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Journal articles on the topic 'Wages Thailand'

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Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Wittawat Pherng, Piyaluk Buddhawongsa, Supanika Leurcharusmee, and Paravee Maneejuk. "MINIMUM WAGES AND WAGE DISTRIBUTION IN THAILAND." Journal of Technology and Operations Management 17, no. 2 (December 29, 2022): 40–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/jtom2022.17.2.4.

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Minimum wage policies were designed to raise the wages of low-skilled workers. In this study, we use data from the Thai Labor Force Survey (2011-2020) to examine the impact of the minimum wage policy on the wage distribution using a quantile regression model corrected for sample selection with a copula. We find that the minimum wage has the strongest effect on the lowest quantile and the effect decreases toward the higher quantiles. This confirms the effectiveness of the minimum wage policy in raising the wages of low-income individuals. In addition, there is also a spill-over effect on individuals in higher wage quantiles. The effect of the minimum wage estimated by our model is smaller compared to the standard quantile regression. This suggests that without correcting for sampling bias, the estimated effect of the minimum wage leads to an upward bias.
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2

Li, Hongbin, Lei Li, Binzhen Wu, and Yanyan Xiong. "The End of Cheap Chinese Labor." Journal of Economic Perspectives 26, no. 4 (November 1, 2012): 57–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.26.4.57.

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In recent decades, cheap labor has played a central role in the Chinese model, which has relied on expanded participation in world trade as a main driver of growth. At the beginning of China's economic reforms in 1978, the annual wage of a Chinese urban worker was only $1,004 in U.S. dollars. The Chinese wage was only 3 percent of the average U.S. wage at that time, and it was also significantly lower than the wages in neighboring Asian countries such as the Philippines and Thailand. The Chinese wage was also low relative to productivity. However, wages are now rising in China. In 2010, the annual wage of a Chinese urban worker reached $5,487 in U.S. dollars, which is similar to wages earned by workers in the Philippines and Thailand and significantly higher than those earned by workers in India and Indonesia. China's wages also increased faster than productivity since the late 1990s, suggesting that Chinese labor is becoming more expensive in this sense as well. The increase in China's wages is not confined to any sector, as wages have increased for both skilled and unskilled workers, for both coastal and inland areas, and for both exporting and nonexporting firms. We benchmark wage growth to productivity growth using both national- and industry-level data, showing that Chinese labor was kept cheap until the late 1990s but the relative cost of labor has increased since then. Finally, we discuss the main forces that are pushing wages up.
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3

Prasertsoong, Nutchapon, and Nattapong Puttanapong. "Regional Wage Differences and Agglomeration Externalities: Micro Evidence from Thai Manufacturing Workers." Economies 10, no. 12 (December 12, 2022): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies10120319.

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The large and persistent wage gap between the Bangkok Metropolitan Region and its peripheries remains a major concern for policymakers and civil society. Theoretically, these regional disparities exist due to differences in workforce skills and the local characteristics of the regions. This study empirically investigates the sources of spatial wage disparity in Thailand using data sets from the Labor Force Survey, the Industrial Census, geospatial data, and satellite imagery for the years 2007, 2012, and 2017. The two-stage estimation method was applied, and the soil clay content was used as the instrumental variable for correcting endogeneity and variable bias omission. The results show that workers’ education and experience affect the wage differential. Other than individual skills, workers also benefited from the agglomeration externalities of large cities. Specifically, the effect of agglomeration externalities on wages in Thailand was found to be statistically significant. To overcome the paradox of a low urbanization rate and high urban primacy in Thailand, this study suggests the establishment of multiple regional cities that create high agglomeration externalities.
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4

Hutchinson, Francis Edward. "Multinational Corporations in Indonesia and Thailand: Wages, Productivity, and Exports." Asean Economic Bulletin 25, no. 3 (December 2008): 351–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1355/ae25-3j.

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5

Putri, Aning Kesuma, and Ratu Eva Febriani. "ANALISA (MIS) MATCH TENAGA KERJA DI ASIA TENGGARA." Convergence: The Journal of Economic Development 2, no. 2 (February 5, 2021): 133–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/convergence-jep.v2i2.13936.

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The mismatch between jobs and skills indicates the match model in the job market is not going well, which is referred to as (e.g.) labor match, which leads to overeducation and undereducation in the job market. This research was conducted to find the influence of growth, overeducation and undereducation on wages in Southeast Asia. The data used is secondary data sourced from https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/ data in 2010-2019, especially in 8 Southeast Asian countries consisting of Brunai Darusalam, Philippines, Laos, Indonesia, Cambodia, Thailand, Timor Leste and Vietnam. The results found that the workers with the highest undereducated levels were in Timor Laste, then Laos and Cambodia. Worker conditions in developing countries such as Southeast Asia have more undereducation conditions than overeducation. Economic growth, overeducation and undereducatio affect workers' wages. Keywords: overeducation, undereducation, mismatch, labor
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6

Campbell, Stephen. "State illegibility in the containment of labour unrest on the Thai-Myanmar border." Critique of Anthropology 37, no. 3 (August 1, 2017): 317–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308275x17719989.

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In the literature on governmentality, rights have been posited as technologies of rule, encouraging individual self-government, as well as active participation in the institutions of the liberal state. In the context of globalised industrial production, however, a realisation of justiciable rights may, by raising wages and other labour costs, challenge the ability of states to attract capital investment. In the present article, I take as a point of departure this apparent contradiction – between the liberal promise of rights through governmental incorporation and the reality that a realisation of such rights threatens profitability, and potentially viability, in domestic capitalist production. Empirically, my research is grounded in an ethnographic study of the garment sector at the Mae Sot industrial zone in north-west Thailand. Over the past decade-plus this site has seen an expansion of governmental interventions targeting the local Myanmar migrant population. Yet the vast majority of these migrants continue to earn wages far below the legal minimum, and face other egregious violations of labour rights. This gap, between the promise and the realisation of rights, leads to the state's illegibility. This illegibility is, I argue, of significance for theorising state regulatory regimes and the containment of labour unrest at sites of low-waged industrial production embedded in contemporary global supply chains.
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7

Ilhamdi, Ilhamdi, Rina Oktaviani, and Yeti Lis Purnamadewi. "PENGARUH FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT DAN AFTA TERHADAP KESEMPATAN KERJA SEKTORAL DI ASEAN 5." JURNAL EKONOMI DAN KEBIJAKAN PEMBANGUNAN 4, no. 2 (January 31, 2018): 140–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jekp.4.2.2015.140-152.

