Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Wall suction'

Receptivity refers to the generation of boundary layer instability waves by external disturbances. Recent work by M. E. Goldstein has set the general framework for the different types of boundary layer receptivity mechanisms. Therefore, it is now understood that receptivity occurs near the leading edge or at locations downstream where the boundary layer undergoes a rapid streamwise adjustment. The present work analyzes the receptivity due to a free-stream acoustic wave interacting with a suction surface--hard wall junction. In this case, receptivity occurs because of the rapid changes in wall suction distribution. Analytical expressions for the amplitude of the generated instability wave have been derived and numerical estimates provided for parameter values typical of hybrid laminar flow control applications. The importance of the junction receptivity as compared to other receptivity mechanisms has been assessed.

The focus of the present licentiate thesis is on the effect of suction and pressure gradients on turbulent boundary-layer flows, which are investigated separately through performing numerical simulations.The first part aims at assessing history and development effects on adverse pressure-gradient (APG) turbulent boundary layers (TBL). A suitable set-up was developed to study near-equilibrium conditions for a boundary layer developingon a flat plate by setting the free-stream velocity at the top of the domain following a power law. The computational box size and the correct definition of the top-boundary condition were systematically tested. Well-resolved large-eddy simulations were performed to keep computational costs low. By varying the free-stream velocity distribution parameters, e.g. power-law exponent and virtual origin, pressure gradients of different strength and development were obtained. The magnitude of the pressure gradient is quantified in terms of the Clauser pressure-gradient parameter β. The effect of the APG is closely related to its streamwise development, hence, TBLs with non-constant and constant β were investigated. The effect was manifested in the mean flow through a much more pronounced wake region and in the Reynolds stresses through the existence of an outer peak. The terms of the turbulent kinetic energy budgets indicate the influence of the APG on the distribution of the transfer mechanism across the boundary layer. Stronger and more energetic structures were identified in boundary layers with relatively stronger pressure gradients in their development history. Due to the difficulty of determining the boundary-layer thickness in flows with strong pressure gradients or over a curvedsurface, a new method based on the diagnostic-plot concept was introduced to obtain a robust estimation of the edge of a turbulent boundary layer. In the second part, large-eddy simulations were performed on temporally developing turbulent asymptotic suction boundary layers (TASBLs). Findings from previous studies about the effect of suction could be confirmed, e.g. the reduction of the fluctuation levels and Reynolds shear stresses. Furthermore, the importance of the size of the computational domain and the time development were investigated. Both parameters were found to have a large impact on the results even on low-order statistics. While the mean velocity profile collapses in the inner layer irrespective of box size and development time, a wake region occurs for too small box sizes or early development time and vanishes once sufficiently large domains and/or integration times are chosen. The asymptotic state is charactersized by surprisingly thick boundary layers even for moderateReynolds numbers Re (based on free-stream velocity and laminar displacement thickness); for instance, Re = 333 gives rise to a friction Reynolds number Reτ = 2000. Similarly, the flow gives rise to very large structures in the outer region. These findings have important ramifications for experiments, since very large facilities are required to reach the asymptotic state even for low Reynolds numbers.

