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Niu, Zhi Rong, Hou Ren Xiong, Zong Min Yu, Yi Xiang, and Yi Ying Luo. "Monitoring and Analysis on Temperature for External Foam Glass Thermal Insulating System on Walls under Weathering Test." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 3918–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.3918.
The external foam glass thermal insulating system on walls has become a new thermal insulation wall system in china's building wall, It is green energy - saving building wall product with good prospect and used for wall thermal insulation of building. In this paper, real-time monitoring with thermal sensor and analysis on temperature for external foam glass thermal insulating system on walls by weathering test in Jiaxing area, and study on temperature distribution for each layer of walls. The experiment showed that, the external foam glass thermal insulating system on walls caused by foam glass insulation layer of adiabatic effect, Interface layer and thermal insulation layer of temperature difference between change significantly, existing 50 °C, which can cause greater temperature stress, and have certain effect of durability for external foam glass thermal insulating system on walls.
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Thie, Conal, Sean Quallen, Ahmed Ibrahim, Tao Xing, and Brian Johnson. "Study of Energy Saving Using Silica Aerogel Insulation in a Residential Building." Gels 9, no. 2 (January 19, 2023): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels9020086.
Energy consumption, specifically in the building sector, is expected to rise. One potential way to reduce energy consumption, or to slow this increase, is to reduce the heat loss in residential homes. Silica aerogels have grown in popularity as an insulating material due to their extremely low thermal conductivity. However, the benefits of using silica aerogels as an insulator in residential buildings have not been thoroughly studied. To understand the benefits of using silica aerogels as a thermal insulator in residential homes, experimentally validated simulations were performed. The simulations were performed on a model of a full-scale residential house using the multiphysics software ANSYS FLUENT 2019 R2. The simulations helped predict the actual saving benefits of using aerogels as an insulator. Aerogels have the potential to be used as an insulator in both the walls and windows due to its semitransparency. The results showed that the average kWh savings using one half-inch layer of wall aerogel insulation coupled with window aerogel insulation was 20.9% for the single-family house compared to traditional insulation. On average, the energy lost through the windows was 39.1% lower when using aerogel insulation compared to standard insulating materials. The energy lost through the house walls was 13.3% lower on average when using a thin layer of aerogel insulation. While a thin layer of aerogel insulation provided a benefit when used in the house walls, the potential for savings per quantity used was greater in the windows.
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Gu, Qian, Yue Wang, Bin Tan, and Sheng Ren. "Analysis of Heat Transfer by Thermal Bridge of Corner Wall in a New Glass Regenerated Pumice External Wall System." Applied Mechanics and Materials 291-294 (February 2013): 954–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.291-294.954.
This paper was based on heat insulating members made by a new type of waste glass regenerative pumice, with the characteristics of light weight, permeable water retention, ventilation, heat insulation, fire retardant, etc. In the external wall heat insulating system of building envelops, the thermal bridge of external wall corner was simulated with ANSYS. The temperature field and flux field distribution will be shown respectively of non-insulation, self-insulation, internal insulation and external insulation. Through comparing the heat preservation of different insulation forms, the external insulation was better than internal insulation and self-insulation. Besides, considering the imperfection of calculating the wall average heat transfer coefficient in current energy saving standards, a simplified method was presented to calculate the linear heat transmission coefficient with ANSYS. The two coefficients were compared to serve the latest research.
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Keerthan, Poologanathan, and Mahen Mahendran. "Thermal Performance of Load Bearing Cold-formed Steel Walls under Fire Conditions using Numerical Studies." Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 5, no. 3 (August 19, 2014): 261–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/2040-2317.5.3.261.
Cold-formed Light gauge Steel Frame (LSF) wall systems are increasingly used in low-rise and multi-storey buildings and hence their fire safety has become important in the design of buildings. A composite LSF wall panel system was developed recently, where a thin insulation was sandwiched between two plasterboards to improve the fire performance of LSF walls. Many experimental and numerical studies have been undertaken to investigate the fire performance of non-load bearing LSF wall under standard conditions. However, only limited research has been undertaken to investigate the fire performance of load bearing LSF walls under standard and realistic design fire conditions. Therefore in this research, finite element thermal models of both the conventional load bearing LSF wall panels with cavity insulation and the innovative LSF composite wall panel were developed to simulate their thermal behaviour under standard and realistic design fire conditions. Suitable thermal properties were proposed for plasterboards and insulations based on laboratory tests and available literature. The developed models were then validated by comparing their results with available fire test results of load bearing LSF wall. This paper presents the details of the developed finite element models of load bearing LSF wall panels and the thermal analysis results. It shows that finite element models can be used to simulate the thermal behaviour of load bearing LSF walls with varying configurations of insulations and plasterboards. Failure times of load bearing LSF walls were also predicted based on the results from finite element thermal analyses. Finite element analysis results show that the use of cavity insulation was detrimental to the fire rating of LSF walls while the use of external insulation offered superior thermal protection to them. Effects of realistic design fire conditions are also presented in this paper.
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Bedov, Anatoly, Azat Gabitov, Askar Gaysin, and Alexander Salov. "Engineering solutions for heart efficient exterior walls in climatic condition of the Republic of Bashkortostan." E3S Web of Conferences 97 (2019): 02039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199702039.
