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AUFFENBERG, KURT, KENNETH L. KRYSKO, and HAFIZUR REHMAN. "Studies on Pakistan Lizards: Cyrtopodion baturense (Khan and Baig 1992) and Cyrtopodion walli (Ingoldby 1922) (Sauria: Gekkonidae)." Zootaxa 2636, no. 1 (October 5, 2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2636.1.1.
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The taxonomy of Eurasian angular or thin-toed geckos has undergone a great deal of revision over the last 30 years. However, it is clear that a desirable level of taxonomic resolution has not yet been attained as their taxonomic assignments are somewhat arbitrary. In this paper, we discuss two lesser-known gecko species, Cyrtopodion baturense (Khan and Baig 1992) and C. walli (Ingoldby 1922). One adult specimen of Cyrtopodion baturense (the only known specimen other than the type series) and a series of 53 C. walli collected by Walter Auffenberg and the Zoological Survey Department of Pakistan (ZSD) and subsequently deposited in the University of Florida Herpetology collection were compared to the type specimens. Specimens were examined for 46 morphological characters and measurements. Cyrtopodion baturense and C. walli are diagnosable and confirmed to be distinct species. Cyrtopodion baturense is known only from the holotype locality of Pasu and the nearby village of Dih, Hunza District, in the Gilgit Agency, Federally Administered Northern Areas (FANA), Pakistan, at 2,438–3,078 m elevations. Cyrtopodion walli is known from Ayun, Chitral, Bamburet Valley, Bermoghluscht, Drosh Tehsil, and 7.0 km N Drosh, in the Chitral District, Northwest Frontier, Pakistan, at 1,970–2,120 m elevations. We also conclude that the likely paratype (BMNH 1922.5.22.1) of Gymnodactylus walli is not conspecific with the holotype (BMNH 1910.7.12.1) and is most morphologically similar to Cyrtopodion tibetanus (Boulenger 1905). We concur with Khan (1992), based on our own examination of the syntype of Gymnodactylus chitralensis Smith, 1935, that G. chitralensis is a junior synonym of Gymnodactylus walli Ingoldby, 1922. Furthermore, the tail associated with the holotype of G. walli does not belong to that individual.
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Elmberg, Johan, Ivan Ineich, Colin McCarthy, and Arne R. Rasmussen. "Status of the Asiatic Sea Snakes of the Hydrophis nigrocinctus group (H. nigrocinctus, H. hendersoni, and H. walli; Elapidae, Hydrophiinae)." Amphibia-Reptilia 32, no. 4 (2011): 459–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853811x598497.
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AbstractThe literature of the Hydrophis nigrocinctus group, including Hydrophis nigrocinctus, H. hendersoni and H. walli, is reviewed. Based on internal and external morphological data from the literature and own examination of museum specimens, we recognize two valid species in the complex: Hydrophis nigrocinctus and H. hendersoni. Hydrophis walli is synonymised with H. nigrocinctus.
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Ahmed, Waqar, and Dr Shah Moinuddin Hashmi. "Maulana Obaidullah Sindhi's Theory of Ethics and the Formation of Society (In Modern Context)." Al-Aijaz Research Journal of Islamic Studies & Humanities 5, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.53575/u14.v5.04(21)167-180.
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Molana ubaidullah Sindhi was a unique scholar of Islam. He embraced Islam when he was quite young.he got his education while he was in Sindh from Hafiz Muhammad siddique who was titled by Syed ul aarifeen and during the study at deoband India he got his education from molana Mahmood Hassan deobandy famous for his title sheikh ul hind. He pondered in Quran and philosophy of Shah Walli Ullah throughout his life ND extracted laws and orders from it. He discussed ethics and philosophy in his discourses. He kept in mind Quran and philosophy of Shah Walli Ullah and its contemporary interpretation while discussing ethics and philosophy. In this article have analyses the thoughts of Molana Sindhi and tried to explain his point of view on philosophy of ethics from his discourses. The article is decided into four topics:Definition and importance of ethics and study of ethics.Basic features of ethics and molana Sindhis point of view.Role of ethics in construction of society in view of molana Sindhi.Point of view of molana Sindhi on typical ethical practices.At the end results of research are given in the topic naming “Al hasil”.
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MADUWAGE, KALANA, ANJANA SILVA, KELUM MANAMENDRA-ARACHCHI, and ROHAN PETHIYAGODA. "A taxonomic revision of the South Asian hump-nosed pit vipers (Squamata: Viperidae: Hypnale)." Zootaxa 2232, no. 1 (September 15, 2009): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2232.1.1.
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The hump-nosed pit vipers of the genus Hypnale are of substantial medical importance in Sri Lanka and India, being included among the five snakes most frequently associated with life-threatening envenoming in humans. The genus has hitherto been considered to comprise three species: H. hypnale, common to Sri Lanka and the Western Ghats of peninsular India; and H. nepa and H. walli, both of which are endemic to Sri Lanka. The latter two species have frequently been confused in the literature. Here, through a review of all extant name-bearing types in the genus, supplemented by examination of preserved specimens, we show that H. nepa is restricted to the higher elevations of Sri Lanka’s central mountains; that H. walli is a junior synonym of H. nepa; and that the endemic species widely distributed in the island’s south-western ‘wet-zone’ lowlands is H. zara. We also draw attention to a possibly new species known only from a single specimen collected near Galle in southern Sri Lanka. We illustrate all four species in colour, and provide a key to their identification and maps delineating their distribution.
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Ahsan, M. F., and M. M. Rahman. "Status, distribution and threats of kraits (Squamata: Elapidae: Bungarus) in Bangladesh." Journal of Threatened Taxa 9, no. 3 (March 26, 2017): 9903. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.2929.9.3.9903-9910.
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Kraits (Bungarus spp.) of Bangladesh were studied between January 2014 and March 2015. Five species of kraits are known to occur in Bangladesh. These are the Common Krait Bungarus caeruleus, Banded Krait B. fasciatus, Lesser Black Krait B. lividus, Greater Black Krait B. niger and Wall’s Krait B. walli. Banded Krait is the commonest and Lesser Black Krait is the rarest krait species in the country. The status of these five kraits in Bangladesh has been assessed. The distributions have been compiled and discussed, and some reasons for their population decline have also been pointed out.
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Simpson, C. J., R. J. Scott, A. J. Crawford, and S. Meffre. "Volcanology, geochemistry and structure of the Ordovician Cargo Volcanics in the Cargo – Walli region, central New South Wales." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 54, no. 2-3 (March 2007): 315–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120090701221706.
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Kristinawati, Erna, Siti Zaetun, and Lalu Srigede. "EFEKTIVITAS EKSTRAK DAUN TEMBAKAU (NICOTIANA TABACUM) SEGAR DAN DAUN TEMBAKAU (NICOTIANA TABACUM) YANG SUDAH DIOVEN SEBAGAI INSEKTISIDA NABATI LALAT HIJAU (CHRYSOMYA BEZZIANA)." MEDIA BINA ILMIAH 13, no. 10 (May 27, 2019): 1657. http://dx.doi.org/10.33758/mbi.v13i10.247.
