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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Wages'
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1
Lydon, Reamonn. "Wages determination, wage subsidies and training." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2004. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/88469/.
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In the economics literature, there has been a resurgent interest in measures of subjective well-being. This literature finds mixed results for the relationship between job satisfaction and earnings. We argue that this is due to the fact that earnings in a job satisfaction regression are endogenous. We estimate a job satisfaction equation that includes exogenous variation in earnings. We find that earnings have a consistently significant, but small positive effect on job satisfaction, and that relative earnings also matter. Despite over fifty years of research into the returns to education around the world, there has been no unified effort to analyse why the returns differ so significantly both over time and across countries. We specify two models where the returns to education are affected both directly and indirectly by changes in technology over time. Both models show that a large proportion of the variation in the returns to education can be explained by changes and differences in technology. Through the Working Tax Credit and Child Tax Credit, the UK government currently subsidises the wages of around 6.3 million low-paid workers. The long-run implications of the tax credits for these workers have only been evaluated in terms of their effects on labour supply. We estimate the impact of the tax credits on wage growth and the take-up of training. We find no significant differences in the average wage growth of individuals receiving and not receiving the tax credits. We find that training is affected, with those individuals close to coming off welfare much more likely to take up training than individuals who face the prospect of staying on welfare for a long time.
2
Yoon, Yo-Un. "The effects of unexpected inflation on real wages : an analysis of wage stickiness /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1996. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9823322.
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Yan, Se. "Real wages and wage inequality in China 1860-1936 /." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1666915291&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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4
Aksal, Fatma. "Relative Wages and Endogenous Growth." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30669.
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Technological progress, human capital, and tax policies play an important role in growth. Recent models of endogenous growth based on technological progress predict that high technological progress and growth are associated with a high relative supply of skilled workers who earn constant or relatively low wages. Chapter 1 of this dissertation reviews recent models of endogenous growth. The 1980s, however, are associated with high technological progress, high relative supply and increasing relative wages of skilled workers.
Chapter 2 of this dissertation shows that, unlike most recent endogenous growth models, high rates of technological change can be accompanied by a high relative supply and a high relative wage for skilled workers. This chapter looks at the relative wage of educated to uneducated individuals within the same generation in an overlapping generations model. Individuals live for two periods and decide whether to invest in education in the first period of their lives. As more individuals invest in education, the wage of unskilled workers increases, increasing the opportunity cost of education. At the equilibrium, to make the individuals who invest in education indifferent between education and work, the intra generational relative wage of educated individuals must increase
Chapter 3 studies the local stability of the relative wage model. It shows that the unique equilibrium can be a sink, source, or saddle point. The numerical examples study the effects of an increase in the productivity of education on the entire trajectory of investment in education.
Chapter 4 looks at the effects of different types of taxes in an economy in which the allocation of resources is inefficient. It shows that different types of taxes affect the long run growth rate differently. In our setting, taxing income from human capital employed in final good production allocates more human capital to R&D, and increases the growth rate of the economy. However, this is a very selective tax, and the conclusion depends on the production function.Ph. D.
5
Carey, James. "Inequality within the UK : an economic analysis." Thesis, Swansea University, 2012. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42430.
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With inequalities in earnings, employment and economic activity widespread throughout the UK, this thesis examines these inequalities and attempts to explain them. Data from the Living in Wales survey and the Annual Population Survey is used to examine the earnings response to unemployment in the UK, with particular attention paid to Wales and its position relative to other UK regions. Strong evidence of a wage curve is found, and this wage curve is tested over the earnings distribution and levels of centralization. The returns to degrees, masters and PhDs are investigated, with a focus on how returns vary over regions. Large differences are found using a national baseline, but these differences are greatly reduced when regional differences are controlled for. The use of quantile regression techniques suggests that the graduate premium varies little over the earnings distribution. The inequalities m earnings, employment and economic activity are broken down into a component of individual characteristics and a component of area effects. It is found that area effects play a small role, with inequalities driven by individual characteristics. These individual effects are also broken down, with occupation identified as the key driver of inequalities.
6
Lindsay, William. "Law enforcement performance standards and wages a test of the efficiency wage hypothesis /." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2009. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Fall2009/W_LINDSAY_110809.pdf.
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Speakman, Robert B. Jr. "School quality and wages." Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4883.
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This dissertation examines the literature that attempts to measure the relationship
between school quality and earnings. I begin by developing a simple economic model
that predicts that, everything else being equal and with comparisons being made within a
market, workers from higher quality schools will have higher earnings among those with
the same level of schooling and they will have steeper schooling-earnings gradients.