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This study aims to analyze the impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) ‎and ‎ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (AFTA) on sectoral employment in ASEAN ‎‎5. The analysis ‎focused on five main sectors, namely agriculture, mining, ‎manufacturing, ‎construction and service sectors. This paper uses panel data ‎approach with Fixed Effect Model. Variable used include employment as an ‎edogenous variable, while GDP, wages and AFTA as exogenous variables. Cross section data that are used in this study consist of ASEAN 5 countries, ‎namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam with periods of ‎observation as much as 9 years, from 2006 until 2014.‎The result of this paper that FDI, GDP, wages and AFTA have different ‎impacts in each sector. FDI has positive impact on employment in service sector. ‎GDP has positive impact on employment in manufacturing, construction and ‎service sectors. While GDP in the agricultural and mining sectors has negative ‎impact on employment. The wage has a positive impact on employment in the ‎mining and agricultural sectors. ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (AFTA) that took ‎place in 2010 has a positive impact on employment in the manufacturing and ‎mining sectors.‎Foreign Direct Investment is one factor to overcome employment issues in ‎ASEAN 5, especially in service sector. While GDP becomes an important variable ‎in enhancing ASEAN 5 employment in the manufacturing, construction and ‎services. Increasing wages can be applied on agriculture and mining as it has a ‎positive impact on employment. AFTA that has taken place is proper policy for the ‎ASEAN 5 to encourage economic growth in the mining and manufacturing ‎sectors that have an impact on increasing demand of labor in the sector.‎
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8

Ilhamdi, Ilhamdi, Rina Oktaviani, and Yeti Lis Purnamadewi. "PENGARUH FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT DAN AFTA TERHADAP KESEMPATAN KERJA SEKTORAL DI ASEAN 5." JURNAL EKONOMI DAN KEBIJAKAN PEMBANGUNAN 4, no. 2 (January 31, 2018): 140–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jekp.4.2.140-152.

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This study aims to analyze the impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) ‎and ‎ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (AFTA) on sectoral employment in ASEAN ‎‎5. The analysis ‎focused on five main sectors, namely agriculture, mining, ‎manufacturing, ‎construction and service sectors. This paper uses panel data ‎approach with Fixed Effect Model. Variable used include employment as an ‎edogenous variable, while GDP, wages and AFTA as exogenous variables. Cross section data that are used in this study consist of ASEAN 5 countries, ‎namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam with periods of ‎observation as much as 9 years, from 2006 until 2014.‎The result of this paper that FDI, GDP, wages and AFTA have different ‎impacts in each sector. FDI has positive impact on employment in service sector. ‎GDP has positive impact on employment in manufacturing, construction and ‎service sectors. While GDP in the agricultural and mining sectors has negative ‎impact on employment. The wage has a positive impact on employment in the ‎mining and agricultural sectors. ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (AFTA) that took ‎place in 2010 has a positive impact on employment in the manufacturing and ‎mining sectors.‎Foreign Direct Investment is one factor to overcome employment issues in ‎ASEAN 5, especially in service sector. While GDP becomes an important variable ‎in enhancing ASEAN 5 employment in the manufacturing, construction and ‎services. Increasing wages can be applied on agriculture and mining as it has a ‎positive impact on employment. AFTA that has taken place is proper policy for the ‎ASEAN 5 to encourage economic growth in the mining and manufacturing ‎sectors that have an impact on increasing demand of labor in the sector.‎
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9

Nidhiprabha, Bhanupong. "Lessons from Thailand's Fiscal Policy." Asian Economic Papers 14, no. 3 (October 2015): 110–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep_a_00384.

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If rules of fiscal sustainability are observed, available fiscal space permits effective countercyclical fiscal programs. The importance of automatic fiscal stabilizers should not be underestimated. The discretionary impact of increased public spending and tax cuts can be amplified if implemented when consumer confidence investor sentiments are high. There is no evidence to support non-Keynesian effects of fiscal policy in Thailand. Unwarranted fears of unsustainable public debt and ultra-conservative fiscal policy has cost the country a lost opportunity for achieving high growth. After the military coups in 2006 and 2014, the Thai economy experienced the lowest economic growth among ASEAN countries. The budget spent on economic services was diverted into defense, increases in public sector's wages, and income transfer payments. The opportunistic political budget model predicts higher fiscal spending by incumbent democratic governments before an election to gain votes. In the case of Thailand, such spending comes after military coups, akin to a military business cycle spending.
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10

Nayagam, James. "Migrant Labor Absorption in Malaysia." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 1, no. 3-4 (September 1992): 477–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689200100303.

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Malaysia's labor shortages can be attributed to rapid industrialization; higher educational attainment leading to external and internal migration and labor shortages; and poor wages and working conditions in plantations, the construction industry and the service sector. Such shortages have been met largely through the use of illegal migrant workers from Indonesia, south Thailand and the southern Philippines. Implementation of the government's plan for economic restructuring, 1971–1990, was assisted by such workers; however, the government has also recognized the socioeconomic problems engendered by illegal migration. Policies to facilitate temporary labor migration in key sectors are being developed.
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11

Sasana, Hadi, and Salman Fathoni. "Determinant of Foreign Direct Investment Inflows in Asean Countries." JEJAK 12, no. 2 (September 22, 2019): 253–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jejak.v12i2.18785.

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Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) believed to be one of the instruments to reduce gap between the rich and the poor countries has considered Asian countries destination, including ASEAN Region. The aim of this study was to analyze factors affecting FDI in ASEAN countries (Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam) during 2007-2016. The method used to analyze the data was multiple linear regression. The results indicated that market size, government integrity, and infrastructure quality positively affected FDI; wages and exchange rates negatively affected FDI; while, economic crisis had negative effect only in Malaysia. Meanwhile, economic openness, tax rate, and interest rate did not affect FDI inflow in ASEAN countries.
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12

Kushnirovich, Nonna, and Rebeca Raijman. "Bilateral agreements, precarious work, and the vulnerability of migrant workers in Israel." Theoretical Inquiries in Law 23, no. 2 (July 1, 2022): 266–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/til-2022-0019.

