Journal articles: 'Walking pace'

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Salerno, Elizabeth, Pedro Saint Maurice, Erik Willis, Loretta DiPietro, and Charles Matthews. "SELF-REPORTED WALKING PACE AND ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY AMONG CANCER SURVIVORS IN THE NIH-AARP DIET AND HEALTH STUDY." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S387—S388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.1423.

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Abstract We examined the association between self-reported walking pace and all-cause mortality among cancer survivors in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. Participants included 30,110 adults (Mage=62.4+/-5.14 years) diagnosed with cancer between study enrollment and follow-up, when they self-reported walking pace. Individuals were followed until death or administrative censoring in 2011. We estimated the hazards ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for walking pace and all-cause mortality adjusting for age, sex, race, BMI, health status, physical activity and cancer type. Cancer survivors reporting faster walking paces had significantly reduced mortality risk. Relative to those reporting an ‘easy’ walking pace, walking at a ‘normal,’ ‘brisk,’ or ‘very brisk’ pace was associated with significantly lower risk: [HR=0.74 (0.70,0.78)], [HR=0.66 (0.61,0.71)], and [HR=0.73 (0.60,0.89)], respectively. Being ‘unable to walk’ was associated with 30% increased mortality [HR=1.30 (1.15,1.46)]. These findings provide novel support for the association between self-reported walking pace and survival after cancer.

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Long, Janet C., Chiara Pomare, Louise A. Ellis, Kate Churruca, and Jeffrey Braithwaite. "The pace of hospital life: A mixed methods study." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 18, 2021): e0255775. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255775.

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The pace-of-life hypothesis is a socio-psychological theory postulating that citizens of different cities transact the business of life at varying paces, and this pace is associated with a number of population level variables. Here we apply the pace-of-life hypothesis to a hospital context to empirically test the association between pace and patient and staff outcomes. As pressure on hospitals grow and pace increases to keep up with demand, is there empirical evidence of a trade-off between a rapid pace and poorer outcomes? We collected data from four large Australian hospitals, inviting all staff (clinical and non-clinical) to complete a survey, and conducted a series of observations of hospital staff’s walking pace and transactional pace. From these data we constructed three measures of pace: staff perception of pace, transactional pace, and walking pace. Outcome measures included: hospital culture, perceived patient safety, and staff well-being outcomes of job satisfaction and burnout. Overall, participants reported experiencing a “fast-paced” “hurried” and “rapid” pace-of-life working in the Australian hospital sector. We found a significant difference in perceived pace across four hospital sites, similar to trends observed for transactional pace. This provides support that the pace-of-life hypothesis may apply to the hospital context. We tested associations between faster perceived pace, hospital culture, staff well-being and patient safety. Results revealed perceived faster pace significantly predicted negative perceptions of organizational culture, greater burnout and lower job satisfaction. However, perceived pace did not predict perceptions of patient safety. Different perceptions of hospital pace-of-life were found between different clinical settings and the type of care delivered; staff working in emergency departments reported significantly “faster-paced” work environments than staff working in palliative, aged care, or rehabilitation wards.

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SANO, Akihito, Junji FURUSHO, and Atsuko MIZOGUCHI. "3D Dynamic Walking Analysis of Pace Gait Using Walking Simulator." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series C 58, no. 547 (1992): 757–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaic.58.757.

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Cigarroa, Igor, María José Espinoza-Sanhueza, Nicole Lasserre-Laso, Ximena Diaz-Martinez, Alex Garrido-Mendez, Carlos Matus-Castillo, María Adela Martinez-Sanguinetti, et al. "Association between Walking Pace and Diabetes: Findings from the Chilean National Health Survey 2016–2017." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 15 (July 24, 2020): 5341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155341.

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Background: Walking pace is a well-known indicator of physical capability, but it is also a strong predictor of type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, there is a lack of evidence on the association between walking pace and T2D, specifically, within developing countries such as Chile. Aim: To investigate the association between self-reported walking pace and T2D in the Chilean adult population. Methods: 5520 Chilean participants (aged 15 to 90 years, 52.1% women) from the Chilean National Health Survey 2016–2017 were included in this cross-sectional study. Both walking pace (slow, average, and brisk) and diabetes data were collected through self-reported methods. Fasting blood glucose (reported in mg/dl) and glycosylated haemoglobin A (HbA1c) scores were determined via blood exams. Results: In the unadjusted model, and compared to people who reported a slow walking pace, those with average and brisk walking pace had lower blood glucose levels (β = −7.74 mg/dL (95% CI: −11.08 to −4.40) and β = −11.05 mg/dL (95% CI: −14.36 to −7.75), respectively) and lower HbA1c (β = −0.34% (95% CI: −0.57 to −0.11) and β= −0.72% (95% CI: −0.94 to −0.49)), respectively. After adjusting for sociodemographic, Body Mass Index and lifestyle factors, the association between glycaemia and HbA1c remained only for brisk walkers. Both the average and brisk walker categories had lower odds of T2D (OR: 0.59 (95% CI: 0.41 to 0.84) and (OR 0.48 (95% CI: 0.30 to 0.79), respectively). Conclusion: Brisk walkers were associated with lower blood glucose and HbA1c levels. Moreover, average to brisk walking pace also showed a lower risk for T2D.

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Cheng, Darren Kai-Young, Matthieu Dagenais, Kyla Alsbury-Nealy, Jean Michelle Legasto, Stephanie Scodras, Gayatri Aravind, Pam Takhar, and Nancy Margaret Salbach. "Distance-limited walk tests post-stroke: A systematic review of measurement properties." NeuroRehabilitation 48, no. 4 (June 16, 2021): 413–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/nre-210026.

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BACKGROUND: Improving walking capacity is a key objective of post-stroke rehabilitation. Evidence describing the quality and protocols of standardized tools for assessing walking capacity can facilitate their implementation. OBJECTIVE: To synthesize existing literature describing test protocols and measurement properties of distance-limited walk tests in people post-stroke. METHODS: Electronic database searches were completed in 2017. Records were screened and appraised for quality. RESULTS: Data were extracted from 43 eligible articles. Among the 12 walk tests identified, the 10-metre walk test (10mWT) at a comfortable pace was most commonly evaluated. Sixty-three unique protocols at comfortable and fast paces were identified. Walking pace and walkway surface, but not walkway length, influenced walking speed. Intraclass correlation coefficients for test-retest reliability ranged from 0.80–0.99 across walk tests. Measurement error values ranged from 0.04–0.40 and 0.06 to 0.20 for the 10mWT at comfortable and fast and paces, respectively. Across walk tests, performance was most frequently correlated with measures of strength, balance, and physical activity (r = 0.26-0.8, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The 10mWT has the most evidence of reliability and validity. Findings indicate that studies that include people with severe walking deficits, in acute and subacute phases of recovery, with improved quality of reporting, are needed.