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Green flies (Chrysomya bezziana) are flies that are common in Indonesia. This fly is a type of ectoparasite which acts as a bully. This fly began to be perceived as a threatening threat, not only in terms of health because of its habit of crowding in decaying waste and easily perched on food, but also in terms of aesthetics. Moreover, green flies (Chrysomya bezziana) also have the potential to cause myasis (maggots) in the eyes, nose, bones and other organs through wounds. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of fresh tobacco leaf extract (Nicotiana tabacum) with tobacco leaves (Nicotiana tabacum) which were ovened at concentrations of 60%, 70%, and 80% against the death of green flies (Chrysomya bezziana). This research is experimental (true experiment) with Purposive Sampling techniques. The data analysis technique used was Kruskal Walli Death of Green Flies (Chrysomya bezziana) on tobacco leaves (Nicotiana tabacum) with a concentration of 60%, obtained a value of 41.46, a concentration of 70% with a value of 67.85, a concentration of 80% with a value of 82.25. In tobacco leaf extract (Nicotiana tabacum) which has been concentrated with a concentration of 60% obtained a value of 58.33, a concentration of 70% with a value of 80.42, a concentration of 80% with a value. The results of the Kruskal Wallis test prove that tobacco leaf extract (Nicotiana tabacum) that has been roasted is more effective in killing green flies (Chrysomya bezziana) compared with fresh tobacco leaves (Nicotiana tabacum).
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Imao, Shigeki, Satoshi Kikuchi, Yasuaki Kozato, and Takayasu Hayashi. "FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANE WALL JET WITH SIDE WALLS ON BOTH SIDES(Wall Jet and Wall Flow)." Proceedings of the International Conference on Jets, Wakes and Separated Flows (ICJWSF) 2005 (2005): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeicjwsf.2005.73.
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Dhoubhadel, S. "Avifaunal diversity in relation to vegetation height and coverage in grasslands of Shuklaphanta Wildlife Reserve." Nepal Journal of Environmental Science 1 (December 9, 2013): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njes.v1i1.36546.
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The grasslands of Nepal's Terai are extremely rich in bird species with several globally threatened species. These birds are often quite sensitive to changes in the habitat quality and microclimate around them making them ideal indicators of the grassland ecosystem health. Unfortunately, very little is known about the grassland avifauna. This study was conducted to determine the avifaunal composition and diversity with respect to the vegetation height and patch openness in the grasslands of Shuklaphanta Wildlife Reserve by using open width line transect method along fire-lines. The birds and the vegetation were recorded using BBIRD protocol and the species diversity was calculated. The Kruskal-Walli test for differences in median populations and Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) were also conducted. This study recorded 104 species birds belonging to 39 families among which 29 species were insectivorous, 17 herbivorous, 17 carnivorous and the rest omnivorous with 94 resident species and 10 summer visitor species. Covered patches of short grassland had highest number of species while covered patches of tall grasslands had the highest species diversity. The results from KruskallWallis test and CCA highlighted the need for the maintenance of ecological integrity of all the grassland habitat areas.
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Kidera, Noriko, and Hidetoshi Ota. "Can Exotic Toad Toxins Kill Native Ryukyu Snakes? Experimental and Field Observations on the Effects of Bufo marinus Toxins on Dinodon rufozonatum walli." Current Herpetology 27, no. 1 (2008): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3105/1345-5834(2008)27[1:cettkn]2.0.co;2.
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Mustafa Algawadi, Ghassan W. "The Southern Ottoman Kurdistan Trade During The 19th Century." Koya University Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 4, no. 2 (2021): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14500/kujhss.v4n2y2021.pp29-37.
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The current research sheds light on some of the activities related to trading the nineteenth century in the Kurdish cities, markets, storehouses, travel routes, merchants, crops, products, natural or locally made products. The research also discusses the local or regional partners who were parts of the trade business, especially the Iranian cities and the cities in the south of Anatol. The research examines the most important imported and exported goods. The research also shows that trading was not restricted to certain merchants, all people had the chance to trade. In addition, the obstacles faced by the tradesmen in this area, such as the instability because of the policy of the walli (governors) or because of the bad roads, or the because of tribal rules, are discussed. The research offers more details concerning the life in the Kurdish society at that time through the trade business of this region. Due to lack of literature related to the trade in the Kurdish cities during the Ottoman empire, especially the numbers and statistics about the size of the goods imported and exported in the southern Kurdistan region during that period, more focus is placed on the nineteenth century as there is clearer information about this period. The research depends on the valuable observations provided by the travelers who visited southern Kurdistan as well as some information available on the registry of the Iraqi willayat about the trade business of the Kurdish cities.
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Stern, Erin. "Old Enough to Know: Consulting Children About Sex and AIDS Education in Africa by Colleen McLaughlin, Sharlene Swartz, Susan Kiragu, Shelina Walli and Mussa Mohamed." Agenda 27, no. 3 (September 2013): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10130950.2013.839117.
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Rachele Lanzillotto, Annie. "Wallid Walla Bint." International Feminist Journal of Politics 9, no. 4 (December 2007): 537–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14616740701608166.
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Sunagar, Kartik, Suyog Khochare, R. R. Senji Laxme, Saurabh Attarde, Paulomi Dam, Vivek Suranse, Anil Khaire, Gerard Martin, and Ashok Captain. "A Wolf in Another Wolf’s Clothing: Post-Genomic Regulation Dictates Venom Profiles of Medically-Important Cryptic Kraits in India." Toxins 13, no. 1 (January 19, 2021): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13010069.
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The Common Krait (Bungarus caeruleus) shares a distribution range with many other ‘phenotypically-similar’ kraits across the Indian subcontinent. Despite several reports of fatal envenomings by other Bungarus species, commercial Indian antivenoms are only manufactured against B. caeruleus. It is, therefore, imperative to understand the distribution of genetically distinct lineages of kraits, the compositional differences in their venoms, and the consequent impact of venom variation on the (pre)clinical effectiveness of antivenom therapy. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted phylogenetic and comparative venomics investigations of kraits in Southern and Western India. Phylogenetic reconstructions using mitochondrial markers revealed a new species of krait, Romulus’ krait (Bungarus romulusi sp. nov.), in Southern India. Additionally, we found that kraits with 17 mid-body dorsal scale rows in Western India do not represent a subspecies of the Sind Krait (B. sindanus walli) as previously believed, but are genetically very similar to B. sindanus in Pakistan. Furthermore, venom proteomics and comparative transcriptomics revealed completely contrasting venom profiles. While the venom gland transcriptomes of all three species were highly similar, venom proteomes and toxicity profiles differed significantly, suggesting the prominent role of post-genomic regulatory mechanisms in shaping the venoms of these cryptic kraits. In vitro venom recognition and in vivo neutralisation experiments revealed a strong negative impact of venom variability on the preclinical performance of commercial antivenoms. While the venom of B. caeruleus was neutralised as per the manufacturer’s claim, performance against the venoms of B. sindanus and B. romulusi was poor, highlighting the need for regionally-effective antivenoms in India.
