Academic literature on the topic 'Wallaroo'

Abstract ContextIn Australia, various species of macropods (family Macropodidae) are known to occur within peri-urban areas, where they can be a source of human–wildlife conflict. Some species, such as the eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus), have received considerable research attention over the past few years following demands from land managers for evidence-based management guidelines; however, the ecology of other macropod species found in peri-urban areas, such as the eastern wallaroo (Osphranter robustus robustus), remains poorly understood. AimsThe aims were to determine the home range of male and female eastern wallaroos and assess habitat selection in order to define whether wallaroos in a peri-urban environment should be viewed as thriving (‘matrix-occupying’), persisting (‘matrix-sensitive’) or struggling (‘urban-sensitive’). MethodsHome range and habitat use of six adult male, five adult female and one subadult male eastern wallaroo were investigated using GPS telemetry between October 2017 and May 2018 in the south-west of Sydney. Key resultsHome ranges (mean±s.e.) of males (63.1±10.2ha) were significantly larger than those of females (31.1±3.3ha). Every adult wallaroo had highly overlapping monthly home ranges, indicating strong site fidelity in all individuals. Eastern wallaroos selected habitats based on vegetation composition during the night and canopy cover during the day. Grassland and open native woodlands were preferred during foraging activities at night. By contrast, human-modified habitats, including hard surfaces and lawns, were avoided at all times by all individuals. ConclusionThe results indicate that eastern wallaroos avoid human-modified features in the landscape, so they could be viewed as persisting (‘matrix-sensitive’) in peri-urban areas. ImplicationsCompared with matrix-occupying macropods, such as the eastern grey kangaroo, the eastern wallaroo is less likely to cause human–wildlife conflicts – a result of its avoidance of human-modified habitat. Land-use planning, involving green corridors linking remnant vegetation, should be implemented as part of urban planning to enable the persistence of diverse mammal populations in urban areas, particularly matrix-sensitive species.

As part of a kangaroo management program, eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) and common wallaroos (M. robustus robustus) are harvested from three kangaroo management zones in north-eastern New South Wales, Australia. To set sustainable harvest quotas, it is necessary to obtain reasonably accurate estimates of the sizes of the populations of these two species of macropod. Recently, this has been done on two occasions using helicopter line-transect surveys. For the most recent of these surveys, conducted in 2004, each management zone was subdivided into three strata of increasing kangaroo density and the surveys were designed in relation to this stratification using an automated survey design algorithm. The results of the surveys were that eastern grey kangaroo densities were estimated as 8.11 ± 1.81 km–2 in the Glen Innes zone, 10.23 ± 2.41 km–2 in the Armidale zone and 4.82 ± 0.87 km–2 in the Upper Hunter zone. Wallaroo densities for these three zones were 3.06 ± 0.73 km–2, 5.68 ± 3.45 km–2 and 4.40 ± 1.01 km–2 respectively. The wallaroo densities were determined by multiplying the initial estimated densities by a correction factor of 1.85. Across the three kangaroo management zones, eastern grey kangaroo densities did not change in any significant way between the two surveys. This was also the case for wallaroos in the Glen Innes and Armidale zones. Wallaroo density in the Upper Hunter zone, however, increased significantly between the two surveys. Over a decade before these surveys were conducted, a series of ground surveys using walked line-transect sampling were undertaken. The density estimates derived from the helicopter surveys proved to be broadly comparable to those derived from the ground surveys, suggesting that conducting helicopter line-transect surveys designed using the method deployed here is effective in producing population estimates for the purpose of kangaroo management.

