Journal articles: 'Wagga Wagga'

1

Tilby, Michael. "Rimbaud and the Wagga-Wagga Berry." Notes and Queries 32, no. 3 (September 1, 1985): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/notesj/32.3.362.

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2

Eather, Warwick. "From Red to White: Wagga Wagga, 1890–1990." Rural Society 10, no. 2 (January 2000): 195–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/rsj.10.2.195.

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3

GREEN, W. F., B. TOELLE, and A. J. WOOLCOCK. "House dust mite increase in Wagga Wagga houses." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine 23, no. 4 (August 1993): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-5994.1993.tb01448.x.

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4

Eather, Warwick. "'Exterminate the Traitors': The Wagga Wagga and District Trades and Labor Council, Trade Unionism and the Wagga Wagga Community 1943-60." Labour History, no. 72 (1997): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27516468.

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Elliott, Marietta. "Non-English-Speaking-Background Children in Wagga Wagga Schools." Rural Society 2, no. 3 (October 1992): 21–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10371656.1992.11005062.

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6

Sanchez, Gabriel. "Surgical treatment of periocular cancers in Wagga Wagga: A retrospective audit." Wagga Wagga Journal of Medicine 03, no. 01 (August 31, 2019): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.37912/waggajom.0301.08.

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7

Eather, Warwick. "A City to Struggle in: Wagga Wagga and Labour, 1940-75." Labour History, no. 78 (2000): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27516702.

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ABBOTT, K. A. "Innovation in veterinary education: the Charles Sturt University programme (Wagga Wagga, Australia)." Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'OIE 28, no. 2 (August 1, 2009): 763–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/rst.28.2.1912.

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Heap, Amy, and Bob Pymm. "Wagga Wagga Women’s Wireless and the Web: local studies and new technologies." Australian Library Journal 58, no. 1 (February 2009): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049670.2009.10735831.

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10

Eather, Warwick. "Hysteria in the Bush: Wagga Wagga and the “Anti-Communist Frenzy”, 1945-60." Australian Journal of Politics & History 43, no. 3 (June 28, 2008): 331–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8497.1997.tb01394.x.

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11

Sandral, GA, BS Dear, and NE Coombes. "Differential tolerance of Trifolium subterraneum L. (subterranean clover) cultivars to broadleaf herbicides. 2. Seed yield and quality." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, no. 4 (1995): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9950475.

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The effect of broadleaf herbicides on seed set by Trifolium subterraneum (subterranean clover) cultivars was examined at 2 sites (Wagga Wagga and Canowindra) over 2 years. Five commonly used herbicide treatments (bromoxynil, MCPA, 2,4-DB, MCPA + terbutryn, MCPA + diuron) were applied at 2 rates to 7 cultivars of subterranean clover. Significant site x cultivar x herbicide interactions were observed. Seed yields were either unaffected or depressed by up to 66% at the higher rainfall site (Canowindra), whereas at the lower rainfall site (Wagga Wagga) some herbicide x cultivar combinations showed increases in seed yield up to 115%. The increase in seed yield was greater at the lower herbicide rate. The variation in seed yield with herbicide treatment was largely a result of a change (P<0.001) in the number of seeds set (R = 0.94 at Wagga Wagga; R = 0.85 at Canowindra). Seed size was also correlated (P<0.001) with seed yield at both sites but explained less of the variation (R = 0.23 at Wagga Wagga; R = 0.47 at Canowindra). The reduction in herbage yield as a result of herbicide application was a poor indicator of the subsequent seed yield response at both sites. Cultivar Trikkala was consistently most tolerant to the herbicide treatments, showing either no change in seed yield at the wetter site or large increases in seed yield at the lower rainfall site. In contrast, the seed yield of Dalkeith was depressed by 2,4-DB at both sites in both years by 39-66%. Increases in seed yield, which were most pronounced in cultivars of midseason maturity (Trikkala, Junee, Seaton Park) and least in later maturing cultivars (Karridale, Clare) and in the very early flowering Dalkeith, were attributed in part to a water-saving effect of the herbicide treatments. Cultivar maturity ranking was negatively correlated (P<0.001) with seed yield (R=-0.73 at Wagga Wagga; R=-0.45 at Canowindra). The germination percentage of seed produced by the cultivars was unaffected by herbicide treatment, although the number of abnormal radicles formed by germinating seed was higher in the 2,4-DB and MCPA treatments.

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12

Broadbent, Andrew, and Jenny McKenzie. "Wagga Wagga specialist outreach palliative medicine service: A report on the first 12 months of service." Australian Journal of Rural Health 14, no. 5 (October 2006): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1584.2006.00813.x.

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13

Martin, Warren K., David Eldridge, and Patricia A. Murray. "Bird assemblages in remnant and revegetated habitats in an extensively cleared landscape, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales." Pacific Conservation Biology 17, no. 2 (2011): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc110110.

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Extensive loss and degradation of native vegetation in the agricultural landscape of inland south-eastern Australia has resulted in significant losses in bird diversity and abundance. Native vegetation continues to be lost through the attrition of paddock trees, which constitute a large component of the remaining vegetation. The planting of native trees and shrubs is being undertaken as a means of halting the loss of biodiversity. However, the effectiveness of revegetation activities is still being assessed. A study in the Wagga Wagga area of New South Wales was undertaken to examine the relative value of remnant vegetation, farm plantings, paddock trees, and pasture for bird diversity. Species richness was highest in remnant vegetation, and was similar in planted vegetation and paddock trees. Relative abundance was similar across these three vegetation types. Species composition differed among all vegetation types, with planted and paddock tree sites having predominantly different sub-sets of the bird assemblage characteristic of remnant vegetation. The protection of remnant vegetation is essential for the conservation of the region’s avifauna, but plantings and paddock trees also have important values for birds. However, plantings and paddock trees support different bird assemblages and complement each other. While important in their own right, the current plantings of native vegetation should not be considered as off-setting the continued loss of paddock trees. Retention of the avifauna of the Wagga Wagga area would be assisted if remnant vegetation and paddock trees were protected and integrated with appropriately designed revegetation.

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14

Johnston, WH. "Palatability to sheep of the Eragrostis curvula complex. 4. Dry matter production, feed value and persistence of a range of taxa." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 4 (1989): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9890533.

