Relevant bibliographies by topics / Wake Penetration

Academic literature on the topic 'Wake Penetration'

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Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Wake Penetration"

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Brenneis, Björn, Sergej Gordeev, Sebastian Ruck, Leonid Stoppel, and Wolfgang Hering. "Wake Shape and Height Profile Measurements in a Concave Open Channel Flow regarding the Target in DONES." Energies 14, no. 20 (October 11, 2021): 6506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14206506.

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Wakes appearing downstream of disturbances on the surface of a water flow in a concave open channel were examined experimentally. The investigated channel geometry was similar to the liquid lithium target in DONES (Demonstration fusion power plant Oriented NEutron Source). The objective of the measurements was to analyze the effect of a disturbance on the downstream layer thickness. For measuring the height profiles in the channel, an optical measurement system based on laser triangulation was developed. It was shown that the wake of the undisturbed flow emerged from the nozzle corner, which was in accordance with analytical solutions. For sufficiently large disturbances at the nozzle edge, the height profiles located downstream showed symmetrical minima and maxima on both sides of the disturbance. The wake depth strongly depended on the diameter and penetration depth of the disturbance, as well as the circumferential position in the channel, which yields to a critical wake depth of one millimeter for the lithium target in DONES.
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Дубровин, К. А., А. Е. Зарвин, В. В. Каляда, and А. С. Яскин. "Причины свечения аномального вторичного потока в сверхзвуковых кластированных струях, возбужденных высоковольтным электронным пучком." Письма в журнал технической физики 46, no. 7 (2020): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pjtf.2020.07.49217.18011.

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The role of clustered particles in the formation of a secondary flow (“wake”) occuring at the gas expiring into a rarefied medium in condensation modes is established. The “wake” boundaries were found by comparing the spectral and photometric measurements. Possible mechanisms for initiating luminescence in "wake" are considered. The role of energy exchange of clusters with background gas in the afterglow of the "wake" has been found out. The wavelengths and corresponding transitions in the neutral (Ar-I) and once ionized (Ar-II) argon atoms, which determine the anomalous glow, were discovered. The lifetimes in the excited state of particles in the central part and on the periphery of the clustered flow are detected. The effect of condensation on the background gas penetration into the primary traditional supersonic jet and into the “wake” zone is found.
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Kim, Minju, Somi Jung, Than Van Chau, and Won-Bae Na. "Correlation of the Structural Characteristics of an Artificial Oyster Reef with Its Wake Region." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 4 (April 3, 2023): 775. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11040775.

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Oyster reefs are currently at risk of severe decline due to dangerous human interference and its aftermath; hence, artificial oyster reefs (AORs) have been utilized for their restoration. AORs with high vertical reliefs interact with the surrounding flow, constitute a reverse flow, and create a wake region in which concentrated nutrients and food organisms exist. However, the correlations of the structural characteristics of an AOR with its wake regions have not been studied. Thus, we established 96 AOR models, carried out flow analyses, and obtained their wake volumes, considering shell orientation, composition, penetration depth, and growth stage. We found that the growth stage is the most critical parameter for establishing a normalized wake volume. This implies that the number of oyster shells (N) is the most critical factor in securing a normalized wake volume, in which their correlation was linear and significant (R2=0.89). We also found that the correlations of the normalized wake volume with blocking and surface complexity indices were linearly significant, respectively. Additionally, wake volume efficiency increased with the number of oyster shells; specifically, the criterion for wake volume efficiency of EI (efficiency index) ≥ 2.0 was satisfied when N≥50 per 900 cm2.
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Hu, Ye Zhou, Lin Zhang, Pai Liu, Xin Yuan Liu, and Ming Zhou. "Modeling Large-Scale Wind Farms for Reliability Analysis Considering Wake Effect." Applied Mechanics and Materials 543-547 (March 2014): 647–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.543-547.647.

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Large scale wind power penetration has a significant impact on the reliability of the electric generation systems. A wind farm consists of a large number of wind turbine generators (WTGs). A major difficulty in modeling wind farms is that the WTG not have an independent capacity distribution due to the dependence of the individual turbine output on the same energy source, the wind. In this paper, a model of the wind farm output power considering multi-wake effects is established according to the probability distribution of the wind speed and the characteristic of the wind generator output power: based on the simple Jenson wake effect model, the wake effect with wind speed sheer model and the detail wake effect model with the detail shade areas of the upstream wind turbines are discussed respectively. Compared to the individual wake effect model, this model takes the wind farm as a whole and considers the multi-wakes effect on the same unit. As a result the loss of the velocity inside the wind farm is considered more exactly. Furthermore, considering the features of sequentially and self-correlation of wind speed, an auto-regressive and moving average (ARMA) model for wind speed is built up. Also the reliability model of wind farm is built when the output characteristics of wind power generation units, correlation of wind speeds among different wind farms, outage model of wind power generation units, wake effect of wind farm and air temperature are considered. Simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed models. These models can be used to research the reliability of power grid containing wind farms, wind farm capacity credit as well as the interconnection among wind farms
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Vermeulen, P. J., P. Grabinski, and V. Ramesh. "Mixing of an Acoustically Excited Air Jet With a Confined Hot Crossflow." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 114, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906306.