Problems and disadvantages of some technical solutions concerning modern heat efficient exterior walls are considered herein under experience of engineering, construction and operation of residential and civil buildings in the Republic of Bashkortostan. Special attention is paid to defects in engineering and erection of three-layer walls, and functioning principles of all components of the wall are strictly fixed. Recommendation to increase maintenance-free service life by meeting special engineering requirements are given herein. Effect to increase buildings heat insulation is achieved by: reducing heat loss through separate enclosing structures and heat insulating shells of the building thereby enabling to reduce thermal power requirements; improving heat acceptability in rooms by decreasing rate of radiative and convective heat exchange in outer surface of enclosures; reducing environmental pollution due to air emissions reduction. Exterior wall insulation is the important element of the building heat balance. Many researchers in this field currently focus on analysis of series of residential buildings with different number of storeys made by engineering solutions for exterior walls to increase heat homogeneity thereof. Subject: main engineering solutions for heat efficient exterior walls. Objectives: three-layer wall constructed of masonry units; exterior three-layer wall within 121u panel series; three-layer wall of “Ventilated façade” system; façade heat insulation with plaster on lath; wall made of load-bearing structural insulating materials. Materials and methods: calculation of reduced total thermal resistance in exterior walls. Results: one of the most efficient methods to meet specific heat-shielding performance requirements is to increase heat homogeneity of the exterior wall. Conclusions: in the short term structural components of three-layer exterior walls are to be upgraded according to construction rules and regulations SNiP 23-02-2003 “Buildings Heat Insulation” thereby enabling the engineering solutions to meet the appropriate norms and rules.
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Deng, Jun-Xi, Xiao Li, Xiao-Juan Li, and Tai-Bing Wei. "Research on the Performance of Recycled-Straw Insulating Concrete and Optimization Design of Matching Ratio." Sustainability 15, no. 12 (June 15, 2023): 9608. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15129608.
Construction solid waste and agricultural waste, as renewable resources, have gained increasing attention recently. This research aims to explore the mechanical and thermal properties of recycled-straw insulating concrete commonly made with construction waste and straw in northern Fujian, which can provide useful suggestions for the practical use of recycled-straw insulating concrete. The effects of recycled coarse aggregate, fly ash, and straw on the mechanical and thermal properties of recycled-straw insulating concrete were investigated by orthogonal tests. The results of the orthogonal tests were optimized by the total efficacy coefficient method to obtain the optimal mix ratio of recycled-straw insulating concrete. Combined with the finite element analysis software ANSYS Workbench, the heat transfer performance of the recycled-straw insulating concrete walls was analyzed to simulate the insulation performance of the walls. The compressive strength of the recycled-straw insulating concrete with the optimal ratio was found to be 30.93 MPa, and the thermal conductivity was 0.5051 W/(m·K). The steady-state thermal analysis of the recycled-straw insulating concrete wall and the plain concrete wall was carried out by finite element software, and the simulation results showed that the insulation performance of the recycled-straw insulating concrete walls was improved by 145% compared with the plain concrete wall. These results indicate that the recycled-straw insulating concrete wall has better thermal insulation performance and can be applied to building envelopes to save heating costs in winter and reduce carbon dioxide emissions, which has significant economic and environmental significance for areas with low outdoor temperatures in winter and long heating periods.
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Ornam, Kurniati, Surjamanto Wonorahardjo, Sugeng Triyadi, and Masykur Kimsan. "Thermal Behaviour and Micro Climate Studies of Several Wall Insulation on Houses in a Tropical Climate (Aw) Area." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1058, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1058/1/012019.
Abstract Standard brick walls have caused a gradual increase in the area’s temperature due to the bricks’ emissivity. Therefore, several effective technologies to overcome this problem have been proposed, one of which is thermal insulation by covering the outer walls of bricks from exposure to sunlight. This study compares thermal insulation effectiveness with Glass Fiber Reinforced Cement (GRC) and Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) material to obtain better insulations. This study is performed by modeling the area of 4 housing units using ENVI-met V4 in a humid tropical climate, focused in an east-west direction in a clear sky. Each building measures eight times 6 m2, with 4 meters in height, with a distance between buildings of 3 meters. GRC and EPS are affixed to the entire surface of the outer wall of the building, both on the east side and west sidewalls. The parameter observed is the wall surface temperature. The results showed that walls with GRC and EPS gave more effective results in lowering the surface temperature of brick walls, with values ranging from 8-23%. The use of insulation intervention on the east wall at 06.00-12.00 and the west wall at 13.00-18.00 shows higher accumulated surface temperature than the standard brick wall at peak hours, which means that the insulation material controls solar radiation. However, the phenomenon on the east wall at 12.00-07.00 and the west wall at 18.00-13.00 shows a controlled temperature above the surface temperature when using a standard brick wall.
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Lv, Chun. "Status and Development Trend of Energy-Saving Wall Materials in Cold Areas." Advanced Materials Research 150-151 (October 2010): 630–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.150-151.630.
The primary factor in reducing building energy consumption is the wall energy, but thickening the walls simply and using traditional materials to reduce energy consumption has become unable to satisfy the development trend at the present stage. Energy-saving wall materials include organic wall insulation, inorganic wall insulation and composite wall insulation. According to the construction technology, insulation wall can be divided into internal insulation wall, sandwich insulation wall and external insulation wall etc.. Polyurethane foam and other new energy-saving materials are widely used, whicth will become the main energy-saving materials in the northern cold areas.
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Antolinc, David, Katarina Černe, and Zvonko Jagličić. "Risk of Using Capillary Active Interior Insulation in a Cold Climate." Energies 14, no. 21 (October 20, 2021): 6890. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14216890.