QC 20160418

The focus of this thesis is on the numerical study of subcritical transition to turbulence in the asymptotic suction boundary layer (ASBL). Applying constant homogeneous suction prevents the spatial growth of the boundary layer, granting access to the asymptotic dynamics. This enables research approaches which are not feasible in the spatially growing case. In a first part, the laminar–turbulent separatrix of the ASBL is investigated numerically by means of an edge-tracking algorithm. The consideration of spanwise-extended domains allows for the robust localisation of the attracting flow structures on this separatrix. The active part of the identified edge states consists of a pair of low- and high-speed streaks, which experience calm phases followed by high energy bursts. During these bursts the structure is destroyed and re-created with a shift in the spanwise direction. Depending on the streamwise extent of the domain, these shifts are either regular in direction and distance, and periodic in time, or irregular in space and erratic in time. In all cases, the same clear regeneration mechanism of streaks and vor- tices is identified, bearing strong similarities with the classical self-sustaining cycle in near-wall turbulence. Bifurcations from periodic to chaotic regimes are studied by varying the streamwise length of the (periodic) domain. The resulting bifurcation diagram contains a number of phenomena, e.g. multistability, intermittency and period doubling, usually investigated in the context of low-dimensional systems. The second part is concerned with spatio–temporal aspects of turbulent ASBL in large domains near the onset of sustained turbulence. Adiabatically decreasing the Reynolds number, starting from a fully turbulent state, we study low-Re turbulence and events leading to laminarisation. Furthermore, a robust quantitative estimate for the lowest Reynolds number at which turbulence is sustained is obtained at Re  270.

QC 20140213

We investigate the effects of wall permeability on the linear stability of two classical wall-bounded shear flows. In the first part of this thesis, we consider pressure driven, incompressible, fully developed, laminar flow in a channel delimited by rigid, homogeneous, isotropic, porous layers. We consider porous materials of small permeability in which the flow velocity is small and for which the inertial effects can be neglected. We solve the fully coupled, temporal, linear stability problem arising from the adjacent flows in the channel and porous regions. We perform a parametric study in which we vary the permeability, porosity, and height of the porous layers as well as a coefficient associated with the momentum transfer process at the interfaces between the channel and porous layers. We find that the overall stability is dictated by several competing mechanisms. For the majority of the parameter space studied, wall permeability has a significant destabilizing effect and the critical Reynolds number can decrease to values on the order of 10% that for plane Poiseuille flow. For particular configurations, however, we observe that permeability can have a stabilizing effect. We compare our results with previously published numerical and experimental studies.
In the second part of this thesis, we study the effects of wall permeability on the linear stability of the asymptotic suction boundary layer developed over a rigid, homogeneous, isotropic, porous plate. For this purpose, we propose a new approach to modeling wall suction. The porous plate is bounded above by a semi-infinite fluid region in which a boundary layer is driven by a constant free-stream velocity and pressure. The porous plate is bounded below by a semi-infinite plenum chamber maintained at a constant suction pressure lower than the free-stream pressure. The difference in pressure drives a constant suction through the porous plate. We consider both a temporal and spatial fully coupled linear stability analysis of the flow fields in the boundary layer, porous layer, and plenum chamber. As in the first part of the thesis, we constrain the study to porous materials of small permeability in which inertial effects may be neglected. We find that small amounts of wall permeability destabilize the Tollmien-Schlichting wave and cause the critical Reynolds number to decrease to less than 20% the value which is predicted by previous studies of the ASBL. We perform a parametric study in which we vary the permeability and depth of the porous layer, the Reynolds number, the streamwise wavenumber of temporal disturbances, and the frequency of spatial disturbances. We compare our results with previously published theoretical and experimental studies. We use our model to find the optimal operating conditions which minimize the skin friction drag and the power required to apply the suction.
Nous étudions l'action des parois poreuses sur la stabilité linéaire de deux écoulements classiques. Dans la première partie de cette thèse, nous considérons un écoulement laminaire qui évolue dans un canal plan délimité par deux parois rigides, à porosité homogène et isotrope. Nous limitons cette étude aux matériaux à faible perméabilité au sein desquels le fluide a une faible vitesse et pour lesquels les effets inertiels peuvent ainsi être négligés. Nous réalisons l'analyse de stabilité linéaire des différents écoulements qui evoluent dans le canal et dans les régions poreuses adjacentes. Pour cela, nous modulons quatre paramètres caractéristiques des parois: la perméabilité, la porosité, l'épaisseur, et un coefficient associé aux échanges de quantité de mouvement aux interfaces entre le canal et les parois poreuses. Nous décrivons les mécanismes qui interagissent sur la stabilité de l'écoulement. Pour la plupart des paramètres sélectionnés, nous observons que les parois ont un effet déstabilisant significatif et que le nombre de Reynolds critique s'en trouve considérablement reduit. Ainsi, dans les cas extrêmes, la valeur du nombre de Reynolds critique peut être de l'ordre de 10% de celle obtenue avec un écoulement Poiseuille classique. Toutefois, nous observons également que pour des configurations particuliéres, les parois poreuses peuvent avoir un rôle stabilisateur. Nos résultats sont comparés à des études numériques et expérimentales précédemment publiées.