The remainder of this dissertation explores problems that exist in this literature for
which no solutions have been presented. These problems include: 1) there doesnâÂÂt have
to be a direct and positive relationship between school quality and earnings; 2) the data
suggest that school quality measures are frequently mismatched to workers; 3) most
school quality studies include college-trained labor while completely ignoring the
quality of the college attended; 4) the omission of college quality from the estimation is
especially problematic for studies that attempt to measure the school quality-earnings
relationship through differences in schooling-earnings gradients for those educated in
different systems; 5) state of birth wage rankings thought to capture a school quality
effect are not invariant to the market (state of residence) in which they are evaluated;
and 6) the evidence presented herein suggests that interstate migration is selective.
These problems undermine the credibility of existing estimates of a school qualityearnings
relationship.
8
Azmat, Ghazala Yasmeen. "Regulation, employment and wages." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2006. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1935/.
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Over the last two decades the institutional structures across the OECD countries have changed dramatically, having a significant impact on labour market performance. This thesis seeks to make four contributions to our understanding of the implications and applications of regulations. This is done in two distinct ways: firstly, to focus on a specific policy change in Chapter 1 and Chapter 2, and secondly, to analyse (more generally) the disparities in policies across the OECD countries, in Chapter 3 and Chapter 4. Chapter 1 seeks to contribute to the literature on tax credit policies, which have been a popular way to alleviate in-work poverty. The assumption is typically that the incidence is on the claimant workers. However, economic theory suggests no particular reason to believe that this should be the case. This chapter investigates the incidence of the Working Families' Tax Credit (WFTC) in the UK introduced in 1999, which unlike similar tax credit policies was paid through the wage packet, increasing the connection between the employer and worker with regard to the tax credit. Using two stage parametric and non-parametric censored regression methods I find compelling evidence to suggest that the firm discriminates by cutting the wage of claimant workers relative to similarly skilled non-claimant workers when looking at men and that there is a spill-over effect onto the wage for both men and women. Chapter 2 then goes on to look more closely at the acclaimed relationship between tax credits and labour supply. One of the principle aims of the WFTC was to increase the participation of those with low labour market attachment. The literature to date concludes that for lone mothers there was approximately a 5% point increase in employment. The differences-in-differences methodology that is typically used compare lone mother with single women without children. However, the characteristics of these groups are both observably and unobservably different, such that the identifying assumption may not be satisfied. I find that when I control for differential trends between people with and without children, the employment effect of WFTC falls significantly. Moreover, by looking at movements in the hour's distribution, it is clear that any WFTC effect is solely borne on those working full-time (30 hours or more). Another concern is that I find that the policy did not induce people into the labour market from inactivity. Chapter 3 seeks to explain why it is that in some OECD countries the male and female unemployment rates are very similar but in others (notably the 'Mediterranean' countries) the female unemployment rate is much higher than the male. The analysis shows that, in countries where there is a large gender gap in unemployment rates, there is a gender gap in both flows from employment into unemployment and from unemployment into employment. Overall it seems that differences in human capital accumulation between men and women interacted with labour market institutions is an important part of the explanation. Chapter 4 looks at how the labour's share of GDP in many OECD countries has declined over the last two decades. The little evidence that exists on this important issue is almost entirely macro-economic. This chapter uses cross-country panel data evidence from a group of 'network industries', where there have been substantial changes of public ownership and entry barrier. The results show that privatisation can explain a significant proportion of the fall of labour's share in these industries, even when the endogeneity of the policy rules is accounted for using sociopolitical instrumental variables. The impact of privatisation has been somewhat offset by falling barriers which dampen profit margins.
9
Nattrass, Nicoli Jean. "Wages, profits and apartheid." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.306272.
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Georgiadis, Andreas. "Efficiency wages in low-wage labour markets and the economic effects of the minimum wage." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/9d698b57-f74b-46ed-b53c-f61f90778c13.
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Fongoni, Marco. "Asymmetric reciprocity, reference wage formation, and the theory of wages and unemployment." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2017. http://digitool.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=28668.