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Abstract We examine the short-term and long-term impact of bilateral agreements on migrant workers’ vulnerability during their employment in Israel. To do so, we developed the Vulnerability Index of Migrant Workers based on five dimensions: poor working conditions, poor living conditions, poor safety conditions, low wages, and dependence on migration costs. We focus on migrant workers arriving in Israel from two different countries (China and Thailand), employed in two different sectors of the economy (construction and agriculture, respectively). Data was gathered through a survey conducted among workers arriving from both countries before and after the implementation of the bilateral agreements. The study revealed that after the implementation of bilateral agreements, the working, living and safety conditions of migrant workers remained poor or even worsened. For Thai workers, there was a slight improvement in the working and living conditions in the short term after the bilateral agreement, but they worsened in the long run. The total Index of Vulnerability of both groups showed improvement due to the dramatic decrease in dependence on migration costs, despite the deterioration in some working and living conditions and the reduction in migrant workers’ relative wages.
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13

Thaiprasert, Nalitra, Supanika Leurcharusmee, Peerapat Jatukannyaprateep, and Jirakom Sirisrisakulchai. "Determinants of Labor Force Participation and Wages in Thailand: What is the Role of the Informal Sector?*." Asian Economic Journal 34, no. 3 (September 2020): 301–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/asej.12219.

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14

Sann, Raksmey, Pei-Chun Lai, and Chi-Ting Chen. "Crisis Adaptation in a Thai Community-Based Tourism Setting during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Phenomenological Approach." Sustainability 15, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010340.

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Introduction: COVID-19 has severely impacted industries and individual lives globally. Due to travel restrictions and social distancing to reduce the spread of the disease, it has seriously affected the travel and tourism industry in Thailand, especially its community-based tourism. The impact of travel bans has magnified employment and income loss to most local families and their communities, negatively impacting the development of local tourism economies. Purpose: The main objective of this study is to investigate the impacts of COVID-19 on community-based tourism as well as its adaptation solutions using a case study from a specific region in Thailand. Design/methodology/approach: Using a phenomenological approach, a series of qualitative face-to-face, semi-structured interviews were undertaken with 42 stakeholders involved in community-based tourism. Findings: The study results indicate that job relocation, temporary business closures, reducing fixed costs, and increasing different sale channels represent the most critical factors impacting CBT operational activities directly affected by the COVID-19 crisis and requiring immediate action. Other supplementary actions involve government financial support, business compensation, early vaccination, reduction of agricultural debt, and increasing agricultural product value. Social implications: These study findings offer direction for Thai governmental policy makers and CBT leaders for the establishment of actionable practices designed to respond rapidly and appropriately to local communities and entrepreneurs during crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Originality: The originality of this research was obtained from local stakeholders’ insights on the impacts of COVID-19 upon community-based tourism in the northeast region of Thailand, where tourism represents significant economic value in terms of salaries, wages, and employment generation.
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15

Ayuwat, Dr Dusadee, Wanichcha Narongchai, and Dr Somkiat Choosrithong. "LABOUR RIGHTS OF INFORMAL LABOUR IN RURAL KHON KAEN, THAILAND: THE HOME WORKERS PERSPECTIVES." JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 5, no. 1 (August 24, 2014): 649–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jssr.v5i1.3289.

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The objectives of this research were to study the home working production process and to study labour rights understanding of the home workers in the rural area of Khon Kaen province, Thailand via the qualitative research methodology. Data collection was based on an in-depth interview and observation to 18 home workers, which conducted during March August 2010. The content analysis was employed to data analysis. The results indicated that the formation of the home workers was driven by the demand from the producers from neighboring villages. These producers were operating within the chain of production associated with other producers from the central part. Due to their formation as a group, their existing skills in garment and tailoring, and their increased labor management skill, they had the ability to get order directly from the outside producers. Despite their limited negotiation capacity regarding benefits, the informal labours considered the home workers as economically rewarding and beneficial to their family. As regards understanding on the labour rights, the home workers define the labour rights as the right to social insurance, the right to safe work place, the right to medical services, and the right to increased wages. The majority of them had a limited understand about the labour rights as it was related to the rights and duty of the employees and employers.
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Thuayjan, Thiwaporn, Jittima Prasara-A, Pornpimon Boonkum, and Shabbir H. Gheewala. "Social Life Cycle Assessment of Green and Burnt Manual Sugarcane Harvesting in the Northeastern Thailand." Environment and Natural Resources Journal 20, no. 3 (February 11, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.32526/ennrj/20/202100190.

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Despite green sugarcane harvesting being promoted in Thailand, with some limitations on the use of harvesting machines, green sugarcane harvesting is practiced manually in many sugarcane fields. Although the environmental benefit seems clear, this harvesting practice’s social implications are yet unknown. This study assessed social performances of green and burnt manual sugarcane harvesting in North-Eastern Thailand, the region hosting the largest sugarcane plantation area, using the Social Life Cycle Assessment technique. Data collection was undertaken by surveys. The performance reference points method was applied to assess the different stakeholder’s social performances. Key stakeholder groups examined were workers, local community, and farm owners. The main social issues included in this study are fair wages, working conditions, health and safety, local employment, economic development, social responsibility, and satisfaction of occupation. The results showed that the social performances of green and burnt sugarcane harvesting were generally similar except for the local community group. This is mainly due to the health impact of sugarcane burning on the local community. Different issues cause the farmers to harvest the burnt sugarcane; for example, labor shortage in the harvesting season and the difficult working conditions for green harvesting, causing the farm owners to bear higher costs. For these reasons, mechanized harvesting is suggested to help promote green harvesting to reduce local air pollution. However, technology development is in urgent need to make the harvesting machines more affordable and applicable to all geographical conditions.
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17

Kano, Ikuya. "International comparative study on fair organizational management in Japanese companies in ASEAN." Impact 2021, no. 2 (February 26, 2021): 39–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2021.2.39.