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Stamatakis, Emmanuel, Paul Kelly, Tessa Strain, Elaine M. Murtagh, Ding Ding, and Marie H. Murphy. "Self-rated walking pace and all-cause, cardiovascular disease and cancer mortality: individual participant pooled analysis of 50 225 walkers from 11 population British cohorts." British Journal of Sports Medicine 52, no. 12 (May 31, 2018): 761–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-098677.

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Background/objectivesWalking pace is associated with risk of premature mortality. However, whether this relationship is independent of total volume of physical activity and highest physical activity intensity remains unclear. We examined the associations between walking pace and cause-specific mortality, investigating the potential modifying effect of factors such as total physical activity volume, highest physical activity intensity, age, sex and body mass index (BMI).MethodsProspective pooled analysis of 11 population-based baseline surveys in England and Scotland between 1994 and2008 that were linked with mortality records. Multivariate-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models examined associations between walking pace (slow, average, brisk/fast) and all-cause, cancer and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality.Results50 225 walkers were entered in the core analyses. Among participants who did not experience an event in the first 2 years of follow-up (n=49 731), walking at an average or brisk/fast pace was associated with a reduced risk of all-cause (20% (95% CI 12% to 28%) and 24% (95% CI 13% to 33%), respectively) and CVD mortality (24% (95% CI 9% to 36%) and 21% (95% CI 1% to 38%), respectively), compared with reporting walking at a slow pace. In stratified analyses, such associations were evident among those over 50 years, those not meeting the physical activity recommendations and those who did not undertake vigorous-intensity activity. There were no interactions by sex or BMI. No associations were seen between pace and cancer mortality.ConclusionWalking benefits health. Assuming causality, these analyses suggest that increasing walking pace could reduce risk for all-cause and CVD mortality. Walking pace could be emphasised in public health messages, especially in situations when increase in walking volume or frequency is less feasible.

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Hayes, Sara, John F. Forbes, Carlos Celis-Morales, Jana Anderson, Lyn Ferguson, Jason M. R. Gill, Stuart Gray, et al. "Association Between Walking Pace and Stroke Incidence." Stroke 51, no. 5 (May 2020): 1388–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.119.028064.

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Background and Purpose— Stroke incidence in younger and middle-aged people is growing. Despite this, its associations in this subset of the stroke population are unknown, and prevention strategies are not tailored to meet their needs. This study examined the association between self-reported walking pace and incident stroke. Methods— Data from the UK Biobank were used in a prospective population-based study. Three hundred and sixty-three thousand, one hundred and thirty-seven participants aged 37 to 73 years (52% women) were recruited. The associations of self-reported walking pace with stroke incidence over follow-up were investigated using Cox proportional-hazard models. Results— Among 363,137 participants, 2705 (0.7%) participants developed a fatal or nonfatal stroke event over the mean follow-up period of 6.1 years (interquartile range, 5.4–6.7). Slow walking pace was associated with a higher hazard for stroke incidence (hazard ratio [HR], 1.45 [95% CI, 1.26–1.66]; P <0.0001). Stroke incidence was not associated with walking pace among people <65 years of age. However, slow walking pace was associated with a higher risk of stroke among participants aged ≥65 years (HR, 1.42 [95% CI, 1.17–1.72]; P <0.0001). A higher risk for stroke was observed on those with middle (HR, 1.28 [95% CI, 1.01–1.63]; P =0.039) and higher (HR, 1.29 [95% CI, 1.05–1.69]; P =0.012) deprivation levels but not in the least deprived individuals. Similarly, overweight (HR, 1.30 [95% CI, 1.04–1.63]; P =0.019) and obese (HR, 1.33 [95% CI, 1.09–1.63]; P =0.004) but not normal-weight individuals had a higher risk of stroke incidence. Conclusions— Slow walking pace was associated with a higher risk of stroke among participants over 64 years of age in this population-based cohort study. The addition of the measurement of self-reported walking pace to primary care or public health clinical consultations may be a useful screening tool for stroke risk.

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Fitili, Panagiotα, and Vasilios Giovanis. "Timeless evolution of walking and pace strategy of women’s race walking." Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports 24, no. 6 (December 30, 2020): 278–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15561/26649837.2020.0601.

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Background and Study Aim. The purpose of this research was to study the timeline evolution of walking, as well as the Pacing Strategy Profiles of high-level women in the 20 km of race walking. Material: The practical example of applying the theoretical basis was made during the Women’s Greek Championship (Megara 2016), in which 12 athletes aged 19 to 40 participated (28.50 ± 7.20). Material and Methods. The certified distance of the 20km route was divided into 10 sections of 2 km each. The same happened with the times (intermediate, final) corresponding to the individual sections (2 km) of the route. The athletes were divided into 4 groups: the first 3, those who finished 15% slower than the first, those who finished 15% - 30% slower, and those who finished more than 30% slower than the winner. Finally became comparison of the first 6 and last 6 athletes’ groups. Results. The individual pace strategies that describe the tactics of the athletes in this race have been calculated. It was found that the winners of the race used Even Pacing Strategy, maintaining a steady speed on most of the route. As the level of women athletes became lower, Variable Pacing Strategy was used, while the athletes who finished last did not seem to be able to maintain any particular pacing strategy. Conclusions. It is suggested that athletes should follow Even Pacing Strategy during the race in order to improve their performance.

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Mockett, S. P., P. H. Fentem, and A. M. Nevill. "LEG EXTENSOR POWER AND WALKING PACE 1123." Medicine &amp Science in Sports &amp Exercise 28, Supplement (May 1996): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199605001-01121.

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Cunningham, D. A., P. A. Rechnitzer, and A. P. Donner. "Exercise Training and the Speed of Self-Selected Walking Pace in Men at Retirement." Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 5, no. 1 (1986): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0714980800004980.