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The mixing of an acoustically pulsed air jet with a confined hot crossflow has been assessed by temperature profile measurements. These novel experiments were designed to examine the effects of acoustic driver power and Strouhal number on jet structure, penetration, and mixing. The results showed that excitation produced strong changes in the measured temperature profiles. This resulted in significant increases in mixing zone size, penetration (at least 100 percent increase), and mixing, and the length to achieve a given mixed state was shortened by at least 70 percent. There was strong modification to the jet-wake region. The increase in jet penetration and mixing was saturating near 90 W, the largest driving power tested. The jet response as determined by penetration and mixing was optimum at a Strouhal number of 0.27. Overall, pulsating the jet flow significantly improved the jet mixing processes in a controllable manner.
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Gretta, W. J., and C. R. Smith. "The Flow Structure and Statistics of a Passive Mixing Tab." Journal of Fluids Engineering 115, no. 2 (June 1, 1993): 255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2910133.

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Water channel flow visualization and anemometry studies were conducted to examine the flow structure and velocity statistics in the wake of a passive mixing tab designed for enhancement of cross-stream mixing by generation of flow structures characteristic of turbulent boundary layers. Flow visualization reveals that the mixing tab generates a wake comprising a combination of counter rotating, streamwise vortices enveloped by distinct hairpin vortex structures. The counter rotating streamwise vortices are observed to stimulate a strong ejection of fluid along the symmetry plane, which results in very rapid cross-stream mixing. The hairpin vortices are found to undergo successive amalgamation and coalescence downstream of the device, which aids in the streamwise mixing and outward penetration of ejected fluid. After an initially intense mixing process, the mixing tab wake rapidly develops mean velocity, turbulence intensity, and boundary layer integral properties characteristic of a significantly thickened turbulent boundary layer.
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Park, Rae-Jin, Jeong-Hwan Kim, Byungchan Yoo, Minhan Yoon, and Seungmin Jung. "Verification of Prediction Method Based on Machine Learning under Wake Effect Using Real-Time Digital Simulator." Energies 15, no. 24 (December 14, 2022): 9475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15249475.

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With the increase in the penetration rate of renewable energy sources, a machine-learning-based forecasting system has been introduced to the grid sector to improve the participation rate in the electricity market and reduce energy losses. In these studies, correlation analysis of mechanical and environmental variables, including geographical figures, is considered a crucial point to increase the prediction’s accuracy. Various models have been applied in terms of accuracy, speed calculation, and amount of data based on a mathematical model that can calculate the wake; however, it can be difficult to derive variables such as air density, roughness length, and the effect of turbulence on the structural characteristics of wind turbines. Furthermore, wake accuracy could decrease due to the excessive variables that come from the wake effect parameters. In this paper, we intend to conduct research to improve prediction accuracy by considering the wake effect of wind turbines using supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) data from the Dongbok wind farm. The wake divides the wind direction into four parts and then recognizes and predicts the affected wind turbine. The predicted result is the wake wind speed and its conversion to power generation by applying a power curve. We try to show the efficiency of machine learning by comparing the wake wind speed and the power generation in the wake model. This result shows the error rate using evaluation metrics of regression, such as mean squared error (MSE), root mean squared error (RMSE), and weighted absolute percentage error (WAPE), and attempts to verify power system impact and efficiency through a real-time digital simulator (RTDS).
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Depestele, Jochen, Ana Ivanović, Koen Degrendele, Moosa Esmaeili, Hans Polet, Marc Roche, Keith Summerbell, Lorna R. Teal, Bart Vanelslander, and Finbarr G. O'Neill. "Measuring and assessing the physical impact of beam trawling." ICES Journal of Marine Science 73, suppl_1 (April 6, 2015): i15—i26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsv056.

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Abstract Beam trawling causes physical disruption of the seabed through contact of the gear components with the sediment and the resuspension of sediment into the water column in the turbulent wake of the gear. To be able to measure and quantify these impacts is important so that gears of reduced impact can be developed. Here we assess the physical impact of both a conventional 4 m tickler-chain beam trawl and a “Delmeco” electric pulse beam trawl. We measure the changes in seabed bathymetry following the passage of these gears using a Kongsberg EM2040 multi-beam echosounder and use a LISST 100X particle size analyser to measure the concentration and particle size distribution of the sediment mobilized into the water column. We also estimate the penetration of the gears into the seabed using numerical models for the mechanical interaction between gears and seabed. Our results indicate that the seabed bathymetry changes between ∼1 and 2 cm and that it is further increased by higher trawling frequencies. Furthermore, our results suggest that the alteration following the passage of the conventional trawl is greater than that following the pulse trawl passage. There was no difference in the quantity of sediment mobilized in the wake of these two gears; however, the numerical model introduced in this study predicted that the tickler-chain trawl penetrates the seabed more deeply than the pulse gear. Hence, greater alteration to the seabed bathymetry by the tickler-chain beam trawling is likely to be a result of its greater penetration. The complimentary insights of the different techniques highlight the advantage of investigating multiple effects such as sediment penetration and resuspension simultaneously and using both field trials and numerical modelling approaches.
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Hsu, C. M., and R. F. Huang. "Comparisons of Flow and Mixing Characteristics between Unforced and Excited Elevated Transverse Jets." Journal of Mechanics 30, no. 1 (November 14, 2013): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jmech.2013.74.