Dans la seconde partie de cette thèse, nous étudions la stabilité linéaire d'une couche limite développée sur une plaque plane, rigide, à porosité homogène et isotrope, et à travers laquelle une aspiration est maintenue constante. Nous proposons une nouvelle approche pour modéliser l'aspiration pariétale. La plaque est située entre deux régions semi-infinies. Au-dessus de la plaque, évolue une couche limite dans laquelle la pression ambiante demeure constante, et au-dessous, existe une chambre d'aspiration dans laquelle la pression est maintenue inférieure à cette pression ambiante. C'est cette différence de pression qui entraîne une aspiration au travers de la plaque. Comme dans la première partie de cette thèse, nous limitons l'étude aux parois à faible perméabilité pour lesquelles les effets inertiels peuvent être négligés. Nous réalisons l'analyse de stabilité linéaire des différents écoulements qui evoluent au-dessus, au-dessous, et au sein de la plaque poreuse. Nous observons que la perméabilité pariétale et la chambre d'aspiration ont un effet déstabilisant significatif. La valeur du nombre de Reynolds critique peut ainsi être de l'ordre de 20% de celle reportée dans des études précédemment publiées et qui ignorent les effets dûs à la perméabilité. Nous proposons un modèle pour déterminer les conditions d'opération optimales de telle sorte que le frottement pariétal et l'alimentation nécessaire à maintenir une aspiration constante soient minimisés.

Disturbances introduced in wall-bounded flows can grow and lead to transition from laminar to turbulent flow. In order to reduce losses or enhance mixing in energy systems, a fundamental understanding of the flow stability and transition mechanism is important. In the present thesis, the stability, transition mechanism and early turbulent evolution of wall-bounded flows are studied. The stability is investigated by means of linear stability equations and the transition mechanism and turbulence are studied using direct numerical simulations. Three base flows are considered, the Falkner-Skan boundary layer, boundary layers subjected to wall suction and the Blasius wall jet. The stability with respect to the exponential growth of waves and the algebraic growth of optimal streaks is studied for the Falkner-Skan boundary layer. For the algebraic growth, the optimal initial location, where the optimal disturbance is introduced in the boundary layer, is found to move downstream with decreased pressure gradient. A unified transition prediction method incorporating the influences of pressure gradient and free-stream turbulence is suggested. The algebraic growth of streaks in boundary layers subjected to wall suction is calculated. It is found that the spatial analysis gives larger optimal growth than temporal theory. Furthermore, it is found that the optimal growth is larger if the suction begins a distance downstream of the leading edge. Thresholds for transition of periodic and localized disturbances as well as the spreading of turbulent spots in the asymptotic suction boundary layer are investigated for Reynolds number Re=500, 800 and 1200 based on the displacement thickness and the free-stream velocity. It is found that the threshold amplitude scales like Re^-1.05 for transition initiated by streamwise vortices and random noise, like Re^-1.3 for oblique transition and like Re^-1.5 for the localized disturbance. The turbulent spot is found to take a bullet-shaped form that becomes more distinct and increases its spreading rate for higher Reynolds number. The Blasius wall jet is matched to the measured flow in an experimental wall-jet facility. Both the linear and nonlinear regime of introduced waves and streaks are investigated and compared to measurements. It is demonstrated that the streaks play an important role in the breakdown process where they suppress pairing and enhance breakdown to turbulence. Furthermore, statistics from the early turbulent regime are analyzed and reveal a reasonable self-similar behavior, which is most pronounced with inner scaling in the near-wall region.