The retrofitting of cultural heritage buildings for energy efficiency often requires the internal thermal insulation of external walls. Most of the in situ studies of capillary active interior insulation were performed in mild oceanic climate regions, and they showed an excellent performance. However, as a large part of Central–Eastern Europe belongs to a continental climate with cold winters and long periods of temperatures below the freezing temperature, the applicability of the capillary active interior insulation in cold climate was studied. The hydrothermal behaviour of the three walls was determined—each consists of one of three different interior insulations—and the original wall is made of historic regular solid bricks. Two interior thermal insulations were capillary active (aerated cellular concrete, calcium silicate) and one vapour-tight (glass foam). A hot box–cold box experiment and a steady-state model were used to demonstrate an increase in the original wall mass due to the water condensation only when the capillary active interior insulation is used. The combination of the water condensation and the low sub-zero temperature may lead to a risk of freeze–thaw damage to the original wall. The numerical simulation of the water vapour condensation for the considered walls for the Slovenian town Bled with sub-zero average winter temperatures was performed to obtain the whole temperature and moisture profile. It showed good agreement between an experimentally and numerically obtained amount of water condensation. The capillary active interior insulation proved to be unsuitable for improving the thermal insulation of buildings in cold continental climate, and only a vapour-tight system can be recommended.
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Oh, Tae Sik, Seok Joon Jang, Kang Min Lee, and Hyun Do Yun. "Insulation Type Effect on the Direct Shear Behavior of Concrete Sandwich Panel (CSP) with Non-Shear Connectors." Advanced Materials Research 663 (February 2013): 154–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.663.154.
Precast concrete sandwich panels (PCSP) are often used as exterior cladding of residential buildings due to thermal efficiency. PCSP systems consist of two precast reinforced concrete walls separated by a layer of insulation and connected with connectors which penetrate the insulation layer and are anchored at two precast walls. This paper provides the pull-out test results of concrete sandwich panel (CSP) with non-shear connectors. The variables in this study were the casting direction of reinforced concrete walls and types of insulation. Test results indicated that the types of insulations and casting direction have a significant effect on the bond strength between concrete wall and insulation. The effect of insulation type is notable for CSP cast horizontally concrete walls.
The aim of this doctoral research project is to investigate the link between the construction quality of retrofitted external wall insulation (EWI) and the resulting impact on energy performance of existing dwellings in Swansea. Four contributions to knowledge are documented. The first is a methodology for simultaneously obtaining empirical data about the construction quality and energy performance of dwellings receiving retrofitted EWI. The findings demonstrate the value of assessing the construction quality of retrofitted EWI alongside energy performance. The appraisal of energy performance alone could have indicated misleading results due to the omission to identify latent factors, such as thermal bridging, which were identified whilst assessing the construction quality of the retrofitted EWI. The second contribution is a methodology for assessing the construction quality of retrofitted EWI, which can be used as part of the quality control process for future installations. Through the collection and analysis of triangulated field observations of photographs, as-built technical details and qualitative external thermographic surveys, the findings indicate that this methodology provides robust results for assessing the design and execution of retrofitted EWI. The third contribution is baseline energy performance data for traditional dwellings in south west Wales. The data documenting these results are set out for each case study dwelling, which includes energy consumption and carbon emissions, together with the dwelling type, tenure and number of occupants. The fourth and final contribution is a EWI retrofit case study of traditional dwellings in south west Wales. This is the culmination of the entire doctoral research project, which as a whole does not currently exist in the literature. Collectively, all the individual case studies make up the overall case study documenting the construction quality and energy performance of traditional dwellings in Swansea, which have received retrofitted EWI through phase one of the Welsh Government’s Arbed scheme.
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Cambridge, Jason Esan. "The Sound Insulation of Cavity Walls." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Mechanical Engineering, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7332.
Lightweight building materials are now commonly employed in many countries in preference to heavyweight materials. This has lead to extensive research into the sound transmission loss of double leaf wall systems. These studies have shown that the wall cavity and sound absorption material placed within the cavity play a crucial role in the sound transmission through these systems. However, the influence of the wall cavity on the sound transmission loss is not fully understood.
The purpose of this research is to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the role played by the wall cavity and any associated sound absorption material on the sound transmission loss through double leaf wall systems. The research was justified by the fact that some of the existing prediction models do not agree with some observed experimental trends.
Gösele’s theory is expanded and used in the creation of an infinite and finite vibrating strip model in order to acquire the desired understanding. The sound transmission loss, radiated sound pressure and directivity of double leaf systems composed of gypsum boards and glass have been calculated using the developed model. A method for calculating the forced radiation efficiency has also been proposed. Predictions are compared to well established theories and to reported experimental results.
This work also provides a physical explanation for the under-prediction of the sound transmission loss in London’s model; explains why Sharp’s model corresponds to Davy’s with a limiting angle of 61° and gives an explanation for Rindel’s directivity and sound transmission loss measurements through double glazed windows. The investigation also revealed that a wide variety of conclusions were obtained by different researchers concerning the role of the cavity and the properties of any associated sound absorption material on the sound transmission loss through double wall systems. Consequently recommendations about the ways in which sound transmission through cavity systems can be improved should always be qualified with regard to the specific frequency range of interest, type of sound absorption material, wall panel and stud characteristics.
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Sprague, Jill. "Recommended changes for knee wall insulation practices to increase energy efficiency." Virtual Press, 2005. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1314223.