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Productivity, nutritive value and persistence of a range of taxa of Eragrostis curvula complex were evaluated in experiments at Wagga Wagga, Temora, Condobolin and Orange, N.S.W. No relationships were found between previously determined palatability ranks and nitrogen (N) content, acid detergent fibre, digestible dry matter (DDM) or metabolisable energy. The nutritive value of stem was lower than leaf; however, if stem is well grazed this is unlikely to affect animal performance. Mean digestible dry matter and nitrogen contents of the E. curvula accessions were similar in the Wagga Wagga (a total of 8 determinations) and Orange (4 determinations) experiments (overall means, DDM = 57.48% and N = 1.65%), but digestibility was depressed in summer by 3.38 units (54.85 v. 58.23% in autumn) for leaf and 2.3 units (53.98 v. 56. 28%) for stem in the Orange experiment, and 4.68 units (56.43 v, 61.11% in spring) for leaf and 8.35 units (49.96 v. 58.31%) for stem in the Wagga Wagga Naturalised Accessions trial. In practice, this would be offset by increasing availability of palatable forage. Except for 1 occasion with stem, the nitrogen concentrations of the herbage (leaf N 2.02-1.45%, stem N 0.79-1.95%) were sufficient not to limit intake. Differences in persistence and dry matter yield indicated that, of the palatable lines, accession 4663 was better adapted to drier situations than 4650, and that accession 4660 was intermediate between the two. It is concluded that the palatable accessions were potentially useful pasture plants for south-eastern Australia.

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15

Ayton, J., R. J. Mailer, K. Robards, B. Orchard, and M. Vonarx. "Oil concentration and composition of olives during fruit maturation in south-western New South Wales." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, no. 6 (2001): 815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea99116.

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This paper reports on an observational study of the oil and moisture content, and fatty acid profile, of olives (Olea europaea) for 15 tree groupings with groups consisting of trees with similar DNA patterns. Observations were taken at 2 sites (Wagga Wagga and Yanco) in south-western New South Wales, over 2 seasons. These sites represent the largest gene pool of developed olive trees in Australia. Differences in oil and moisture content were identified at both the Wagga Wagga and Yanco sites. At the former site, group 12 (˜cv. Tarascoa) had the highest oil content at full colour development in both 1998 and 1999 (50.1 and 45.5&percnt; dry weight, respectively) while at Yanco, group 15 (&tilde;cv. Verdale) had the highest oil content in both years with 51.6 and 45.3%, respectively. The fatty acid profile was shown to be highly dependent upon tree group (i.e. cultivar), and with further study may be used as a method for discriminating among cultivars. The pattern of development of oil, moisture and fatty acids (palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids) is also detailed for 4 trees in the Wagga Wagga grove over the ripening season in 1998 and 1999. For these trees, oil content (dry weight basis) increased rapidly in the first 15 weeks (January–April) while moisture declined except for a small increase at around 10 weeks (mid-March). Fatty acid development showed similar trends between the trees over the length of the study.

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16

Page, K. J., A. J. Dare-Edwards, J. W. Owens, P. S. Frazier, J. Kellett, and D. M. Price. "TL chronology and stratigraphy of riverine source bordering sand dunes near Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia." Quaternary International 83-85 (September 2001): 187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1040-6182(01)00039-8.

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17

Fogarty, N. M., and J. G. Mulholland. "Seasonal reproductive performance of crossbred ewes in intensive lamb-production systems." Animal Production Science 54, no. 6 (2014): 791. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an12434.

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The lambing performance of 1179 crossbred ewes with 5540 joining records in three seasons (autumn, winter and spring) at two sites (Cowra and Wagga Wagga) was evaluated in three lamb-production systems (spring joining with autumn backup matings at both locations, with accelerated lambing at Cowra or annual autumn joining at Wagga Wagga) over 4 years. Two genotypes of ewes, Border Leicester × Merino (BLM) and Hyfer (Dorset × Merino composite), were used at both sites, with natural matings to Dorset, Suffolk or Hyfer rams. The following five traits were analysed separately at each site to evaluate ewe lambing performance: fertility, litter size, lambs born (per ewe joined), lambs weaned (per ewe joined) and weight of lamb weaned (per ewe joined). The mixed model included fixed effects for season of joining, ewe breed, ram group, ewe prejoining weight (spline) and their interactions, with ewe fitted as a random effect. The autumn (February) joinings had higher ewe fertility, litter size and overall lamb production than did joinings in spring (October and November), with winter (June) being intermediate. At the autumn joinings, the BLM ewes had higher fertility, lambs weaned and weight of lamb weaned than did the Hyfer ewes, although this was reversed at the spring joinings, causing significant season × ewe breed interactions. While litter size was larger in the autumn than in the spring for both breeds there was a much smaller seasonal effect among the Hyfer than BLM ewes. Prejoining ewe weight had a significant effect on all reproduction traits, with generally a curvilinear response with increasing weight. The interactions of weight with season × ewe breed were significant (P < 0.001) for all traits at Cowra and most traits at Wagga Wagga. Ram group was significant (P < 0.05) for most traits, with ewes joined to Hyfer rams having higher fertility than those joined to Suffolk. and with Dorset rams being intermediate. At Wagga Wagga, this was the case for spring joinings, but there was no difference between the ram groups in autumn, causing a significant ram × season interaction (P < 0.001). Ewe repeatability ranged from 0.15 to 0.25 for all traits. Using suitable breeds or genotypes, together with optimising management, could improve out-of-season lamb production.

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18

Valente, Michael. "Morbidity associated with transport specific delays in remote regions: theoretical comparison of transport options specific to Wagga Wagga." Wagga Wagga Journal of Medicine 04, no. 01 (August 31, 2019): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37912/waggajom.0301.30.

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19

Pratley, JE. "Long term investigations of the effect of tillage practices on crop production at Wagga Wagga, New South Wales." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, no. 7 (1995): 885. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9950885.

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Three seedbed preparation methods were compared from 1977 to 1989 to evaluate their effects on crop production. Treatments were conventional cultivation (CC, at least 3 workings pre-sowing), reduced cultivation (RC, 1 cultivation plus knockdown herbicide pre-sowing), and direct drilling (DD, no pre- sowing cultivation, knockdown herbicide only). Wheat (Triticum aestivum) was sown for the first 8 years of the experiment and lupins in 1985 and 1988. In 9 of the 11 years wheat grain yield was significantly better with DD, averaging 15% more than CC and 10% more than RC. Weed populations were generally greater where cultivation occurred; particularly fumitory (Fumaria spp.) and eyespot lodging (Tapesia yallundae) had greater impact on wheat in the CC and RC treatments.

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20

Cornish, PS, and GM Murray. "Low rainfall rarely limits wheat yields in southern New South Wales." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 1 (1989): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9890077.