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ABSTRACTThe influences of acoustic excitation on the velocity field and mixing characteristic of a jet in cross-flow were investigated in a wind tunnel. The acoustic excitation waves at resonance Strouhal number were generated by a loudspeaker. The time-averaged velocity field and streamlines of the excited elevated transverse jet in the symmetry plane were measured by a high-speed particle image velocimetry. The visual penetration height and spread width were obtained by using an image processing technique. The dispersion characteristics were obtained from the tracer-gas concentration measurement. The results showed that the streamline pattern of the non-excited transverse jet was significantly modified by the acoustic excitation—the bent streamlines evolved from the jet exit escalated and the vortex rings in the jet and tube wakes and the recirculation bubble in the jet wake disappeared. The time-averaged velocity distributions revealed that the excited transverse jet produces large momentum in the up-shooting direction so that the velocity trajectories were located at levels higher than those of the non-excited one. The mixing characteristics, which include the visual penetration height, spread width, and dispersion, were drastically improved by the acoustic excitation due to the changes in the flow structures. The excited transverse jet characterized at larger jet-to-crossflow momentum flux ratios presented larger improvement in the mixing characteristics than at lower jet-to-crossflow momentum flux ratios.
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Nawal, Taleb, Bentouati Bachir, Chettih Saliha, Harrouz Abdelkader, and Ragab El-Sehiemy. "Renewable Energy Sources Scheduling Approach for Windfarm Layout Optimization by Using Ant Lion Optimization Algorithm." Applied Mechanics and Materials 905 (February 15, 2022): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-1bvgm9.

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The increasing penetration of RES and the intermittent nature of various distributed power generation (DG) resources have created uncertainty in variable power production and power systems. The overall energy output of a wind farm may be optimized by strategically positioning wind turbines. This paper proposes a three-step strategy to dealing with the difficult-to-control problem of wind farm layout optimization. To construct the non-wake and wake impacts at various levels, three case scenarios are studied. The proposed strategy is used to a particular Ant-Lion Optimization Algorithm (ALOA) as a novel approach to producing highly efficient optimal output power, as well as case studies using actual wind data assessing potential turbine site. Finally, the simulation results demonstrate that the suggested approach is robust in ALOA design because it further reduces the objective function on the best new outcomes to implement all network restrictions acquired via the analysis.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Wake Penetration"

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Hepton, Peter. "Shear wave velocity measurements during penetration testing." Thesis, Bangor University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.330070.

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Gillespie, Donald G. (Donald Gardner). "Evaluating shear wave velocity and pore pressure data from the seismic cone penetration test." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30573.

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Recent developments in cone penetration testing have resulted in the addition of both pore pressure measurements and seismometers. The seismometers allow shear wave velocity testing to be performed at designated intervals. Both of these additions were researched to improve their application and interpretation. The significant factors effecting the pore pressure generated during cone penetration tests are discussed. The importance of various factors is especially dependent upon permeability, strength, and stiffness. For all sands tested, pore pressures lower than static were recorded behind the tip and higher than static were recorded on the face of the cone. It is believed that the large compressive stresses on the cone face result in positive pore pressures. As the cone tip passes a soil element unloading and continued shearing generate pore pressures lower than static in all sands. The sign of this pore pressure (higher or lower than static) was therefore considered primarily a function of the test equipment. Pore pressure response and the rate of dissipation of excess pore pressures were found useful in distinguishing fine granular soils and explaining soil stratigraphy. In cohesive soils the details of pore pressure measurement were found to be important only in stiff soils. Pore pressures at all measurement locations were found to increase with soil strength in soft to firm clays but may be negative of static in very stiff clays. Pore pressures behind the cone tip were often negative of static in stiff clays. Measurement techniques were refined to improve the accuracy of downhole shear wave velocity measurements. Comparisons of downhole and crosshole measurements were made at three well documented sites validating the technique. At several sites it was found useful to consider the Gmax values determined from shear wave velocity and density to distinguish soil type. Gmax to cone resistance ratios were shown to vary systematically with cone resistance values in sands. A wide range in Gmax to cone resistance was observed in clays. The dependence of both cone penetration resistance and Gmax to increased stress level or overburden stress is discussed.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Civil Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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Onaran, Özlem. "The effect of import penetration on labor market outcomes in Austrian manufacturing industry." Inst. für Volkswirtschaftstheorie und -politik, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2008. http://epub.wu.ac.at/1264/1/document.pdf.