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ABSTRACTAn intervention trial with regular physical activity was carried out to test the hypothesis that walking speed is related to the level of cardiovascular fitness (maximal oxygen uptake). Earlier research has demonstrated that when VO2 max is held constant in a multiple regression analysis the association between walking speed and age (29–65 y) is eliminated. To describe the association between self-selected speeds of walking, and level of cardiovascular fitness, 63 men age 60 to 65 were studied before and after a 1 year program of exercise training. VO2 max was determined on a motor driven treadmill. A test of self-selected walking pace was administered over a 240 m indoor course. The men were asked to walk at 3 paces considered by the subjects to be rather slow, normal, and fast, respectively. They were randomly assigned with stratification for white and blue collar occupation to a program of exercise training (n = 33) or control (n = 27). The training program consisted of walking or jogging for 30 min three times per week for one year. After the training program the exercise group increased their VO2 max (9.5%) and their normal walking speed (1.29 to 1.43 m.s−1) significantly compared to the controls. A program of exercise endurance training will result in an increase in the speed of self-selected pace.

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Jones, Lynnette M., Debra L. Waters, and Michael Legge. "Walking Speed at Self-Selected Exercise Pace Is Lower but Energy Cost Higher in Older Versus Younger Women." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 6, no. 3 (May 2009): 327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.6.3.327.

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Background:Walking is usually undertaken at a speed that coincides with the lowest metabolic cost. Aging however, alters the speed–cost relationship, as preferred walking speeds decrease and energy costs increase. It is unclear to what extent this relationship is affected when older women undertake walking as an exercise modality. The aim of this study was to compare the energetic cost of walking at a self-selected exercise pace for 30 min in older and younger women.Methods:The energetic cost of walking was assessed using the energy equivalent of oxygen consumption measured in 18 young (25 to 49 y) and 20 older (50 to 79 y) women who were asked to walk at their “normal” exercise pace on a motorized treadmill for 30 min.Results:The mass-specific net cost of walking (Cw) was 15% higher and self-selected walking speed was 23% lower in the older women than in the younger group. When speed was held constant, the Cw was 0.30 (J · .kg−1 · m−1) higher in the older women.Conclusions:Preferred exercise pace incurs a higher metabolic cost in older women and needs be taken into consideration when recommending walking as an exercise modality.

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Jasiewicz, Barbara, Ewa Klimiec, Piotr Guzdek, Grzegorz Kołaszczyński, Jacek Piekarski, Krzysztof Zaraska, and Tomasz Potaczek. "Investigation of Impact of Walking Speed on Forces Acting on a Foot–Ground Unit." Sensors 22, no. 8 (April 18, 2022): 3098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22083098.

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Static and dynamic methods can be used to assess the way a foot is loaded. The research question is how the pressure on the feet would vary depending on walking/running speed. This study involved 20 healthy volunteers. Dynamic measurement of foot pressure was performed using the Ortopiezometr at normal, slow, and fast paces of walking. Obtained data underwent analysis in a “Steps” program. Based on the median, the power generated by the sensors during the entire stride period is the highest during a fast walk, whereas based on the average; a walk or slow walk prevails. During a fast walk, the difference between the mean and the median of the stride period is the smallest. Regardless of the pace of gait, the energy released per unit time does not depend on the paces of the volunteers’ gaits. Conclusions: Ortopiezometr is a feasible tool for the dynamic measurement of foot pressure. For investigations on walking motions, the plantar pressure analysis system, which uses the power generated on sensors installed in the insoles of shoes, is an alternative to force or energy measurements. Regardless of the pace of the walk, the amounts of pressure applied to the foot during step are similar among healthy volunteers.

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DeBenedette, Valerie. "Keeping Pace With the Many Forms of Walking." Physician and Sportsmedicine 16, no. 8 (August 1988): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00913847.1988.11709580.

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Maculewicz, Justyna, Cumhur Erkut, and Stefania Serafin. "How can soundscapes affect the preferred walking pace?" Applied Acoustics 114 (December 2016): 230–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2016.07.031.

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Permatasari, Intan, Boma Baswara, and Nesya Adira. "Comparing the pace of life of a city: size and average temperature as predictors." Psychological Research and Intervention 5, no. 1 (December 2, 2022): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/pri.v5i1.50292.

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Pace of life has been found to be associated with various life outcomes such as mental health and well-being to information distribution and economic development. Every city has a different pace of life due to its specific characteristics. Across two studies, we examined the role of temperature and number of populations (city size) as the predictors of pace of life. In the first study, we compared Bandung and Jakarta and in the second study, we compared Jakarta and Depok. Each pace of life index was generated by mean scores of walking speed, working speed and clock accuracy. Through field observation in each city's Central Business District, we found that based on temperature, Jakarta has higher means of walking speed (M=15.3) compared to Bandung (M=13.6), significantly with mean difference 1.71 (t(158)=5.32, p.001, d=0.841). Jakarta is also significantly higher on the working speed indicator (M=25.7) compared to Bandung (M=17.5) with mean difference 8.22 (t(18)=2.49, p=.011). In the second study, we found that Jakarta has significantly lower means of walking speed (M=14.3) compared to Depok (M=17.9) with mean difference 3.54, t(158)=11.058, p.001. Similarly, Jakarta also has lower means of working speed (M=18.58) and clock accuracy (M=1.33) compared to Depok (M working speed=19.9, M clock accuracy=3.67), although not significant. Overall, as predicted, based on temperature, the colder city Bandung has a faster pace of life compared to Jakarta. Jakarta also has a faster pace of life compared to Bandung, although significant only for its walking speed.

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Mezdad, Tinhinan, Samir Henni, Mathieu Feuilloy, Pierre Chauvet, Daniel Schang, and Pierre Abraham. "Identification of new factors associated to walking impairment in patients with vascular-type claudication." Vascular 27, no. 3 (November 15, 2018): 260–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1708538118813708.