This paper explains typical knee wall construction and insulation in homes in Indiana and demonstrates the energy inefficiencies caused by such methods. Literature research gives examples of possible opportunities for changing the standard methods of knee wall construction and insulation. The methodology of the study is explained, as is energy intensity (EI) — the main evaluation tool used in this paper. EI allows a researcher to compare homes of different sizes in different locations. Overall, the study shows that homes whose knee walls have an air barrier backing use less energy than homes without knee walls. Additionally, as expected, homes with improperly constructed knee walls use the most energy. Finally, the paper contains recommendations about what methods might be used to change the standard practices involved in building and insulating knee walls. Department of Urban Planning
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Wang, Hao. "Numerical study of cooling demand and thermal performance for different wall constructions." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-19175.
Liu, Kin Ming. "Development of light-weight wall panels by extrusion technique /." View abstract or full-text, 2007. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?CIVL%202007%20LIUK.
Björnsdóttir, Jóhanna Eir, and Jóhann Björn Jóhannsson. "Moisture Content and Mould Risk in Concrete Outer Walls." Thesis, KTH, Byggnadsteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-231391.
Previous studies on the typical Icelandic external wall have shown thatcondensation occurs at the interior surface of the concrete and field inspectionshave supported this conclusion. The primary objective ofthis study is to analyse the hygrothermal behaviour of the typical Icelandicwall and evaluate the mould risk at the interior surface of theconcrete.A comparative study is performed to compare the hygrothermalperformance and mould growth risk of two concrete outer wall structureswith interior and exterior insulation, by performing a parametricstudy using the simulation program WUFI® Pro.Additional parametric studies are performed in order to analyse theeffect of various material properties of the Icelandic building materialson the hygrothermal behaviour of the wall. This part also utilizedWUFI® Pro.To investigate the thermal bridge of the Icelandic wall, simulationswere conducted with the COMSOL Multiphysics software to evaluatethe linear thermal bridge and the risk of condensation at the joint.Lastly, an experiment was set up at the Innovation Center Iceland tomodel the interior insulated wall-slab section. The experimental setupwas completed during this time but the results will be analysedfurther after the thesis work.The results from this study indicate that the typical Icelandic wall ismore sensitive to rain than to interior moisture load and that no condensationoccurs within the wall structure. As concrete is inorganic,the risk of mould growth in the wall structure is limited, however,with increased driving rain load the mould risk increases. The resultsalso revealed that the moisture content of the interior insulated wallwas a great deal higher compared to the exterior insulated wall. Furthermore,the humidity level at the interior surface of the concrete inthe interior insulated wall exceeded the recommended critical humiditylevel based on general suggestions. Finally, results indicated thatusing a more dense concrete resulted in higher relative humidity at theinterior surface but a lower total water content of the wall.
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Desmarais, Guylaine. "Impact of added insulation on the hygrothermal performance of leaky exterior wall assemblies." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0017/MQ47814.pdf.
Tink, Victoria J. "The measured energy efficiency and thermal environment of a UK house retrofitted with internal wall insulation." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2018. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/33727.
Approximately 30% of the UK s housing stock is comprised of older, solid wall buildings. Solid walls have no cavity and were built without insulation; therefore these buildings have high heat loss, can be uncomfortable for occupants throughout the winter and require an above-average amount of energy to heat. Solid wall buildings can be made more energy efficient by retrofitting internal wall insulation (IWI). However, there is little empirical evidence on how much energy can be saved by insulating solid wall buildings and there are concerns that internal wall insulation could lead to overheating in the summer. This thesis reports measured results obtained from a unique facility comprised of a matched pair of unoccupied, solid wall, semi-detached houses. In the winter of 2015 one house of the pair was fitted with internal wall insulation then both houses had their thermal performance measured to see how differently they behaved. Measuring the thermal performance was the process of measuring the wall U-values, the whole house heat transfer coefficient and the whole house airtightness of the original and insulated houses. Both houses were then monitored in the winter of 2015, monitoring was the process of measuring the houses energy demand while using synthetic occupancy to create normal occupancy conditions. In the summer of 2015 indoor temperatures were monitored in the houses to assess overheating. The monitoring was done firstly to see how differently an insulated and an uninsulated house perform under normal operating conditions: with the blinds open through the day and the windows closed. Secondly, a mitigation strategy was applied to reduce high indoor operative temperatures in the houses, which involved closing the blinds in the day to reduce solar gains and opening the windows at night to purge warm air from the houses. The original solid walls were measured to have U-values of 1.72 W/m2K, while with internal wall insulation the walls had U-values of 0.21 W/m2K, a reduction of 88%. The house without IWI had a heat transfer coefficient of 238 W/K; this was reduced by 39% to 144 W/K by installing IWI. The monitored data from winter was extrapolated into yearly energy demand; the internally insulated house used 52% less gas than before retrofit. The measured U-values, whole house heat loss and energy demand were all compared to those produced from RdSAP models. The house was found to be more energy efficient than expected in its original state and to continue to use less energy than modelled once insulated. This has important implications for potential carbon savings and calculating pay-back times for retrofit measures. In summer, operative temperatures in the living room and main bedroom were observed to be higher, by 2.2 oC and 1.5 oC respectively, in the internally insulated house in comparison to the uninsulated house. Both of these rooms overheated according to CIBSE TM52 criteria; however the tests were conducted during an exceptionally warm period of weather. With the simple mitigation strategy applied the indoor operative temperature in the internally insulated house was reduced to a similar level as observed in the uninsulated house. This demonstrates that any increased overheating risk due to the installation of internal wall insulation can be mitigated through the use of simple, low cost mitigation measures. This research contributes field-measured evidence gathered under realistic controlled conditions to show that internal wall insulation can significantly reduce the energy demand of a solid wall house; this in turn can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and could help alleviate fuel poverty. Further to this it has been demonstrated that in this archetype and location IWI would cause overheating only in unusually hot weather and that indoor temperatures can be reduced to those found in an uninsulated house through the use of a simple and low cost mitigation strategy. It is concluded that IWI can provide a comfortable indoor environment, and that overheating should not be considered a barrier to the uptake of IWI in the UK.