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This paper estimates the effects of imports on employment, wages, and the wage share in Austria for the period of 1990-2005 using panel data of manufacturing industry. Imports are disaggregated according to their origin and as final vs. intermediate imports. There is evidence of significant negative effects of imports on employment, wages and the wage share. Particularly workers in high skilled sectors experience negative effects. Offshoring to both Eastern Europe and the developed countries have a negative impact on employment, whereas offshoring to the East has a positive effect on wages, indicating the dominance of scope effects. (author´s abstract)
Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
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Kabutz, Marten Herbert. "RF hardware design of a stepped frequency continuous wave ground penetrating radar." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/18227.

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Bibliography: pages 86-88.
Research into stepped frequency continuous wave ground penetrating radar (SFCW GPR) at UCT has been carried out since 1990. A first generation system comprising of Hewlett-Packard test equipment controlled by a PC was assembled. Cavity-backed log spiral antennas were designed and built by the University of Stellenbosch for the specific use of ground penetrating radar. Measurements with the first generation system proved the concept of SFCW GPR and thus a dedicated second generation system was planned. A SFCW GPR system was designed to replace the first generation system. Various designs for transmitter and receiver configurations were investigated and those found most suitable were used for the implementation. The SFCW radar consists of a wideband CW transmitter and a coherent receiver. A 300-1000 MHz transmitter was constructed using varactor-tuned oscillators as frequency sources. A double-sideband, low-IF receiver was constructed for the 300- 1000 MHz signal, to mix it to an IF of 10.7 MHz and I-Q demodulate it. The transmitter was found to operate according to specifications. The receiver was found to operate satisfactorily, but the dynamic range was less than expected. A limiting problem encountered in the first generation GPR was the large direct coupling signal from the transmitter into the receiver. This large signal reduced the effective receiver dynamic range. A method of cancelling this large direct coupling signal was implemented, using a bi-phase modulator to generate the cancelling signal in antiphase to the coupling signal. A 20 dB reduction in coupling was shown. The system was used to measure cable lengths to within the inherent accuracy of the system. A metal plate target was detected by the system feeding two antenna and a concrete floor was detected under 1 m of sand. It was thus shown that the SFCW system could be used as a second generation GPR.
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Blomqvist, Mikael. "Construction and evaluation of a magnetoresistive ground penetrating radar system." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Ångström Space Technology Centre (ÅSTC), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-159904.

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This Master Thesis examines the possibility to apply a magnetometer developed by the Ångstöm space technology center to a small magnetic ground penetrating radar system with dimension in the order of one dm³. The magnetometer is broadband (DC-1GHz) and miniaturized. Loop antennas are used to transmit the signal.    A series of experiments have been performed in order to characterize the system, mainly examining the ability to determine distance to a target, using continuous sine wave signals and pulse trains. Standing wave patterns are formed between antenna and target and can be used for determining distance in the continuous case. When using a pulse train, the echo from the target could not be resolved using the current experiment set up, distance could therefore not be determined.
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Zhao, Hongyi. "Numerical Analysis of Wave-induced Seabed Response in the Vicinity of Marine Structures." Thesis, Griffith University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365468.

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Knowledge and understanding of wave-induced dynamic soil response are of particular importance for marine geotechnical engineers involved in the design of the foundation for marine infrastructures such as breakwaters, platforms, pipelines and offshore wind turbines. In general, the nonlinearity of deformation occurring in loosely deposited sand foundations with a low relative density, and a low standard penetration test (SPT) value can presumably lead to the build-up of pore water pressures of foundation soil as a result of its plastic volumetric contraction under cyclic shearing. Liquefaction occurs when the accumulated pore pressure overcomes the overburden pressure, making the soil grains become unbound and completely free. The liquefied seabed soil will behave like a kind of heavy fluid without any shear resistance to supported submarine infrastructures, thusleading to catastrophic consequences such as the collapse of platforms and breakwaters, and sinking or floatation of submarine pipelines. In the present study, a theoretical framework is implemented to understand the relevant physical processes associated with wave-seabed-structure interaction, with a focus on the assessment of potential risks for failure of marine structures caused by liquefaction occurring in its loosely deposited sand foundations.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Engineering
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Hall, James Kumar. "Accuracy of the method of steepest descents for a spherical wave penetrating a planar boundary." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ57290.pdf.

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Rogge, Matthew Douglas. "In-process sensing of weld penetration depth using non-contact laser ultrasound system." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/31698.

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Thesis (Ph.D)--Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010.
Committee Chair: Ume, Charles; Committee Member: Chen, Ye-Hwa; Committee Member: Michaels, Jennifer; Committee Member: Sadegh, Nader; Committee Member: Vachtsevanos, George. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
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Liao, Tianfei. "Post processing of cone penetration data for assessing seismic ground hazards, with application to the New Madrid seismic zone." Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005, 2005. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-05042005-133640/.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006.
Mayne, Paul W., Committee Chair ; Goldsman, David, Committee Member ; Lai, James, Committee Member ; Rix, Glenn J., Committee Member ; Santamarina, J. Carlos, Committee Member.
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Guha, Swagata. "Ground penetrating radar response to thin layers examples from Waites Island, South Carolina /." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000593.