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This thesis contributes to the theory of wages and unemployment through an indepth theoretical analysis of firms' wage setting and hiring decisions and workers' perceptions of fairness and attitude in the production process. Chapter 1 develops a microeconomic theory of wage setting behaviour based on contractual incompleteness, fairness, reciprocity and reference dependence and loss aversion in the evaluation of wage contracts by workers. The chapter makes the following contributions: it provides a theoretical explanation for wage rigidity in a dynamic environment; it offers a psychological foundation for asymmetric reciprocity, identifying loss aversion as the driver of negative reciprocity being stronger than positive reciprocity; and it analyses the implications of “asymmetric reference-dependent reciprocity” and anticipated wage rigidity for optimal wage setting and hiring behaviour. Chapter 2 incorporates the theory developed in Chapter 1 into a canonical search and matching framework and analyses its macroeconomic implications. In so doing the chapter contributes to the literature of labour market fluctuations from a novel behavioural perspective. In contrast to existing theoretical results, in the presence of reference-dependent reciprocity the cyclicality of the hiring wage is shown to be irrelevant for the volatility of vacancies and unemployment. Moreover, the novel behavioural aspects introduced turn out to be qualitatively and quantitatively important in determining the size of the surplus from new employment relationships. Finally, by considering the role of uncertainty, it is shown that the expectation by firms of downward wage rigidity dampens hiring incentives and increases the volatility of both job creation and unemployment Chapter 3 explores the concept of the reference “fair” wage in depth. Building on a large body of research that has explored the concepts of fairness, reference dependence, and social norms and identity, this chapter develops a general, and portable, analytical framework to model reference wage formation. Several inherent properties of the reference wage are formalised: the intrinsic tendency of workers to adapt their reference wage over time; the role of readily available information, which can also be “manipulated” by the firmand/or third parties; and asymmetries in fairness evaluations. This framework is applied to study the implications of asymmetric partial adaptation of the reference wage for wage and reciprocity dynamics; and the effect of relative wage comparisons between newly hired and incumbent workers for the cyclical behaviour of vacancies and unemployment.
12
Huang, Penelope M. "Negotiating gender, work, and family : examining gendered consequences of leave-taking over time /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8921.
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13
Dozier, Lorraine. "Accumulating disadvantage : the growth in the black-white wage gap among women /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8885.
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14
Oh, Min-Hong. "A study on the trade-off between supervision and wages an empirical test of efficiency wage theory /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4143.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (July 18, 2006) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
15
Barnard, G. A. (Geoffrey Alan). "Inter-industry wage differentials and the role of workers' concern for equity." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=34696.
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This thesis seeks to add to the understanding of wage determination in Canada. Data from the Labour Market Activity Survey and the Survey of Displaced Workers are analysed to indicate the degree to which wages for workers of given observable characteristics vary across industries. Possible explanations for such differentials are considered, with market-clearing models argued to be unconvincing compared to the main alternative, efficiency-wage theory, which allows for a persistent distribution of labour rents across industries. In particular, the key mechanisms in versions of the efficiency-wage hypothesis appealing to workers' concern for fairness are found to be relatively free of persuasive objections, and to be supported by a substantial body of theoretical and empirical work in social psychology and sociology, as well as in economics. The extent to which the observed inter-industry wage differentials can be explained in terms of posited mechanisms for the operation of workers' concern for fairness is then examined. Some indications of the influence of the concern for equity on inter-industry wage differentials are found, although limitations in the data and multicollinearity among regressors restrict the ability to isolate different industry-specific effects. It is concluded that while there is both a theoretical and an empirical basis for the proposition that workers' concern for fairness plays a role in the determination of wages in Canada, more work on this question, ideally combined with the availability of comprehensive firm-level data, is needed to get a more precise idea of the extent of this influence.
16
Lofstrom, Magnus. "Three essays on the role of skills and education in immigration and self-employment /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9938587.
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17
Li, Xiaoying. "Impact of firm characteristics on wages : Industry wage differentials and firm size-wage effects in Sweden." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-123299.
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Wage structure has shown to be crucial for firms and workers. However, there existwage dispersion for identical workers in labor markets. The paper measures the effectof industry and firm size on wages in Sweden. The results show that both industry andfirm size have significant effects on wages. Regarding the explanation factors, thefinding is that human capital factors can explain a portion of the industry wagedifferentials, but have less impact on wage differentials across firm size. However,compensating differentials and union organization are not the determinants of theindustry wage differentials and firm size-wage effects. In addition, unobservedindividual characteristics can partly explain firm size effect on wages, but cannotexplain industry wage differentials based on our samples.
18
Lemos, Sara Eloisa Vilmar da Silva. "The effect of the minimum wage on wages, employment and prices in Brazil." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.407159.
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19
Liu, Haoming. "The cyclicality of real wages." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0012/NQ40272.pdf.
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Michie, Jonathan. "The cyclical behaviour of wages." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1986. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:bff4b97c-6113-4128-b44e-b3765f6bbd12.