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When studying notions of fairness in the workplace, it is important to consider the point of views of employees and how what they believe to be fair or unfair might have negative impacts on the company as a whole. For instance, changes to the working hours, paying different wages to people in similar positions, or redundancies, might well affect the motivation of employees, leading to falls in effort, productivity, efficiency and general worker happiness. There has been a significant amount of research dedicated to understanding employee perceptions of fairness in the workplace. Such research falls under the general banner of organisational justice, where researchers attempt to understand how an employee's attitude and behaviour is affected by the behaviour of an organisation. Professor Ikuya Kano from the University of Hyogo has embarked on a three-year research project related to the theories of organisational justice. Kano is working alongside Katsunori Kaneko and is performing a comparative study between Japanese workers and local workers in ASEAN countries (Mainly Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia, Vietnam and Laos).
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Arham, Muhammad Amir, and Stella Junus. "Contributing factors of labor productivity in the industrial sector in Indonesia: a comparative study among regions." Jurnal Perspektif Pembiayaan dan Pembangunan Daerah 8, no. 3 (August 31, 2020): 277–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/ppd.v8i3.9626.

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TIndonesia’s degree of competitiveness in attracting investment is relatively low compared to other ASEAN countries, e.g., Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam, despite the country’s potential resources. Specifically, low labour productivity in industrial sector led to lower degree of investment competitiveness in Indonesia. Thus, this study aims to examine the transformation of economic structures and factors determining the regional labor productivity in industrial sector in Indonesia. This study employs multiple regression method with panel data approach on 34 provinces in Indonesia from 2014 to 2019. This study suggests that, in general, the decline of agriculture sector share in the Eastern part of Indonesia was greater than the Western part of Indonesia. Furthermore, the composition of labor absorption in Sulawesi, Maluku, Papua, and Kalimantan decline periodically. This research also suggests that the factors leading to improvement of productivity in the Industrial sector in Western part of Indonesia is real wages. Moreover, provision of electricity is the contributing factor and hampers labor productivity in the Eastern part of Indonesia. This study further concluded that supply of electricity is substitutional to labor which result in the decline of productivity
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Vivatsurakit, Tanthaka, and Jessica Vechbanyongratana. "Education–Occupation Mismatch and Its Wage Penalties in Informal Employment in Thailand." Asian Development Review 38, no. 1 (March 22, 2021): 119–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/adev_a_00160.

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This study examines the incidence of vertical mismatch among formal and informal workers in Thailand. Using the 2011, 2013, and 2015 Thailand Household Socio-economic Surveys, the study analyzes the relationship between vertical mismatch and wage penalties and premiums across four types of workers: formal government, formal private firm, informal private firm, and informal own-account workers. The incidence of overeducation is modest among the oldest cohort (8.7%) but prevalent among the youngest cohort (29.3%). Government employees face the highest overeducation wage penalties (28.2%) compared to matched workers, while in private firms, informal workers have consistently higher overeducation wage penalties than formal workers. Educated young workers are increasingly absorbed into low-skill informal work in private firms and face large overeducation wage penalties. The inability of many young workers to capitalize on their educational investments in Thailand's formal labor market is a concern for future education and employment policy development in Thailand.
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Paweenawat, Sasiwimon Warunsiri. "Foreign direct investment and wage spillover in Thailand." International Journal of Social Economics 46, no. 10 (October 20, 2019): 1198–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-01-2019-0055.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether foreign direct investment (FDI) benefitted Thai workers in domestic firms. Design/methodology/approach By utilizing existing firm-level unbalanced panel data from the survey of the Office of Industrial Economics, Ministry of Industry, Thailand, between 2004 and 2013, this study applies dynamic panel data analysis, using the generalized method of moments proposed by Arellano and Bond (1991), to estimate the wage spillover from multinational enterprises (MNEs) to domestic firms in Thailand. Findings The study reveals that there is a positive wage spillover from the presence of MNEs in the industry to domestic firms. Furthermore, a wage spillover also exists in the low-technology industry, as well as in firms located in the Metropolitan and Northern regions. These findings confirmed that FDI offers a significant advantage in Thailand’s labor market. Originality/value This study is the empirical research to utilize existing firm-level unbalanced panel data in Thailand, applying dynamic panel data analysis to data from 2004 to 2013 to estimate the wage spillover from MNEs to domestic firms.
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Salehuddin, Nurshahirah, Suraiya Ibrahim, and Wan Salha Yusoff. "UNDERSTANDING BIG DATA-FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENT MODEL OF BIOLOGICAL ASSETS." Journal of Information System and Technology Management 6, no. 24 (December 1, 2021): 01–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/jistm.624001.

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This research establishes a Big Data-Fair Value Measurement Model of Biological Assets using a Smart Farming Approach. The aim of the study is to gather literature knowledge about the judgment of biological assets. The use of big data and innovative farming in the agricultural sector is relatively new in Malaysia, making people wonder about its effectiveness, whether positive or negative. However, determining fair value can be a daunting task due to the existence of personal biological properties and the variety of specimens (offspring), classes, and conditions. Agricultural sectors need to be more emphasised by many parties as the increases in cost production is not a trivial matter that can be ignored. There have been pressures from foreign countries such as Thailand, Vietnam, and Indonesia in the agricultural sector. Malaysia faces one major challenge: the cost of production, including wages and inputs, is relatively higher. (Rozhan 2019). Agricultural accounting is a minor standard, but it has a broad scope and a significant impact on agricultural businesses based on the accounting perspective, the MFRS141/IAS 41. The standard improves the transparency of the cost to replace capital (by allowing for depreciation and amortisation) and better reflects the productive lifespan of assets in agricultural operations. However, the application of MFRS 141 Agriculture is still relatively new in Malaysia, and a thorough examination of the literature indicates several gaps and deficiencies. This literature review is vital to support the study on Big Data-Fair Value Measurement Model of Biological Assets as the agricultural sector's involvement was recently popular. It might also offer some good ideas for handling problems involving the fair value measurement. Future studies will help the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industries, agriculture sector workers, in terms of practical perspective. Therefore, the future result of the study suggests an improvement within the agriculture sector related to the treatment in their fair values, issues, and strategies.
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Horstman, Erik, Marjolein Dohmen-Janssen, Pedro Narra, Niels-Jasper Van den Berg, Martijn Siemerink, Thorsten Balke, Tjeerd Bouma, and Suzanne Hulscher. "WAVE ATTENUATION IN MANGROVE FORESTS; FIELD DATA OBTAINED IN TRANG, THAILAND." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 33 (October 18, 2012): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.waves.40.