The dispersion, grouping patterns, diet and habitat utilisation of the antilopine wallaroo were studied during the wet and early dry season of 1983 at Coomalie Creek Farm in the Northern Territory. Two sites were sampled: one with steep-sided ridges and narrow valleys, the other with low ridges and open grassy depressions. The mean and modal group sizes of antilopine wallaroos at various population densities place this species amongst the most gregarious macropodids. By contrast, sympatric northern wallaroos and agile wallabies are essentially solitary. Associations between population classes of antilopine wallaroos contrasted with those in other large kangaroos, possibly because the mating period was not sampled. Females were most common in sites of low relief and large males were proportionately more common in this topography than were medium males. Faecal analysis showed that antilopine wallaroos grazed only grasses.

Wallaroos were bred in captivity during almost 20 years. Individual males attained sexual maturity at between 18 and 20 months old and females at between 14 and 24 months old; both sexes were capable of breeding throughout the year. Gestation was 30-38 d and extended almost the full length of the oestrous cycle, 31-46 d. Post-partum mating usually produced a blastocyst subject to lactational quiescence. Removal or loss of a pouch young usually resulted in birth 28-32 d later but up to 41 d later in the presence of an actively suckled young-at-foot. Pouch life ranged between 231 and 270 d, with vacation of the pouch usually followed by another birth 1-14 d later. Lactation exceeded 12-14 months but suckling had waned by 15-17 months. Reproductive patterns for M. r. robustus and M. r. erubescens were similar although significant differences between the subspecies were recorded in length of oestrous cycle, the interval from loss of pouch young to birth and post-partum oestrus, the length of pouch life and the time between vacation of the pouch and birth. In addition, the reproductive activity of hybrids produced by matings between the subspecies was observed, as was that of a limited number of M. antilopinus.

SUMMARYCutaneous leishmaniasis caused by various species of Leishmania is a significant zoonotic disease in many parts of the world. We describe the first cases of Australian cutaneous leishmaniasis in eight northern wallaroos, one black wallaroo and two agile wallabies from the Northern Territory of Australia. Diagnosis was made through a combination of gross appearance of lesions, cytology, histology, direct culture, serology and a species-specific real-time PCR. The causative organism was found to be the same unique species of Leishmania previously identified in red kangaroos. These clinical findings provide further evidence for the continuous transmission of the Australian Leishmania species and its presence highlights the importance of continued monitoring and research into the life-cycle of this parasite.

Gut capacity (wet mass of all digesta) was measured in the euro (Macropus robustus erubescens), the wallaroo (M. r. robustus) and the feral goat (Capra hircus). Gut capacity, as a proportion of body mass (mean+/-s.e.), was greatest (P<0.01) in the goat at 20.4+/-1.5%, 13.2+/-0.5% in the wallaroo, and 11.6+/-1.2% in the euro. Similarly, the mass of total fermentation contents was greatest (P<0.01) in the goat at 17.1+/-1.2% of body mass, 11.2+/-0.5% in the wallaroo and 10.6+/-0.7% in the euro. However, the allocation of the gut to various functions was similar among the species; the fermentation contents of the stomach were 70%, the small intestines were 9%, the caecum was 5%, and the colon was 9% of the total mass of digesta. There were no mechanisms in the gut of the two macropodids that selectively delayed digesta; the size distribution of digesta particles was similar in all sections of the gut. However, in the goat 25% of the dry matter from the ruminoreticulum was retained on 2.4- and 1.2-mm sieves, but no digesta from the other sections of the gut were retained on the 2.4-mm sieve and only 0.5-2% was retained on the 1.2-mm sieve. It was concluded that the goat has evolved a larger gut to meet higher metabolic energy requirements, but the allocation of the gut to various functions is similar among ruminants and macropodids, and this is a response to the evolution of herbivory in grasslands. The selective retention of large particles in the rumen, rumination and greater capacity account for the more complete digestion of plant cell wall by ruminants than by similar-sized macropodids.