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In 1938 Dunlop challenged the assertion in the General Theory that wages moved countercyclically. The resulting debate on the cyclical movement of wages deserves study as an episode in the history of economic thought. This is done in chapter 2 which reviews the theoretical issues and chapter 3 which reviews the empirical work. To understand this history requires some analysis of the meaning and significance of the debate. At one level the debate can be interpreted as the search for a 'stylised fact'. This is apparently an empirical question and part of the thesis will be concerned to use data for various countries, time-periods, cycle phases, and industries to examine whether there is any systematic cyclical pattern in wage movements. The conclusion of the empirical analysis is that there is no such empirical regularity. At a second level the debate was theoretical. The empirical observation that wages moved procyc1ica1ly was thought to falsify a prevailing theory. What is interesting about this debate is the light it sheds on the response of economists to apparent falsification. A third level of the debate is the issue of inference. Keynes tended to treat theory as prior, attacking 'pseudo natural science procedures'. Keynes was not opposed in principle to statistical work informing theory: although in practice he did not attempt the empirical investigation into cyclical wages for which he called. Thus from a different methodological standpoint Burns and Mitchell criticise the theorist who 'often stops before his work is finished'. Current econometrics would emphasise the need for identifying assumptions before estimates could be used to test hypotheses. In this framework, the implications for theory of any reduced form regularity would be ambiguous in the absence on non-data based identifying assumptions. This thesis uses the history of the debate and the empirical analysis to illustrate these themes of observation, theory and inference.
21
Stantcheva, Stefanie. "Optimal taxation with endogenous wages." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/90133.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Economics, 2014.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 199-207).
This thesis consists of three chapters on optimal tax theory with endogenous wages. Chapter 1 studies optimal linear and nonlinear income taxation when firms do not know workers' abilities, and competitively screen them through nonlinear compensation contracts, unobservable to the government, in a Miyazaki-Wilson-Spence equilibrium. Adverse selection changes the optimal tax formulas because of the use of work hours as a screening tool, which for higher talent workers results in a "rat race," and for lower talent workers in informational rents and cross-subsidies. If the government has sufficiently strong redistributive goals, welfare is higher when there is adverse selection than when there is not. The model has practical implications for the interpretation, estimation, and use of taxable income elasticities, central to optimal tax design. Chapter 2 derives optimal income tax and human capital policies in a dynamic life cycle model with risky human capital formation through monetary expenses and training time. The government faces asymmetric information regarding the stochastic ability of agents and labor supply. When the wage elasticity with respect to ability is increasing in human capital, the optimal subsidy involves less than full deductibility of human capital expenses on the tax base, and falls with age. The optimal tax treatment of training time also depends on its interactions with contemporaneous and future labor supply. Income contingent loans, and a tax scheme with deferred deductibility of human capital expenses can implement the optimum. Numerical results suggest that full dynamic risk-adjusted deductibility of expenses is close to optimal, and that simple linear age-dependent policies can achieve most of the welfare gain from the second best. Chapter 3 considers dynamic optimal income, education, and bequest taxes in a Barro- Becker dynastic setup. Each generation is subject to idiosyncratic preference and productivity shocks. Parents can transfer resources to their children either through education investments, which improve the child's wage, or through financial bequests. I derive optimal linear tax formulas as functions of estimable sufficient statistics, robust to underlying heterogeneities in preferences. It is in general not optimal to make education expenses fully tax deductible. I also show how to derive equivalent formulas using reform-specific elasticities that can be targeted to already available estimates from existing reforms.
by Stefanie Stantcheva.
Ph. D.
22
Huzenko, О., and О. Bunda. "Control settlementswith wages the enterprise." Thesis, КНУТД, 2016. https://er.knutd.edu.ua/handle/123456789/2232.
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Cooper, Molly Malloy. "Japanese American wages, 1940-1990." Columbus, OH : Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1064341404.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2003.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 132 p. Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Richard H. Steckel, Dept. of Economics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 126-132).
24
Pegram, Kent. "Regional wage inequality in the United States furniture industry." Thesis, This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-03122009-040504/.
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Summerour, Alice Rebecca. "An investigation of the differential effect of employment risk and price risk on wage rates and compensation." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28555.
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Coleman, James S. "Earnings-tenure profiles in the U.K. public and private sectors." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/3536.
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The thesis examines the effect of tenure on earnings in the British public and private sectors. The characteristic differences between the labour markets associated with the two sectors are examined. Several theories underlying the earnings-tenure effect are then assessed for their suitability in explaining earnings patterns in each of the sectors under analysis. Cross sectional estimation is carried out using one year of the New Earnings Survey Panel. The results show a higher return to tenure in central and local government than in the private sector or public corporations. There also appears to be a higher return to tenure for females in all sectors than for males. Explanations are offered for these observations, based on the labour market characteristics of the sectors noted earlier. An attempt is then made to correct for estimation biases associated with job match heterogeneity, which are purported to overstate return to tenure. The correction is based on techniques adopted in the recent American literature using instrumental variables. Despite the use of this process, the expected decrease in return to tenure is not observed unless certain key variables are omitted from the estimating equation.