The design of metal building roof and wall systems under uplift and suction wind loading is complicated because the laterally unbraced purlin and girtâ s free flange is compressed, and the cross-section rotates due to the shear flow. The objective of this thesis is to introduce a Direct Strength Method (DSM) prediction approach for simple span purlins and girts with one flange through-fastened under uplift or suction loading. This prediction method is also applicable for the case when rigid board insulation is placed between the metal panel and through-fastened flange. The prediction method is validated with a database of 62 simple span tests. To evaluate the prediction for the case when rigid board is used, 50 full-scale tests with rigid board insulation are conducted by the author of this thesis. In the experimental study panel failure, connection failure and member (purlin and girt) failure are observed, and they all limit the systemâ s capacity. Another important contribution of this thesis is that it builds the foundation for future study of a general, mechanics-based limit state design approach for metal building roof and wall systems that can accommodate uplift and gravity loads, simple and continuous spans, and through-fastened and standing seam roofs.
Ph. D.

Wall transpiration, in the form of wall-normal suction or blowing through a permeable wall, is a relatively simple and effective technique to control the behaviour of a boundary layer. For its potential applications for laminar-turbulent transition and separation delay (suction) or for turbulent drag reduction and thermal protection (blowing), wall transpiration has over the past decades been the topic of a significant amount of studies. However, as far as the turbulent regime is concerned, fundamental understanding of the phenomena occurring in the boundary layer in presence of wall transpiration is limited and considerable disagreements persist even on the description of basic quantities, such as the mean streamwise velocity, for the rather simplified case of flat-plate boundary-layer flows without pressure gradients. In order to provide new experimental data on suction and blowing boundary layers, an experimental apparatus was designed and brought into operation. The perforated region spans the whole 1.2 m of the test-section width and with its streamwise extent of 6.5 m is significantly longer than previous studies, allowing for a better investigation of the spatial development of the boundary layer. The quality of the experimental setup and measurement procedures was verified with extensive testing, including benchmarking against previous results on a canonical zero-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layer (ZPG TBL) and on a laminar asymptotic suction boundary layer. The present experimental results on ZPG turbulent suction boundary layers show that it is possible to experimentally realize a turbulent asymptotic suction boundary layer (TASBL) where the boundary layer mean-velocity profile becomes independent of the streamwise location, so that the suction rate constitutes the only control parameter. TASBLs show a mean-velocity profile with a large logarithmic region and without the existence of a clear wake region. If outer scaling is adopted, using the free-stream velocity and the boundary layer thickness (δ99) as characteristic velocity and length scale respectively, the logarithmic region is described by a slope Ao=0.064 and an intercept Bo=0.994, independently from the suction rate (Γ). Relaminarization of an initially turbulent boundary layer is observed for Γ>3.70×10−3. Wall suction is responsible for a strong damping of the velocity fluctuations, with a decrease of the near-wall peak of the velocity-variance profile ranging from 50% to 65% when compared to a canonical ZPG TBL at comparable Reτ. This decrease in the turbulent activity appears to be explained by an increased stability of the near-wall streaks. Measurements on ZPG blowing boundary layers were conducted for blowing rates ranging between 0.1% and 0.37% of the free-stream velocity and cover the range of momentum thickness Reynolds number 10000<Reθ<36000. Wall-normal blowing strongly modifies the shape of the boundary-layer mean-velocity profile. As the blowing rate is increased, the clear logarithmic region characterizing the canonical ZPG TBLs gradually disappears. A good overlap among the mean velocity-defect profiles of the canonical ZPG TBLs and of the blowing boundary layers for all the Re number and blowing rates considered is obtained when normalization with the Zagarola-Smits velocity scale is adopted. Wall blowing enhances the intensity of the velocity fluctuations, especially in the outer region. At sufficiently high blowing rates and Reynolds number, the outer peak in the streamwise-velocity fluctuations surpasses in magnitude the near-wall peak, which eventually disappears.