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Alternative models were compared for predicting the yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum) from water-use and water-use efficiency. A locally derived empirical model most closely predicted experimental yields at Wagga Wagga and was used to compute water-limited potential yields for the district surrounding Wagga Wagga for the period 1960-84. District yields were close to the predicted potential in dry years, but reached a plateau of about 2.0 t/ha regardless of rainfall and the water-limited potential yield. The yields were less than 50% of potential when water-use exceeded 300 mm, which occurred in 19 years between 1960 and 1984. Some individual farmer-yields approached the potential. These results are similar to others from South Australia. Together, they suggest that low rainfall does not directly limit yield in many years over much of the wheat belt of southern and south-eastern Australia. We suggest therefore that an analysis of the reasons for low yield on farms could lead to substantial increases in yield for many farmers.

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Fogarty, N. M., and J. G. Mulholland. "Growth and carcass characteristics of crossbred lambs in various production systems." Animal Production Science 52, no. 5 (2012): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an11336.

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Lamb growth, carcass and pelt measurements are reported from 5775 lambs born to Border Leicester × Merino (BLM) and Hyfer (Dorset × Merino composite) ewes joined to Dorset, Suffolk and Hyfer rams in three lamb-production systems at Cowra and Wagga Wagga over 5 years. The production systems involved lambings at different seasons of the year and increasing levels of intensification from autumn annual joining, spring joining with a backup mating for non-pregnant ewes, to an accelerated 8-monthly lambing system. Lambs from BLM ewes were 0.7 kg heavier at birth and grew 3% faster and reached slaughter, at 18 kg carcass weight, 1–2 weeks earlier than did lambs from Hyfer ewes (P < 0.01). The advantage in growth rate of lambs from BLM compared with Hyfer ewes was greater for lambs born in November. These lambs had poorer growing conditions over the summer months, with 22% lower growth rate and taking 5 weeks longer to reach slaughter than did lambs born in March or August. There was no difference between Dorset and Suffolk sire breeds for any lamb growth traits, with lambs from Hyfer sires growing 7% slower. Ram and cryptorchid lambs reached slaughter 1 week earlier than did wethers, with ewes a further 9 days later (P < 0.01). Sex differences were maximised when lamb growth was greatest. There were no differences in carcass fat measurements between ram and cryptorchid lambs, although both were considerably leaner than wethers (2.2–3.0 mm fat at the GR site), which were 1.3–2.1 mm leaner than ewes at 18-kg carcass weight. The range in average growth rate of progeny of the BLM ewes from the 12 different source flocks at Cowra and Wagga Wagga was 10–14% of the mean which was twice the difference in average growth rate of progeny from the BLM and Hyfer dams. There was also significant variation among the BLM source flocks for carcass fat measurements. Lamb progeny from the different sire- and dam-breed combinations had varying levels of heterozygosity. There appears to be little loss of heterosis or hybrid vigour for lamb growth, although the sire breed × dam breed interaction was significant (P < 0.01) for age at slaughter at Wagga Wagga, in which the ranking of the lamb types was consistent with the levels of heterozygosity. The estimates of between-lambing repeatability for the ewes were highest for birthweight (0.35 Cowra and 0.27 Wagga Wagga) and declined at later ages (0.26–0.17), with lower estimates for carcass traits.

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22

Earnshaw, C., and A. Grigg. "Cooperative facilitation and implementation of major trade-waste agreements." Water Supply 3, no. 1-2 (March 1, 2003): 419–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0133.

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This paper provides a review of the trade waste agreement facilitation consultancy that Wagga Wagga City Council, Australia, has provided to major trade-waste sources since March 2000. The paper provides an insight into the role of a third-party facilitator in the establishment implementation, and conversion of an interim trade-waste agreement into a sustainable, term-based trade-waste agreement.

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23

Khalili, Sanaz, Michael Harre, and Philip Morley. "A temporal framework of social resilience indicators of communities to flood, case studies: Wagga wagga and Kempsey, NSW, Australia." International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 13 (September 2015): 248–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2015.06.009.

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24

Chen, Xiang Yang. "Quaternary sedimentation, parna, landforms, and soil landscapes of the Wagga Wagga 1 : 100 000 map sheet, south-eastern Australia." Soil Research 35, no. 3 (1997): 643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/s96071.

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The Wagga Wagga 1 : 100 000 map sheet is on the Western Slopes of southern New South Wales. The regional topography changes from hills in the east and south-east to gently sloping rises and alluvial plains in the west. Aeolian clays (parna) form a consistent clay regolith regardless of the underlying geology in the gently sloping areas. In some alluvial plains and on some lower hill slopes, the surficial sediments contain a significant portion of reworked parna. In hilly areas, parna is poorly preserved except on some remnant ancient land surfaces, such as dissected plateaux and piedmont plains. The soil pattern in the area is well controlled by landform processes and history. On relatively steep hill slopes, locally derived materials from weathering of bedrock are usually the dominant components of the soils, and geology is the dominant factor controlling soil distribution. In contrast, the Murrumbidgee high floodplain is covered by uniform silty clay with deep clayey soils (brown/grey Dermosols). Before the mid-Holocene, the alluvium mainly comprised sands and gravels, which were reworked by wind forming sand sheets and sand mounds (source-bordering dunes) on which deep sandy soils (Rudosols) now occur. The sediments and soils on the alluvial plains of local streams vary according to their distance from the source area and the flooding frequency. Areas considered to be mantled by parna, uniform red clayey soils (haplic red Kandosols/Chromosols) occur. Although the distribution pattern of the soils is controlled by the landform evolution, the relationships between soil morphological properties and topography are not readily quantified. On the alluvial and gently sloping landforms, soil properties usually show little change even though slope gradient and slope length vary. Some soils, e.g. the Rudosols on the sand sheets, rarely show any topographic features which may indicate their presence. In limited areas, e.g. on steeper hills formed on metasedimentary rock, the soil properties vary with changes in topographic parameters (slope gradient and slope length).

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25

Fogarty, N. M., and J. G. Mulholland. "Annual lambing performance of crossbred ewes in out-of-season and accelerated lamb production systems." Animal Production Science 53, no. 10 (2013): 1093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an12269.