As a consequence of genetic studies of population structuring, the usefulness of subspecies has been questioned, with opinions divided. The situation is further confused by the use of varying species and subspecies concepts. Most alternatives require each taxon to be following an independent evolutionary trajectory. These include traditional approaches and the more recent phylogenetic species concept. The latter has led to large increases in the apparent number of taxa in some groups, though strong objections have been raised to this approach. An alternative, the ecological species concept, has been opposed by phylogeneticists. These two approaches are compared using morphological and genetic data from common wallaroo (Osphranter robustus) populations. The different taxonomies that might result (many species, one species with two subspecies, one species with no subspecies) can have significant consequences for legislative and management decisions. The ecological approach is considered preferable for subspecies and the present taxonomy is maintained. A potential location of the boundary between the wallaroo subspecies is proposed. How the use of the different subspecies definitions would affect legislative decisions is explored.

cDNA sequence analysis of the X-linked glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) gene has shown a base difference between two subspecies of the kangaroo, Macropus robustus robustus (wallaroo) and M. r. erubescens (euro). A thymine residue in the wallaroo at position 358 in exon 5 has been replaced by a cytosine residue in the euro, which accounts for the previously reported electrophoretic difference between the two subspecies. This base difference allowed use of the Single Nucleotide Primer Extension (SNuPE) technique to study allele-specific expression of G6PD at the transcriptional level. We began by examining G6PD expression in somatic cells and observed complete paternal X inactivation in all somatic tissues of adult female heterozygotes, whereas we found partial paternal allele activity in cultured fibroblasts, thus confirming previous allozyme electrophoresis studies. In late dictyate oocytes from an adult heterozygote, the assay also detected expression of both the maternal and paternal alleles at the G6PD locus, with the maternal allele showing preferential expression. Thus reactivation of the inactive paternally derived X chromosome occurs during oogenesis in M. robustus, although the exact timing of reactivation remains to be determined.

Bibliography: leaves 98-103. Examines the role of public participation in coastal protection and coastal management in two marina developments proposed for Yorke Peninsula. The study concluded that there was potential for the South Australian Planning System to incorporate sustainable development and involve the public to a greater extent. The Environmental Impact Assessment process has been perceived as a means of incorporating the principles of ecologically sustainable development at a community level, but the extent to which this has occured for the marina developments at Port Vincent and Wallaroo is limited.