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Kıra, Tugba, and Neriman Akansel. "Determination of the factors influencing communication with patients among nurses working in third level ICUÜçüncü basamak yoğun bakımda çalışan hemşirelerin hastalarla iletişimlerini etkileyen faktörlerin belirlenmesi." Journal of Human Sciences 16, no. 2 (May 20, 2019): 635–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v16i2.5353.
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Research problem/aim: There are many factors in ICU that prevent nurse-patient communication. These can be classified as environmental, personal and the obstacles related to nurses and work environment. In this study, it is aimed to determine the factors that affecting third level ICU nurses’communication with their patients.Method: The study was conducted with 47 ICU nurses who were working in state hospital and volunteered to participate in to this study. SPSS 22.0 package program was used for statistical analysis.Findings: 97.9% of the nurses reported that establishing communication with the patient contributes to the process of treatment and recovery and 93.6% of the nurses stated using non-verbal communication technques in their communication with their patients. The nurses reported having difficulty with the unconscious patients.Conclusions: It was determined that factors related to patients and their relatives, ICU and factors related to nurses influence the communication of nurses with their patients. ÖzetAraştırma problem/amaç: Yoğun Bakım Ünitelerinde (YBÜ) hasta-hemşire iletişiminin sağlıklı bir biçimde yürütülmesini engelleyen pek çok faktör vardır. Bunlar; çevresel, bireysel, çalışan hemşireler veya çalışma ortamı ile ilişkili olabilir. Bu çalışmanın amacı; bir üçüncü basamak yoğun bakım ünitesinde görev yapan hemşirelerin hastalar ile iletişimini etkileyen faktörlerin belirlenmesidir.Method: Araştırma bir devlet hastanesinin üçüncü basamak yoğun bakım ünitesinde çalışan 47 hemşire ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Verilerin analizinde SPSS 22.0 paket program kullanılmış, tanımlayıcı veriler sayı ve yüzde olarak verilmiş, istatistiksel analizlerde Kruskall Walli, Mann Whitney U testi, Sperman korelasyonu kullanılmıştır.Bulgular: Hemşirelerin %97.9’u hasta ile iletişim tedavi ve iyileşme sürecine katkıda bulunduğuna inandığını belirtmiş, %93.6’sı iletişim kurarken sözel olmayan iletişim yöntemlerini kullandıklarını ifade etmişlerdir. Yoğun bakım ünitesinde çalışan hemşirelerin iletişimde en fazla güçlük yaşadıkları hasta grubu bilinci kapalı olan hastalardır.Sonuçlar: Çalışmada hemşirelerin hasta iletişiminde hasta ve hasta yakınları, YBÜ’ne ve hemşirlerle ilişkin bazı özelliklerden etkilendiği belirlenmiştir.
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Mizuno, Yoshinori, and Javier Jiménez. "Wall turbulence without walls." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 723 (April 16, 2013): 429–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2013.137.
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AbstractWe perform direct numerical simulations of turbulent channels whose inner layer is replaced by an off-wall boundary condition synthesized from a rescaled interior flow plane. The boundary condition is applied within the logarithmic layer, and mimics the linear dependence of the length scales of the velocity fluctuations with respect to the distance to the wall. The logarithmic profile of the mean streamwise velocity is recovered, but only if the virtual wall is shifted to a position different from the location assumed by the boundary condition. In those shifted coordinates, most flow properties are within 5–10 % of full simulations, including the Kármán constant, the fluctuation intensities, the energy budgets and the velocity spectra and correlations. On the other hand, buffer-layer structures do not form, including the near-wall energy maximum, and the velocity fluctuation profiles are logarithmic, strongly suggesting that the logarithmic layer is essentially independent of the near-wall dynamics. The same agreement holds when the technique is applied to large-eddy simulations. The different errors are analysed, especially the reasons for the shifted origin, and remedies are proposed. It is also shown that the length rescaling is required for a stationary logarithmic-like layer. Otherwise, the flow evolves into a state resembling uniformly sheared turbulence.
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Wiyono, Daud Rahmat, Roi Milyardi, Yosafat Aji Pranata, and Anang Kristianto. "Comparison reinforcement design shear wall modelling planar and assembly in elevator shaft." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 907, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/907/1/012004.
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Abstract Shear walls modelling as planar or assembly have different assumption in behaviour that will give different responses in forces. Shear wall planar modelling as individual walls which each wall was modelled as a vertical beam. Shear Wall assembly modelling as a combined unit to be represented by one beam element. The application of shear wall assembly is placed in elevator shafts in buildings or stairwell. [1]. In ETABS program, there are two types modelling shear wall are planar walls and wall assemblies. The analysis is based on three types of design section that are Simplified Compression (C) and Tension (T), Uniform Reinforcing and General Reinforcing. The purpose of this study is comparing the planar walls Simplified C and T with planar walls Uniform Reinforcing and wall assemblies Uniform Reinforcing. The conclusion for longitudinal reinforcement are, first, planar walls Simplified C and T is 40 to 96 % larger than wall assemblies, except pier P6 is 28 % smaller, second, planar walls Uniform Reinforcing is larger than 7 to 33 % wall assemblies Uniform Reinforcing, except pier P6 is 39 % smaller, third, the planar walls Simplified C and T, planar walls Uniform Reinforcing transversal reinforcement are 1 to 8 % larger than wall assemblies Uniform Reinforcing, except pier P6 is 51 % smaller.
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Ashrafian, Alireza, and Stein Tore Johansen. "Wall boundary conditions for rough walls." Progress in Computational Fluid Dynamics, An International Journal 7, no. 2/3/4 (2007): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/pcfd.2007.013015.
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Sterling, Bruce. "A wall to end all walls." New Scientist 234, no. 3125 (May 2017): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(17)30935-1.
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Waling, Geerten, and Niels Ottenheim. "Waarom Nederland in 1848 geen revolutie kende." Tijdschrift voor geschiedenis 133, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 5–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/tvgesch2020.1.002.wali.
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Abstract Why the Netherlands did not witness a revolution in 1848In 1848, a wave of democratic revolutions struck most of Europe, but not the Netherlands. Historians have provided only partial explanations from a range of perspectives, such as socio-economic, socio-political, and institutional. We argue that none of these are fully tenable or satisfactory by comparing the Dutch situation with countries that did experience revolutions in 1848. Also, we add a cultural perspective by studying the role of the Dutch consensus culture. After tracing its roots, we identify its key characteristics and use these as a prism to interpret several governmental sources, brochures, and newspaper articles. On this basis, we argue that it is likely that the consensus culture strongly contributed to the stability of Dutch society during the European revolutionary months of 1848. Without wanting to present this perspective as the definitive explanation, we claim that (political) culture as such deserves more attention in studies to the Netherlands during 1848.
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Wallaert, Sigrid. "Nico Koning (2021), De waarde van woede, Eindhoven: Damon, 471 pp., €29,90." Algemeen Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Wijsbegeerte 114, no. 2 (July 1, 2022): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/antw2022.2.014.wall.
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Waal, Willemijn. "Ouder dan je zou denken." Lampas 52, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 395–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/lam2019.4.002.wall.