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The average annual lamb production of 1182 crossbred ewes was evaluated in three lamb production systems over 4 years at two sites (Cowra and Wagga Wagga). The lamb production systems were: accelerated 8-monthly joinings with two flocks joined 4 months apart (Ac8), spring joining with an autumn back-up joining (SpB), and annual autumn joining (AuA). The Ac8 and SpB systems were evaluated at Cowra and the SpB and AuA systems were evaluated at Wagga Wagga. Two genotypes of ewes, Border Leicester × Merino (BLM) and Hyfer (Dorset × Merino composite), were used at both sites, with natural joinings to Dorset, Suffolk or Hyfer rams. Four traits were analysed separately at each site to evaluate the average performance per ewe joined per year: number of lambings, number of lambs born, number of lambs weaned and total weight of lamb weaned. Analyses were also undertaken using only spring joining data. At Cowra ewes in the Ac8 system had more lambings (1.23 vs 0.87), lambs born (1.88 vs 1.28), lambs weaned (1.47 vs 1.00) and weight of lamb weaned (31.1 vs 21.5 kg) than ewes in the SpB system (P < 0.01). At Wagga Wagga the AuA system had significantly more lambs born (1.37 vs 1.13), lambs weaned (1.08 vs 0.95) and weight weaned (26.1 vs 21.9 kg) than the SpB system (P < 0.01). The system × breed interaction was significant for all traits because the BLM ewes were greater than Hyfer ewes in the AuA, but the reverse in the SpB system. At both sites the advantage of the back-up joining over only joining in spring was greater for the BLM than the Hyfer ewes. The relative performance of the various lamb production systems for each ewe breed is presented. An accelerated lambing system is likely to be more successful using ewes that have an extended breeding season and good out-of-season breeding performance.

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Hewson, Robert, and David Robson. "Evaluating the information content of National ASTER Geoscience Maps in the Wagga Wagga and Cobar regions of New South Wales." Preview 2014, no. 171 (August 2014): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pvv2014n171p45.

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Perera, Ruchika S., Brendan R. Cullen, and Richard J. Eckard. "Changing patterns of pasture production in south-eastern Australia from 1960 to 2015." Crop and Pasture Science 71, no. 1 (2020): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp19112.

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The seasonal pattern of pasture production and its variability from year to year are important for pasture-based livestock production systems in south-eastern Australia because they influence key strategic decisions such as stocking rate and timing of the reproductive cycle. In this study, the effects of observed climate variations over the period 1960–2015 on pasture growth patterns were investigated by using a biophysical modelling approach. Pasture growth rates were simulated using DairyMod biophysical software at five sites ranging from high-rainfall, cool temperate at Elliott in Tasmania to medium-rainfall, warm temperate at Wagga Wagga in southern New South Wales. Annual pasture yields showed a small increasing rate of 50 kg DM/ha.year at Elliott and 40 kg DM/ha.year at Ellinbank (P < 0.05), whereas other sites showed no significant trend over time. A cross-site analysis of seasonal average pasture growth rates predicted under four different discrete periods of 14 years each showed that winter growth has increased steadily through time (P = 0.001), and spring pasture growth rate has decreased (P < 0.001) in 2002–15 compared with the earlier periods. Year-to-year pasture yield variability (coefficient of variation) during autumn and spring seasons has also increased (P < 0.05) across sites in the period 2002–15 compared with 1998–2001. At each site, the number of spring days with water stress (growth limiting factor_water <0.7) was ~10 times greater than the number of days with temperature stress (growth limiting factor_temperature <0.7). There was an increase in the number of days with water stress at Wagga Wagga, and increased heat stress at Wagga Wagga and Hamilton (P < 0.05) in the most recent period. These results highlight the importance of incorporating more heat-tolerant and deep-rooting cultivars into pasture-based production system. Although previous studies of climate-change impact have predicted increasing winter growth rates and a contraction of the spring growing season in the future (2030), this study provides clear evidence that these changes are already occurring under the observed climate in south-eastern Australia.

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Johnston, WH. "Palatability to sheep of the Eragrostis curvula complex. 2. Selection of palatable taxa." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 28, no. 1 (1988): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9880047.

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Relative palatability of 12 previously selected taxa of Eragrostis curvula complex was assessed using a visual rating scale of 0 (not grazed) to 10 (completely grazed). Visual ratings were converted to ranks and the most and least palatable lines were compared over 19 grazing assessments in trials at Wagga Wagga, Temora and Orange, New South Wales. Three highly palatable and 2 acceptably palatable accessions were identified. The importance of palatability in the E. curvula complex is discussed.

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Lodge, G. M., and I. R. Johnson. "Agricultural drought analyses for temperate Australia using a biophysical pasture model. 2. Relationship between rainfall and the start and end of predicted droughts." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 59, no. 11 (2008): 1061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar08076.

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This paper reports relationships between predicted soil water content (SWC) on the first day of the month (SWCFOM, mm of water) and previous monthly rainfall for 100 years of daily climate data (1905–2005) at four sites (Albany, Western Australia; Hamilton, Victoria; and Wagga Wagga and Barraba, New South Wales). Overall, predicted SWCFOM was correlated (P < 0.05) with rainfall in the previous one, two, or three months. However, the proportion of variation in SWCFOM that could be attributed to its regression on previous rainfall was variable and the relationship tended to improve when individual months were examined. At the three winter-rainfall sites (Albany, Hamilton, and Wagga Wagga), there was a reasonably good relationship between the start of a predicted drought and the end of the growing season and also between the end of a predicted drought and the occurrence of break-of-season. However, for the summer-rainfall dominant site at Barraba, rainfall occurrence was less seasonally defined and there was no clear relationship. While analysis of historical rainfall data for the months in which predicted agricultural droughts started or ended provided some useful insights, it was concluded that it would probably be more instructive to model SWC outcomes for a range of future rainfall scenarios and then examine their likelihood of occurrence using rainfall percentiles.

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30

Murphy, Michael. "The conservation value of small woodland remnants on the New South Wales South Western Slopes: a case study from Wagga Wagga." Australian Zoologist 31, no. 1 (June 1999): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/az.1999.008.

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31

Milliken, Noelene, and Sonia Shea. "From Oral History to Leadership in the Aboriginal Community: A five year journey with the wagga wagga aboriginal elders group incorporated." Rural Society 17, no. 3 (December 2007): 299–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/rsj.351.17.3.299.

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32

Bradley, F. H., R. N. Oram, and K. W. Malafant. "Inheritance of partial resistance to the brown spot disease in Lupinus angustifolius L." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 53, no. 8 (2002): 919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar01155.