Genom att använda sig av genomströmmande ytor, med sugning eller blåsning, kan man relativt enkelt och effektivt påverka ett gränsskikts tillstånd. Genom sin potential att påverka olika strömningsfysikaliska fenomen så som att senarelägga både avlösning och omslaget från laminär till turbulent strömning (genom sugning) eller som att exempelvis minska luftmotståndet i turbulenta gränsskikt och ge kyleffekt (genom blåsning), så har ett otaligt antal studier genomförts på området de senaste decennierna. Trots detta så är den grundläggande förståelsen bristfällig för de strömningsfenomen som inträffar i turbulenta gränsskikt över genomströmmande ytor. Det råder stora meningsskiljaktigheter om de mest elementära strömningskvantiteterna, såsom medelhastigheten, när sugning och blåsning tillämpas även i det mest förenklade gränsskiktsfallet nämligen det som utvecklar sig över en plan platta utan tryckgradient. För att ta fram nya experimentella data på gränsskikt med sugning och blåsning genom ytan så har vi designat en ny experimentell uppställning samt tagit den i bruk.Den genomströmmande ytan spänner över hela bredden av vindtunnelns mätsträcka (1.2 m) och är 6.5 m lång i strömningsriktningen och är därmed betydligt längre än vad som använts i tidigare studier. Detta gör det möjligt att bättre utforska gränsskiktet som utvecklas över ytan i strömningsriktningen. Kvaliteten på den experimentella uppställningen och valda mätprocedurerna har verifierats genom omfattande tester, som även inkluderar benchmarking mot tidigare resultat på turbulenta gränsskikt utan tryckgradient eller blåsning/sugning och på laminära asymptotiska sugningsgränsskikt. De experimentella resultaten på turbulenta gränsskikt med sugning bekräftar för första gången att det är möjligt att experimentellt sätta upp ett turbulent asymptotiskt sugningsgränsskikt där gränsskiktets medelhastighetsprofil blir oberoende av strömningsriktningen och där sugningshastigheten utgör den enda kontrollparametern. Det turbulenta asymptotiska sugningsgränsskiktet visar sig ha en medelhastighetsprofil normalt mot ytan med en lång logaritmisk region och utan förekomsten av en yttre vakregion. Om man använder yttre skalning av medelhastigheten, med friströmshastigheten och gränsskiktstjockleken som karaktäristisk hastighet respektive längdskala, så kan det logaritmiska området beskrivas med en lutning på Ao=0.064 och ett korsande värde med y-axeln på Bo=0.994, som är oberoende av sugningshastigheten. Om sugningshasigheten normaliserad med friströmshastigheten överskrider värdet 3.70x10^-3 så återgår det ursprungligen turbulenta gränsskiktet till att vara laminärt. Sugningen genom väggen dämpar hastighetsfluktuationerna i gränsskiktet med upp till 50-60% vid direkt jämförelse av det inre toppvärdet i ett turbulent gränsskikt utan sugning och vid jämförbart Reynolds tal. Denna minskning av turbulent aktivitet verkar härstamma från en ökad stabilitet av hastighetsstråken närmast ytan. Mätningar på turbulenta gränsskikt med blåsning har genomförts för blåsningshastigheter mellan 0.1 och 0.37% av friströmshastigheten och täcker Reynoldstalområdet (10-36)x10^3, med Reynolds tal baserat på rörelsemängds-tjockleken. Vid blåsning genom ytan får man en stark modifiering av formen på hastighetesfördelningen genom gränsskiktet. När blåsningshastigheten ökar så kommer till slut den logaritmiska regionen av medelhastigheten, karaktäristisk för turbulent gränsskikt utan blåsning, att gradvis försvinna. God överens-stämmelse av medelhastighetsprofiler mellan turbulenta gränsskikt med och utan blåsning erhålls för alla Reynoldstal och blåsningshastigheter när profilerna normaliseras med Zagarola-Smits hastighetsskala. Blåsning vid väggen ökar intensiteten av hastighetsfluktuationerna, speciellt i den yttre regionen av gränsskiktet. Vid riktigt höga blåsningshastigheter och Reynoldstal så kommer den yttre toppen av hastighetsfluktuationer i gränsskiktet att överskrida den inre toppen, som i sig gradvis försvinner.