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Books on the topic "Wake Penetration"

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S, Udpa Satish, Han Hsiu C, and Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers., eds. Advanced microwave and millimeter-wave detectors: 25-26 July 1994, San Diego, California. Bellingham, Wash., USA: SPIE, 1994.

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Jankiraman, Mohinder. Design of multi-frequency CW radars. Raleigh, NC: Scitech Publishing Inc, 2006.

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1934-, Willis Nicholas J., and Griffiths H. 1956-, eds. Advances in bistatic radar. Raleigh, NC: SciTech Pub., 2007.

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Jin, Dal Yong. Global Penetration of Korea’s Smartphones in the Social Media Era. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039973.003.0008.

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This chapter analyzes several distinctive elements of the digital Korean Wave with the case of smartphones, compared to the mobile era until 2008. Here, the digital Korean Wave refers to the rapid growth of digital technologies, in particular smartphones, and the export of domestic-made smartphones to the global markets as part of the growth of the New Korean Wave. However, the digital wave also means the convergence of technology and culture in order to boost the rapid penetration of cultural genres, such as animation and K-pop in the global markets. It is connected to the significance of several services, in particular intellectual property rights, which are crucial for capital accumulation. The chapter starts with an examination of the Korean IT policy, which drives the growth of smartphones, in tandem with corporate policies. Through the lens of technological hybridization, it discusses whether the global penetration of Korean smartphones resolves the uneven power logic between Western, in this case the United States, and non-Western, meaning Korea, in the social media era.
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Quantum Mechanics - Time Development, Wave Packets and Measurement/Scattering and Barrier Penetration/Revision Exercises/Introduction to Angular Momentum in Quantum Mechanics. Open University Press, 1986.

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Reade, Michael C., and Peter D. Thomas. Pathophysiology of ballistic trauma. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0339.

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Bullets and other projectiles cause ballistic trauma. Explosions wound by the effect of a blast pressure wave, penetrating fragments propelled by the explosion, the mass movement of gas interacting with the casualty or the environment, and miscellaneous effects. Most blast casualties surviving to hospital care will not have significant pressure wave injury, but some will. Blast fragmentation most commonly resembles other types of low energy transfer ballistic trauma.. The effect of bullets depends on the kinetic energy transferred and the nature of the tissues struck, with energy transfer partly determined by bullet design. Low energy transfer bullets wound by crushing and laceration, limited to the tissues struck. High energy bullets may impart kinetic energy to surrounding tissues, causing a temporary cavity which sucks in debris and damages tissues sometimes well beyond the bullet track. Predicting the extent of devitalization can be difficult at the time of initial inspection. Wound contamination, particularly with soil, may modify the usual conservative approach to initial debridement.
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Deletis, Vedran, Francesco Sala, and Sedat Ulkatan. Transcranial electrical stimulation and intraoperative neurophysiology of the corticospinal tract. Edited by Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann, and Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0008.

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Transcranial electrical stimulation is a well-recognized method for corticospinal tract (CT) activation. This article explains the use of TES during surgery and highlights the physiology of the motor-evoked potentials (MEPs). It describes the techniques and methods for brain stimulation and recording of responses. There are two factors that determine the depth of the current penetrating the brain, they are: choice of electrode montage for stimulation over the scalp and the intensity of stimulation. D-wave collision technique is a newly developed technique that allows mapping intraoperatively and finding the anatomical position of the CT within the surgically exposed spinal cord. Different mechanisms may be involved in the pathophysiology of postoperative paresis in brain and spinal cord surgeries so that different MEP monitoring criteria can be used to avoid irreversible damage and accurately predict the prognosis.
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Horing, Norman J. Morgenstern. Superfluidity and Superconductivity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791942.003.0013.

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Chapter 13 addresses Bose condensation in superfluids (and superconductors), which involves the field operator ψ‎ having a c-number component (<ψ(x,t)>≠0), challenging number conservation. The nonlinear Gross-Pitaevskii equation is derived for this condensate wave function<ψ>=ψ−ψ˜, facilitating identification of the coherence length and the core region of vortex motion. The noncondensate Green’s function G˜1(1,1′)=−i<(ψ˜(1)ψ˜+(1′))+> and the nonvanishing anomalous correlation function F˜∗(2,1′)=−i<(ψ˜+(2)ψ˜+(1′))+> describe the dynamics and elementary excitations of the non-condensate states and are discussed in conjunction with Landau’s criterion for viscosity. Associated concepts of off-diagonal long-range order and the interpretation of <ψ> as a superfluid order parameter are also introduced. Anderson’s Bose-condensed state, as a phase-coherent wave packet superposition of number states, resolves issues of number conservation. Superconductivity involves bound Cooper pairs of electrons capable of Bose condensation and superfluid behavior. Correspondingly, the two-particle Green’s function has a term involving a product of anomalous bound-Cooper-pair condensate wave functions of the type F(1,2)=−i<(ψ(1)ψ(2))+>≠0, such that G2(1,2;1′,2′)=F(1,2)F+(1′,2′)+G˜2(1,2;1′,2′). Here, G˜2 describes the dynamics/excitations of the non-superfluid-condensate states, while nonvanishing F,F+ represent a phase-coherent wave packet superposition of Cooper-pair number states and off-diagonal long range order. Employing this form of G2 in the G1-equation couples the condensed state with the non-condensate excitations. Taken jointly with the dynamical equation for F(1,2), this leads to the Gorkov equations, encompassing the Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (BCS) energy gap, critical temperature, and Bogoliubov-de Gennes eigenfunction Bogoliubons. Superconductor thermodynamics and critical magnetic field are discussed. For a weak magnetic field, the Gorkov-equations lead to Ginzburg–Landau theory and a nonlinear Schrödinger-like equation for the pair wave function and the associated supercurrent, along with identification of the Cooper pair density. Furthermore, Chapter 13 addresses the apparent lack of gauge invariance of London theory with an elegant variational analysis involving re-gauging the potentials, yielding a manifestly gauge invariant generalization of the London equation. Consistency with the equation of continuity implies the existence of Anderson’s acoustic normal mode, which is supplanted by the plasmon for Coulomb interaction. Type II superconductors and the penetration (and interaction) of quantized magnetic flux lines are also discussed. Finally, Chapter 13 addresses Josephson tunneling between superconductors.
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Geißler, Fabian. Erweiterung eines miniaturisierten FMCW-Radarmoduls. Technische Universität Dresden, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.401.