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Forman, Timothy. "Practice, policy and professional roles : unintended consequences and performance gaps in UK domestic solid wall insulation retrofit projects." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2015. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/92477/.
Space heating in domestic buildings accounts for roughly one-fifth of UK greenhouse gas emissions. There are roughly 11 million homes in the UK potentially suitable for solid wall insulation (including hard-to-treat cavity constructions). Remarkably, approximately 97 per cent of homes built with solid walls have no wall insulation. Retrofitting these homes with insulation offers the potential to significantly reduce national greenhouse gas emissions while reducing expenditure on fuel, improving thermal comfort and realising numerous important associated benefits. This research began at the onset of an upsurge in national rates of solid wall insulation retrofit in 2011-2012. At that time, anecdotal reports pointed toward a legacy of poor practices and continued problems in the retrofit industry. A literature review outlines knowledge about the risks of performance gaps and unintended consequences. Participant and non-participant observation, site inspection and qualitative study are employed in area-based retrofit projects and across a variety of related settings. Analysis interprets observations against a range of existing theory and develops new theoretical insights. Findings convey an understanding of a subset of the landscape in which retrofitting occurs and identify a number of challenges to improving practice. The perspectives of installers, managers, trainers and a range of professionals are reported. The research suggests that unintended consequences are likely to result from many observed practices and cautions that if these practices are typical of wider realities and remain unchanged, then serious problems may be propagated across many projects if growth in retrofitting continues as expected. Findings identify factors of quality in retrofits ranging from construction management, training, certification, technology, identity and motivation, and government policy instruments. Emerging from the research is a definition of ‘quality’ against which retrofits can be evaluated. This forms the basis for evaluation of a number of proposed interventions and routes to improved practice.
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Gao, Tian. "Direct Strength Method for the Flexural Design of Through-Fastened Metal Building Roof and Wall Systems under Wind Uplift or Suction." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28553.
The design of metal building roof and wall systems under uplift and suction wind loading is complicated because the laterally unbraced purlin and girtâ s free flange is compressed, and the cross-section rotates due to the shear flow. The objective of this thesis is to introduce a Direct Strength Method (DSM) prediction approach for simple span purlins and girts with one flange through-fastened under uplift or suction loading. This prediction method is also applicable for the case when rigid board insulation is placed between the metal panel and through-fastened flange. The prediction method is validated with a database of 62 simple span tests. To evaluate the prediction for the case when rigid board is used, 50 full-scale tests with rigid board insulation are conducted by the author of this thesis. In the experimental study panel failure, connection failure and member (purlin and girt) failure are observed, and they all limit the systemâ s capacity. Another important contribution of this thesis is that it builds the foundation for future study of a general, mechanics-based limit state design approach for metal building roof and wall systems that can accommodate uplift and gravity loads, simple and continuous spans, and through-fastened and standing seam roofs. Ph. D.
Great Britain. Department of the Environment., ed. Cavity wall insulation in existing dwellings: Mineral wool insulation. [London]: Department of the Environment, 1996.
Great Britain. Energy Efficiency Office. and Building Research Energy Conservation SupportUnit., eds. Cavity wall insulation in existing housing. [UK]: Energy Efficiency Office, 1993.
Great Britain. Energy Efficiency Office. and Building Research Establishment. Energy Conservation Support Unit., eds. Cavity wall insulation: Unlocking the potential in existing dwellings. [UK]: Energy Efficiency Office, 1995.
Ridouane, El Hassan. Three-dimensional numerical evaluation of thermal performance of uninsulated wall assemblies: Preprint. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2011.
Ridouane, El Hassan. Thermal performance of uninsulated and partially filled wall cavities: Preprint. Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2011.
McDonald, Dwight. Creep behavior of structural insulated panels (SIPs): Results from a pilot study. Madison, Wisconsin: United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2014.
Rindel, Jens Holger. "The sound field in front of a wall." In Sound Insulation in Buildings, 49–68. Boca Raton : CRC Press, [2018]: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351228206-4.
Han, Xiao, Cheng-Hsuan Yang, Yuxiang Chen, and Alejandra Hernandez Sanchez. "A Robotic Method to Insert Batt Insulation into Light-Frame Wood Wall for Panel Prefabrications." In CONVR 2023 - Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Construction Applications of Virtual Reality, 594–604. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/10.36253/979-12-215-0289-3.58.