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Brown spot (BS) is a damaging disease of narrow-leafed lupins (Lupinus angustifolius L.), particularly in Western Australia. Breeding for resistance to the causal agent [Pleiochaeta setosa (Kirchn.) Hughes] has had some success. Here, earlier data on the extent and inheritance of resistance to BS are presented as a possible guide for future breeding programs. In 1980, 236 Mediterranean wild accessions from the Australian germplasm collection, and 17 cultivars and 20 breeding lines of L. angustifolius and L. albus L., were tested by natural infection in replicated short rows at 2 sites in southern New South Wales. The area of lower leaves covered by lesions was up to 70% lower on partially resistant lines than on commercial cultivars. Twelve wild accessions were consistently more resistant than 5 cultivars at Wagga Wagga in 1980 and in 2 subsequent years, in which 66 wild lines and 6 cultivars were tested. However, the rankings at Wagga Wagga differed from those in coastal Western Australia, suggesting that spatial differences occur in the pathotype composition of the fungus. The absence of sexual reproduction in the fungus suggests that its pathotype spectrum would change only slowly at each location. Unimodal distributions of BS scores for individual plants were found in the F2 of Illyarrie (susceptible) � CPI 67877 (resistant) and in the backcross to Illyarrie. The F2 mean was intermediate between the 2 parental means, and only a few plants had a score as low as the resistant parent. The regression of the mean scores for 15 F2 families from crosses among 7 wild lines, and between these and 2 susceptible cultivars, on the respective mid-parent values gave a narrow-sense heritability estimate of 0.94 ± 0.17 on a family mean basis. Thus, resistance was controlled by many loci with co-dominant alleles and should be robust. There was no linkage of resistance genes to the low alkaloid or white flower/green plant loci. Assuming the absence of dominance, the upper limit of narrow-sense heritability on a single plant basis was 0.50 ± 0.13. Several rounds of selection of partially resistant individuals in F2 families and intercrossing among F3 plants from many different wild � domesticated crosses are likely to produce cultivars with much more resistance than those now available. The applicability of the results at Wagga Wagga to the eastern wheatbelt of Western Australia, where BS is acute, and optimum field selection procedures are discussed.

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Dowling, P. M., A. R. Leys, B. Verbeek, G. D. Millar, D. Lemerle, and H. I. Nicol. "Effect of annual pasture composition, plant density, soil fertility and drought on vulpia (Vulpia bromoides (L.) S.F. Gray)." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 55, no. 10 (2004): 1097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar04032.

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Vulpia is a widespread weed of temperate Australian pastures, and readily replaces more productive species. Short-term management of vulpia is possible with herbicides but densities rapidly increase in poorly competitive pastures after herbicide application. A field experiment at Wagga Wagga, NSW, examined the effect of 2 fertility levels and 4 pasture types [subterranean clover sown at 1, 25, 100 kg/ha, and subterranean clover (25 kg/ha) + annual ryegrass (20 kg/ha)] on 2 densities of vulpia (50,5 500 plants/m2) from 1990 to 1994. Initially vulpia plant density was inversely related to sowing rate of subterranean clover, but over time this effect declined as the subterranean clover populations converged. Presence of annual ryegrass always resulted in lower vulpia plant, panicle and seed densities compared with treatments where subterranean clover only was present. Respective densities per m2 in 1993 for the average of the subterranean clover monocultures and for annual ryegrass plus subterranean clover were: plant 1315 v. 265; panicle 6700 v. 130; seed 542 400 v. 3460. The effect of drought in 1994 and presence of annual ryegrass were shown to significantly lower the sustainable population of vulpia at Wagga Wagga from 5000–6000 to <1000 plants/m2. The short-term nature of herbicide application for control, and the need to ensure that competitive species were present to slow recruitment of vulpia in any long-term management strategy, were highlighted.

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Lodge, G. M., and I. R. Johnson. "Agricultural drought analyses for temperate Australia using a biophysical pasture model. 1. Identifying and characterising drought periods." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 59, no. 11 (2008): 1049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar08075.

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The SGS Pasture Model was used to estimate daily total soil water content (mm) for the period 1998–2001 (using experimental data) and from July 1905 to June 2005 (using a 100-year daily climate file). For both model simulations, the correlation coefficient for actual and predicted data was >0.86. Four sites were examined, three in the winter-rainfall zone (Albany, Western Australia; Hamilton, Victoria; and Wagga Wagga, New South Wales) and one in the predominantly summer-rainfall zone (Barraba, New South Wales) of temperate Australia. Trends were detected in long-term rainfall data for lower mean annual rainfall at the Albany site since the mid 1950s and at the Hamilton site since the mid 1970s. Analyses of days in which herbage accumulation was likely to be limited only by water allowed a minimum soil water content to be defined; below this value, soil water was in deficit. A drought period was defined as occurring after >50 consecutive days of predicted soil water deficit. For the four sites, six categories of drought duration were described, ranging from >50–120 days (seasonal drought) to >364 days (exceptional drought). Numbers of predicted droughts were 90, 90, 65, and 60, respectively, at Albany, Hamilton, Wagga Wagga, and Barraba sites. At the three winter-rainfall sites, most predicted droughts occurred in a regular pattern and were an extension of a seasonal drought, but at the Barraba site they were of a longer duration and irregular in occurrence.

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Johnston, W. H., and V. F. Shoemark. "Establishment and persistence of palatable taxa of Eragrostis curvula complex in southern New South Wales." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 37, no. 1 (1997): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea96025.

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Summary. Spring sowings in cultivated plots at Wagga Wagga in 1980 and 1982, and Cowra and Colinroobie in 1980 and 1981 examined the establishment and persistence of Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees complex cv. Consol and accession 4660, Cenchrus ciliaris L. cv. American and Phalaris aquatica L. cv. Sirocco. Cenchrus ciliaris was short-lived and not frost-hardy. Competition and dry conditions reduced establishment of all species, nevertheless E. curvula established reliably. In 1 experiment where conditions were not immediately favourable for germination, E. curvula demonstrated a capacity to delay establishment until conditions improved. Competition from cool-season plants reduced persistence, particularly in the first year and when conditions were dry. Surviving E. curvula plants were generally long lived. At Cowra, the density of E. curvula was enhanced by regular mowing, but mowing reduced the density of P. aquatica. Presence of Trifolium subterraneum L. reduced the density of E. curvula while P. aquatica was unaffected. A second experiment at Colinroobie, sown in October 1987 examined the effects of mowing and fertiliser application on establishment and persistence of E. curvula cv. Consol and accession 4660. Fertiliser increased competition by cool-season annual species, reducing establishment and persistence of E. curvula, while regular mowing improved its persistence. In an experiment sown at Wagga Wagga in October 1989, E. curvula cv. Consol establishment was very low (<1 plant/m2) in undisturbed annual pasture and in the absence of cultivation, herbicide (glyphosate at 530 g a.i./ha) and mowing with herbage removal provided the best conditions for establishment.

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Anae, Nicole. "'Operatic performances two hundred miles in the Australian bush': Staging Rural Identity, the Case of Madame Fannie Simonsen in Wagga Wagga, 1866." Rural Society 20, s (October 2010): 67–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/rsj.20.s.67.