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This thesis presents the design of a miniature frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar with a frequency range of 50 MHz to 3 GHz using only commercial off the shelf (COTS) components. The system is intended for use as ground penetrating radar (GPR) as part of a lunar lander. State of the art topologies for ultra wideband signal synthesis are presented and compared. The theoretical background of split frequency ramps and the thus required stitching of baseband signals is discussed. The schematic design, layout and software development is described. The characterization of the radar system shows that the specification is met within a temperature range of −40 °C to 75 °C and while exposition to radiation with an accumulated dose of up to 168 Gy. The use of COTS components does not impair the performance. Finally suggestions for hard- and software improvements are given, that resulted from working with the radar system.
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Jankiraman, Mohinder. Design of Multi-frequency CW Radars. SciTech Publishing, 2007.

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Book chapters on the topic "Wake Penetration"

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Luber, Wolfgang. "Wake Penetration Effects on Dynamic Loads and Structural Design of Military and Civil Aircraft." In Structural Dynamics, Volume 3, 1381–402. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9834-7_122.

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van der Graaf, H. J., and M. H. J. P. van den Heuvel. "Determination of the penetration energy in the Standard Penetration Test." In Application of Stress-Wave Theory to Piles, 253–57. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315137544-35.

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Long, M., and J. S. L’Heureux. "Shear wave velocity—SCPTU correlations for sensitive marine clays." In Cone Penetration Testing 2022, 515–20. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003329091-73.

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Long, M., and J. S. L’Heureux. "Shear wave velocity—SCPTU correlations for sensitive marine clays." In Cone Penetration Testing 2022, 515–20. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003308829-73.

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Long, M. "Practical use of shear wave velocity measurements from SCPTU in clays." In Cone Penetration Testing 2022, 28–52. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003329091-3.

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Long, M. "Practical use of shear wave velocity measurements from SCPTU in clays." In Cone Penetration Testing 2022, 28–52. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003308829-3.

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Entezari, I., J. Sharp, and P. W. Mayne. "A data-driven approach to predict shear wave velocity from CPTu measurements." In Cone Penetration Testing 2022, 374–80. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003329091-51.

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Entezari, I., J. Sharp, and P. W. Mayne. "A data-driven approach to predict shear wave velocity from CPTu measurements." In Cone Penetration Testing 2022, 374–80. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003308829-51.

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Baziw, Erick, and Gerald Verbeek. "Incorporation of SH source wave parameter “SH Polarization” within DST seismic trace characterization." In Cone Penetration Testing 2022, 109–14. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003329091-8.

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Baziw, Erick, and Gerald Verbeek. "Incorporation of SH source wave parameter “SH Polarization” within DST seismic trace characterization." In Cone Penetration Testing 2022, 109–14. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003308829-8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Wake Penetration"

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Hahn, Klaus-Uwe, and Carsten Schwarz. "Safe Limits for Wake Vortex Penetration." In AIAA Guidance, Navigation and Control Conference and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2007-6871.

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Vermeulen, P. J., P. Grabinski, and V. Ramesh. "Mixing of an Acoustically Excited Air Jet With a Confined Hot Crossflow." In ASME 1990 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/90-gt-028.

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The mixing of an acoustically pulsed air jet with a confined hot crossflow has been assessed by temperature profile measurements. These novel experiments were designed to examine the affects of acoustic driver power and Strouhal number on jet structure, penetration and mixing. The results showed that excitation produced strong changes in the measured temperature profiles. This resulted in significant increases in mixing zone size, penetration (at least 100% increase), mixing, and the length to achieve a given mixed state was shortened by at least 70%. There was strong modification to the jet-wake region. The increase in jet penetration and mixing was saturating near 90 W the largest driving power tested. The jet response as determined by penetration and mixing was optimum at a Strouhal number of 0.27. Overall, pulsating the jet flow significantly improved the jet mixing processes in a controllable manner.
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Wang, Ren, Libao Shi, Liangzhong Yao, and Yixin Ni. "Small signal stability analysis with high penetration of grid-connected wind farm of PMSG type considering the wake effect." In 2014 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting. IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pesgm.2014.6939445.