L'activitat comunicativa es troba en ple procés de transformació i les seves estratègies es desenvolupen en nou context interconnectat. La present tesi doctoral parteix de la hipòtesi de l'existència d'un plantejament estratègic 360º de la comunicació, cada vegada més integrada per aprofitar les sinergies entre accions de publicitat i relacions públiques. L'objectiu és descriure-ho, a partir de l'anàlisi crític i propositiu de l'estratègia de comunicació de la nova economia, formada per empreses natives digitals. Els resultats més destacats d'aquest estudi, que se centra en l'anàlisi qualitativa dels casos d'estudi de Wallapop, Westwing i Fotocasa, permeten, en primer lloc, descriure estratègia de comunicació de les empreses natives digitals que, constaten la seva visió 360, en línia amb les teories de comunicació integrada de màrqueting desenvolupades a partir dels anys 80, encara que amb les particularitats que imposa el nou context interconnectat. Un dels factors que influeixen en el model de planificació estratègica de comunicació de la nova economia és la velocitat que imposen les regles de joc del seu propi ecosis-tema empresarial i, lligat a ella, la necessitat de màxim creixement i creació de valor. L'estudi conclou que l'estratègia de comunicació de la nova economia segueix els prin-cipis de la direcció per objectius del management establerts per Drucker el 1954, que el 1968 Marston va aplicar a la comunicació en el seu model d'espiral en quatre fases (investiga-ció , planificació, execució i avaluació), encara que en la seva aplicació mostra destacades particularitats derivades dels aquests condicionants, entre les quals destaca la planificació flexible ia curt termini i la presa de decisions basada en dades, procedents de la in-vestigació i del seguiment constant. Amb una visió integrada de públics i canals, les empreses de la nova economia 'aprofita-chan al màxim les sinergies entre les accions de publicitat i relacions públiques, que inclouen iniciatives de múltiples camps d'actuació, des dels més convencionals, com campanyes publicitàries a la televisió i accions dirigides a mitjans de comunicació, a altres que van adquirint una importància creixent, com el màrqueting de continguts i l'influencer màrqueting.
La actividad comunicativa se encuentra en pleno proceso de transformación y sus estrategias se desarrollan en nuevo contexto interconectado. La presente tesis doctoral parte de la hipótesis de la existencia de un planteamiento estratégico 360º de la comunicación, cada vez más integrada para aprovechar las sinergias entre acciones de publicidad y relaciones públicas. El objetivo es describirlo, a partir del análisis crítico y propositivo de la estrategia de comunicación de la nueva economía, formada por empresas nativas digitales. Los resultados más destacados de este estudio, que se centra en el análisis cualitativo de los casos de estudio de Wallapop, Westwing y Fotocasa, permiten, en primer lugar, describir estrategia de comunicación de las empresas nativas digitales que, constatan su visión 360, en línea con las teorías de comunicación integrada de marketing desarrolladas a partir de los años 80, aunque con las particularidades que impone el nuevo contexto interconectado. Uno de los factores que influyen en el modelo de planificación estratégica de comunicación de la nueva economía es la velocidad que imponen las reglas de juego de su propio ecosistema empresarial y, ligado a ella, la necesidad de máximo crecimiento y creación de valor. El estudio concluye que la estrategia de comunicación de la nueva economía sigue los principios de la dirección por objetivos del management establecidos por Drucker en 1954, que en 1968 Marston aplicó a la comunicación en su modelo de espiral en cuatro fases (investigación, planificación, ejecución y evaluación), aunque en su aplicación muestra destacadas particularidades derivadas de los estos condicionantes, entre las que destaca la planificación flexible y a corto plazo y la toma de decisiones basada en datos, procedentes de la investigación y del seguimiento constante. Con una visión integrada de públicos y canales, las empresas de la nueva economía aprovechan al máximo las sinergias entre las acciones de publicidad y relaciones públicas, que incluyen iniciativas de múltiples campos de actuación, desde los más convencionales, como campañas publicitarias en televisión y acciones dirigidas a medios de comunicación, a otros que van adquiriendo una importancia creciente, como el marketing de contenidos y el influencer marketing.
The communicative activity is in the process of transformation and its strategies are developed in a new interconnected context. This thesis starts from the hypothesis of the existence of a 360º strategic approach to communication, increasingly integrated to take advantage of the synergies between publicity and public relations actions. The objective is to describe it, based on the critical and propositional analysis of the communication strategy of the new economy, formed by digital native companies. The most outstanding results of this study, which focuses on the qualitative analysis of the case studies of Wallapop, Westwing and Fotocasa, allow, first, to describe the communication strategy of digital native companies that, line with theories of integrated marketing communication developed since the 1980s, but with the particularities imposed by the new interconnected context. One of the factors that influence the strategic planning model of communication in the new economy is the speed imposed by the rules of the game of its own business ecosystem and, linked to it, the need for maximum growth and value creation. The study concludes that the communication strategy of the new economy follows the principles of management by management objectives established by Drucker in 1954, which in 1968 Marston applied to communication in his model of spiral in four phases (research , planning, execution and evaluation), although in its application it shows outstanding particularities derived from these conditions, among which the flexible and short-term planning and data-based decision-making, from research and constant monitoring. With an integrated vision of publics and channels, companies in the new economy take full advantage of the synergies between publicity and public relations actions, which include initiatives from multiple fields of action, from the most conventional, such as advertising campaigns on television and actions directed to the media, to others that are becoming increasingly important, such as content marketing and influencer marketing.