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Eather, Warwick. "The Rise and Fall of a Provincial Trades and Labor Council: The Wagga Wagga and District Trades and Labor Council 1943-1978." Rural Society 9, no. 1 (January 1999): 339–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/rsj.9.1.339.

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Haby, M. M., J. K. Peat, G. B. Marks, A. J. Woolcock, and S. R. Leeder. "Asthma in preschool children: prevalence and risk factors." Thorax 56, no. 8 (August 1, 2001): 589–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thx.56.8.589.

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BACKGROUNDThe prevalence of asthma in children has increased in many countries over recent years. To plan effective interventions to reverse this trend we need a better understanding of the risk factors for asthma in early life. This study was undertaken to measure the prevalence of, and risk factors for, asthma in preschool children.METHODSParents of children aged 3–5 years living in two cities (Lismore, n=383; Wagga Wagga, n=591) in New South Wales, Australia were surveyed by questionnaire to ascertain the presence of asthma and various proposed risk factors for asthma in their children. Recent asthma was defined as ever having been diagnosed with asthma andhaving cough or wheeze in the last 12 monthsand having used an asthma medication in the last 12 months. Atopy was measured by skin prick tests to six common allergens.RESULTSThe prevalence of recent asthma was 22% in Lismore and 18% in Wagga Wagga. Factors which increased the risk of recent asthma were: atopy (odds ratio (OR) 2.35, 95% CI 1.49 to 3.72), having a parent with a history of asthma (OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.34 to 3.16), having had a serious respiratory infection in the first 2 years of life (OR 1.93, 95% CI 1.25 to 2.99), and a high dietary intake of polyunsaturated fats (OR 2.03, 95% CI 1.15 to 3.60). Breast feeding (OR 0.41, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.74) and having three or more older siblings (OR 0.16, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.71) decreased the risk of recent asthma.CONCLUSIONSOf the factors tested, those that have the greatest potential to be modified to reduce the risk of asthma are breast feeding and consumption of polyunsaturated fats.

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Havilah, EJ, AG Kaiser, and H. Nicol. "Use of a kernel milkline score to determine stage of maturity in maize crops harvested for silage." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, no. 6 (1995): 739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9950739.

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A scoring system based on the position of the boundary (milkline) between the solid starch phase and the liquid phase on the surface of the maize kernel was evaluated as an indicator of crop stage of maturity. Milkline score (MLS) varies from 0 when the kernel contents are all liquid and no milkline is visible to 5 when the kernel contents are all solid and grain filling is complete. The scoring sytem is continuous in intervals of 0.5 units. The MLS was linearly related to the dry matter (DM) content of the cro in experiments at Nowra (R2 = 0.72), Wagga Wagga (R2= 0.82), and Grafton (R2 = 0.65). The predicted dry matter content at MLS 2.5 was 34.2% at Nowra, 36.0% at Wagga Wagga, and 33.7% at Grafton. Under normal seasonal conditions, milkline scoring can be used by farmers to help decide when their crops are ready for harvest. Crop DM is optimal for silage productions when MLS is in the range 2-3. However, the technique may not be reliable with severely stressed crops. Sampling 10 cobs from an area of 0.25 ha gave a 95% confidence of detecting the MLS with a precision � 0.37 unit. At Nowra the milkline moved down the kernel at a rate of 1 MLS unit/9 days. This rate may be different in other environments. At the same site there was a significant (P<0.05) quadratic relationship between milkline score and DM yield, with maximum yield obtained at MLS 3.4. However, this relationship accounted for only 16.76% of the variation, and clearly, other factors influenced DM yield.

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Summerell, G. K., T. I. Dowling, J. A. Wild, and G. Beale. "FLAG UPNESS and its application for mapping seasonally wet to waterlogged soils." Soil Research 42, no. 2 (2004): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr03028.

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The UPNESS index derived from the Fuzzy Landscape Analysis Geographic information system (FLAG) model was calculated for the Wagga Wagga and Kyeamba Creek Catchments in NSW, Australia. The model uses digital elevation data only to derive UPNESS and several other indices of relative height in the landscape. UPNESS is an index of surface and subsurface water accumulation calculated as the set of cells above any given point in a raster grid that are connected by a continuous monotonic uphill path. Accumulation of groundwater causes increased secondary weathering, solubilisation of rock and soil minerals, and soil pedogenic development. In this paper the UPNESS index is compared with depth to a shallow water table and groundwater electrical conductivity (EC). Reasonable relationships with r2 = 0.71 and 0.74 were found between the UPNESS index and depth to watertable and groundwater EC, respectively, in the Wagga Wagga study area.UPNESS was then used to predict spatial extents of waterlogged to seasonally waterlogged, saline, and sodic soil landscapes within the Kyeamba Catchment, a larger catchment, with soil landscape mapping at a scale of 1:100 000. Most differences between UPNESS and soil landscape mapping occurred in broad valleys where deeply incised channels have caused UPNESS calculations to be more restricted to the stream lines than mapped boundaries. In valley-filled areas with little incision, the UPNESS index derived similar areas but with substantially more detail than the soil landscape mapping. The UPNESS index provides an efficient method to help differentiate seasonally and fully waterlogged, saline, or sodic soils from the drier soils in a catchment. This may aid in objectively establishing initial soil landscape boundaries with detail that would otherwise be too costly to obtain.

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Chen, X. Y., N. A. Spooner, J. M. Olley, and D. G. Questiaux. "Addition of aeolian dusts to soils in southeastern Australia: red silty clay trapped in dunes bordering Murrumbidgee River in the Wagga Wagga region." CATENA 47, no. 1 (March 2002): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0341-8162(01)00176-x.

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Frossard, Emmanuel, Nina Buchmann, Else K. Bünemann, Delwende I. Kiba, François Lompo, Astrid Oberson, Federica Tamburini, and Ouakoltio Y. A. Traoré. "Soil properties and not inputs control carbon : nitrogen : phosphorus ratios in cropped soils in the long term." SOIL 2, no. 1 (February 29, 2016): 83–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-2-83-2016.