QC 20171101

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The need for the use of structures retaining wall have been increasingly used in engineering works. The valuation of soil use has led to wide-ranging exploration of the subsoil, resulting in large excavations that change the equilibrium state of the soil. The performance and design of retaining wall require a good understanding of the stress state of the soil, soil-structure interaction and varying the saturation of soil during construction and useful life. The useful life of retaining wall must ensure stability, functionality and durability. The analysis of soilstructure interaction becomes important by the fact that the same structure subjected to the same external load, presents support reactions that vary with the particular conditions of the mass of soil in which it lies. Therefore the study of soil-atmosphere interaction is an essential factor for unsaturated soils. In order to evaluate the influence of suction on structural design in balance were simulated real conditions of rainfall in three different soils for three excavations (3, 6 e 9 m) and inciciais different conditions N.A. It was observed that the behavior of the suction profile is inwardly related to the parameters as well as saturated and unsaturated soil each, with the intensity and duration of precipitation. Through the theory of earth pressure Rankine for saturated soils, the formulation was developed to calculate the active and passive earth pressure into account the unsaturated soil for three different behaviors of suction, i.e., constant suction over the depth matric suction decrease linearly with depth and suction profile mixed (ie, the part is kept constant and decrease linearly with depth). After determination of the active and passive earth pressure was established equilibrium limit retaining wall and give the sheet length for safety factors of 1,0 and 1,5. It was noticed that there is reduction in the active earth pressure and increased passive earth pressure for all conditions in suction profile. Due to suction, there is an increased horizontal depth tension zone that contributes to the reduction in the horizontal efforts on the structures retaining wall , then a reduction in the sheet length. Otherwise the specific weight natural varies with the suction and that is a factor that can increase efforts, particularly for rainfall with relative intensity close to 1 (q/ksat) and saturated soils with high permeability, where suction is small and has constant distribuiton in the soil profile.
A necessidade do uso das estruturas de contenção tem sido cada vez mais frequente em obras de engenharia. A valorização do uso do solo tem levado a exploração ampla do subsolo, implicando em grandes escavações que alteram o estado de equilíbrio do solo. O desempenho e dimensionamento da contenção exigem um bom entendimento do estado de tensões do solo, da interação solo-estrutura e da variação da saturação do solo durante a construção e vida útil da contenção. A vida útil de uma obra deve garantir estabilidade, funcionalidade e durabilidade. A análise da interação solo-estrutura torna-se importante pelo fato de que a mesma estrutura, submetida à mesma carga externa, apresenta reações de apoio que variam com as condições particulares do maciço de solo em que ela se encontra. Portanto o estudo da interação solo-atmosfera é um dos fatores essenciais para os solos não saturados. Com intuito de avaliar a influência da sucção no dimensionamente de uma estrutura de contenção em balanço, foram simulados condições reais de precipitações em três solos distintos para três profundidades de escavações (3, 6 e 9 m) e para várias condições inciciais de N.A. E observou-se que o comportamento do perfil de sucção está intimamente relacionado com os parâmetros saturados bem como os não saturados de cada solo, com a intensidade e duração da precipitação. Através da teoria do empuxo de terra de Rankine, para os solos saturados foram desenvolvidas as formulação para cálculo dos empuxos ativos e passivo levando em consideração a não saturação do solo, para três comportamentos diferentes da sucção, isto é; sucção constante ao longo da profundidade, sucção variando linearmente com a profundidade e perfil de sucção misto (i.e., parte é mantido constante e parte varia linearmente com a profundidade). Após a determinação dos empuxos ativo e passivo foi estabelecido o equilíbrio limite da contenção e determinado o comprimento da ficha para dos fatores de segurança de 1,0 e 1,5. Percebeu-se que há redução do empuxo ativo e um acréscimo do empuxo passivo para todas as condições de perfil de sucção. Devido a sucção, há um aumento da profundidade da tensão horizontal nula que foi um dos parâmetros que contribui para a redução dos esforços horizontais na contenção, logo uma redução no comprimento da ficha. Por outro lado o peso específico natural varia com a sucção e esse é um fator que pode aumentar os esforços, principalmente para chuvas com intensidade relativa próxima de 1 (q/ksat) e solos com permeabilidade saturada alta, onde a sucção é pequena e tem-se distribuição constante no perfil do solo.