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Mangroves thrive in sheltered intertidal areas in the tropics and sub-tropics. Due to this position at the interface between land and sea, mangroves play an important role in the attenuation of waves. Dissipation of wave energy in mangrove forests is an interesting feature from the viewpoint of coastal protection. Nevertheless, field data are sparse and modeling attempts reveal the need for additional data. This paper presents the results of an extensive field campaign, lasting 6 months, in mangroves along the Andaman coast of Trang Province in southern Thailand. Wave attenuation has been studied along two contrasting transects with different elevation and vegetation characteristics and different orientations towards the Andaman Sea. Along the Kantang transect, which is mostly exposed to swell waves, vegetation densities increased from 4.5 to 9.3 volume-‰ along the transect and on average 63% of the incident wave energy was attenuated over a distance of 246 m. Along the Palian transect, mostly exposed to sea waves instead, vegetation increased from 4.3 to 19 volume-‰ and 72% of the incident wave energy was attenuated over this 98 m transect. It was found that standardized wave attenuation correlates well with incident wave energy, when attenuation is analyzed per vegetation zone. Energy reduction rates of these zones, defined by the gradient of the correlations between the standardized wave attenuation and incident wave energy, are found to increase significantly with vegetation density. Consistently, wave reduction rates, expressing the gradient of the correlation between wave height reduction and incident wave heights, are found to be 0.001-0.014 for the study sites and also show a significant and increasing trend with vegetation densities.
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23

Nozaki, Kenji. "Recent Decrease of Regional Disparity within Thailand." Business and Management Studies 4, no. 2 (March 18, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/bms.v4i2.3020.

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The existence of wage gaps between Thailand and its neighboring countries facilitate the division of labor in manufacturing production in the GMS. However, if the wage gap inside Thailand is too large, such effect is diminished. Under such recognition, this paper aims to clarify the recent situation of the regional disparity in Thailand.The author acquired three findings. Firstly, the regional GINI coefficient in Thailand is confirmed to match Kuznets’ inverted U-shaped curve. The analysis shows that the peak of the disparity occurred with income level in the early to mid-1990s. Secondly, the recent decrease of the disparity is partly explained by the changes in industrial policies. Export promotion policies introduced after import substitution in mid-1980s relocated the manufacturing production bases. It was followed by other supporting industries. They increased the income level of remote areas, and it caused the decrease of the regional disparity. Finally, the author found that the case of Thailand is different from the case of Indonesia. Even though Indonesia is also growing with foreign direct investment like Thailand, no Kuznets’ U-shaped curve of regional disparity was observed.
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Kunno, Jadsada, Busaba Supawattanabodee, Chavanant Sumanasrethakul, Budsaba Wiriyasivaj, Sathit Kuratong, and Chuthamat Kaewchandee. "Comparison of Different Waves during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Retrospective Descriptive Study in Thailand." Advances in Preventive Medicine 2021 (October 8, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5807056.

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Background. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus. An outbreak is called an epidemic when there is a sudden increase in cases. Many countries have experienced a two-wave pattern in the reported cases of COVID-19. The spread of COVID-19 in Thailand was a cluster event distributed over multiple locations. This study aims to compare the characteristics of different waves during the COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand. Methods. A retrospective cohort study was conducted from January 2020 to May 2021 (17 months) to determine the number of COVID-19 screenings and confirmed cases and deaths as well as sociodemographic characteristics such as gender, age, nationality, and source population at risk factors. The categorical data were compared using a chi-square test. Results. Three waves of the COVID-19 pandemic occurred within 17 months in Thailand, and the number of cases increased by over 100,000 due to source population at risk factors such as close contact with a previously confirmed patient, community risk, cluster communities, and active and community surveillance. The chi-square test revealed significant differences between the three waves ( p < 0.01 ). Conclusion. Significant differences between pandemic phases or waves may be due to weak social distancing policies and the lack of public health interventions. A COVID-19 vaccination plan is needed for people at risk of suffering severe symptoms and the general population in outbreak areas to increase immunity.
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Pholphirul, Piriya. "Labour Migration and the Economic Sustainability in Thailand." Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 31, no. 3 (September 2012): 59–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/186810341203100303.

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Migration is one of the top debate topics in terms of the national policy agendas of middle-income countries, and Thailand is no exception. The segmentation of its labour market explains why Thailand is experiencing large-scale immigration and a simultaneous emigration of low-skilled workers. Immigration inflows from its less-developed neighbour countries -namely, Laos, Cambodia and Myanmar – pose a challenge for Thailand. Wage differentials between Thailand and other migrant-receiving countries, which are mostly more economically developed than Thailand, also stimulate emigration from there. Due to regional disparities within the country and to a lack of employment and educational opportunities in rural areas, internal migration is also common and encouraged. In this paper I first analyse the economic pros and cons of migration both to and within Thailand before formulating labour migration policies that aim to maximize beneficial outcomes while minimizing economic costs. The cost–benefit analysis of labour migration is key to addressing relevant gaps in formulating and implementing effective policies.
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Mahasirimongkol, Surakameth, Ballang Uppapong, Wiroj Puangtubtim, Panadda Dhepakson, Parnuphan Panyajai, Naphatcha Thawong, Nadthanan Pinyosukhee, et al. "SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence in Unvaccinated Adults in Thailand in November 2021." Vaccines 10, no. 12 (December 16, 2022): 2169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10122169.

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Between the first case of COVID-19 in January 2020 and the end of 2021, Thailand experienced four waves of the epidemic. The third and fourth waves were caused by the alpha and delta strains from April 2021 to November 2021. Serosurveillance studies provide snapshots of the true scale of the outbreak, including the asymptomatic infections that could not be fully captured by a hospital-based case detection system. We aimed to investigate the distribution of SARs-CoV-2 seroprevalence in unvaccinated adults after the delta wave outbreak. From November to December 2021, we conducted a cross-sectional survey study in 12 public health areas (PHAs) across Thailand. A total of 26,717 blood samples were collected and tested for SARs-CoV-2 antibodies (anti-S IgG) using a qualitative immunoassay. The results showed that seropositive prevalence in this cohort was 1.4% (95% CI: 1.24 to 1.52). The lowest prevalence was in the northern region (PHA 1) and in central Thailand (PHA 3) at 0.4% (95% CI: 0.15 to 0.95), while the highest was in the southern region of Thailand (PHA 12) at 5.8% (95% CI: 4.48 to 7.29). This seropositive prevalence was strikingly lower than the reports from other countries. Our serosurveillance results suggest that the vaccination of unvaccinated groups should be accelerated, especially in the public health areas with the lowest seroprevalence.
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del Carpio, Ximena V., Julián Messina, and Anna Sanz‐de‐Galdeano. "Minimum Wage: Does it Improve Welfare in Thailand?" Review of Income and Wealth 65, no. 2 (February 13, 2018): 358–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/roiw.12360.