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Abstract. Stoichiometric approaches have been applied to understand the relationship between soil organic matter dynamics and biological nutrient transformations. However, very few studies have explicitly considered the effects of agricultural management practices on the soil C : N : P ratio. The aim of this study was to assess how different input types and rates would affect the C : N : P molar ratios of bulk soil, organic matter and microbial biomass in cropped soils in the long term. Thus, we analysed the C, N, and P inputs and budgets as well as soil properties in three long-term experiments established on different soil types: the Saria soil fertility trial (Burkina Faso), the Wagga Wagga rotation/stubble management/soil preparation trial (Australia), and the DOK (bio-Dynamic, bio-Organic, and “Konventionell”) cropping system trial (Switzerland). In each of these trials, there was a large range of C, N, and P inputs which had a strong impact on element concentrations in soils. However, although C : N : P ratios of the inputs were highly variable, they had only weak effects on soil C : N : P ratios. At Saria, a positive correlation was found between the N : P ratio of inputs and microbial biomass, while no relation was observed between the nutrient ratios of inputs and soil organic matter. At Wagga Wagga, the C : P ratio of inputs was significantly correlated to total soil C : P, N : P, and C : N ratios, but had no impact on the elemental composition of microbial biomass. In the DOK trial, a positive correlation was found between the C budget and the C to organic P ratio in soils, while the nutrient ratios of inputs were not related to those in the microbial biomass. We argue that these responses are due to differences in soil properties among sites. At Saria, the soil is dominated by quartz and some kaolinite, has a coarse texture, a fragile structure, and a low nutrient content. Thus, microorganisms feed on inputs (plant residues, manure). In contrast, the soil at Wagga Wagga contains illite and haematite, is richer in clay and nutrients, and has a stable structure. Thus, organic matter is protected from mineralization and can therefore accumulate, allowing microorganisms to feed on soil nutrients and to keep a constant C : N : P ratio. The DOK soil represents an intermediate situation, with high nutrient concentrations, but a rather fragile soil structure, where organic matter does not accumulate. We conclude that the study of C, N, and P ratios is important to understand the functioning of cropped soils in the long term, but that it must be coupled with a precise assessment of element inputs and budgets in the system and a good understanding of the ability of soils to stabilize C, N, and P compounds.

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Frossard, E., N. Buchmann, E. K. Bünemann, D. I. Kiba, F. Lompo, A. Oberson, F. Tamburini, and O. Y. A. Traoré. "Soil properties and not inputs control carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus ratios in cropped soils in the long-term." SOIL Discussions 2, no. 2 (September 21, 2015): 995–1038. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soild-2-995-2015.

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Abstract. Stoichiometric approaches have been applied to understand the relationship between soil organic matter dynamics and biological nutrient transformations. However, very few studies explicitly considered the effects of agricultural management practices on soil C : N : P ratio. The aim of this study was to assess how different input types and rates would affect the C : N : P molar ratios of bulk soil, organic matter and microbial biomass in cropped soils in the long-term. Thus, we analysed the C, N and P inputs and budgets as well as soil properties in three long-term experiments established on different soil types: the Saria soil fertility trial (Burkina Faso), the Wagga Wagga rotation/stubble management/soil preparation trial (Australia), and the DOK cropping system trial (Switzerland). In each of these trials, there was a large range of C, N and P inputs which had a strong impact on element concentrations in soils. However, although C : N : P ratios of the inputs were highly variable, they had only weak effects on soil C : N : P ratios. At Saria, a positive correlation was found between the N : P ratio of inputs and microbial biomass, while no relation was observed between the nutrient ratios of inputs and soil organic matter. At Wagga Wagga, the C : P ratio of inputs was significantly correlated to total soil C : P, N : P and C : N ratios, but had no impact on the elemental composition of microbial biomass. In the DOK trial, a positive correlation was found between the C budget and the C to organic P ratio in soils, while the nutrient ratios of inputs were not related to those in the microbial biomass. We argue that these responses are due to differences in soil properties among sites. At Saria, the soil is dominated by quartz and some kaolinite, has a coarse texture, a fragile structure and a low nutrient content. Thus, microorganisms feed on inputs (plant residues, manure). In contrast, the soil at Wagga Wagga contains illite and haematite, is richer in clay and nutrients and has a stable structure. Thus, organic matter is protected from mineralization and can therefore accumulate, allowing microorganisms to feed on soil nutrients and to keep a constant C : N : P ratio. The DOK soil represents an intermediate situation, with high nutrient concentrations, but a rather fragile soil structure, where organic matter does not accumulate. We conclude that the study of C, N, and P ratios is important to understand the functioning of cropped soils in the long-term, but that it must be coupled with a precise assessment of element inputs and budgets in the system and a good understanding of the ability of soils to stabilize C, N and P compounds.

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Dear, BS, PD Cregan, and GM Murray. "Comparison of the performance of subterranean clover cultivars in southern New South Wales. 1. Persistence, productivity, and seed yields." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 33, no. 5 (1993): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9930581.

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The density, productivity, flowering characteristics, and seed reserves of 14 lines (10 cultivars and 4 experimental lines) of subterranean clover were observed over 5 years (1983-87) on a red earth soil at Wagga Wagga, New South Wales. Plant density increased from 149-318 plants/m2 in 1983 to 1975-13925 plants/m'n 1987. Herbage yields of all cultivars during autumn-winter were similar in most years except in July 1985 when Seaton Park was superior. Cultivars in the midseason or later flowering groups were more productive in late spring and better able to utilise the extended growing seasons that occur periodically in this environment. The mean time from emergence to 5% flowering of all cultivars was 168 days with March germination in 1985 but decreased to 13.5 days with May germination in 1986. The number of days to flowering at Wagga Wagga was highly correlated with maturity ranking at Perth (r2 = 0.92 in 1985 and? = 0.93 in 1986). In the first year, average seed set was 295 kg seed/ha. but by summer of the fourth year the seed pool ranged from 124 kg/ha for Clare to 1190 kg/ha for Nungarin, the earliest flowering cultivar. The quantity of hard seed that carried over to the next year varied significantly between cultivars, with Enfield, Woogenellup, and Clare having the least, and Nungarin, Northam, Dalkeith, and Daliak the most. Seed set was related to maturity ranking only in 1984, although root disease probably affected seed yields in 1985-86. The proportion of hard seed that carried over was much higher than expected, particularly in soft-seeded cultivars. The newly released cultivar Junee was well adapted to the environment; it was later maturing than the recommended cultivar Seaton Park but was able to maintain high seed reserves. Karridale, another new cultivar, maintained higher seed reserves than the older Mount Barker.

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Li, Guangdi D., Zhongnan Nie, Amanda Bonython, Suzanne P. Boschma, Richard C. Hayes, Andrew D. Craig, Greg M. Lodge, et al. "Evaluation of chicory cultivars and accessions for forage in south-eastern Australia." Crop and Pasture Science 61, no. 7 (2010): 554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp10011.