O presente trabalho consiste na avaliação experimental da influência do avanço da frente de umedecimento no comportamento de protótipos de muros de um solo fino reforçado com geotêxteis não tecidos. O desempenho dos protótipos foi analisado nas condições de eventos de chuvas de intensidade e duração variáveis, bem como na condição de precipitação intermitente com intensidade próxima e inferior à condutividade hidráulica do solo. Para efeito comparativo, avaliou-se o comportamento de um protótipo na condição de umidade de compactação constante. Durante a infiltração, observou-se a formação de barreira capilar sobre o geotêxtil e a eficiência de drenagem proporcionada pelos reforços, não permitindo o desenvolvimento de pressões da água positivas mesmo sob a condição de carregamento rápido. Após quebra da barreira, os valores de grau de saturação mantiveram-se em torno de 90% e as pressões da água ficaram próximas de zero ou negativas. Com relação ao comportamento dos protótipos, evidências mostraram que a formação de barreiras capilares nas interfaces solo-geotêxteis não influenciou negativamente no desempenho dos protótipos. Diante do umedecimento, as deformações e deslocamentos máximos aumentaram exponencialmente com o grau de saturação do solo. Ainda, estes parâmetros relacionaram-se com a sucção matricial de forma semelhante à tendência estabelecida na curva retenção de água do solo. Tais relações foram estritamente associadas às alterações da rigidez média do solo devido ao avanço da infiltração e as alterações na sucção do solo. Na condição umidade constante, constatou-se que o maciço poderia se manter estável mesmo com a ausência dos reforços devido à elevada rigidez proporcionada pela sucção do solo. De modo geral, os deslocamentos e deformações foram relativamente pequenos sob a ação da variável umedecimento. A associação desta com os incrementos de tensões geraram deformações adicionais, embora estas ainda não possam ser consideradas excessivas. Os resultados de uma estrutura real corroboraram o comportamento verificado em laboratório. De modo geral, os níveis de deformações foram bastante semelhantes e a presença de água não prejudicou o desempenho da estrutura. Curiosamente, geotêxteis não tecidos de baixa resistência e rigidez à tração foram tão eficazes na estabilidade quanto geotêxteis tecidos de maior rigidez e resistência. Portanto, a eficiência de estruturas de solos finos reforçados com geotêxteis não tecidos foi constatada, mostrando estas possíveis de compor estruturas permanentes.