27
Veen, Anthonius Peter van. "Studies in wage bargaining the influence of taxes and social security contributions on wages /." Maastricht : Maastricht : Universitaire Pers Maastricht ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 1997. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=5916.
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Tudela, Carlos Carrillo. "Recruitment strategies, wage-tenure contracts and the distribution of wages : an equilibrium search approach." Thesis, University of Essex, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.423714.
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Jimenez-Martin, Sergi. "Bargaining about wages: evidence from Spain." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7358.
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Throughout all the chapters we have considered some union variables (particularly the proportion of workers representatives belonging to a given union) to capture any difference in bargaining power amongst unions.Concerning wage increases, we have not found any systematic difference amongst them in chapter 4 and we have found that regional unions obtain lower increases in chapter 5. Concerning wage levels (chapter 3) we have found that the variable representing the UGT union is associated with lower wage and higher employment levels. Jointly, they seem to suggest that the CCOO union adds more pressure to the bargaining process than other unionsThe effect of the strike variables on wage outcomes have been considered throughout chapters 3 (on wage levels) and 5 (on wage increases).In both chapters the set of strike variables have been found relevant (being the services wage equation an exception). However, whilst for services theestimated effect is of the same sign, for the manufacturing evidence is contradictory. In particular, for the latter sector, wage increase analysis suggests a negative relationship among wage increases and strike length. Onthe contrary, wage levels analysis suggests a positive relationship. Our suggestion for further work is to consider more carefully the specification of the set of strike variables, specially strike costs.As major conclusions on the wage setting process in Spain we would like to stress the implicit sequential bargaining structure and the extreme importance of aggregate setting. The first step of the implicit sequence is the wage increase setting, closely linked to aggregate setting (industry orupper) and to the achievement of the indexation clause. The second step, in which there is the bargaining over wage complements and the compensation for the expected productivity increase, is more closely related to the performance of the firm.Finally, we would like to remark that aggregate factors have a much greater influence in wage setting than the specific conditions of the firm.This structure can have several consequences. For instance, in an economy with null or small labour force mobility (as in Spain) the pressure of unit labour cost will squeeze out of the market, sooner or later, a significant number of firms.
30
Trendell, Elizabeth. "Living wages in society and literature." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1422360.
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Fodor, Maté. "Essays on Education, Wages and Technology." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/239691.
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This dissertation consists of three chapters, which focus jointly on the effects of education policy on the functioning of labor markets.De-industrialization and technological progress have changed job markets fundamentally. The most fundamental change is that the concept of a worker as a unit of production relatively insensitive to inherent characteristics has been overthrown. Service sectors that have taken over from manufacturing as the engines of economic activity rely primarily on human capital for autonomous production. This is especially true for internationally tradable services. Their stark development was rendered possible by the informationcommunication revolution. Skills and talent, as well as their allocation to suitable tasks matter for production, now more than ever. We argue in this dissertation that the ability of education policy to facilitate optimal task allocation plays a role in maximizing aggregate production and in influencing education earnings premia, as well as employment volumes in various sectors of activity.Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
32
Lim, Paul C. T. "Wages policy in Singapore : an appraisal /." Title page, contents and introduction only, 1985. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09EC/09ecl7318.pdf.
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Munshi, Farzana. "Essays on globalization and occupational wages." Göteborg : Dep. of Economics, School of Business, Economics and Law, Göteborg Univ, 2008. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/56139718X.pdf.
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Univ., Diss.--Göteborg, 2008.Enth. 4 Beitr. Zsfassung in engl. Sprache. Trade liberalization and wage inequality--empirical evidence from Bangladesh / by Dick Durevall and Farzana Munshi -- Does openness reduce wage inequality in developing countries? Panel data evidence from Bangladesh / by Farzana Munshi -- Globalization and inter-occupational inequality in a panel of countries, 1983-2003 / by Farzana Munshi -- Offshoring and occupational wages--some empirical evidence / by Arne Bigsten, Dick Durevall, and Farzana Munshi.
34
Mahlberg, Bernhard, Inga Freund, Cuaresma Jesus Crespo, and Alexia Prskawetz. "Ageing, productivity and wages in Austria." Elsevier, 2013. http://epub.wu.ac.at/3714/1/LABECO.pdf.