Research into the factors which limit the distribution and abundance of species has a long tradition in ecology, and knowledge of such factors is vital for guiding the conservation of biodiversity. However, few studies have investigated the way in which intraspecific and interspecific differences in the niche requirements of species vary geographically, despite growing demand for such information in the face of large-scale environmental change, particularly the predicted effects of global warming. The antilopine wallaroo (Macropus antilopinus) is a large macropod endemic to the extensive tropical savannas of northern Australia. This thesis investigates the ecology and conservation of the antilopine wallaroo across its distribution; in addition, I provide comparative information on other sympatric macropod species. At 50 sites across northern Australia, I collected detailed information on the abundance and social behaviour of a number of macropod species as well as and data on climate, fire history, habitat and resource availability. Using these data I constructed habitat models for species at varying spatial scales. Interpreting broadscale patterns of species’ distributions and abundance also requires an understanding of the individual requirements of species-specific characteristics, such as socioecology and behaviour. Therefore, I also conducted an intensive study of the behaviour of the antilopine wallaroo at one site in north Queensland. The antilopine wallaroo occurred at 68% of the sites that I surveyed, and the abundance of this species varied substantially across its distribution. The factors influencing the distribution and abundance of the antilopine wallaroo varied according to the spatial scale of analysis. At the largest scale (complete distribution), availability of water, frequency of fire, geology (soil fertility) and land management were the most important factors, whereas within Queensland and at smaller bioregional scales, the abundance of a potential competitor (eastern grey kangaroo, M. giganteus) and aspects of habitat structure and composition were of greater importance. In contrast, the abundance of eastern grey kangaroos and common wallaroos (M. robustus) was strongly influenced by climate. The abundance of antilopine wallaroos increased after fire whereas the abundance of common wallaroos declined. The antilopine wallaroo was the most gregarious macropod and group sizes increased significantly with population density. The eastern grey kangaroo and whiptail wallaby (M. parryi) were less gregarious than the antilopine wallaroo, and the common wallaroo and agile wallaby (M. agilis) were essentially solitary. Compared with other large tropical macropods, the antilopine wallaroo’s pattern of reproduction was strongly seasonal, centred around the monsoon season. There was marked seasonal variation in the associations between sex and size classes of the antilopine wallaroo, which appear related to reproduction and sexual segregation in this species. Climate change poses a significant risk to the continued survival of the antilopine wallaroo. The relatively restricted distribution, dependence on water and seasonal breeding pattern of the antilopine wallaroo makes this species the most vulnerable of the four large macropods in northern Australia. The capacity for climate change to alter habitat structure and influence fire regimes within this region is also likely to result in changes to both local and regional macropod communities. Preliminary genetic data suggest that there has been recent restriction of gene flow between populations of antilopine wallaroos in Queensland and the rest of the species’ distribution, which may be associated with an arid ecological barrier to dispersal at the base of the Gulf of Carpentaria. My results also indicate that hybridisation between the antilopine wallaroo and common wallaroo has occurred across the former species’ range. Further work is therefore required to resolve the taxonomic status of the antilopine wallaroo and the phylogeny of large macropods. The results of my study provide the most comprehensive information to date on the ecology and conservation of the antilopine wallaroo, and also filled a significant gap in our overall knowledge of macropodid marsupials by expanding our limited knowledge of the tropically-occurring members of this group. More broadly, my research has demonstrated spatial variation in the niche requirements of a large herbivore and has identified many of the key environmental and biological factors influencing the distribution and abundance of species that live in tropical savannas. In addition it has made a substantial contribution to a more comprehensive understanding of the global ecology and evolution of large herbivores.