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Smith, Natalie R., William L. Murray, and Nicole L. Key. "Considerations for Measuring Compressor Aerodynamic Excitations Including Rotor Wakes and Tip Leakage Flows." In ASME Turbo Expo 2015: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2015-43508.

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The unsteady flow field generated by the rotor provides unsteady aerodynamic excitations to the downstream stator, which can result in vibrations such as forced response. In this paper, measurements of the rotor wake and rotor tip leakage flow from an embedded rotor in a multistage axial compressor are presented. A unique feature of this work is the pitchwise traverse of the flow field used to highlight the changes in the rotor exit flow field with respect to the position of the surrounding vane rows. Results acquired at mid-span focus on characterizing an average rotor wake, including the effects on the frequency spectrum, from a forced response perspective. While many analyses use an average rotor wake to characterize the aerodynamic forcing function to the downstream stator, this study explores the factors that influence changes in the rotor wake shape and the resulting impact on the spectrum. Additionally, this paper investigates the flow near the endwall where the tip leakage vortex is an important contributor to the aerodynamic excitations for the downstream vane. For the first time, experimental data are presented at the rotor exit, which show the modulation in size and radial penetration of the tip leakage vortex as the rotor passes through the upstream vane wake. As computational models become more advanced, the ability to incorporate these aerodynamic excitation effects should be considered to provide better predictions for vane vibratory response.
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Tyagi, Mayank, and Sumanta Acharya. "Large Eddy Simulations of Jets in Crossflow: Large Scale Turbulence Effects." In ASME 1999 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1999-0987.

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Abstract Large eddy simulations of jets in crossflow are performed to study the effect of energy containing scales present in the freestream on the penetration and spread of the coolant jet. Two specific freestream turbulence conditions are examined, one corresponding to 15% small scale Gaussian turbulence, and the other corresponding to a 15% freestream turbulence that satisfies the Von-Karman spectrum and has its peak energy specified in the small wave number range (large scales). The small-scale freestream turbulence can be viewed to be similar to grid generated turbulence. The large scale freestream turbulence spectrum has energy peak at a small wave number (corresponding to a specified length scale taken to be 4 hole diameters in this study) and has energy in the inertial subrange for large wave numbers. In the present study, the jets are issued through a row of square holes into the main crossflow. The jet to crossflow blowing ratio is 0.5 and the jet Reynolds number is approximately 4,700. Greater jet penetration and jet-mainstream mixing, in both the vertical and lateral directions, are observed for large-scale turbulence. The energy contained in large scales is mostly preserved although the energy carrying scales themselves undergo subsequent breakdown process due to the effect of the jet. In the nearfield of the jet, the large scales play a major role in enhancing the turbulent stresses, and the near wall transport. In the presence of the large scales, the horseshoe vortex is energized, and there is greater crossflow entrainment into the wake region. These large scale effects lead to significantly greater wall friction.
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Infantino, Daniele, Francesca Satta, Daniele Simoni, Marina Ubaldi, Pietro Zunino, and Francesco Bertini. "Analysis of a LPT Rotor Blade for a Geared Engine: Part II — Characterization of the Time-Varying Flow Field in a Single Stage Research Turbine." In ASME Turbo Expo 2016: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2016-57725.

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The present paper is the second part of a two-part paper focused on the design and the analysis of an optimized rotor blade for a geared open rotor engine. This part is focused on the experimental investigation of the three-dimensional unsteady flow field at the exit plane of a rotor row installed in a large scale single-stage low speed research turbine. The investigation is aimed at in depth characterizing the wake-boundary layer and the vortex-vortex interaction processes induced by the rotor-stator relative motion. Measurements have been carried out at a typical aeroengine cruise condition Reynolds number. The rotor blade aerodynamic loadings at different blade spans have been measured. A five-hole probe has been used to assess the row efficiency and detailed hot-wire phase-locked ensemble-averaged data have been analyzed to characterize the three-dimensional time-dependent flow field at the rotor exit plane. Results clearly highlight a significant distortion of the rotor blade wake and tip vortex during the migration of the high turbulence regions (wake and secondary flows) associated with the upstream stator. The unsteady interaction between the stator secondary flows and the rotor passage vortex provokes a time dependent movement of the low momentum area at the hub surface, sensibly modifying the penetration of the rotor secondary flows in an incoming stator wake passage period. The comparison of deterministic and random velocity fluctuations also allows the distinction between the structures generated by the stator and those due to the rotor.
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Saunders, D. Curtis, and Jeffrey S. Marshall. "Transient Lift on a Blade During Orthogonal Vortex Cutting." In ASME 2017 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2017-69158.