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Bualek, Punnee. "The Emergence and the Way of Life of The Wage Laborer Class in Thailand from the end of the 18th to the 19th Century." MANUSYA 11, no. 2 (2008): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26659077-01102001.

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This research explores the answers to three significant questions. 1) When and in what conditions did the wage laborer class emerge in Thailand? 2) What kinds of relationships were there between the wage laborers and the productivity process? 3) Under those relationships, what were their real lives and way of life like?
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Onyusheva, Irina, Rungnapa Khamboocha, and Nipaporn Muangmutcha. "THE US-CHINA TRADE WAR AND ITS IMPACT ON THAILAND’S ECONOMY." EUrASEANs: journal on global socio-economic dynamics, no. 2(21) (April 4, 2020): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.35678/2539-5645.2(21).2020.17-32.

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This paper analyzes the economic consequences of the trade war ongoing between the USA and China as applied to Thailand. The paper mainly focuses on the relationship between the global tariffs’ imposition during this US-China trade war as they directly hit several Thai export products as well as the US-China trade war impact on Thai business via dumping goods into Thailand and Thai products intermediately affected by the tariffs imposed on Chinese or US goods. Recently, it has been illustrated by many researchers and economists that trade wars, especially between those waged between such large economies have adverse economic effects on the global economy and international trade. This paper utilizes PESTEL and also causes and consequences analysis to explain the trends of the US or China exports of goods and services to Thailand, Thai intermediate inputs indirectly affected by the tariffs imposed on Chinese or US goods and dumping goods into Thailand as the latter could intensify domestic competition.
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Gunawan, Hendri, and Muhammad Anggie Farizqi Prasadana. "KISAH DUA TANAH PERDIKAN: PERUBAHAN STATUS WILAYAH BEBAS PAJAK DI KERAJAAN MATARAM ISLAM ABAD VIII DAN KERAJAAN SIAM ABAD XX." Handep: Jurnal Sejarah dan Budaya 6, no. 1 (December 28, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33652/handep.v6i1.212.

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Perdikan land or tax-free land in Indonesia and Thailand is used for religious purposes. This study aims to determine the change in tax-exempt status in Indonesia and Thailand, especially in the Islamic Mataram Kingdom and Siam Kingdom. This research used historical methods consisting of topic selection, source collection, source criticism, interpretation, and writing. The result shows the existence of tax-free areas in Indonesia and Thailand has been going on for a long time. However, tax-free land in Indonesia was revoked after independence because it was considered injustice. Differently, tax-free land in Thailand still exists but no longer receives forced labor support from the king, replaced with wage labor because of the money economy influence that Chinese trader brought and for the abolition of slavery. In conclusion, tax-free lands in these two countries have different fates due to social and economic changes.
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Balčaitė, Indrė. "Networks of Resilience: Legal Precarity and Transborder Citizenship among the Karen from Myanmar in Thailand." TRaNS: Trans -Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia 7, no. 1 (January 10, 2019): 63–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/trn.2018.12.

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AbstractThis study probes the relationship between legal precarity and transborder citizenship through the case of the Karen from Myanmar in Thailand. Collected through ethnographic multi-sited fieldwork between 2012 and 2016, interconnected individual life stories evolving across the Myanmar-Thailand border allow the critical interrogation of the political and legal categories of ‘migrancy’, ‘refugeeness’, and ‘citizenship’, teasing out their blurry boundaries in migrants’ experience. Following the recent critical research in legal ethnography, this study demonstrates that legal precarity is not simply an antithesis to citizenship. The social and legal dimensions of citizenship may diverge, creating in-between areas of not-yet-full-citizenship with varying levels of heft (Macklin 2007). The article consists of three parts. First, it offers a theoretical framework to reconcile the Karen legal precarity (even de facto statelessness) and citizenship, even on both sides of the border (legally impossible). Second, it presents the three groups of Karen in Thailand, produced by the interaction of three major waves of Karen eastward migration and tightening Thai citizenship and migration regulations: Thai Karen, refugees, and migrant workers. All three face varying levels of legal precarity of temporary status without full citizenship. However, the last part demonstrates the intertwined nature of those groups. A grassroots transborder perspective reveals the resilience of the Karen networks when pooling together resources of the hubs established on Thai soil by the three waves. Even the most recent arrivals in Thailand use those resources to move from one precarious legal status to another and even to clandestinely obtain citizenship.
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Thongsri, Jatuporn, Worapol Tangsopa, Mongkol Kaewbumrung, Mongkol Phanak, and Wutthikrai Busayaporn. "Derosion Lattice Performance and Optimization in Solving an End Effect Assessed by CFD: A Case Study in Thailand’s Beach." Water 14, no. 9 (April 22, 2022): 1358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14091358.

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Thailand’s beach had a severe coastal erosion problem at the end of rock dams called the “end effect”. One of the innovative solutions to solve this problem is to use the derosion lattice (DL). However, since the DL performance depends on installing conditions such as angle of attack, placement position, terrain, and climate, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was applied to assess the end effect’s occurrence and optimize the performance of DL’s installation. Based on Khao Rup Chang’s condition, a suffered beach in Thailand was used as a case study, and a free surface flow simulation was performed in the transient state using ANSYS Fluent, a CFD software, which revealed water waves flow through the beach with and without the DL installation cases. Furthermore, the CFD-assessed results indicated that the angle of attack and placement position affected the DL performance as expected. In optimization, the 15° angle of attack with the DL placement adjacent to the rock dam was the proper condition. After being applied at the actual site, the DL can help reduce erosion, increase sedimentation, and solve the end effect with excellent performance.
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Tanomkiat, Wiwatana. "Hospitals, field hospitals, community isolation centers, and finally home isolation." ASEAN Journal of Radiology 22, no. 2 (August 25, 2021): 03–04. http://dx.doi.org/10.46475/aseanjr.v22i2.148.