The effect of the wetting front advancement on the performance of nonwoven geotextile reinforced soil walls constructed with poorly draining soils was evaluated by laboratory full scale models. The tested models performances were monitored under rainfall conditions with different intensities and duration, as well as under intermittent precipitation with reduced intensity of precipitation (lower than the soil permeability). For comparison purposes, an evaluation of a full scale model was conducted with constant soil water content (compaction water content). As regards infiltration, capillary barrier formation have been observed on the interface soil-geotextile during infiltration process; besides, the drainage function of reinforcements after the breakthrough of water, in which water pressures development have not been allowed to occur even after rapid loading. After breakthrough of water, the degree of saturation was maintained around 90% and water pressures were negatives and close to zero. Besides, there are evidences that capillary barriers did not affect the model performance. As a result of wetting advancement, reinforcement strains and internal displacements have increased exponentially with the average of degree saturation of soil. Additionally, these parameters have shown to be correlated to the matric suction of soil with the same trend of the water retention curve. These relationships are essentially resulted from the soil stiffness alterations due to the wetting advancement and suction reduction. Under water content of compaction, reinforcement tensile forces were approximately zero, as a result of the relatively high stiffness of the unsaturated soil caused by the matric suction. Generally, displacements and reinforcement strains were small under wetting conditions and increased when stress increments were applied. However, these strains levels obtained cannot be considered excessive. A validation of laboratory results was observed in an instrumented geotextile reinforced soil wall, in addition to the comparison between woven and nonwoven geotextile sections, in which similar performances were found. Strains levels registered in field were consistent to the laboratory and the nonwoven geotextile wall was not affected by the wetting occurrence. Therefore, the efficiency of nonwoven geotextiles reinforced walls under wetting conditions is assured with no positive water pressures and relatively low levels of degree of saturation, being able to constitute permanent reinforced walls.

The objective of this thesis is the analysis of a fully developed, turbulent Poiseuille flow with wall transpiration, i.e. uniform blowing and suction on the lower and upper walls correspondingly. In the present study Lie group analysis of two-point correlation (TPC) equations and a set of Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) of the three-dimensional, incompressible Navier-Stokes equations are used. The former is applied to find symmetry transformations and in turn to derive invariant solutions of the set of two- and multi-point correlation equations, while the latter is used to simulate turbulent channel flow with wall-transpiration at different Reynolds numbers and transpiration velocities. Both tools are used to find new mean velocity scaling laws. Consequently, it is shown that the transpiration velocity is a symmetry breaking, which implies a logarithmic scaling law in the core region of the channel. DNS validates the result of Lie symmetry analysis and, hence, aids establishing a new logarithmic law of deficit-type. The region of validity of the new logarithmic law is very different from the usual near-wall log-law and the slope constant in the core region differs from the von Karman constant and is equal to 0.3. Apart from the new log-law, extended forms of the linear viscous sublayer law and the near-wall log-law are derived. It is shown that these extended laws, as a particular case, include classical scaling laws obtained for the non-transpirating case. For the near-wall log-law it is found that transpiration only changes the additive constant (C) leaving the von Karman constant unaltered. The results present in the presented thesis indicate that high-Reynolds number and high-transpiration effects counterbalance in the near-wall region and amplify each other in the core region of the flow. It is found that at very high transpiration rates the flow tends to become laminar. Finally, structural analysis of the near-wall regions reveal that wall-blowing boosts generation of hairpin-type vortical structures and amplifies large scale motions (LSMs). Third and forth chapters of the present thesis are heavily based on the paper Avsarkisov, Oberlack & Hoyas (2014).

博士
國立臺灣大學
機械工程研究所
81
This study proposes a low Reynolds number k-epsilon turbulent model which can be applied to flows with a wide range of blowing or suction.It is improved from the Lam-Bremhorst low Reynolds number turbulent model without blowing and suction.The model is tested in the flat-plate flow. The results show that not only the predicted velocity profile, shear stress distribution and drag coefficient(Cf),but also the turbulent viscosity are all in good agreement with available expermental data.An quantitative analysis of k and epsilon is also included in the present work. For thermal turbulent-boundary-layer with wall blowing in addition to the turbulent model proposed , this study also proposes a turbulent Prandtl number expression. It is a function of y+ and blowing parameter. Tested in the thermal turbulent-boundary-layer over a proposed turbulent model and turbulent Prandtl number expression can yield temperature distributions and St which are in good with experimental data.