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Objectives Mechanisms of walking limitation in arterial claudication are incompletely elucidated. We aimed to identify new variables associated to walking limitation in patients with claudication. Methods We retrospectively analyzed data of 1120 patients referred for transcutaneous exercise oxygen pressure recordings (TcpO2). The outcome measurement was the absolute walking time on treadmill (3.2 km/h, 10% slope). We used both: linear regression analysis and a non-linear analysis, combining support vector machines and genetic explanatory in 800 patients with the following resting variables: age, gender, body mass index, the presence of diabetes, minimal ankle to brachial index at rest, usual walking speed over 10 m (usual-pace), number of comorbid conditions, active smoking, resting heart rate, pre-test glycaemia and hemoglobin, beta-blocker use, and exercise-derived variables: minimal value of pulse oximetry, resting chest-TcpO2, decrease in chest TcpO2 during exercise, presence of buttock ischemia defined as a decrease from rest of oxygen pressure index ≤15 mmHg. We tested the models over 320 other patients. Results Independent variables associated to walking time, by decreasing importance in the models, were: age, ankle to brachial index, usual-pace; resting TcpO2, body mass index, smoking, buttock ischemia, heart rate and beta-blockers for the linear regression analysis, and were ankle to brachial index, age, body mass index, usual-pace, decrease in chest TcpO2, smoking, buttock ischemia, glycaemia, heart rate for the non-linear analysis. Testing of models over 320 new patients gave r = 0.509 for linear and 0.575 for non-linear analysis (both p < 0.05). Conclusion Buttock ischemia, heart rate and usual-pace are new variables associated to walking time.

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Wirtz, Peter, and Gregor Ries. "The Pace of Life - Reanalysed: Why Does Walking Speed of Pedestrians Correlate With City Size?" Behaviour 123, no. 1-2 (1992): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853992x00129.

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AbstractIn a much quoted study, BORNSTEIN & BORNSTEIN (1976) showed that the walking speed of pedestrians is positively correlated with the size of the city. They interpreted the higher walking speed of people in larger cities as a psychological response to stimulatory overload. We also found a positive correlation between walking speed and city size. In addition, we showed that - at least in our sample - larger cities had higher proportions of young males and lower proportions of people older than 60 years. Walking speed and momentary density did not correlate positively. Because walking speed is age- and sex-dependent (Fig. 2), differences in population structure are likely to cause differences in average walking speed. The average walking speed predicted for each city according to its age- and sex-composition correlated positively with city size. The regressions of observed walking speed on population size and of walking speed predicted from age structure on population size did no differ significantly in their slopes (p > 0.95). It therefore seems unnecessary to invoke other factors in addition to age composition to explain differences in average walking speeds of pedestrians.

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Jeong, Eunseok, and DaeEun Kim. "Estimating Human Walking Pace and Direction Using Vibration Signals." Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems 20, no. 5 (May 1, 2014): 481–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5302/j.icros.2014.14.9025.

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Schmitt, Alain, and Klauz Atzwanger. "Walking fast-ranking high: A sociobiological perspective on pace." Ethology and Sociobiology 16, no. 5 (September 1995): 451–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0162-3095(95)00070-4.

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Bertram, John E. A., Paul D'antonio, Jaime Pardo, and David V. Lee. "Pace Length Effects in Human Walking: “Groucho” Gaits Revisited." Journal of Motor Behavior 34, no. 3 (September 2002): 309–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222890209601949.

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Haegele, Justin A., Ali S. Brian, and Donna Wolf. "Accuracy of the Fitbit Zip for Measuring Steps for Adolescents With Visual Impairments." Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 34, no. 2 (April 2017): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.2016-0055.

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Our purpose in this study was to document the criterion validity of the Fitbit Zip for measuring steps taken by youth with visual impairments (VI). A secondary purpose was to determine whether walking pace, mounting position, or relative position to the user’s mobility device impacted the criterion validity of the device. Fourteen adolescent-aged individuals (Mage = 15.4; 13 male and 1 female) with VI participated in this study. Participants wore four Fitbit Zips at different mounting positions and completed two, 2-min walking trials while the lead investigator hand tallied steps. Measurement validity was analyzed using absolute percent error (APE), intraclass correlation coefficients estimated level of conformity, and paired samples t tests and Cohen’s d effect sizes assessed APE relative to mounting positions. Results supported the use of the Fitbit Zip during regular-paced walking; however, caution must be used during activities exceeding regular walking speeds, as devices consistently underestimated steps.

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Connolly, Christopher P., Jordana Dahmen, Robert D. Catena, Nigel Campbell, and Alexander H. K. Montoye. "Physical Activity Monitor Accuracy for Overground Walking and Free-Living Conditions Among Pregnant Women." Journal for the Measurement of Physical Behaviour 3, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 100–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jmpb.2019-0059.

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Purpose: We aimed to determine the step-count validity of commonly used physical activity monitors for pregnancy overground walking and during free-living conditions. Methods: Participants (n = 39, 12–38 weeks gestational age) completed six 100-step overground walking trials (three self-selected “normal pace”, three “brisk pace”) while wearing five physical activity monitors: Omron HJ-720 (OM), New Lifestyles 2000 (NL), Fitbit Flex (FF), ActiGraph Link (AG), and Modus StepWatch (SW). For each walking trial, monitor-recorded steps and criterion-measured steps were assessed. Participants also wore all activity monitors for an extended free-living period (72 hours), with the SW used as the criterion device. Mean absolute percent error (MAPE) was calculated for overground walking and free-living protocols and compared across monitors. Results: For overground walking, the OM, NL, and SW performed well (<5% MAPE) for normal and brisk pace walking trials, and also when trials were analyzed by actual speeds. The AG and FF had significantly greater MAPE for overground walking trials (11.9–14.7%). Trimester did affect device accuracy to some degree for the AG, FF, and SW, with error being lower in the third trimester compared to the second. For the free-living period, the OM, NL, AG, and FF significantly underestimated (>32% MAPE) actual steps taken per day as measured by the criterion SW (M [SD] = 9,350 [3,910]). MAPE for the OM was particularly high (45.3%). Conclusion: The OM, NL, and SW monitors are valid measures for overground step-counting during pregnancy walking. However, the OM and NL significantly underestimate steps by second and third trimester pregnant women in free-living conditions.

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Makogonov, Alexandr, Tatyana Makogonova, and Maksat Irgebayev. "Characteristics of physical workload in the mountains depending on height, terrain and walking pace." SCIENCE AND SPORT: current trends 7, no. 3 (September 2019): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.36028/2308-8826-2019-7-3-130-135.