Currently, industrial robot arms are trending in prefabricated building construction; however, a notable gap exists in established automated processes and related research specifically for the insertion of batt thermal insulation. The current method for accomplishing this task relies on manual insertion, which is labour-intensive for the workers and poses long-term health and safety concerns. This research presents an ongoing research project aimed at developing a feasible robotic process for the automated insertion of batt thermal insulation into prefabricated light-frame wood wall frames. This research focuses on the utilization of a single 6-degree-of-freedom robot arm for the insertion process, complimented by the design of a custom-built end-effector. The proposed robotic insertion process, named GLITPP, comprises of six major steps: (1) Grasp, (2) Lift, (3) Insert, (4) Tilt, (5) Push, and (6) Press. The GLITPP insertion process, along with the custom-built end-effector effectively mitigates the influence of the insulation’s nonlinear mechanical properties, while also taking collision avoidance into consideration. This ensures a tight-fitting insulation within the frame cavity, without visible gaps and deficiencies. The necessary physical operating parameters for the insertion process, such as angles, offset, and force requirements, are identified to ensure the precision, efficiency, and repeatability of insertion. A prototype of the designed end-effector is used to demonstrate and validate the robotic method, achieved a high success rate of 93.3%. The development of this research will further advance the complete automation of light-frame wood wall panel prefabrication, offering the industry a wider range of options for selecting thermal insulation for their processes
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Han, Xiao, Cheng-Hsuan Yang, Yuxiang Chen, and Alejandra Hernandez Sanchez. "A Robotic Method to Insert Batt Insulation into Light-Frame Wood Wall for Panel Prefabrications." In CONVR 2023 - Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Construction Applications of Virtual Reality, 594–604. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/979-12-215-0289-3.58.
Currently, industrial robot arms are trending in prefabricated building construction; however, a notable gap exists in established automated processes and related research specifically for the insertion of batt thermal insulation. The current method for accomplishing this task relies on manual insertion, which is labour-intensive for the workers and poses long-term health and safety concerns. This research presents an ongoing research project aimed at developing a feasible robotic process for the automated insertion of batt thermal insulation into prefabricated light-frame wood wall frames. This research focuses on the utilization of a single 6-degree-of-freedom robot arm for the insertion process, complimented by the design of a custom-built end-effector. The proposed robotic insertion process, named GLITPP, comprises of six major steps: (1) Grasp, (2) Lift, (3) Insert, (4) Tilt, (5) Push, and (6) Press. The GLITPP insertion process, along with the custom-built end-effector effectively mitigates the influence of the insulation’s nonlinear mechanical properties, while also taking collision avoidance into consideration. This ensures a tight-fitting insulation within the frame cavity, without visible gaps and deficiencies. The necessary physical operating parameters for the insertion process, such as angles, offset, and force requirements, are identified to ensure the precision, efficiency, and repeatability of insertion. A prototype of the designed end-effector is used to demonstrate and validate the robotic method, achieved a high success rate of 93.3%. The development of this research will further advance the complete automation of light-frame wood wall panel prefabrication, offering the industry a wider range of options for selecting thermal insulation for their processes
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Chen, Zhexian, Wenfu He, Sen Yang, Cheng Chang, and Min Ji. "Seismic Performance of a Precast Hollow Insulated Shear Wall." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 430–39. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1260-3_39.
AbstractA new precast hollow insulation shear wall (PHISW) is proposed in this paper. To study the seismic behaviors of the new PHISW, two cast-in-place solid shear wall (CSW) specimens, two precast monolithic hollow insulated shear wall (PMW) specimens, and two precast hollow insulated shear wall (PSW) specimens with vertical seams were produced and subjected to low-cyclic reversed loadings. The seismic indices obtained from low-cyclic reversed tests include the failure pattern, hysteretic curves and energy dissipation. The experiment results indicate that flexural failure is the main failure mode of the specimens, but a noticeable difference is detected in the cracking distribution between the three types of shear walls. The bearing capacity of each characteristic point of PMW and PSW is comparable to that of CSW. The ductility coefficient of the newly proposed precast shear wall is slightly lower than that of CSW.
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Mukhopadhyaya, Phalguni, Lawrence D. Carbary, Stanley Yee, David Appelfeld, and Gagandeep Singh Pahwa. "Modeling of Aerogel Blanket Insulation Applications in Exterior Wall Constructions." In Advances in Hygrothermal Performance of Building Envelopes: Materials, Systems and Simulations, 186–97. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp159920160120.
Stahl, W., E. Bollin, J. Schmid, J. Vahldiek, K. Voss, and A. Wagner. "Wall Heating with Transparent Insulation — Results from Realized Demonstration Projects." In 1989 2nd European Conference on Architecture, 247–50. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0556-1_73.
Tidadini, A. M. B., L. Derradji, M. Amara, and E. Djakab. "Optimum Insulation Thickness and Environmental Impact Mitigation of Residential Buildings Wall." In Springer Proceedings in Energy, 133–41. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2777-7_15.
Dazel, Robert W. "Exterior Continuous Insulation and the Positive Impact on Building Envelope Performance— Achieving New Energy Code Wall Insulation Metrics." In Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFS): Performance, Progress and Innovation, 67–79. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp158520140103.
Smegal, Jonathan, Graham Finch, Alejandra Nieto, and Chris Schumacher. "Comparing the Enclosure Wall Performance of Low-Permeance Exterior Insulation to High-Permeance Exterior Insulation in the Pacific Northwest." In Advances in Hygrothermal Performance of Building Envelopes: Materials, Systems and Simulations, 95–121. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp159920160126.
Ji, Fang, Guide Deng, Liang Sun, Hongchao Suo, and Junwei Yang. "A Simplified Calculation Method for the Wall Temperatures of Pressure Vessels With Insulating Layers." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65712.