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The comparative herbage production and persistence of 7 chicory cultivars and 14 accessions collected from diverse regions of the world were evaluated over 3 years in 5 agro-ecological environments across New South Wales (NSW), Victoria (Vic.) and South Australia (SA). Results showed that all cultivars had higher herbage yields than the accessions, but varied greatly among sites. Averaged across all cultivars, total herbage yields were up to 24.6 t DM/ha over 3 years at the Hamilton, Vic. site, but as low as 6.9 and 5.7 t DM/ha at the Wagga Wagga and Bookham, NSW sites, respectively, where chicory only persisted for 2 years. In contrast, the average herbage yield of all accessions was only one-half of that produced by the cultivars at the Hamilton site and about one-third of that at the other 4 sites. All cultivars and accessions persisted well under the favourable climate conditions experienced at the Hamilton site. In contrast, severe drought in 2006 resulted in the death of chicory swards at the Wagga Wagga and Bookham sites, and substantial declines in persistence at the Manilla, NSW and Willalooka, SA sites. Nevertheless, accessions collected from Australia and Asia were more persistent than some of the cultivars and may provide opportunities to select genotypes better adapted to intermittently dry mixed farming systems in south-eastern Australia. Our findings indicated that the current cultivars were best suited to sites similar to the Hamilton site in the winter-dominant, higher rainfall zone of south-eastern Australia. Under these conditions chicory was likely to be productive and persistent for 4 years or longer. In the drier mixed farming zone, chicory may be more suitable in shorter (2–3-year) pasture phases. Further research is required to identify those factors contributing to poor persistence.

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Heenan, DP, AC Taylor, and AR Leys. "The influence of tillage, stubble management and crop rotation on the persistence of great brome (Bromus diandrus Roth)." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 30, no. 2 (1990): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9900227.

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Infestations of great brome, Bromus diandrus Roth, in a long-term tillage, stubble management and crop rotation trial were studied over 3 years at the Agricultural Research Institute, Wagga Wagga. Herbicides were effective in removing great brome from lupin but this did not prevent carryover to the following wheat crop. Over all years, in the wheat-lupin rotations, burning of stubble significantly reduced great brome infestation in the wheat phase by approximately 39%, while 3 cultivations prior to sowing reduced infestation by approximately 43%. The greatest infestation occurred where direct drilled wheat followed wheat with stubble retained. In a continuous wheat system, a combination of burning and 3 cultivations maintained great brome populations at a low level.

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Robson, David, Antony Mamuse, and Pietro Guj. "Mineral prospectivity analysis of the Wagga-Omeo belt in NSW." ASEG Extended Abstracts 2013, no. 1 (December 2013): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aseg2013ab236.

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Maxwell, T. J. "Critical Landcare. Edited by S. Lockie and F. Vanclay. Wagga Wagga, Australia: Charles Sturt University (1997), pp. 239, A$25.00. ISBN 1-8646006-1." Experimental Agriculture 34, no. 4 (October 1998): 497–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479798214116.

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McCormick, Jeffrey I., Jim M. Virgona, Julianne M. Lilley, and John A. Kirkegaard. "Evaluating the feasibility of dual-purpose canola in a medium-rainfall zone of south-eastern Australia: a simulation approach." Crop and Pasture Science 66, no. 4 (2015): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13421.

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Canola (Brassica napus L.) has recently been adopted as a dual-purpose crop (graze and grain) in the higher rainfall areas (>550 mm) of eastern Australia, but the feasibility in drier inland areas with a shorter growing season is uncertain. We modified the APSIM-Canola model by using observations from an irrigated grazing experiment, with the aim of using a simulation approach to investigate various aspects of dual-purpose canola production. Sowing opportunities, forage production for grazing and grain production were considered in the simulations, and effects of variables such as sowing date, cultivar type, plant density and nitrogen supply were investigated in simulations for 109 years of climate data from Wagga Wagga, NSW. APSIM-Canola predictions of vegetative growth and grain yield for recent varieties were inadequate when using existing parameters, but were improved by increasing the maximum leaf area parameter to reflect those of modern hybrid types. For grazed crops, APSIM-Canola overestimated the initial rate of regrowth, but accurately simulated biomass at flowering. Simulations of a range of management options to generate different pre-grazing biomass predicted that sowing before 15 May, using vigorous (hybrid) cultivars, high plant density (60–80 plants m–2) and adequate soil nitrogen, maximised biomass production. Assuming a rainfall-based sowing opportunity of 25 mm over 3 days and a minimum pre-grazing biomass of 1000 kg ha–1, grazing was possible in 53% of years, with 50% of those years providing grazing opportunities before 7 June at Wagga Wagga. Depending on stocking rate, crops could be grazed until early to mid-July, providing 400–1000 dry sheep equivalent days ha–1 of grazing, and allow regrowth to achieve a target biomass of 5000 kg ha–1 at flowering, which was required to maximise potential yield. The simulation analysis confirms significant opportunities to achieve valuable livestock grazing from canola crops sown in an early window (before May) without compromising potential yield, and the simulation framework developed can be readily applied to other regions.

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Dominiak, B. C., L. J. McLeod, and R. Landon. "Further development of a low-cost release method for sterile Queensland fruit fly Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) in rural New South Wales." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43, no. 4 (2003): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea01145.

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Sterile Queensland fruit fly (QFF) Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) were released using a pupal-release technique in part of Wagga Wagga. Between August 1997 and May 1998, sterile flies were released using initially sand and later vermiculite mediums in the bed technique. A total of 234.16 million pupae were delivered, with an overall emergence rate of 41.4% and male recapture rate of 0.0365% based on emerged flies. A male recapture rate of 0.0141% was calculated from the male pupae deployed, not corrected for emergence. Released sterile flies were recaptured up to 74 days after release. Of the 16 563 males recaptured, 99.3% of sterile flies were trapped within 1�km of release sites. The CLIMEX model was used to rank the climate at Wagga Wagga to better understand emergence and recapture rates during this and earlier programs. CLIMEX indicated that the 1997–98 year was hotter and drier than both the 2 previous years and the long-term average. The Meats daily survival rate decrement formula was also used to compare quality of sterile flies. Results from previous suppression programs were compared using these parameters. In winter 1998 at Junee, pupae were deployed in foam eskies where emergence varied from 0 to 29%, with CLIMEX Cold Stress at an average of 481. Emergence occurred over a 4-week period. In the 1998–99 summer at Lake Cargelligo, sterile flies were deployed using the pupal-release technique. Foam containers replaced the metal trays from the previous season to afford better insulation from the heat. The average emergence rate was 64% for the program. A male recapture rate of 0.071% was calculated from the 9.12 million pupae deployed or 0.11% from the estimated emerged males. An overflooding ratio of 3.2 was achieved for the season, with some apparent suppression of wild fly populations. The last recaptured sterile fly was trapped 77 days after the final release. CLIMEX, with and without irrigation, was used to assess the suitability of Lake Cargelligo and surrounding rural areas for QFF survival.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Wagga Wagga'

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