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Identification of parameters characterizing the human response to the workload depending on height and terrain is important for solving practical problems of workload regulation. The purpose of research was to study body reaction when performing the same physical activity on the plain and in the mountains, on flat and rough terrain, uphill and when walking at different rates. Ten athletes of the second rank were supervised. The studies were carried out in the plain and in the Tien Shan Mountains at an altitude of 2000 meters. When walking under various conditions, heart rate and minute respiration rate, gas exchange, and energy expenditures were recorded. Research results and discussion. It was found that walking in the mountains at the same rate of 4.5 km / h on rough terrain with a slope of 15 degrees, compared with walking on flat terrain, increases heart rate by 21, 3%, minute respiration rate by 42.3%, energy expenditure by 40, 8%. Walking uphill with the same speed causes heart rate increased by 40.5%, an increase in minute respiration rate by 78.2% and a double increase in energy expenditure. When walking down a slope of 20 degrees, there is a clear tendency to reduction of energy expenditure. The increase in walking speed from 4.5 to 6.5 km/h when climbing uphill is accompanied by a linear increase in minute respiration rate and energy expenditure, which grows up to 11 kcal/min. Conclusion. Based on the research, we have designed the tables describing the energy cost, heart rate and minute respiration rate during walking at a rate from 2.5 to 7 km/h, depending on the walking speed on different terrain, angle of ascent and elevation.

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DaSilva, Sergio Gregorio, Laura Guidetti, Cosme Franklim Buzzachera, Hassan Mohamed Elsangedy, Heriberto Colombo, Kleverton Krinski, Sergio Luiz Carlos Dos Santos, Wagner De Campos, and Carlo Baldari. "The Influence of Adiposity on Physiological, Perceptual, and Affective Responses during Walking at a Self-Selected Pace." Perceptual and Motor Skills 109, no. 1 (August 2009): 41–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.109.1.41-60.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of adiposity (%body fat) on physiological, perceptual, and affective responses during walking. 45 women were divided into low, medium, and high tertiles according to %body fat. Each participant completed a maximal exercise test and a 20-min. bout of walking at a self-selected pace. The preferred walking speed was similar among groups, whereas %VO2 max was greater in the high fertile group compared with the other two groups. Nevertheless, perceptual and affective responses were similar between the groups. These findings suggest that physiological responses relative to maximal capacity, but not perceptual and affective responses, of sedentary women are influenced by adiposity during walking at a self-selected pace. However, when the physiological responses are relative to ventilatory threshold, there are no differences between individuals with different levels of adiposity.

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Jayakody, Oshadi, Helena Blumen, Emmeline Ayers, Cuiling Wang, and Joe Verghese. "ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN POSTURAL SWAY AND GAIT DOMAINS DURING WALKING WHILE TALKING." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 711–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.2600.

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Abstract Poor gait performance during walking-while-talking (WWT) is associated with an increased falls risk. Whether this association between WWT and falls is moderated by balance is not known. To address this, we examined 1) cross-sectional associations between postural sway and gait domains during WWT and, 2) whether postural sway moderated the effects of gait domains on falls. Gait (using a computerized walkway) and postural sway in anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) directions (using the SwayStar™ system) during WWT were assessed in 357 community-dwelling older adults (M Age 77.9 years; 55.5% female). Principal component analysis was used to derive distinct gait domains: pace (speed, step length), rhythm (swing, stance, step time) and variability (step length variability, double support time variability). Falls incidence over 12 months were ascertained using bi-monthly calls. Multiple linear regression (adjusted for age, sex, and education) was used to examine the associations between postural sway and gait domains. Poisson regression was used to examine the associations of number of falls with gait domains and postural sway. Greater AP- and ML-sway were associated with slower pace, greater rhythm, and greater variability (p< 0.005). Slower pace (not rhythm or variability) was associated with falls incidence (n=95) and the effect of pace on falls (although p>0.005) was reduced by the ML-sway (β for interaction between pace and sway -0.001 95%CI -0.002, 0.0001). These findings suggest that greater sway during WWT is associated with poorer gait performance. Interventions to maintain ML-sway during WWT may assist with reducing the effects of pace on falls risk.

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Tomporowski, Phillip D., and Michel Audiffren. "Dual-task Performance in Young and Older Adults: Speed-Accuracy Tradeoffs in Choice Responding While Treadmill Walking." Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 22, no. 4 (October 2014): 557–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/japa.2012-0241.

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Thirty-one young (mean age = 20.8 years) and 30 older (mean age = 71.5 years) men and women categorized as physically active (n = 30) or inactive (n = 31) performed an executive processing task while standing, treadmill walking at a preferred pace, and treadmill walking at a faster pace. Dual-task interference was predicted to negatively impact older adults’ cognitive flexibility as measured by an auditory switch task more than younger adults; further, participants’ level of physical activity was predicted to mitigate the relation. For older adults, treadmill walking was accompanied by significantly more rapid response times and reductions in local- and mixed-switch costs. A speed-accuracy tradeoff was observed in which response errors increased linearly as walking speed increased, suggesting that locomotion under dual-task conditions degrades the quality of older adults’ cognitive flexibility. Participants’ level of physical activity did not influence cognitive test performance.

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Watanabe, Junji, and Hideyuki Ando. "Pace-sync shoes: intuitive walking-pace guidance based on cyclic vibro-tactile stimulation for the foot." Virtual Reality 14, no. 3 (October 30, 2009): 213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10055-009-0137-y.

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Suri, S., A. Batterham, L. Ells, G. Danjoux, and G. Atkinson. "Cross-sectional Association between Walking Pace and Sleep-disordered Breathing." International Journal of Sports Medicine 36, no. 10 (June 19, 2015): 843–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1549856.

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Porcari, J. P., A. Ward, W. P. Morgan, C. Ebbeling, S. OʼHanley, and J. M. Rippe. "EXERCISE INTENSITY AT A SELF-SELECTED OR PREFERRED WALKING PACE." Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation 8, no. 10 (October 1988): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008483-198810000-00031.

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Zilonka, Elaine, Carl Foster, John P. Porcari, Dennis C. W. Fater, and Maurita B. Robarge. "EFFECT OF MUSIC PROGRAMMING ON WALKING PACE 11:45 AM." Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation 19, no. 5 (September 1999): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008483-199909000-00015.

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Aguiar, Elroy J., Zachary R. Gould, Scott W. Ducharme, Chris C. Moore, Aston K. McCullough, and Catrine Tudor-Locke. "Cadence-based Classification of Minimally Moderate Intensity During Overground Walking in 21- to 40-Year-Old Adults." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 16, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 1092–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2019-0261.