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Unlike the first and second waves of COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand which were limited among certain populations in certain areas, the third wave starting in April 2021 spread nationwide. It was from less than 10 new cases a day in 2020, to be around 2,000 a day in June and then more than 20,000 new cases a day in August 2021. Among four doctors who were killed by COVID-19 during this third wave in Thailand, the Royal College of Radiologists of Thailand lost a very active and warm member, Associated Professor Wilaiwan Bhothisuwan. When hospitals and field hospitals were full, now COVID-19 infected patients were cared in community isolation centers. Home isolation, the last and probably the final form of health care, was set in this August. The Royal College of Radiologists of Thailand had launched a project “RadioVolunteer” to interpret and report chest radiographs of COVID-19 patients in prisons, field hospitals where there were shortage of radiologists, some community isolation centers, and radiographic units for patients with home isolation.
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Jayanthakumaran, Kankesu, Piyapong Sangkaew, and Martin O’Brien. "Trade liberalisation and manufacturing wage premiums: Evidence from Thailand." Journal of Asian Economics 29 (December 2013): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2013.08.001.

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Boonsri, Sasawat, and Wikanda Promkhuntong. "Historiography of Cinephiles in Thailand." Plaridel 16, no. 2 (2019): 143–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.52518/2020.16.2-06bonsri.

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Amongst film audiences in Thailand, there is a group that follows the new releases enthusiastically. They watch many films in the course of a week and do not only focus on films in the cinema but also search for places to watch alternative movies. Forming in the 1970s, these people are now known as “Thai Cinephiles”. They started off as regular audiences at screening events before becoming film critics, programmers and curators. This practice significantly expands the awareness of alternative cinema in Bangkok and other parts of Thailand. This paper traces the activities of Thai cinephiles from the late of 1970s when they first met each other at cultural institutions that screened alternative cinema, to the 1990s when conversations evolved around video shops and film festivals at shopping malls. The age of digital also saw Thai cinephiles took into writing, promoting and creating diverse content across various platforms from blogs, message boards to Facebook. Their practice/activism across different generations shared through interviews reveals the principle of sharing the good stuff they found and building new generation of directors and audiences. This historiography provides an alternative history on Thai film culture that bridges existing writings on the Thai new waves and limited research in the Thai language on audience motivations and cinema going.
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Cheepsattayakorn, Attapon, Ruangrong Cheepsattayakorn, and Porntep Siriwanarangsun. "New Waves of COVID-19 in Thailand, Cambodia and Myanmar." American Journal of Internal Medicine 9, no. 3 (2021): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajim.20210903.12.

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Phaiboon, Supachai, and Pisit Phokharatkul. "An empirical model for forecasting electric generation for nearshore energy potential in Thailand." Journal of Applied Engineering Science 20, no. 4 (2022): 1293–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/jaes0-37631.

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This paper presents electrical energy forecasting from near shore wave potential in the Gulf of Thailand using an empirical model. An electric generator was installed on the near shore to perform measurements and create an empirical model for predicting electric generation. In order to forecast the capacity of the electric generation from sea waves with sufficient electricity consumption, the household data in the Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea were collected from the year 2012 - 2019 to forecast the increasing rate of the number of households in the five years period (2021-2025). Cost and payback period were analyzed in each location in order to invest the renewable energy generation.
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KIMURA, Yuichi. "Wage Uncertainty and Migration of the Young: Evidence from Thailand." Studies in Regional Science 32, no. 1 (2001): 189–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.2457/srs.32.189.

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Paweenawat, Sasiwimon Warunsiri, and Lusi Liao. "Parenthood penalty and gender wage gap: Recent evidence from Thailand." Journal of Asian Economics 78 (February 2022): 101435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2021.101435.

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Falkus, Malcolm. "The development of a female wage labour force in Thailand." Asian Studies Review 24, no. 2 (June 2000): 175–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10357820008713268.

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Fang, Zheng, and Chris Sakellariou. "A Case of Sticky Floors: Gender Wage Differentials in Thailand." Asian Economic Journal 25, no. 1 (March 2011): 35–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8381.2011.02047.x.

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42

Chan, Steve Kwok-Leung, and Kevin S. Y. Tan. "Householding and Land Ownership: Constructing a Typology of Circular Migration of Cambodian Migrant Workers in Thailand." Journal of Population and Social Studies 31 (October 11, 2022): 198–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.25133/jpssv312023.012.

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Labor migration is no longer a linear movement or even a one-way and one-directional flow of labor. The advancements in transportation and communication technologies have changed trans-border mobility from permanent to a large extent, circular. Interestingly, the wage gap between labor-sending and labor-receiving countries is not the only reason triggering the move. Working abroad has become a decision made by Cambodian households, resulting in about one million Cambodian migrant workers in Thailand. Migrant workers, especially undocumented laborers, are more vulnerable to abuse, exploitation, and trafficking. In response, this irregularity facilitates the circularity of these migrant workers. To explore this phenomenon, this paper attempts to construct the typology of circular migration, namely quasi-permanent migration, sojourning, and return. Qualitative methods consisting of group and individual interviews were employed in interviewing Cambodian workers in Rayong, Thailand, and returnees in Kampong Cham, Cambodia. The findings suggest that land-owning Cambodian households adopt a householding strategy, work in Thailand, and migrate circularly back home periodically.
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Kittikraisak, Wanitchaya, Phunlerd Piyaraj, Apichat Vachiraphan, Thanapat Wongrapee, Somsak Punjasamanvong, Taweewun Hunsawong, Chalinthorn Sinthuwattanawibool, et al. "Sero-surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare providers in four hospitals in Thailand one year after the first community outbreak." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 14, 2021): e0254563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254563.

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Background Thailand was the first country outside China to report SARS-CoV-2 infected cases. Since the detection of the first imported case on January 12th, 2020 to the time this report was written, Thailand experienced two waves of community outbreaks (March-April 2020 and December 2020-March 2021). We examined prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity among healthcare providers (HCPs) in four hospitals approximately one year after SARS-CoV-2 first detected in Thailand. By March 2021, these hospitals have treated a total of 709 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. Methods Blood specimens, collected from COVID-19 unvaccinated HCPs during January-March 2021, were tested for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to nucleocapsid (IgG-nucleocapsid) and spike (IgG-spike) proteins using Euroimmune® enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Results Of 600 HCPs enrolled, 1 (0.2%) tested positive for the SARS-CoV-2 IgG-spike antibodies, but not the IgG-nucleocapsid. Conclusion The presence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies was rare in this sample of HCPs, suggesting that this population remains susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Cummings, Derek A. T., Rafael A. Irizarry, Norden E. Huang, Timothy P. Endy, Ananda Nisalak, Kumnuan Ungchusak, and Donald S. Burke. "Travelling waves in the occurrence of dengue haemorrhagic fever in Thailand." Nature 427, no. 6972 (January 2004): 344–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature02225.