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Current demographic developments in industrialized countries and their consequences for workforce
ageing challenge the sustainability of intergenerational transfers and economic growth. A shrinking share
of the young workforce will have to support a growing share of elderly, non-working people. Therefore, the
productivity of the workforce is central to a sustainable economic future. Using a new matched employeremployee
panel dataset for Austrian firms for the period 2002-2005, we study the relationship between the
age structure of employees, labour productivity and wages. These data allow us to account, simultaneously,
for both socio-demographic characteristics of employees and firm heterogeneity, in order to explain labour
productivity and earnings. Our results indicate that firm productivity is not negatively related to the share of
older employees it employs. We also find no evidence for overpayment of older employees. Our results do not
show any association between wages and the share of older employees. Furthermore, we find a negative
relationship between the share of young employees and labour productivity as well as wages, which is more
prevalent in the industry and construction sector. (authors' abstract)
35
Figerl, Jürgen, and Thomas Grandner. "Job quality and wages in duopsony." Inst. für Volkswirtschaftstheorie und -politik, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2008. http://epub.wu.ac.at/1304/1/document.pdf.
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In a simple oligopsonistic model, firms compete for labour through wages and job qualities. We modify the product market model developed by Vandenbosch/Weinberg 1995 and apply it to the job market with jobs being defined by two vertically differentiated non-wage characteristics. Workers differ in their valuation of these two characteristics but do not differ in their productivity. In equilibrium firms offer different wages and differ in only one of these non-wage characteristics. Whereas our labour market model is based on firms, we apply subclasses according to the UK SIC(2003) in our empirical analysis. When comparing subclasses within selected sectors (WERS) we found evidence that firms compete in both wages and job qualities. (author´s abstract)Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
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Campbell, Cassandria (Carla Cassandria). "The social cost of low wages." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/66876.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2011.No page 1. Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 60-62).
Introduction: Living wage ordinances require city-contracted firms to pay their workers a wage that is set above the state's minimum wage. The first ordinance was implemented in Baltimore in 1994, in recognition that workers earning close to the minimum wage do not earn enough to be able to meet their basic needs and support their families. Community leaders in Baltimore began a living wage campaign to place pressure on firms to pay higher wages. They focused their efforts on city-contracted firms as they believed that firms receiving taxpayer dollars should be held accountable to the public. Since the enactment of Baltimore's Living Wage ordinance, over 120 municipalities across the United States have also implemented ordinances with the goal of reducing poverty levels. The economic impact of living wage laws is still not completely understood which has lead to the emergence of a field of living wage research. Living wage studies have primarily focused on the affects of living wage laws on economic indicators such as employment levels, wages, poverty rates, prices and business growth. To capture the affects of ordinances, researchers typically examine how firms and workers affected by living wage laws have faired compared to those who are unaffected. Other studies attempt to contrast the experiences of workers and employers within a city before and after an ordinance is implemented. However, there has been limited research on how low wages impact workers and have ripple affects on the economy. Although it is generally accepted that low wages can lead to higher poverty rates and can have adverse impacts on families and communities, these affects are not often measured in substantive ways. Developing research methods that lead to more concrete measurements of how families and communities are affected by low wages, can strengthen the living wage movement and help policymakers design more effective anti-poverty and living wage laws. Additionally, measuring the cost of supporting poor working families through the use of public subsidies can serve to measure the magnitude of externalities. The purpose of this thesis is to expand the analytical scope of living wage research by illustrating the importance of analyzing the effects of low wages on families and taxpayers. To accomplish this, I conduct a qualitative study of two poor working families to depict how their lives are impacted by low wages. I then discuss how data on working families using public subsidies can be collected and reported for the purposes of living wage research. It is important to note that the research presented in this report is not necessarily intended to advocate for living wage laws but to strengthen and expand the scope of living wage research so that living wage laws can be more accurately evaluated. Overview of Chapters: -- In chapter one, I first explain the Boston Living Wage Ordinance in order to provide an example of the policy structure of living wage ordinances. Additionally, I discuss the scope of living wage studies and discuss the importance of measuring externalities. -- The second chapter explains the methodological approach that was used to select participants and conduct interviews. -- The third chapter describes who are Boston's low wage workers and the role they play in the economy and the occupations and industries that are most affected by low wages. -- Chapter four provides a summary of the qualitative study conducted with two low wage workers and how they manage to support their families on a limited income. -- In chapter five, an in-depth analysis of their budget is conducted to determine the costs of the public subsidies they use and how they manage to reduce their household expenditures. -- The sixth chapter discusses how researchers and administer of public subsidies can better track and report data that demonstrates the magnitude of worker dependency on public subsidies and its implication for tax payers. -- The final chapter focuses on key findings of this study and recommendations for the future.
by Cassandria Campbell.
M.C.P.
