obtaining biocomposite structures from waste, with sound-absorbing properties, such as: thuja shells, walnut shells, pistachio shells, beech sawdust, pumpkin seeds shells and sunflower seeds shells. The experimental analysis carried out considers the study of the sound-absorbing properties held by the proposed new biocomposite materials, by determining the value of the sound absorption coefficient, reflection coefficient, impedance ratio, using the Kundt tube. The interpretation of the results obtained from the evaluation of biocomposites shows that they have sound-absorbing properties. Consequently, sound-absorbing panels with soundproofing properties can be made from these materials, which can be used in industry, transportation, construction, etc. as well as for decorative purposes in spaces such as cinemas, malls, spas, etc.
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Trnka, Juraj, Nikola Čajová Kantová, Michal Holubčík, Alexander Čaja, Tomáš Najser, and Jan Najser. "Comparison of energy properties of pellets from shells of different nut species." BioResources 18, no. 1 (January 31, 2023): 2137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.18.1.2137-2145.
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Bio-waste is a source of energy-rich material. Therefore, it can be used in further processes and efficiently utilized. Further processes of waste utilization include compressing them to pellets. However, this type of pellet often has a low bulk density, high ash content, low ash melting temperature, and low calorific value. This research dealt with the energy properties of peanut and pistachio nut shells that were pure or mixed with spruce sawdust in half proportion and compressed into pellets. As a continuation of previous research, the properties of these pellets prepared were measured and compared with pure spruce pellets and with pellets from walnut shells. The tested shell pellets had calorific values similar to wood pellets from spruce. However, mixing nut shells with spruce solved the problems of high ash content and low ash melting temperatures. The amount of wood present in the pellets resulted in increased ash melting temperatures and decreased the ash content.
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Dias, Mariana, João Pinto, Bruno Henriques, Paula Figueira, Elaine Fabre, Daniela Tavares, Carlos Vale, and Eduarda Pereira. "Nutshells as Efficient Biosorbents to Remove Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury from Contaminated Solutions." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4 (February 7, 2021): 1580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041580.
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The release of potentially toxic elements into the environment, and their effects on aquatic ecosystems still present a real threat. To avoid such contamination, the use of biological sorbents as an alternative to conventional and expensive water remediation techniques has been proposed. The present study evaluated the potential of 0.5 g L−1 of peanut, hazelnut, pistachio, walnut, and almond shells to remove the requisite concentrations of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg) from contaminated water. Hazelnut shells were identified as the sorbent with the highest potential and were evaluated in mono- and multi-contaminated mineral water. The influence of sorbent-intrinsic and solution-intrinsic characteristics were assessed. Differences among sorbents were attributed to varying percentages of their main components: cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Matrix complexity increase caused a decrease in Cd removal, presumably due to the diminution in electrostatic interaction, and complexation with anions such as Cl−. When simultaneously present in the solution, contaminants competed, with Pb showing higher affinity to the sorbent than Hg. High efficiencies (>90%) obtained for hazelnut shells for all elements in ultrapure water and for Pb and Hg in mineral water) reveals the high potential of this low-cost and abundant waste for use in the remediation of contaminated waters (circular economy).
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Ionita, Daniela, Mariana Cristea, Susana Felicia Cosmulescu, Georgeta Predeanu, Valeria Harabagiu, and Petrisor Samoila. "Thermal and Viscoelastic Responses of Selected Lignocellulosic Wastes: Similarities and Differences." Polymers 15, no. 9 (April 28, 2023): 2100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15092100.
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Woody lignocellulosic biomasses comprise the non-edible parts of fruit trees. In recent years, the exploitation of this biomass has been widening in order to mitigate environmental issues. At the same time, this waste could be transformed into a value-added product (active carbon by pyrolysis, isolation of nanocellulose, oils or proteins). For either valorization path, a complete thermo-mechanical characterization is required. A detailed thermo-mechanical study (TGA, DSC, DMA) was performed on two types of lignocellulosic wastes, with and without kernels: on one side, the walnut shells (WS) and the pistachio shells (PsS) and, in the second category, the apricot seeds (AS), the date seeds (DS), and the plum seeds (PS). The results of the sample-controlled thermal analyses (HiRes TGA) evidenced a better resolution of the degradation steps of WS. Kinetic studies conducted also by conventional TGA (Flynn–Wall–Ozawa) and modulated TGA (MTGA) allowed us to make comparative reasonings concerning the degradation of the investigated biomasses. The DMA results revealed the effect of water traces and oil kernels on relaxation and supported the atypical DSC endotherm emphasized in the freezing temperature domain.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "WALNUT/PISTACHIO SHELLS"
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PATHAK, VAIBHAV. "STUDY OF THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WALNUT/PISTACHIO SHELLS BASED EPOXY COMPOSITES." Thesis, 2019. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/17037.
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In this Project work, WALNUT & PISTACHIO shells were used as a reinforcement to increase
the mechanical properties of Bisphenol-A based Epoxy resin. First sample of neat Epoxy, was
synthesized and was then reinforced using pistachio/walnut shell based filler along with
transition metal salt (Cu). Finally reinforced epoxy composites were analyzed on the basis of
their mechanical properties. Mechanical test showed the excellent improvements in
mechanical properties of the composites prepared using pistachio/walnut based filler and
further enhancement in mechanical properties was observed upon incorporation of
transition metal salt. In this work, synthesize composite samples have been analyzed using
Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Thermo-gravimetric analysis, tension test and
compression test. Results shows the significant improvement in tensile, compression and
load bearing capacity of walnut/pistachio shell reinforced Epoxy composite.
In today´s world, composites materials are replacing the traditional material attributed to
their high stiffness, low thermal expansion and high strength to weight ratio. However the
use of natural filler as a reinforcement in composite can result in enhancement of
properties such as reduced weight, lesser density and lower cost.
The synthesized composites samples were tested as per ASTM standards to evaluate
mechanical properties i.e. tensile strength and impact strength. The result of tests shows
that walnut and pistachio based hybrid composite was far better mechanical properties than
pure walnut/pistachio filler reinforced composite under mechanical loads. However it was
observed that the incorporation of transition metal in walnut shell and pistachio shell based
composites can further enhance their mechanical properties.
Book chapters on the topic "WALNUT/PISTACHIO SHELLS"
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Chen, Chang, and Zhongli Pan. "Processing of Tree Nuts." In Postharvest Technology - Recent Advances, New Perspectives and Applications [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.102623.
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Tree nuts are consumed as healthy snacks worldwide and are important economic crops. In this chapter, post-harvest processing technologies of tree nuts are discussed, with focus on the drying, disinfection, disinfestation, and downstream processing technologies (blanching, kernel peeling and roasting) for the control and preservation of product quality and safety. Almonds, walnuts, and pistachios are selected as the representative crops for the discussion. Current status, recent advances, and challenges in the scientific research, as well as in the industrial productions are summarized. Some new perspectives and applications of tree nut processing waste and byproducts (such as shells and hulls) are also introduced. The contents presented in this chapter will help both scientists and stakeholders to better understand the tree nut processing and provide technological recommendations to improve the throughput, efficiency, and sustainability of the processes, and preserve the quality and safety of the products.