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Summary Though it is generally agreed upon that the Greeks borrowed (and modified) the alphabet from the Phoenicians, there is no consensus about the moment when this took place. Over the years, several dates have been proposed, ranging from the 14th to the 8th 7th century BCE. In classical studies the prevalent opinion is that the alphabet was introduced in or shortly before the 8th century BCE, when the first attestations of Greek alphabetic writing appear. There are, however, quite a number of indications (from existing and new evidence) that plead for a much earlier date. In this article, an analysis of the presently available archaeological, epigraphic and linguistic data will be presented to argue the case for an introduction in the 11th century BCE at the latest. The earliest documents, which were in all likelihood economic and administrative records, have not come down to us, because they were written on perishable materials.
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Wallaert, Sigrid. "Epistemic Injustice." Algemeen Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Wijsbegeerte 112, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 473–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/antw2020.4.022.wall.
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Wallenius, Nanó. "The Museum of Internet." Forum+ 24, no. 2 (June 17, 2017): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/forum2017.2.wall.
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Wallet, Bart. "‘De organisatie van het bewind der Joodschen Eerdienst dezer Provintie’ : De Zuid-Nederlandse joodse gemeenschappen ten tijde van het Verenigd Koninkrijk der Nederlanden, 1815-1830." Trajecta. Religion, Culture and Society in the Low Countries 28, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 145–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/tra2019.2.001.wall.
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Abstract In 1815 the United Kingdom of the Netherlands started, uniting the territories of the former Dutch Republic with the so-called Southern Netherlands. The unification and its political ramifications had huge impact on the Jewish communities in the southern provinces, mainly concentrated in the cities Brussels, Gent, Antwerp, Namur and Liège. During the 15 years within the United Kingdom, up until 1830, these communities witnessed a sharp increase in local Jewish communities and members, mostly because of internal migration of Amsterdam Jews. Moreover, Jewish life in the southern provinces was centralized and brought together with the northern Jewish communities into an overarching central denominational structure. Finally, the new structures were used to install a new sense of Dutch national identity upon the Jewish citizens, especially stressing the values of patriotism, monarchism and the ability to speak the national Dutch tongue. The 1830 Belgian Revolt resulted in a significant set-back for Jewish life in the new Kingdom of Belgium, although it continued on the path set-out in the preceding ‘Dutch era’.
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Ma, Shuzhi, Hongbiao Jia, and Xiaolang Liu. "Effect of the Wall-Back Inclination Angle on the Inertial Loading Distribution along Gravity-Retaining Walls: An Experimental Study on the Shaking Table Test." Advances in Civil Engineering 2022 (December 23, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8632920.
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The gravity-retaining wall is a common retaining structure in geotechnical engineering. The inertial load acting on the retaining wall itself (the horizontal seismic action) under earthquake conditions is one of the major loadings to be elaborately considered for the design of gravity-retaining walls. The horizontal seismic action of the retaining walls under seismic loading is dominated by the combination of the mass distribution of the wall body and the acceleration distribution along wall height. The mass distribution can be calculated by the wall geometry and density of the wall body. By contrast, due to the whipping effect, horizontal seismic acceleration along wall height often shows obvious amplification in relation to ground acceleration. Such a distribution of acceleration amplification is of great importance to comprehend the safe design of retaining walls. Nonvertical retaining walls, such as inclined and reclined retaining walls, are often used in practical engineering, and their dynamic responses under seismic actions will be different from those of vertical walls. This paper focused on the examination of the influence of the wall-back inclination angle of retaining walls on the dynamic acceleration distribution along wall height due to seismic actions. Dynamic responses of vertical, inclined, and reclined gravity retaining walls under various earthquake loads were tested on a shaking table system. Seismic acceleration time-history curves were recorded under different seismic waves and intensities. The influence of the wall-back inclination angle of retaining walls on the seismic effect was thus analyzed. The tested results showed that the wall-back inclination angle of retaining walls has a significant influence on the seismic dynamic response. The amplification coefficients of peak acceleration of the gravity retaining wall follow the order of the reclined type > the vertical type > the inclined type. Based on the experimental results, the amplification coefficient of peak acceleration was statistically analyzed under the commonly used risk level in engineering seismic design. A formula for the calculation of the horizontal earthquake action distribution coefficient along wall height was proposed involving the effect of the wall-back inclination angle, which might improve the existing calculation method of retaining wall design. The results of this work would guide the earthquake resistance dynamic design of retaining walls.
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Verma, Parth, Priyanka Dhurvey, and Venkatesa Prabhu Sundramurthy. "Structural Behaviour of Metakaolin Geopolymer Concrete Wall-Type Abutments with Connected Wing Walls." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (August 21, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6103595.
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This study work is related to exploring the role of connected wing walls in changing the behaviour of a metakaolin geopolymer wall type abutment when acted upon by all the forces that are generally applied on a short-span bridge. The modelling of abutment with connected wing walls is done using the STAAD Pro V8i SS6 software and all the loading applied for the analysis as per IRC: 6-2016. The modelling is done using the 4-noded plate elements for all the members, and the plate elements here are meshed using the quadrilateral meshing feature. The behaviour of the metakaolin geopolymer wall-type abutment is analyzed using various models with changing the basic parameters such as length of the wing walls, height of the walls, number of lanes on the bridge, and type of live load on the bridge. The various results are obtained in the form of bending moments from all the cases, which show us some really interesting behaviour of the abutment wall and the wing walls. As the length of the wing walls is increased, they take up more horizontal moments than the abutment wall and the deflection behaviour of the wing walls is way different than that of cantilever wall, and hence, it shows that the design aspects of the wing walls need to be checked. Also, the connected wing walls cause horizontal moments in the middle of the abutment wall, which is an interesting result; as now, it proves that after casting wing walls monolithically to the abutment wall, the design of the abutment wall cannot be done as cantilever wall, and we need to take care of this horizontal moment by providing required reinforcement. Also, as the length of the wing walls is short, the torsional moments become critical.
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Cai, Jing, Yulong Mo, Xinyang Zhang, and Yimin Yuan. "Study on the design of landscape wall of Wuhan Garden Expo." E3S Web of Conferences 272 (2021): 01009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127201009.
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The investigation on the landscape wall of Wuhan Garden Expo shows that the landscape wall of Wuhan Garden Expo is widely used. There are four types of landscape wall, cultural wall, retaining wall and logo wall. There are 42 landscape walls in 34 Urban gardens. Their forms and themes of expression are different in Wuhan Garden Expo. Most of the landscape walls in Wuhan Garden and Expo Garden are made of marble materials, which show the characteristics of multi-color collocation in color. The size of the landscape walls is often determined by the content of the expression. The composition of the landscape walls is usually designed with plants.
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Sari, Ali, and Shokrullah Sorosh. "Numerical investigation of the lateral load behavior of core and coupled rocking walls." Revista de la construcción 21, no. 1 (2022): 36–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.7764/rdlc.21.1.36.