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Marques, Ricardo Vasques Moreno. "The effects of health on wages." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/11132.
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Mestrado em Decisão Económica e EmpresarialEsta tese examina o efeito da saúde sobre os salários, utilizando um conjunto de dados longitudinais provenientes do British Household Panel Survey. Uma estimativa credível para este efeito só pode ser obtida após ter em conta a potencial endogeniedade do regressor que representa o estado de saúde. Desta forma, com o intuito de encontrar uma estimativa segura para o efeito da saúde sobre salário, um modelo linear relacionando estas duas variáveis foi posto em pratica. Neste, o salário será a nossa variável dependente e o estado de saúde um dos regressores independentes. O erro da regressão do modelo não é observável, e assim sendo irá conter todas as variáveis que não estão incluídas no modelo como regressores. No presente caso, este erro irá incluir indicadores não observáveis que estão relacionados com o estilo de vida dos indivíduos. Como o estilo de vida de cada individuo estará também provavelmente relacionado com o salário, esta pesquisa depara-se com o problema das variáveis omitidas. Deste modo, podemos concluir que a variável que representa o estado de saúde será possivelmente endógena no nosso modelo. Devido a esta endogeneidade, vários estimadores conhecidos são inúteis e as estimativas obtidas por estes estimadores apenas levarão a conclusões incorrectas. Assim, de modo a lidar com este problema de endogeneidade, estimadores provenientes dos Dados de Painel são introduzidos. Estes, estarão muito mais propensos a obter resultados de confiança.
This thesis examines the effect of health on wages using a longitudinal data from the British Household Panel Survey. A credible estimate of this effect can only be obtained after considering the potential endogeneity of the regressor that represents health. Therefore, in order to find a credible estimate of the effect of health on wage a linear model to describe the relationship is used, where the dependent variable is wage and one of the regressors is an indicator of health. The disturbance in this regression model is unobserved, and will contain all the variables that cannot be included as regressors because there is no data available on them. In the present case, this disturbance will include unobserved indicators that are related to the life-style of the subject. As the life-style of the subject will likely be related to wage as well, this research encounters the so-called omitted variables problem. Consequently, the health regressor is possibly endogenous in our model, because the employer may perceive health to be correlated with unobservable attributes of an individual which affect productivity and accordingly over higher wages to healthier employees. It is assumed that these unobservable attributes are constant over time, and therefore part of the unobserved heterogeneity term. Due to this endogeneity, several well-known estimators are useless. Estimates obtained by using these estimators will lead to conclusions that are misleading. Thus, panel data estimators are introduced to deal with this endogeneity problem. They are more likely to lead to credible estimation results.
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Scopilliti, Melissa N. "Fertility, employment, and wages during midlife." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/2194.
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Thesis (M.A.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2005.Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Sociology. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Glastra, Jazz. "Inequality in Farmworker Wages: Race, Space, and Legal Status." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1461228244.
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Wulff, Gabriella. "From Minimum Wages to Living Wages? : A case study of the export-oriented garment industry in Bangladesh." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Textilhögskolan, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-19326.
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This text will take you on a journey to the Far East – Bangladesh to be more specific. Inspring 2008 I went there to find some answers to the question of wages. I wanted to know if achange in focus from minimum wages to living wages could be achievable. The question willunfortunately remain unsolved at the end of the essay. To predict the future would beimpossible. Instead three possible scenarios are presented. The likelihood of each and everyscenario is later discussed. The conclusions at the end of the essay are based on an analysis ofthe theories presented and the interviews proceeded.The starting point for the research is the relocation strategies of corporations, which areoutlined in the background chapter. This chapter also contains information about the garmentindustry in Bangladesh. The main research question is if there can be a shift from minimumwages to living wages in Bangladesh. In order to bring clarity to the question, three subquestions have been used. The first question looks into how wages are determined in theexport-oriented garment industry in Bangladesh. The second question concerns thecorporations’ responsibility for their workers. The third, and last, question addresses howcultural dimensions influence the corporations and how wages are set. To find the answers tothe sub questions I divided the research into four main topics: “Wages – Minimum and LivingWages”, “Morality, Ethics and Business Ethics”, “Employees as Stakeholders of theCompanies” and “The Cultural Dimension”. The topics are dealt with in separate chapters.The chapters contain a theoretical overview, as well as the information gathered from theinterviews.The chapters are followed by a further analysis of the empirical findings. The chapter onwages contains an in-depth explanation of the difference between minimum wages and livingwages. In the conducted study all workers were paid the minimum wage in coherence with thelaw. This wage was however much lower than what the definition of a living wage declares.Therefore many workers did over-time in order to reach a higher standard of living. Businessethics and the stakeholder theory will be used to discuss the opportunities and limitations ofthe responsibility of the corporations for their workers. The scholar Hofstede’s system ofmeasuring national cultural values will be used to look into specific cultural aspects.According to his system, Bangladesh has a high ranking in power distance, a low ranking inindividualism and a middle ranking in masculinity. These three dimensions will be discussed;both correlations and exceptions found in this study will be presented.The three possible scenarios for a change are presented in the conclusions. Firstly, theminimum wages could be changed into living wages, if the government decides on raising thewages of the garment workers. Secondly, the mentality amongst management could provide asolution to the change in focus. If managers could find advantages in paying their workersmore, it would open up for a brand new wage system. Thirdly, changes could come from theworkers themselves, through unification in the regard. This has however been valued as lesslikely to happen, because of the power distance prevailing in the country.Program: Textilekonomutbildningen
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Lui, Hon-kwong, and 呂漢光. "A study on male-female wage differentials in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1991. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31976657.