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Background: A walking cadence of ≥100 steps/min corresponds to minimally moderate intensity, absolutely defined as ≥3 metabolic equivalents (METs). This threshold has primarily been calibrated during treadmill walking. There is a need to determine the classification accuracy of this cadence threshold to predict intensity during overground walking. Methods: In this laboratory-based cross-sectional investigation, participants (N = 75, 49.3% women, age 21–40 y) performed a single 5-minute overground (hallway) walking trial at a self-selected preferred pace. Steps accumulated during each trial were hand tallied and converted to cadence (steps/min). Oxygen uptake was measured using indirect calorimetry and converted to METs. The classification accuracy (sensitivity, specificity, overall accuracy, and positive predictive value) of ≥100 steps/min to predict ≥3 METs was calculated. Results: A cadence threshold of ≥100 steps/min yielded an overall accuracy (combined sensitivity and specificity) of 73.3% for predicting minimally moderate intensity. Moreover, for individuals walking at a cadence ≥100 steps/min, the probability (positive predictive value) of achieving minimally moderate intensity was 80.3%. Conclusions: Although primarily developed using treadmill-based protocols, a cadence threshold of ≥100 steps/min for young adults appears to be a valid heuristic value (evidence-based, rounded, practical) associated with minimally moderate intensity during overground walking performed at a self-selected preferred pace.

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van Raaij, J. M., C. M. Schonk, S. H. Vermaat-Miedema, M. E. Peek, and J. G. Hautvast. "Energy cost of walking at a fixed pace and self-paced before, during, and after pregnancy." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 51, no. 2 (February 1, 1990): 158–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/51.2.158.

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Chen, Nemin, Caterina Rosano, Helmet Karim, Stephanie Studenski, Howard Aizenstein, and Andrea Rosso. "NEURAL CORRELATES OF COMPLEX WALKING TASKS IN OLDER ADULTS." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.1760.

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Abstract Walking on a narrow path challenges attention and balance control but its neural correlates are unknown. We assessed the association between gray matter microstructural integrity and gait speed along a 6 m long and 20 cm wide path in participants from the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study (n=155; mean age=83, 53% women, 35% black). Micro-structural integrity was measured by mean diffusivity (MD) in gray matter computed from diffusion weighted imaging (DWI); higher MD indicates lower integrity. We conducted general linear models to assess this association with gray matter microstructural integrity of regions of interest (based on known associations of usual pace gait speed): middle frontal gyrus; caudate; putamen; anterior, middle, and posterior cingulate; hippocampus; precentral gyrus; and supplementary motor area. We adjusted for total brain atrophy, usual pace gait speed, age, sex, race, and education. The average narrow-path gait speed was 0.97 m/s (standard deviation: 0.21). Average usual pace gait speed was 1.1 m/s (standard deviation: 0.21). After adjusting for covariates, we identified significant negative associations between narrow-path gait speed and gray matter MD of left posterior cingulate, left and right hippocampus, and left precentral gyrus (p<0.05). Narrow-path gait speed is associated with lower microstructural integrity in gray matter related to network connectivity (posterior cingulate), spatial cognition (hippocampus), and motor function (precentral gyrus).

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Cai, Chao, Henglin Pu, Peng Wang, Zhe Chen, and Jun Luo. "We Hear Your PACE." Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 5, no. 2 (June 23, 2021): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3463510.

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Indoor localization is crucial to enable context-aware applications, but existing solutions mostly require a user to carry a device, so as to actively sense location-discriminating signals. However, many applications do not prefer user involvement due to, e.g., the cumbersome of carrying a device. Therefore, solutions that track user locations passively can be desirable, yet lack of active user involvement has made passive indoor localization very challenging even for a single person. To this end, we propose Passive Acoustic loCalization of multiple walking pErsons (PACE) as a solution for small-scale indoor scenarios: it passively locates users by pinpointing the positions of their footsteps. In particular, PACE leverages both structure-borne and air-borne footstep impact sounds (FIS); it uses structure-borne FIS for range estimations exploiting their acoustic dispersion nature, and it employs air-borne FIS for Angle-of-Arrival (AoA) estimations and person identifications. To combat the low-SNR nature of FIS, PACE innovatively employs domain adversarial adaptation and spectral weighting to ranging/identification and AoA estimations, respectively. We implement a PACE prototype and extensively evaluate its performance in representative environments. The results demonstrate a promising sub-meter localization accuracy with a median error of 30 cm.

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Khattar, Bhawna, Alakananda Banerjee, Rajsekhar Reddi, and Anirban Dutta. "Feasibility of Functional Electrical Stimulation-Assisted Neurorehabilitation following Stroke in India: A Case Series." Case Reports in Neurological Medicine 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/830873.

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Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) facilitates ambulatory function after paralysis by electrically activating the muscles of the lower extremities. The Odstock Dropped Foot Stimulator (ODFS, Odstock, UK) called ODFS Pace, was used for heel-switch triggered FES-assisted walking. The ODFS is recommended as an intervention for neurologically impaired gait in the Royal College of Physicians (UK) Clinical Guidelines on Stroke. Based on the guidelines by the National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE, UK), we started first clinical study in India on ODFS Pace as an orthotic intervention for daily use. In this preliminary study, we also investigated improvement in volitional walking following 6 sessions (3 times per week, for 2 weeks) of 30 minutes of FES-assisted treadmill walking on 7 chronic (>6 months after stroke) stroke survivors. We found that short-duration, moderately intensive FES-assisted gait therapy improved volitional gait in 3 out of 7 stroke survivors suffering from foot drop. Even in absence of improvement in volitional walking, there were no adverse effects and the subjects found heel-switch triggered FES-assisted walking mostly “easy” (6 out of 7). Therefore FES is promising as an orthotic intervention for daily use; however, tailoring the intensity and/or frequency based on patient's ability may make it viable as a therapeutic intervention.

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Liu, Chujun, Andrew Lonsberry, Mark Nandor, Musa Audu, Alexander Lonsberry, and Roger Quinn. "Implementation of Deep Deterministic Policy Gradients for Controlling Dynamic Bipedal Walking." Biomimetics 4, no. 1 (March 22, 2019): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics4010028.

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A control system for bipedal walking in the sagittal plane was developed in simulation. The biped model was built based on anthropometric data for a 1.8 m tall male of average build. At the core of the controller is a deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) neural network that was trained in GAZEBO, a physics simulator, to predict the ideal foot placement to maintain stable walking despite external disturbances. The complexity of the DDPG network was decreased through carefully selected state variables and a distributed control system. Additional controllers for the hip joints during their stance phases and the ankle joint during toe-off phase help to stabilize the biped during walking. The simulated biped can walk at a steady pace of approximately 1 m/s, and during locomotion it can maintain stability with a 30 kg·m/s impulse applied forward on the torso or a 40 kg·m/s impulse applied rearward. It also maintains stable walking with a 10 kg backpack or a 25 kg front pack. The controller was trained on a 1.8 m tall model, but also stabilizes models 1.4–2.3 m tall with no changes.