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Iron Oxide Copper Gold (IOCG) deposits are the products of crustal-scale metasomatic alteration, generally considered to be associated with the emplacement of large felsic intrusions. These systems are typified by zoned, broad alteration haloes comprising the products of an early, barren albitization event, and late, ore-hosting potassic/calcic (skarn) alteration associated with mineralization. Yttrium and rare earth elements (REY), and also uranium, are prominent components of most IOCG systems. The REY-signatures of feldspars and accessory apatite, Fe-(Ti)-oxides and other minerals are geochemical tracers of alteration stages within a magmatic-hydrothermal system. This study sets out to identify links between magmatism and initiation of hydrothermal activity, and to test the hypothesis that albitization is a pre-requisite stage for REE-U enrichment in magmatically-derived IOCG systems. The compositions and trace element concentrations in key minerals have been analysed using scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis and laser-ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry in a varied range of magmatic to metasedimentary lithologies from the Moonta-Wallaroo region, an area in which broad regional-scale alkali alteration is recognised. Results confirm a strong link between albitization and REE-U-enrichment. The process of albitization is seen to consume, redistribute and lock-in REY, LILE and HFSE via complex fluid-rock reactions dependent on the pre-existing mineral assemblages and fluid characteristics, providing a holistic model for IOCG-driven alkali metasomatism. The trace element signatures recorded by K-feldspar reflect a transition from magmatic to hydrothermal stages within an evolving IOCG system. Although further constraints on these signatures are required, they could prove invaluable in mineral exploration as they suggest a quantifiable distinction between alteration associated with mineralization, and regional background. This hypothesis requires testing elsewhere in the Olympic Province and in analogous terranes.
Thesis (B.Sc.(Hons)) -- University of Adelaide, School of Physical Sciences, 2010

Il volume raccoglie le relazioni presentate nel corso della giornata di studio tenutasi a San Miniato il primo dicembre 2007, dedicata all'indagine storiografica e ad un bilancio della lunga ricerca archeologica condotte sul sito di San Genesio nel Valdarno inferiore, villaggio che ebbe continuità insediativa dall'Antichità al pieno Duecento e che venne definitivamente abbandonato a seguito di una violenta distruzione da parte degli abitanti della vicina San Miniato al Tedesco. La località è nota dalle fonti scritte per alcune assemblee e incontri politici ad alto livello ivi tenutisi fra XI e XII secolo, incontri destinati a svolgere un ruolo significativo nel più ampio contesto della Toscana comunale. L'abitato è stato riportato alla luce nel corso di una quasi decennale campagna di scavo che ha fornito risultati di grande rilievo, tali da farne un interessantissimo case-study. Il volume si pone come momento di confronto fra metodologia storica e archeologica ed ha l'ambizione di evidenziare la grande utilità della collaborazione interdisciplinare sul terreno di realtà campione particolarmente propizie. Nel contempo esso fornisce un primo quadro complessivo circa la storia di un centro abbandonato ma dal passato ricco ed eccezionalmente documentato, proponendo un punto di riferimento per altre analoghe indagini destinate a far luce sulle vicende politiche, sulle istituzioni eclcesiastiche e sulle dinamiche del popolamento nell'Italia medievale.

And Shall These Mute Stones Speak? asked Professor Charles Thomas in his seminal book of the same name (University of Wales Press, 1994), arguing that in the early medieval period, with its paucity of documentary records, the inscribed standing stones of Cornwall were the best evidence for the existence of early Cornish people. The inference was that, in the modern era, with its multiplicity of sources and data, it was hardly necessary to resort to such devices. However, the ‘mute stones’ of the nineteenth and early twentieth-century Cornish diaspora – the grave stones of Cornish emigrants in cemeteries as disparate as Pachuca in Mexico and Moonta in South Australia – are vivid insights into the Cornish diasporic experience. Their location in often remote areas are testament to the extent of Cornish diasporic dispersal, while the inscriptions on individual gravestones are themselves important sources of social and cultural history. Moreover, these cemeteries and gravestones have served collectively and individually as memorials to the diasporic Cornish, often organised into distinctive ‘Cornish’ sections in graveyards, and are today explicit sites of remembrance – as in the ‘Dressing the Graves’ ceremony performed at Moonta, Wallaroo and Kadina during the biennial ‘Kernewek Lowender’ Cornish festival on South Australia’s northern Yorke Peninsula.