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During last few decades, the researchers have developed new structural systems which have no or minor damage after being hit by severe events like earthquake. Development of self-centering wall having alternative energy dissipation mechanisms was one of these achievements. A wide variety of rocking wall systems, such as jointed walls, hybrid walls, precast walls with end columns (PreWEC), and PreWEC core wall systems, are proposed and studied. This paper describes an analytical investigation of the lateral load behavior of two new types of hybrid rocking wall systems. Core rocking wall is achieved by merging four single hybrid rocking walls and coupled rocking wall is accomplished by coupling two rocking walls using embedded reinforced concrete beams. The concept of coupling hybrid rocking walls using embedded reinforced coupling beam is emerged from previous coupled conventional shear walls studies. As single rocking wall system, in coupled and core rocking wall, post-tensioning tendons are used as a mean to provide self-centering force, and mild steel bars are used to dissipate energy. The nonlinear behavior of the wall is due to the gap opening at the base joint. Three-dimensional finite element model of each system was developed. The stress distribution, crack propagation, and critical sections of these systems are investigated. The effect of spalling concrete cover in the toe region due to rocking action is explained. In addition, the reduction in stiffness and lateral load resisting capacity of the systems due to cracks is monitored. Finally, the lateral load behavior of single rocking walls is compared to that of core and coupled rocking wall systems.
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Zhao, Qin Yan, Zhong Yong Zhang, Guang Ming Qiu, Ji Liang Liu, and Ming Jin Chu. "Experimental Study on Mechanical Behaviors of Precast Concrete Shear Wall with Vertical Joint." Applied Mechanics and Materials 584-586 (July 2014): 1299–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.584-586.1299.
Full textAbstract:
Precast two-way hollow slab concrete shear wall is a new structure adapted to housing industrialization. To study the effect of the vertical joint on mechanical behaviors of shear walls, one reinforced concrete shear wall and two precast concrete shear walls built with hollow slabs were quasi-statically tested under low cyclic loading. The study of failure mode and failure process of specimens shows that vertical macro-cracks occurred in precast walls under loading, which made failure behavior of walls evolve from integral wall into split wall. It also shows that relative deformation formed along the vertical joint before peak load, so the ductility of walls is increased. New type shear walls exhibit good ductility and brittle shear failure can be avoided effectively.
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Varela-Rivera, Jorge, Luis Fernandez-Baqueiro, Jose Gamboa-Villegas, Adda Prieto-Coyoc, and Joel Moreno-Herrera. "Flexural Behavior of Confined Masonry Walls Subjected to In-Plane Lateral Loads." Earthquake Spectra 35, no. 1 (February 2019): 405–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/112017eqs239m.
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Results of a study on the flexural behavior of confined masonry walls are presented. Six walls were tested in a laboratory under reverse cyclic loads. The variables studied were the wall aspect ratio and wall axial compressive stress. The behavior of walls was characterized by yielding of the longitudinal steel reinforcement of vertical confining elements followed by vertical and diagonal cracks on the masonry panel. The failure of walls was associated with crushing concrete of vertical confining elements. Flexural strength increased as the wall aspect ratio decreased or the wall axial compressive stress increased. The flexural strength of walls was validated using flexural theory. A displacement ductility capacity of 6 and a drift ratio capacity of 1% were proposed for the walls. A hysteretic model based on four parameters was calibrated. This model represented well the flexural behavior of the studied walls.
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Erçin, Çilen, and Berkay Usluer. "Analysis of the effects of green wall usage on the user’s in indoor spaces." Revista Amazonia Investiga 11, no. 53 (July 4, 2022): 234–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2022.53.05.24.
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Green walls are constructed by covering the interior or external wall plane of a structure with plants, assuring sustainability, and functioning as a barrier to environmental hazards. Those used on the inner wall of the building are called living walls, and those used on the outer walls are called green facades. According to some studies, there are four types of green wall construction techniques: tree against wall, wall-climbing, suspended, and modular. Green facades can be built directly or indirectly, according to other studies, whereas living walls can be produced modularly or continually. Ecosystem services such as reducing noise, and dramatically enhancing air quality can all be provided by green walls. Increased cognitive function, patient recovery, and a more environmentally responsible approach are just a few examples. The study's aim is to analyze how green walls affect users, as well as to analyze and evaluate the benefits of employing green walls in spaces and advocate their usage in future projects. The qualitative research approach was used to analyze user thoughts by conducting a survey by making a literature review with keywords like green walls, the benefits of green walls, the psychological implications of green walls, interior space, and the user wants.
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Zavala, Carlos, Patricia Gibu, Luis Lavado, Jenny Taira, Lourdes Cardenas, and Luis Ceferino. "Cyclic Behavior of Low Ductility Walls Considering Perpendicular Action." Journal of Disaster Research 8, no. 2 (March 1, 2013): 312–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2013.p0312.
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Low ductility wall buildings became part of the Peruvian construction boom in the first decade of the 21st century. Through government promotion under the “Mi Vivienda” (“My house”) program, the construction of low rise buildings of 5 stories using walls with wire mesh reinforcement, provided a partially solution of an apartment deficit, at reasonable cost. The heights of buildings started to grow, reaching 12 to 16 stories. In the design of these walls, provisions recommend walls corners confinement, because the action of the walls ensemble provide limited ductility under seismic behavior. A comparison of H-shaped wall with one-plane wall is presented in this paper. Here, an experimental test has been performed by a cyclic loading test considering the action of a constant axial load of 40 kN, where the elastic stiffness of H-shaped wall is higher than that of a one-plane wall. Also resistant of the H-shaped wall increases, but ductility in both walls remains similar.
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Gjeta, Ermelinda, Jonathan Titus, and Priscilla Titus. "Plant species occupy different habitats on the fortress walls in Elbasan, Albania." Hacquetia 20, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hacq-2020-0016.
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Abstract Vegetated walls are an important habitat for urban biodiversity. We conducted an analysis of the plant species that grow on the Elbasan, Albania fortress walls. Walls vary in age from 4th to 21st century, and in composition. On 71 walls we assessed 2787 plants of 35 species and recorded plant size, presence of flowers or fruits, height from the ground, crevice depth, wall aspect, wall age and composition, and distance to nearest opposing wall. Eleven species, two of which were ferns, composed 93.8% of the plants. The vast majority of plants flowered and fruited on the walls. Plant density ranged from 0.1–70 plants/m2. Species distributions varied significantly based on height on the wall, crevice depth, aspect and distance to the opposing wall. These differences may be influenced by dispersal mechanisms, moisture, substrate composition, and other important environmental factors. For example, Antirrhinum majus was generally found high on south facing walls in deep cracks whereas Umbilicus rupestris was found lower on north facing walls in shallower cracks. It is important that older walls colonized by plants be maintained such that a native flora can persist where natural rocky features are lacking.
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Hsieh, Pio-Go, Chang-Yu Ou, and Chiang Shih. "A simplified plane strain analysis of lateral wall deflection for excavations with cross walls." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 49, no. 10 (October 2012): 1134–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t2012-071.