Wall temperatures are a necessary part of the design conditions for pressure vessels. Thermal analysis by numerical simulation is widely used to compute the wall temperatures and thermal stresses of the pressure vessels, and insulation layers outside the pressure vessels are normally included in numerical models to predict more accurate results. However, modeling and meshing the insulation layers introduces more work to designers and more cost to enterprises. In this paper, a simplified calculation method for the wall temperatures of the pressure vessels with insulating layers is presented. An equivalent convective heat transfer coefficient between the outside walls of the pressure vessels and circumstances is derived by theoretical analysis, which takes into account the thermal resistances of the insulation layers and the convective heat transfer coefficient between them and the circumstances, then it can be used in numerical models of the pressure vessels without the insulation layers to compute the wall temperatures. Results of comparative analysis show that the wall temperatures of the pressure vessels by the simplified calculation method agree very well with those using the numerical simulation with the insulation layer models.
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Bahrami, A., D. K. Aidun, P. Marzocca, and D. T. Valentine. "Wall Material Effect on Total Conduction Heat Gain of Office Buildings in Hot and Dry Climate." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-64355.
The large difference between maximum and minimum daily temperatures and considerable amount of solar heat gain are characteristics of hot and dry climate. In this situation walls and roof of a building act as thermal storage elements which store heat during the day and remove it at night therefore the direction of heat transfer can change throughout a day. This should be considered in total conduction heat gain calculation. In the present study the effect of wall and insulation material is studied in a simple office building. Outside temperature is considered to change periodically with time. In addition, the outside surface of the wall is considered to be exposed to the sun during day light. A one-dimensional transient heat conduction equation with time dependent boundary conditions is solved numerically using the Crank-Nicolson method. Different wall materials and insulations were investigated in order to find the best insulation and material from total conduction heat gain viewpoint. It is shown that by using proper materials and location of insulation within the wall the heat gain and energy cost can be decreased considerably.
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Sedlakova, Anna. "ALTERNATIVE WALL INSULATION FOR ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDINGS." In 14th SGEM GeoConference on NANO, BIO AND GREEN � TECHNOLOGIES FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2014/b62/s26.003.
Li, Yu-kui, and Xiao-feng Jin. "Fabrication of Diode-Type FED with Insulation Wall." In International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Computer Science (ICBECS 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbecs.2010.5462325.
Martel, Tim, Eric Rirsch, Andrew Simmonds, and Clementine Walker. "The monitoring of wall moisture in a property retrofitted with Internal Wall Insulation." In 1st International Conference on Moisture in Buildings 2021. ScienceOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14293/icmb210041.
Wu, Dong, and Dan Gustavsson. "The performance of HVDC wall bushings with silicone rubber sheds." In 2015 IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference. IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icacact.2014.7223502.
Carty, L., C. Garnier, J. B. Williamson, and J. Curri. "New thin aerogel based high performance internal wall insulation for existing solid wall buildings." In REHAB 2014 - International Conference on Preservation, Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Historical Buildings and Structures. Green Lines Institute for Sustainable Development, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.14575/gl/rehab2014/107.
Yang, Hongyan, and Dongyi Zhou. "Research on External Wall Thermal Insulation Layer Cracking Technology." In 2016 International Conference on Robots & Intelligent System (ICRIS). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icris.2016.73.
Wang, Li, Zhihui Zhang, and Ruijie Liu. "Environmental Performance Assessment of Exterior Wall External Insulation Materials." In 2014 International Conference on Construction and Real Estate Management. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784413777.023.
Liu, Pei, and Chiemi Iba. Influence of Energy-saving Renovation Plan on the Hygrothermal Distribution Inside Kyo-machiya Soil Walls Considering their Moisture Buffering Effect. Department of the Built Environment, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54337/aau541650556.
Kyo-machiya are traditional townhouses in Kyoto that represent an important aspect of cultural heritage preservation. Because of the poor thermal insulation performance, they require energy-saving renovations. However, their unique soil walls possess a moisture-buffering effect that can be strongly influenced by the applied renovation plan and are expected to remain functional even after renovation. Conventional renovation methods apply an inside vapor barrier to the interior insulation to prevent condensation between the insulation and wall; however, applying this barrier may hinder the buffering effect and deteriorate the unique interior appearance of the soil wall. Therefore, we conducted a case study on the hygrothermal environment of a typical Kyo-machiya structure in winter when the moisture generated by indoor activities was adsorbed by soil walls. We used the finite difference method to divide the various renovated envelope systems into thin layers and calculated the temperature and humidity distributions. Based on these results, we propose the use of exterior insulation for renovations, owing to its excellent thermal performance. However, if the space between the adjacent buildings is insufficient, interior insulation can be applied without a vapor barrier.
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Høegh, Britt Haker, Lies Vanhouttegehem, and Thor Hansen. Documentation of moisture reduction up to two years after refurbishment of moisture damaged exterior basement wall. Department of the Built Environment, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54337/aau541578714.
In Denmark, many old buildings are constructed with massive masonry basement walls. Originally, these basements were used for storage or as boiler room. Hence moisture in the basement walls was not considered a problem, and moisture protection of basement constructions was not considered necessary. However, leaving older buildings basement walls exposed to moisture from the surrounding soil, results in a high risk for damage and mould growth on the interior surface of the exterior basement walls. Today, many of these basements are used for daily purposes. Accordingly, moisture problems in the basements are no longer acceptable. Therefore, drainage systems in combination with external insulation of the basement walls are installed in many buildings. Traditionally, insulation materials with a high water vapour resistance are used as external insulation for basement walls in Denmark. However, theoretical approach and field experiences indicate that application of insulation materials with a low water vapour diffusion resistance, results in a larger reduction of the moisture content in the masonry of the basement’s exterior walls. This paper documents moisture measurements from a basement, in which external insulation with low vapour diffusion resistance was applied to the external basement walls. Additionally, at the bottom of the basement walls a horizontal moisture barrier and perimeter drain were installed, as well as heating and natural ventilation of the basement. After one year, a noticeable reduction in moisture content was measured compared to the moisture content before installation, while no further reduction was seen after the second year.