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Pratomo, Devanto Shasta. "The effects of changes in minium wage on wages, employment and hours worked in Indonesia." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.531720.
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Onaran, Özlem. "The effect of foreign affiliate employment on wages, employment, and the wage share in Austria." Inst. für Volkswirtschaftstheorie und -politik, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2008. http://epub.wu.ac.at/314/1/document.pdf.
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This paper estimates the effects of outward Foreign Direct Investment (employment in the affiliates abroad) on employment, wages, and the wage share in Austria using panel data for the period of 1996-2005. There is evidence of significant negative effects of FDI on both employment and wages, and consequently on the wage share. The results are not limited to workers in low skilled sectors or blue collar workers. The negative employment effect is primarily due to the rise in the employment in the foreign affiliates in Eastern Euope. The negative wage effects are originating from affiliate employment in both the East and the developed countries in industry, but no effect is found in the total economy. (author´s abstract)Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
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Thunde, Jack. "Wage Inequality: A Gender and Race Analysis of South African Wages between 1994 and 2015." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31258.
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This paper examines wage inequality among the eight race-gender cohorts in South Africa between 1994 and 2015 by using the 1994 October Household Survey and four waves of the 2015 Quarterly Labour Force Survey. Wage inequality is estimated using the Lorenz Curve, Gini Coefficient, General Entropy class of indices, Atkinson class of measures and Oaxaca-Blinder Decomposition techniques. Quantile regressions are also run to identify potential factors that could explain inequality in the country. Inequality between 1994 and 2015 has increased and the decomposition of the General Entropy class of indices and Atkinson class of measures find that this increase is being driven by withingroup inequality as between-group inequality has decreased over the period. The Asian/Indian Female cohort was identified as the most equal cohort in 1994 under a range of inequality measures, with the Coloured Female cohort and the Asian/Indian Male cohort the most unequal and equal cohorts in 2015 respectively. Union membership, educational attainment and the industry an individual worked in were found to be the factors affecting within-group inequality with unions and education attainment contributing to the increasing inequality. Differences in mean wages were found to largely be unexplained showing the presence of discrimination. Black/African Females and Coloured Females experienced the most discrimination in the labour market in 2015 while Asian/Indian Females and White Males experienced substantial favouritism.
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Ragacs, Christian. "Minimum wages, human capital, employment and growth." Inst. für Volkswirtschaftstheorie und -politik, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2002. http://epub.wu.ac.at/224/1/document.pdf.
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This paper deals with the effects of minimum wages on human capital accumulation, and steady state employment and growth. The minimum wage is introduced in a model of endogenous growth driven by human capital accumulation. Unemployed agents maximize utility given the information that they are unemployed facing changed budget constraints. This situation is implemented in a "non-market-clearing equilibrium" framework. We show that the steady state rate of growth is not affected by the minimum wage and that in the steady state the system yields full employment. These effects are generated by intertemporal adjustments of the employed households who re-act to the relatively higher minimum wage which increases skills accumulation. (author's abstract)Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
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Mukheibir, André. "The wages of delict: compensation, satisfaction, punishment?" [Amsterdam : Amsterdam : s.l.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2007. http://dare.uva.nl/document/47641.
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Prinz, Joachim. "Why are wages upward sloping with tenure? /." München [u.a.] : Hampp, 2004. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/389990906.pdf.
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Butchart, E. T. J. "Wages and unemployment in Britain, 1855-1938." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339781.
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Vencappa, Dev V. "Trade policy, productivity and wages in India." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.430483.
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Gambian, Lynn Maria. "Wages, health and gender : three empirical applications." Thesis, University of York, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.428499.
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