Full textAbstract:
Previous studies have shown that installation of cross walls in deep excavations can reduce lateral wall deflection to a very small amount. To predict the lateral wall deflection for excavations with cross walls, it is necessary to perform a three-dimensional numerical analysis because the deflection behavior of the diaphragm wall with cross walls is by nature three dimensional. However for the analysis and design of excavations, two-dimensional plane strain analysis is mostly used in practice . For this reason, based on the deflection behavior of continuous beams and the superimposition principle, an equivalent beam model suitable for two-dimensional plane strain analysis was derived to predict lateral wall deflection for excavations with cross walls. Three excavation cases were employed to verify the proposed model. Case studies confirm the proposed equivalent beam model for excavations with cross walls installed from near the ground surface down to at least more than half the embedded depth of the diaphragm wall. For the case with a limited cross-wall depth, the proposed model yields a conservative predicted lateral wall deflection.
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XuHan, X., and A. A. M. Van Lammeren. "Microtubular configurations during endosperm development in Phaseolus vulgaris." Canadian Journal of Botany 72, no. 10 (October 1, 1994): 1489–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b94-183.
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Microtubular cytoskeletons in nuclear, alveolar, and cellular endosperm of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) were analyzed immunocytochemically and by electron microscopy to reveal their function during cellularization. Nuclear endosperm showed a fine network of microtubules between the wide-spaced nuclei observed towards the chalazal pole. Near the embryo, where nuclei were densely packed, bundles of microtubules radiated from nuclei. They were formed just before alveolus formation and functioned in spacing nuclei and in forming internuclear, phragmoplast-like structures that gave rise to nonmitosis-related cell plates. During alveolus formation cell plates extended and fused with other newly formed walls, thus forming the walls of alveoli. Growing wall edges of cell plates exhibited arrays of microtubules perpendicular to the plane of the wall, initially. When two growing walls were about to fuse, microtubules of both walls interacted, and because of the interaction of microtubules, the cell walls changed their position. When a growing wall was about to fuse with an already existing wall, such interactions between microtubules were not observed. It is therefore concluded that interactions of microtubules of fusing walls influence shape and position of walls. Thus microtubules control the dynamics of cell wall positioning and initial cell shaping. Key words: cell wall, cellularization, endosperm, microtubule, Phaseolus vulgaris.
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Ostendorf, M., Susan Morgan, Serdar Celik, and William Retzlaff. "Evaluating the potential stormwater retention of a living retaining wall system." Journal of Living Architecture 8, no. 1 (2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.46534/jliv.2021.08.01.001.
Full textAbstract:
Redesigning standard revetment or retaining walls to capture stormwater could increase the use of living walls and, thus, expand their beneficial impacts, including greening underutilized space. This study evaluated the potential stormwater retention and percent plant coverage of an experimental wall surface for six treatments (five vegetated Sedum treatments and an unplanted ‘control’ wall) on 18 circular living retaining wall systems designed from a standard retaining wall system. Percent stormwater retention, which compared effective precipitation volumes with stormwater runoff volumes, was quantified for 81 storm events from July 2010 to September 2011. Living retaining wall systems planted with S. (Phedimus) takesimensis retained stormwater more effectively than the unplanted wall and other planted treatments, including walls planted with S. spurium, mixed Sedum species, and S. kamtschaticum. Plant surface coverage of the living retaining wall system was the greatest when planted with mixed Sedum species, S. spurium, and S. kamtschaticum. Overall this study demonstrates that properly designed living retaining wall systems may be able to be used as a best management practice for stormwater retention in urban areas. Further study could determine the performance of living retaining walls with a more conventional design (i.e., single aspect vs. four aspects against a slope), over a longer time period, walls planted with other vegetated treatments, and walls featuring different fill and plant materials.
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Rybiński, Witold, and Jarosław Mikielewicz. "Analytical 1D models of the wall thermal resistance of rectangular minichannels applied in heat exchangers." Archives of Thermodynamics 37, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 63–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoter-2016-0020.
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Abstract The paper presents four 1-dimensional models of thermal resistance of walls in a heat exchanger with rectangular minichannels. The first model is the simplest one, with a single wall separating two fluids. The second model of the so called equivalent wall takes into account total volume of intermediate walls between layers of minichannels and of side walls of minichannels. The next two more complicated models take separately into account thermal resistance of these walls. In these two models side walls are treated as fins. The results of models comparison are presented. It is shown that thermal resistance may be neglected for metal walls but it should be taken into account for the walls made of plastics. For the case of non-neglected wall thermal resistance the optimum wall thickness was derived. Minichannel heat exchangers made of plastic are larger than those built of metal, but are significantly cheaper. It makes possible to use of such exchangers in inexpensive microscale ORC installations.
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Sun, Zhijuan, Jiliang Liu, and Mingjin Chu. "Experimental Study on Behaviors of Adaptive-slit Shear Walls." Open Civil Engineering Journal 7, no. 1 (October 31, 2013): 189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874149501307010189.
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In order to meet the needs of performance-based seismic design, a new type of adaptive-slit shear wall that is easy to construct and behaves well under cyclic loading is introduced to improve the seismic performance of conventional shear wall structures. The seismic damage of an adaptive-slit shear wall develops gradually and it transforms from integral wall into slit wall. The mechanical characteristics of adaptive-slit shear walls suggest that such walls are adaptive to various seismic requirements under earthquakes of different intensities. Compared with conventional shear walls, the new wall is highly ductile and is advantageous in controlling the seismic damage process.
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Allenspach, Rolf, and Pierre-Olivier Jubert. "Magnetic Domain Walls in Nanowires." MRS Bulletin 31, no. 5 (May 2006): 395–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2006.100.
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AbstractFor many decades, it was assumed that the characteristics of magnetic domain walls were determined by material properties and the walls were moved by magnetic fields.In the past few years, it has been shown that domain walls behave differently on the nanometer scale.Domain walls in small elements exhibit complex spin arrangements that strongly deviate from the wall types commonly encountered in magnetic thin-film systems, and they can be modified by changing the geometry of the element.Domain walls in nanowires can also be moved by injecting electrical current pulses.Whereas wall propagation is qualitatively explained by a spin transfer from the conduction electrons to the spins of the domain wall, important aspects of the observations cannot be explained by present models.Examples include the observation of a drastic transformation of the wall structure upon current injection and domain wall velocities that tend to be orders of magnitude smaller than anticipated from theory.
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Ardekani, M. N., M. E. Rosti, and L. Brandt. "Turbulent flow of finite-size spherical particles in channels with viscous hyper-elastic walls." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 873 (June 24, 2019): 410–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2019.413.