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Ueno, K., and R. Van Straaten. Expert Meeting Report. Interior Insulation Retrofit of Mass Masonry Wall Assemblies. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1219552.
Ueno, K., and R. Van Straaten. Expert Meeting Report: Interior Insulation Retrofit of Mass Masonry Wall Assemblies. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1046899.
Costeux, Stephane, and Shanon Bunker. Advanced Insulation for High Performance Cost-Effective Wall, Roof, and Foundation Systems Final Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1111334.
Björk, Nils Folke. Studies of hygrothermal processes in a façade by long term high resolution measurements. Department of the Built Environment, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54337/aau541637898.
Processes for moisture concentration and temperature at different depths in a rather thick wall with mineral wool insulation are studied with a resolution of 1 minute. Damp processes in walls with thick layers of mineral wool differs a lot depending on the weather conditions. Any modelling of heat and moisture in building constructions need to consider this. The fact that the peaks in moisture concentration in some cases come hours before the peak in temperature is something that takes an explanation. It is possible, but not really sure, that this also may have influence on the risk for damage on the structures.
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Roberts, S., and R. Stephenson. Measure Guideline. Wall Air Sealing and Insulation Methods in Existing Homes; An Overview of Opportunity and Process. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1219763.
Roberts, S., and R. Stephenson. Measure Guideline: Wall Air Sealing and Insulation Methods in Existing Homes; An Overview of Opportunity and Process. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1051956.
Meißner, Frank, Heike Sonntag, and Anita Morandell-Meißner. Water uptake measurement for thermal renovations – comparison between non-destructive method, the Karsten tube, and automatic laboratory measurements. Department of the Built Environment, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54337/aau541652209.
The energy-efficient renovation of existing buildings requires precise knowledge of the wall structure. When using interior insulation systems, the driving rain resistance of the façade is also decisive for the function of the entire wall structure. When using interior insulation on exposed brick facades, the verification can often only be done with the help of a hygrothermal simulation. In practice, a non-destructive method, the Karsten tube or various modifications, is used to assess this essential characteristic value quickly. However, the measured values obtained from this method do not agree with the laboratory-measured values determined on a test specimen taken from the laboratory. This article presents measurements on bricks from several refurbishment projects to determine the cause. They were carried out both in the installed state with the in-situ method and subsequently after brick removal on the same materials under laboratory conditions to bring about comparability concerning the material. This article presents the automatic detection of water uptake of porous materials compared to the in-situ measurement with the Karsten tube. It evaluates the measurement results of both measurement methods.
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Willi, Joseph, Keith Stakes, Jack Regan, and Robin Zevotek. Evaluation of Ventilation-Controlled Fires in L-Shaped Training Props. UL's Firefighter Safety Research Institute, October 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/mijj9867.
Investigations of recent firefighter line of duty deaths caused by rapid fire progression have highlighted a deficiency in firefighters’ understanding of how certain tactics affect the fire dynamics of ventilation-controlled fires. Many fires are in a ventilation-limited, decay state by the time firefighters arrive at the scene, meaning that introducing additional ventilation to the environment has the potential to cause rapid and intense fire growth. To more effectively teach firefighters about the potential effects of ventilation on a compartment fire, ventilation-controlled fires should be gener- ated during training. Safely creating such fires while maintaining compliance with NFPA 1403: Standard on Live-Fire Training Evolutions allows instructors to educate students on this important principle of fire dynamics in the training environment. Structures utilized for live-fire training have evolved from typical concrete burn buildings to now include smaller purpose-built props, like those constructed from steel shipping containers or wood and gypsum board. Such props have been embraced by organizations due to their cost-effectiveness and potential to improve fire behavior training. Obtaining a thorough understanding of the capa- bilities and limitations of such props is critical for instructors to convey accurate messages during training and properly prepare firefighters for scenarios they’ll encounter in the field. Experiments were conducted to quantify the fire environment in L-shaped props with different wall constructions. One prop had an interior wall lining of gypsum board over wood studs and fiberglass insulation. The two other props were constructed from metal shipping containers with corrugated steel walls; one had ceilings and walls comprised solely of the corrugated steel, while the other had ceilings and walls comprised of rolled steel sheeting over mineral wool insulation with the corrugated steel wall as its backing. Three fuel packages were compared between the props: one contained furnishings mainly composed of synthetic materials and foam plastics; another contained wooden pallets and straw; and the third contained wooden pallets, straw, and oriented strand board (OSB). A stochastic approach was used to compare data between replicate tests and quantify the repeatability of the different props and fuel packages, all of which were deemed sufficiently repeatable. Comparisons of data between the three props revealed that thermal conditions between experiments in the two metal props were indistinguishable, suggesting that the additional layer of insulation did not significantly alter the fire environment. Additionally, thermal conditions in the gypsum-lined prop were more severe than those in the metal props. The effects of ventilation changes on fire conditions were also analyzed across various prop and fuel load combinations. Lastly, the response of the thermal environment in each prop during interior suppression was evaluated, and the results implied that the thermal exposure to the firefighter was more severe in the metal props than the gypsum prop for a brief period following the start of suppression.