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Karthika, Manjush, Sammita Jadhav, Lalitha Pillai, Chris Mathew, and Abdullah Dhaish. "Benefits of Incremental Pace Walking in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients." Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research 23, no. 5 (January 10, 2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jammr/2017/32546.

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Turchet, Luca, Stefania Serafin, and Paola Cesari. "Walking pace affected by interactive sounds simulating stepping on different terrains." ACM Transactions on Applied Perception 10, no. 4 (October 2013): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2536764.2536770.

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Sherman, Sally A., Renee J. Rogers, Kelliann K. Davis, Ryan L. Minster, Seth A. Creasy, Nicole C. Mullarkey, Matthew O’Dell, Patrick Donahue, and John M. Jakicic. "Energy Expenditure in Vinyasa Yoga Versus Walking." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 14, no. 8 (August 2017): 597–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2016-0548.

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Background:Whether the energy cost of vinyasa yoga meets the criteria for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity has not been established.Purpose:To compare energy expenditure during acute bouts of vinyasa yoga and 2 walking protocols.Methods:Participants (20 males, 18 females) performed 60-minute sessions of vinyasa yoga (YOGA), treadmill walking at a self-selected brisk pace (SELF), and treadmill walking at a pace that matched the heart rate of the YOGA session (HR-Match). Energy expenditure was assessed via indirect calorimetry.Results:Energy expenditure was significantly lower in YOGA compared with HR-Match (difference = 79.5 ± 44.3 kcal; P < .001) and SELF (difference = 51.7 ± 62.6 kcal; P < .001), but not in SELF compared with HR-Match (difference = 27.8 ± 72.6 kcal; P = .054). A similar pattern was observed for metabolic equivalents (HR-Match = 4.7 ± 0.8, SELF = 4.4 ± 0.7, YOGA = 3.6 ± 0.6; P < .001). Analyses using only the initial 45 minutes from each of the sessions, which excluded the restorative component of YOGA, showed energy expenditure was significantly lower in YOGA compared with HR-Match (difference = 68.0 ± 40.1 kcal; P < .001) but not compared with SELF (difference = 15.1 ± 48.7 kcal; P = .189).Conclusions:YOGA meets the criteria for moderate-intensity physical activity. Thus, YOGA may be a viable form of physical activity to achieve public health guidelines and to elicit health benefits.

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Skantz, Heidi, Taina Rantanen, Timo Rantalainen, Kirsi E. Keskinen, Lotta Palmberg, Erja Portegijs, Johanna Eronen, and Merja Rantakokko. "Associations between Perceived Outdoor Environment and Walking Modifications in Community-Dwelling Older People: A Two-Year Follow-Up Study." Journal of Aging and Health 32, no. 10 (July 28, 2020): 1538–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0898264320944289.

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Objectives: To examine associations of perceived outdoor environment with the prevalence and development of adaptive (e.g., slower pace) and maladaptive (e.g., avoiding walking) modifications in walking 2 km among older people. Methods: Community-dwelling 75–90 -year-old persons ( N = 848) reported environmental outdoor mobility facilitators and barriers at baseline. Modifications in walking 2 km (adaptive, maladaptive, or no) were assessed at baseline and one and two years later. Results: Outdoor mobility facilitators were more often reported by those not using modifications or using adaptive versus maladaptive walking modifications. Differences in health and physical capacity explained most of the associations between outdoor mobility barriers and walking modifications. Perceived outdoor environment did not systematically predict future adaptive or maladaptive walking modifications. Discussion: Facilitators may compensate the declined physical capacity and alleviate the strain of walking longer distances by enabling the use of adaptive walking modifications, while lack of such facilitators fuels avoidance of walking longer distances.

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Alapatt, Linson J., Nancye M. Peel, Natasha Reid, Leonard C. Gray, and Ruth E. Hubbard. "The Effect of Age on Gait Speed When Texting." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 2 (January 17, 2020): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020599.

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Texting while walking exerts a high cognitive load, and may be a sensitive test of the integrity of the cognitive–motor interface. We aimed to investigate the association between chronological age and gait speed while texting. A convenience sample of 308 community-dwellers was recruited: n ≥ 50 in each age group (20–29, 30–39, 40–49, 50–59) and n = 100 aged ≥60 years. Gait speed was measured over 10 metres under two experimental conditions: 1) walking at usual pace; 2) walking at usual pace while texting the message “Good morning Harry” on their smartphone. Both median gait speed with and without texting decreased with increasing age (p < 0.001). The differences between single- and dual-task gait speed were substantial for each age group and increased after the age of 50 years (p < 0.001). Median gait speeds while texting in people aged 50–59 (1.07 m/s) and ≥60 years (1.00 m/s) were below the recommended minimum for safely crossing roads (1.20 m/s). Texting while walking currently exposes people aged 50 and over to considerable environmental hazards. The significant slowing of gait speed while texting from middle age may be a marker of neurodegeneration, a cohort effect, or an appropriate compensatory response to reduce the risk of injury.

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Wajda, Douglas A., Brian M. Sandroff, John H. Pula, Robert W. Motl, and Jacob J. Sosnoff. "Effects of Walking Direction and Cognitive Challenges on Gait in Persons with Multiple Sclerosis." Multiple Sclerosis International 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/859323.

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Declines in walking performance are commonly seen when undergoing a concurrent cognitive task in persons with multiple sclerosis (MS). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of walking direction and simultaneous cognitive task on the spatiotemporal gait parameters in persons with MS compared to healthy controls. Ten persons with MS (Median EDSS, 3.0) and ten healthy controls took part in this pilot study. Participants performed 4 walking trials at their self-selected comfortable pace. These trials included forward walking, forward walking with a cognitive task, backward walking, and backward walking with a cognitive task. Walking performance was indexed with measures of velocity, cadence, and stride length for each testing condition. The MS group walked slower with significantly reduced stride length compared to the control group. The novel observation of this investigation was that walking differences between persons with MS and healthy controls were greater during backward walking, and this effect was further highlighted during backward walking with added cognitive test. This raises the possibility that backward walking tests could be an effective way to examine walking difficulties in individuals with MS with relatively minimal walking impairment.

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Rabbiosi, Chiara. "Performing a walking holiday: Routing, immersing and co-dwelling." Tourist Studies 21, no. 3 (March 5, 2021): 367–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468797621998177.