Full textAbstract:
We study single-phase and particle-laden turbulent channel flows bounded by two incompressible hyper-elastic walls with different deformability at bulk Reynolds number $5600$. The solid volume fraction of finite-size neutrally buoyant rigid spherical particles considered is $10\,\%$. The elastic walls are assumed to be of a neo-Hookean material. A fully Eulerian formulation is employed to model the elastic walls together with a direct-forcing immersed boundary method for the coupling between the fluid and the particles. The data show a significant drag increase and the enhancement of the turbulence activity with growing wall elasticity for both the single-phase and particle-laden flows when compared with the single-phase flow over rigid walls. Drag reduction and turbulence attenuation is obtained, on the other hand, with highly elastic walls when comparing the particle-laden flow with the single-phase flow for the same wall properties; the opposite effect, drag increase, is observed upon adding particles to the flow over less elastic walls. This is explained by investigating the near-wall turbulence, where the strong asymmetry in the magnitude of the wall-normal velocity fluctuations (favouring positive $v^{\prime }$), is found to push the particles towards the channel centre. The particle layer close to the wall contributes to turbulence production by increasing the wall-normal velocity fluctuations, so that in the absence of this layer, smaller wall deformations and in turn turbulence attenuation is observed. For a moderate wall elasticity, we increase the particle volume fraction up to $20\,\%$ and find that particle migration away from the wall is the cause of turbulence attenuation with respect to the flow over rigid walls. However, for this higher volume fractions, the particle induced stress compensates for the decreasing Reynolds shear stress, resulting in a higher overall drag for the case with elastic walls. The effect of the wall elasticity on the overall drag reduces significantly with increasing particle volume fraction.
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Imam, S. H., M. J. Buchanan, H. C. Shin, and W. J. Snell. "The Chlamydomonas cell wall: characterization of the wall framework." Journal of Cell Biology 101, no. 4 (October 1, 1985): 1599–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.101.4.1599.
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The cell wall of the biflagellate alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a multilayered, extracellular matrix composed of carbohydrates and 20-25 polypeptides. To learn more about the forces responsible for the integrity of this cellulose-deficient cell wall, we have begun studies to identify and characterize the framework of the wall and to determine the effects of the cell wall-degrading enzyme, lysin, on framework structure and protein composition. In these studies we used walls released into the medium by mating gametes. When isolated shed walls are degraded by exogenously added lysin, no changes are detected in the charge or molecular weight of the 20-25 wall proteins and glycoproteins when analyzed on one- and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels, which suggests that degradation of these shed walls is due either to cleavage of peptide bonds very near the ends of polypeptides or that degradation occurs via a mechanism other than proteolysis. Incubation of walls with Sarkosyl-urea solutions removes most of the proteins and yields thin structures that appear to be the frameworks of the walls. Analysis by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis shows that the frameworks are highly enriched in a polypeptide of Mr 100,000. Treatment of frameworks with lysin leads to their degradation, which indicates that this part of the wall is a substrate for the enzyme. Although lysin converts the Mr 100,000 polypeptide from an insoluble to a soluble form, there is no detectable change in Mr of the framework protein. Solubilization in the absence of lysin requires treatment with SDS and dithiothreitol at 100 degrees C. These results suggest that the Chlamydomonas cell wall is composed of two separate domains: one containing approximately 20 proteins held together by noncovalent interactions and a second domain, containing only a few proteins, which constitutes the framework of the wall. The result that shed walls can be solubilized by boiling in SDS-dithiothreitol indicates that disulfide linkages are critical for wall integrity. Using an alternative method for isolating walls from mechanically disrupted gametes, we have also shown that a wall-shaped portion of these unshed walls is insoluble under the same conditions in which shed walls are soluble. One interpretation of these results is that wall release during mating and the wall degradation that follows may involve distinct biochemical events.
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Joyklad, Panuwat, Nazam Ali, Muhammad Usman Rashid, Qudeer Hussain, Hassan M. Magbool, Amr Elnemr, and Krisada Chaiyasarn. "Strength Enhancement of Interlocking Hollow Brick Masonry Walls with Low-Cost Mortar and Wire Mesh." Infrastructures 6, no. 12 (November 24, 2021): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures6120166.
Full textAbstract:
Cement–clay Interlocking Hollow Brick Masonry (CCIHBM) walls are characterized by poor mechanical properties of bricks and mortar. Their performance is observed to be unsatisfactory under both gravity and seismic loads. There is an urgent need to develop sustainable, environmentally friendly, and low-cost strengthening materials to alter the structural behaviour of brick masonry walls in terms of strength and ductility. The results of an experimental investigation conducted on the diagonal compressive response of CCIHBM walls are presented in this study. In this experimental study, a total of six CCIHBM walls were constructed using cement–clay interlocking hollow bricks. One was tested as a control or reference wall, whereas the remaining walls were strengthened using cement mortar. In some walls, the cement mortar was also combined with the wire mesh. The research parameters included the type of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) (Type 1 and Type 2), thickness of cement mortar (10 mm and 20 mm), and layers of wire mesh (one and three layers). The experimental results indicate that control or unstrengthened CCIHBM walls failed in a very brittle manner at a very low ultimate load and deformation. The control CCIHBM wall, i.e., W-CON, failed at an ultimate load of 247 kN, and corresponding deflection was 1.8 mm. The strength and ductility of cement mortar and wire mesh-strengthened walls were found to be higher than the reference CCIHBM wall. For example, the ultimate load and deformation of cement-mortar-strengthened wall were found to be 143% and 233% higher than the control wall, respectively. Additionally, the ultimate failure modes of cement mortar and wire mesh strengthened were observed as ductile as compared to the brittle failure of reference wall or unstrengthened CCIHBM wall, which increased by 66% and 150% as compared with the control wall.
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Shelton, Joel Joseph, Nisar Basha, A. Arun Solomon, and C. Daniel. "Numerical Investigation of the Effects of Opening on the Strength of Masonry Wall." Applied Mechanics and Materials 911 (January 4, 2023): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-z95i0o.
Full textAbstract:
Masonry is used as a construction material since old age. It is a cheaper construction material compared to R.C.C. and also requires comparatively less construction skills. During an earthquake, the masonry wall constructed following the codal provisions shows preliminary behaviour in the in-plane direction of wall and it has lesser deformation in the out-of-plane direction of the wall. Although, the strength and stiffness of the Un-Reinforced Masonry (URM) walls were reduce due to sizes and positions of openings, the relationship between the seismic capacity of the walls and the position and size of opening in walls are not clear. Researchers in the past mostly explored the in-plane behaviour of solid masonry wall without opening. Considering the openings in these walls can significantly affect the strength of the masonry wall. Hence, in the present study, an attempt is made to understand the effect of varying opening sizes (4 different combinations of door and/or window openings) in unreinforced masonry wall using finite element software CATIA. From this software, URM walls were modeled and load based quasi-static analysis were done in in-plane direction. The collapse mechanisms of the masonry walls and crack patterns are studied from the analysis and a key output from this work is the characterization of the relationships between the sizes and positions of openings and the in-plane performance of masonry walls.
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Massicotte, H. B., C. A. Ackerley, and R. L. Peterson. "Localization of three sugar residues in the interface of ectomycorrhizae synthesized between Alnus crispa and Alpova diplophloeus as demonstrated by lectin binding." Canadian Journal of Botany 65, no. 6 (June 1, 1987): 1127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b87-157.