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Jongrungrot, Vichot, and Somyot Thungwa. "Resilience of Rubber-Based Intercropping System in Southern Thailand." Advanced Materials Research 844 (November 2013): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.844.24.

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Many farmers have understood and had direct experience with resilience in a rubber-based intercropping system under risks and uncertainties of world economy and government policies. However, quantitative studies to examine and confirm such results are still limited.This study found some hidden values of economic resilience in the rubber-based intercropping system which could be of great use to future agricultural development. Results were drawn from 5 rubber-based intercropping plots in Southern Thailand by building three scenarios: 1) rubber price during 2017-2021 is lower; 2) wage of farm labor during 2013-2021 is higher; and 3) farmers reduce risks and uncertainties by cutting intercropped timber and/or selling products from rubber-based intercrops. Results show that 3 plots will have a high level of resilience of margin (income from plots after deducting operation cost) while one plot will have a medium level and another will have a low level. Main factors affecting resilience levels will be: quantities and kinds of intercropped timber, appropriate cutting period of timber, efficiency in plot management by farmers to increase yields of intercropped fruit trees, and adaptation of other kinds of products in the plots to increase household income. High proportion of off-farm income will also be useful in reducing some negative effects from lower rubber priceand higher wage of farm labor.
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BHATTACHARYA, S. N. "Crustal structure of central Myanmar (Burma) By surface wave dispersion." MAUSAM 44, no. 4 (January 1, 2022): 347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v44i4.3924.

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Digital records of seismic waves observed at Seismic Research Observatory, Cheng Mai. Thailand have been analysed for two earthquakes in western Nepal. Digital data are processed by the floating filter and phase equalization methods to obtain surface waves free from noise. Group velocities of Love and Rayleigh waves are obtained by frequency time analysis of these noise free surface waves. The period of group velocities ranges from 17 to 62 sec for fundamental mode Rayleigh waves and from 17 to 66 sec for fundamental mode Love waves. The wave paths cross both central Myanmar (Burma) and the Indo-Gangetic plain. The group velocity data of surface waves across central Myanmar (Burma) have been obtained after correction of the data for the path across the Indo-Gangetic plain. Inversion of data gives the average crustal and subcrustal structure of central Myanmar (Burma). The modelled structure shows two separate sedimentary layers each of 8 km thick, The lower sedimentary layer forms the low velocity zone of the crust. The total thickness of central Myanmar (Burma) crust is found to be 55 km
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Foyhirun, Chutipat, Duangrudee Kositgittiwong, and Chaiwat Ekkawatpanit. "Wave Energy Potential and Simulation on the Andaman Sea Coast of Thailand." Sustainability 12, no. 9 (May 1, 2020): 3657. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093657.

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Ocean wave energy is an interesting renewable energy because it will never run out and can be available all the time. If the wave energy is to be used, then the feasibility study of localized wave potential has to be studied. This goal is to study the potential of waves in the Andaman Sea. The Simulating WAves Nearshore (SWAN) model was used to calculate the significant wave heights, which were validated with the measurement data of the Jason-2 satellite. The coastal area of Phuket and Phang Nga provinces are suitable locations for studying wave energy converters because they have high significant wave height. Moreover, this study used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for the simulation of wave behavior in accordance with wave parameters from the SWAN model. The wave height simulated from CFD was validated with linear wave theory. The results found that it was in good agreement with linear wave theory. It can be applied for a simulation of the wave energy converter.
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ADIREKSOMBAT, KAMPON, ZHENG FANG, and CHRIS SAKELLARIOU. "THE EVOLUTION OF GENDER WAGE DIFFERENTIALS IN THAILAND: 1991–2007 — AN APPLICATION OF UNCONDITIONAL QUANTILE REGRESSION." Singapore Economic Review 61, no. 05 (December 2016): 1550094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590815500940.

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Using unconditional quantile regression and an approach which allows the identification of the individual contributors to the gender wage gap and its over-time change, we study the gender wage differentials over the whole distribution in Thailand from 1991 to 2007. We also propose an extension of the single quantile decomposition to explore the origins of the distributional changes in gender wage differentials over time. A persistent sticky floor effect and declining gender wage gaps over time are observed. Aggregate decompositions using a reweighting approach show that most of the gap and changes in gaps are due to (changing) coefficients effect. Detailed decompositions show that within the (changing) characteristics effect, education contributes to the narrowing of the gap over the whole distribution, and within the coefficients effect age and the constant term are the most influential factors but with opposite effects.
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Saksiriruthai, Siriwan. "Impact of media technology on wage changes: The case of Thailand." Journal of International Studies 11, no. 4 (December 2018): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2018/11-4/5.

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Ullah, AKM Ahsan. "Skill drain from ASEAN countries: can sending countries afford?" International Journal of Development Issues 17, no. 2 (July 2, 2018): 205–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdi-12-2017-0210.

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Purpose Migration of skilled workers to other countries remains a highly contentious issue. Skill drain does not take place based on skill surplus and deficient equation. Skilled migrants can make their choice to migrate on their own with minimal control of the Government. This paper aims to argue that sending countries lose skill which cannot be offset or justified by the remittances inflow. Design/methodology/approach This paper is based on a research conducted on skill migration from the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. In this study, skilled migrants are engineers, medical doctors, nurses and academics. The author interviewed 12 engineers (four from the Philippines; two from Malaysia; four from Singapore and two from Thailand); nine medical doctors (four from the Philippines; three from Singapore, one from Malaysia and one from Thailand); eight nurses (six from the Philippines and two from Thailand); and 14 academics (six from the Philippines; five from Singapore and three from Malaysia) who were working abroad. Findings Skill migration continues to grow because of the growing demand, wage differentials, glorifications of the contribution of remittances to development and failure of the origin countries to retain them. The question remains whether the respective sending country is producing more of them so that they can send after their own demand is met. This paper investigates whether the sending end can afford exporting such skills. Originality/value This is an important contribution to the scholarship.
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