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This article discusses the relationship between space, material practices, cognitive work and the emotions at work during a personal walking holiday as a way of contributing to a wider debate on walking tourism. In doing so, this article revises the concept of ‘dwelling-in-motion’ and employs a mobile perspective that combines both the phenomenological and post-phenomenological approaches to tourism and walking studies, focusing on pace and rhythm, mundane technology and affective atmospheres. These are aspects that become entangled in walking touristscapes as they are produced and challenged by routing, immersive and co-dwelling performances. The article concludes by suggesting that, not only can a ‘mobile ontology’ provide a more thorough account of walking tourism, it can also highlight the importance of understanding the place-making potential of walking tourism as a complex tourist mobility practice for which both precognitive and cognitive implications should be considered.

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Grøntved, Anders, and Frank B. Hu. "Walking pace and handgrip strength: simple measures of fitness and mortality risk?" European Heart Journal 38, no. 43 (August 29, 2017): 3241–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehx497.

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Crowther, R., A. Leicht, and W. Spinks. "251 Influence of grade and pace on pedometer accuracy during treadmill walking." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 8 (December 2005): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1440-2440(17)30747-8.

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Rowe, David A., Minsoo Kang, Rona Sutherland, Elizabeth A. Holbrook, and Tiago V. Barreira. "Evaluation of inactive adults’ ability to maintain a moderate-intensity walking pace." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 16, no. 3 (May 2013): 217–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2012.08.008.

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Reddy, Yanala Prashanth Kumar. "Design and Simulation of Electric Treadmill Bike." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 9 (September 30, 2021): 648–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38003.

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Abstract: Electric treadmill The bicycle is a whole new way of moving. With the help of electricity, walking is no more strenuous than a "walk in the park". The power assistance combined with the equipment increases your walking pace to speed. When you walk on the treadmill bike, push the treadmill back with your feet. The movement of the treadmill gives the signal to the electronic device that drives the motor. The movement of walking. The brake motor slows down the speed. This Paper clearly explains the design and simulation of the electric treadmill bike Keywords: Electric Treadmill Bike, Treadmill Bike, Design, Analysis, Ansys, Electric Bike.

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Cai, Wei Guo, Zhen Guo Shang, and Li Bo Wu. "Optimal Design of a Four-Legged Walking Mechanism Based on Bionics." Applied Mechanics and Materials 496-500 (January 2014): 719–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.496-500.719.

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According to the present research situation on walking robot, a four-legged walking mechanism based on bionics is presented. The mathematic model of single leg is built in accordance with the projected path. The single leg is divided into driving parts and leg parts. The motion orbits of combined point are optimized using the mathematic model, and the motion character is analyzed according to this mathematical model. The results show the whole mechanism can accomplish the scheduled purpose, the velocity and acceleration of mechanism are reasonable; the trotting pace can also complete the motion simulation. It provides the theoretical basis and reference experience for foot type walking mechanism.

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Sheridan, Conor, Corene Thaut, Dina Brooks, and Kara K. Patterson. "Feasibility of a rhythmic auditory stimulation gait training program in community-dwelling adults after TBI: A case report." NeuroRehabilitation 48, no. 2 (March 9, 2021): 221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/nre-208016.

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BACKGROUND: Traumatic brain injury has multiple impacts on gait including decreased speed and increased gait variability. Rhythmic auditory stimulation (RAS) gait training uses the rhythm and timing structure of music to train and ultimately improve slow and variable walking patterns. OBJECTIVE: To describe the feasibility of RAS gait training in community-dwelling adults with traumatic brain injury (TBI). A secondary objective is to report changes in spatiotemporal gait parameters and clinical measures of balance and walking endurance. METHODS: Two individuals with a TBI participated in nine sessions of gait training with RAS over a 3-week period. At baseline, post-training and 3-week follow-up, spatiotemporal parameters of walking were analyzed at preferred pace, maximum pace and dual-task walking conditions. Secondary outcomes included the Community Balance and Mobility Scale and the 6-Minute Walk Test. Feasibility was assessed using reports of physical fatigue, adverse event reporting, and perceived satisfaction. RESULTS: Both participants completed all 9 planned intervention sessions. The sessions were well tolerated with no adverse events. Participant 1 and 2 exhibited different responses to the intervention in line with the therapeutic goals set with the therapist. Participant 1 exhibited improved speed and decreased gait variability. Participant 2 exhibited reduced gait speed but less fatigue during the 6MWT. CONCLUSIONS: RAS was found to be a safe and feasible gait intervention with the potential to improve some aspects of gait impairments related to gait speed, gait variability, dynamic balance and walking endurance. Further investigation including a pilot randomized controlled trial is warranted.

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Garcia, Maria-Gabriela, Rudolf Wall, Benjamin Steinhilber, Thomas Läubli, and Bernard J. Martin. "Long-Lasting Changes in Muscle Twitch Force During Simulated Work While Standing or Walking." Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 58, no. 8 (September 27, 2016): 1117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018720816669444.

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Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-lasting effects of prolonged standing work on a hard floor or floor mat and slow-pace walking on muscle twitch force (MTF) elicited by electrical stimulation. Background: Prolonged standing work may alter lower-leg muscle function, which can be quantified by changes in the MTF amplitude and duration related to muscle fatigue. Ergonomic interventions have been proposed to mitigate fatigue and discomfort; however, their influences remain controversial. Method: Ten men and eight women simulated standing work in 320-min experiments with three conditions: standing on a hard floor or an antifatigue mat and walking on a treadmill, each including three seated rest breaks. MTF in the gastrocnemius-soleus muscles was evaluated through changes in signal amplitude and duration. Results: The significant decrease of MTF amplitude and an increase of duration after standing work on a hard floor and on a mat persisted beyond 1 hr postwork. During walking, significant MTF metrics changes appeared 30 min postwork. MTF amplitude decrease was not significant after the first 110 min in any of the conditions; however, MTF duration was significantly higher than baseline in the standing conditions. Conclusion: Similar long-lasting weakening of MTF was induced by standing on a hard floor and on an antifatigue mat. However, walking partially attenuated this phenomenon. Application: Mostly static standing is likely to contribute to alterations of MTF in lower-leg muscles and potentially to musculoskeletal disorders regardless of the flooring characteristics. Occupational activities including slow-pace walking may reduce such deterioration in muscle function.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Walking pace'

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