Full textAbstract:
The interface established between Alnus crispa and the basidiomycete Alpova diplophloeus involves structural modifications of host cell walls and hyphal walls in the Hartig net region of the ectomycorrhizae synthesized in pouches. Indirect labelling of cell wall carbohydrates by using colloidal gold conjugated with the lectins Ulex europaeus agglutinin, wheat-germ agglutinin, and concanavalin A was applied to these mycorrhizae and to nonmycorrhizal roots. Significantly more binding of the lectins was observed in the mycorrhizal roots than in control roots. In the Hartig net region of mycorrhizal roots, the lectins bound intensely to the host cell wall, particularly the wall ingrowths, and to adjacent fungal walls, whereas in nonmycorrhizal roots, a sparse labelling was recorded in the cell wall. Possible explanations for this pattern of lectin binding include the following: the sugar residues L-fucose, mannose, and N-acetylglucosamine may be utilized in the synthesis of the elaborate epidermal wall ingrowths and N-acetylglucosamine may be utilized in the synthesis of the labyrinthine wall branchings of the fungus; the sugar residues are bound to a proteinaceous fraction in the host and hyphal walls; the sugar residues bound by the lectins may be components of defense reaction elicitors released from the host wall and hyphal wall by wall-degrading enzymes; the sugar residues may simply be the result of enzymatic degradation of walls but not involving elicitors of defense reactions.
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Keskin, İnan. "Stability Analysis of a High Stone Retaining Wall: A Case of Eskipazar/Turkey." International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering 3, no. 2 (June 24, 2017): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24178/ijare.2017.3.2.26.
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Abstract— The use of natural stones in retaining wall has been a tradition and common practice throughout human history. Stone retaining walls are load bearing retaining walls, which have long been analyzed by considering the equilibrium of forces and moments applied to the wall treated as a rigid solid. Stone retaining walls can be designed for the provision of some slope stability. This paper provides a review of stability analysis of high stone retaining walls. This paper provides a review of stability analysis of high stone retaining walls using Geo5 software. The stone retaining wall examined in this study is located in Karabük (Turkey). The study area was located near of the North Anatolian Fault Line (NAF) which are the most important fault lines in Turkey. For that reason, the stability analyzes were carried out considering the earthquake situation. The stone retaining wall is made of traverten type rock. This rock is a commonly observed rock type. The height of the analyzed wall is 10 m. A 5 kPa uniformly distributed load was adopted in the stability analysis to accommodate for the heaviest loading condition during construction. The analysis with Geo5 found a wall factor of safety 1.78. At this value, it shows that the wall will stable although it is very high.
Index Terms— Stone masonry walls, slope stability, Geo5, Turkey
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Castro, F. B. de, P. M. Hotten, and E. R. Ørskov. "Effect of Dilute-Acid-Hydrolysis Treatments on the Utilization of Wheat Straw by Rumen Bacteria and Free Enzymes." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1992 (March 1992): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600023217.
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Extensive hydrolysis of cell wall polysaccharides by rumen bacteria or free enzymes has been reported when lignocellulosic materials had been treated with steam and pressure (Dekker & Wallis, 1983; Castro & Machado, 1989). This has mainly been explained by complete hydrolysis of hemicellulose, lignin depolymerization and redistribution within the cell wall and increasing accessible pore volume by swelling of the cell walls. Physical treatment based on use of steam and pressure alone (auto-hydrolysis) is always associated with the release of toxic levels of furfural and phenolic monomers. These chemicals are able to inhibit the activity of rumen microorganisms, yeasts and free enzymes. To overcome this effect, dilute-acid-hydrolysis at low temperatures and pressures has been proposed (Grohmann et al., 1985). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of temperature, sulphuric acid concentration and reaction time on the utilization of treated wheat straw by dilute-acid-hydrolysis, either by rumen bacteria and free enzymes.
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Salah Eddine, Baaziz, and Mellas Mekki. "Influence of Parameters the Wall on Reinforced Soil Segmental Walls." Civil Engineering Journal 3, no. 6 (June 30, 2017): 395–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2017-00000100.
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The behaviour of retaining walls in geosynthetic reinforced soil is complex and requires studies and research to understand the mechanisms of rupture, the behaviour of the reinforcements in the soil and the behaviour of the main elements of the system: reinforcement-wall-soil. Several researches have been done on the use of geosynthetics as backfill massive reinforcement material (experimental studies, numerical analysis, reduced models ...). This parametric study was conducted to investigate the influence of numerical parameters of the wall which confront us in the projects, on the behaviour of walls on reinforced soil segmental walls. A 3.6m high wall is composed of modular blocks of earth sand reinforced with four geogrids layers was modelled. The properties of materials, the wall geometry, and the boundary conditions will be explained later. The finite difference computer program FLAC3D was used in this study. The results of this numerical study allowed to deduce the importance of each parameter of the wall selected for the behaviour of retaining walls in soil reinforced by geogrid. The inclination of wall "W" is of great importance for the calculation of retaining walls in modular blocks and can provide an important contribution to the horizontal balance of this type walls. The value of lateral displacements of the facing tends to continuously decrease with the increase of "W". More the wall is inclined plus the horizontal stresses behind the wall and values of the tensile stress in the layers of geogrid "T" decrease in an expressive manner. The dimensions of modular blocks (types) and the mechanical characteristics of modular blocks (category) have a remarkable effect on the calculation of retaining walls in modular blocks reinforced with layers of geogrid.
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Lee, Jong-In, Young-Taek Kim, and Sungwon Shin. "Experimental Studies on Wave Interactions of Partially Perforated Wall under Obliquely Incident Waves." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/954174.
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This study presents wave height distribution in terms of stem wave evolution phenomena on partially perforated wall structures through three-dimensional laboratory experiments. The plain and partially perforated walls were tested to understand their effects on the stem wave evolution under the monochromatic and random wave cases with the various wave conditions, incident angle (from 10 to 40 degrees), and configurations of front and side walls. The partially perforated wall reduced the relative wave heights more effectively compared to the plain wall structure. Partially perforated walls with side walls showed a better performance in terms of wave height reduction compared to the structure without the side wall. Moreover, the relative wave heights along the wall were relatively small when the relative chamber width is large, within the range of the chamber width in this study. The wave spectra showed a frequency dependency of the wave energy dissipation. In most cases, the existence of side wall is a more important factor than the porosity of the front wall in terms of the wave height reduction even if the partially perforated wall was still effective compared to the plain wall.
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Jing, Meng, and Werasak Raongjant. "Experimental Study on Historic Masonry Walls Retrofitted with GFRP Sheets in Different Patterns." Applied Mechanics and Materials 723 (January 2015): 377–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.723.377.
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This research determined the seismic behavior of historic masonry walls retrofitted by Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) sheets through laboratory testing. Brick and mortar were special prepared to get the same properties as that of historic walls. Five full scale wall specimens were constructed according to the dimension of historic walls in Thailand and tested to failure under horizontal cyclic loading. One wall served as reference specimen without retrofitting. Three walls were retrofitted with GFRP in different patterns before subjected to lateral loading. One wall was repaired after predefined shear damage and retrofitted with GFRP before taken the new loading test. Failure mechanism, shear strength, ductility and energy dissipation of walls were studied in detail. The results showed that the walls retrofitted with GFRP sheets in the same strengthening ratio on one side or two sides exhibited the similar improvement on deformation and shear capacity. The wall retrofitted with diagonal GFRP strips behaved the better energy dissipation capacity and more dense and adequate cracking development.