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Vortex cutting imposes significant forces on blades in applications such as wind turbines operating in the wake of upstream turbines, helicopter rotor vortex impingement on the tail rotor, intake vortex interaction with a pump impellor, and streamwise vortex ingestion into a submarine propeller. The transient lift on a blade during orthogonal cutting of a vortex with non-zero axial flow was examined in the current paper using a combination of scaling theory, an analytical solution for instantaneous cutting and full Navier-Stokes simulations. The paper focuses on two distinct forces that occur during vortex cutting — the transient lift force that occurs during penetration of the blade leading edge into the vortex core and the steady-state lift force associated with the difference in vortex core radius over the blade surface. We show that the maximum value of the lift coefficient for the transient blade penetration force is proportional to the impact parameter and inversely proportional to the axial flow parameter. This observation is used to collapse predictions of the full Navier-Stokes simulations for lift coefficient over a wide range of values of the governing dimensionless parameters.
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McGuirk, J. J., and A. Spencer. "CFD Modeling of Annulus/Port Flows." In ASME 1993 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/93-gt-185.

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CFD predictions are reported of the flow–field associated with the interaction of an annulus flow with a single row of plain radial holes drilled in the inner annulus surface, creating radially inward jets penetrating an inner core–flow. This situation is typical of annulus air admission port geometries found in all gas turbine combustors. The emphasis of the work is placed on an examination of different levels of geometrical approximation of the hole geometry. Both castellated and hole–fitted methods are studied using a general non–orthogonal body–fitted mesh, and a CFD code based on a pressure–correction methodology combined with a k–ε turbulence model. Noticeable differences are observed between the two approaches in terms of jet entry angle, impingement strength of the resulting radial jets, upstream vortex size, and annulus flow details downstream of the hole. These changes are mainly brought about by variations in the predicted velocity profile over the hole open area, particularly at the edges of the hole. The hole–fitted approach is also used to investigate the predicted differences between a round and a D–shaped hole. Small changes are observed in jet penetration behaviour; also the origin of the vortex in the wake of the jet is predicted to shift due to the addition of a corner in the hole shape.
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QI, YUXUAN, LIANG MAO, CHUNLAN JIANG, RONG HU, SHIWEI LU, BAOLIN WANG, and WENXING LEI. "EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL STUDY ON EFP PENETRATING UNDERWATER DOUBLE-LAYER TARGETS." In 32ND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON BALLISTICS. Destech Publications, Inc., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/ballistics22/36141.

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In order to investigate the damage efficiency of smart micro torpedo armed with EFP warhead, and to reveal its penetration ability, experiment and simulation of EFP forming and penetrating underwater double-layer targets are carried on. In this paper, influence of the distance between EFP warhead and targets underwater is studied, which covers 0, 40, 120, 200, 280mm depth of water. In addition, a penetrator is exceeded by different kinds of buffer materials. The experiments show that, compared with EFP in the air, EFP formed by underwater weapon results in smaller holes on the double-layer target. With the increase of the depth of water, the projectile loses its mass and velocity and damage diameter of the target remains an approximate constant first and then decreases. Interestingly, the simulation demonstrates a unique damage mechanism different from that in the air, which affected by the penetrator and underwater shock wave
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Yinqiang, Chen, Zhao Xinglei, Gan Guohua, Xu Kaili, Wang Yanzhi, Zou Jinqiang, and Gui Chun. "Experimental Research and Assessment for Thermal Fatigue in T-Junction With Mixing Flows." In 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-66636.

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Thermal fatigue in T-junction with mixing flows has been a grown concern in the wake of the accidents occurring at several nuclear power plants in the world. In this paper, based on highly frequent temperature measurements at the outer pipe wall surface and within the pipe wall from the specially-designed test loop, projected models of turbulence penetration length and temperature distribution were developed. Meanwhile, determining temperature and stress distribution in pipe is the key factor for assessment of thermal fatigue life resulting from hot and cold mixing flows in T-junction. In the paper, the temperature of the inner wall surface was obtained using inverse heat conduction and large eddy simulation based on measurements. Finally, the stress distribution caused by mixing flows was obtained using simplified calculation methods, which were verified by detailed analysis results from the special developed program of inverse function. Such solution methods provide a feasible approach to assess the fatigue life of T-junction in nuclear power plants.
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Reports on the topic "Wake Penetration"

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Chyr, Anthony, Colton R. Lake, Garrett W. Idler, and Timothy J. II Ulrich. Quantifying Penetration Depth of Damage in Concrete Structures Using Nonlinear Elastic Wave Spectroscopy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1052782.

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WEISS, CHESTER J., and THURLOW W. H. CAFFEY. Evaluation of a Prototype Continuous-Wave, Borehole, Ground-Penetrating Radar. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/801381.

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Anderson, Jr, Orphal C. E., Templeton D. L., and D. W. Reexamination of the Requirements to Detect the Failure Wave Velocity in SiC Using Penetration Experiments. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada457921.

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Bado, Philippe. Reliable, Intense, Ultrafast and Compact Guided-Wave Laser for Cloud Penetration, Remote Sensing, and Active Imaging. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada399469.

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