Journal articles on the topic 'Wages Sex differences Bangladesh'
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Koenig, Michael A., and Stan D'Souza. "Sex differences in childhood mortality in rural Bangladesh." Social Science & Medicine 22, no. 1 (January 1986): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(86)90303-5.
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Chowdhury, Muhammad Abdul Baker, Mirajul Islam, Jakia Rahman, Mohammed Taj Uddin, Md Rabiul Haque, and Md Jamal Uddin. "Changes in prevalence and risk factors of hypertension among adults in Bangladesh: An analysis of two waves of nationally representative surveys." PLOS ONE 16, no. 12 (December 2, 2021): e0259507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259507.
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Introduction Bangladesh is one of the countries where the prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as hypertension is rising due to rising living standards, sedentary lifestyles, and epidemiological transition. Among the NCDs, hypertension is a major risk factor for CVD, accounting for half of all coronary heart disease worldwide. However, detailed research in this area has been limited in Bangladesh. The objective of the study was to estimate changes in the prevalence and risk factors of hypertension among Bangladeshi adult population. The study also sought to identify socioeconomic status-related inequality of hypertension prevalence in Bangladesh. Methods Cross-sectional analysis was conducted using nationally representative two waves of the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) in 2011 and 2017–18. Survey participants were adults 18 years or older- which included detailed biomarker and anthropometric measurements of 23539 participants. The change in prevalence of hypertension was estimated, and adjusted odds ratios were obtained using multivariable survey logistic regression models. Further, Wagstaff decomposition method was also used to analyze the relative contributions of factors to hypertension. Results From 2011 to 2018, the hypertension prevalence among adults aged ≥35 years increased from 25.84% to 39.40% (p<0.001), with the largest relative increase (97%) among obese individuals. The prevalence among women remained higher than men whereas the relative increase among men and women were 75% and 39%, respectively. Regression analysis identified age and BMI as the independent risk factors of hypertension. Other risk factors of hypertension were sex, marital status, education, geographic region, wealth index, and diabetes status in both survey years. Female adults had significantly higher hypertension risk in both survey years in the overall analysis in, however, in the subgroup analysis, the gender difference in hypertension risk was not significant in rural 2011 and urban 2018 samples. Decomposition analysis revealed that the contributions of socio-economic status related inequality of hypertension in 2011 were46.58% and 20.85% for wealth index and BMI, respectively. However, the contributions of wealth index and BMI have shifted to 12.60% and 55.29%, respectively in 2018. Conclusion The prevalence of hypertension among Bangladeshi adults has increased significantly, and there is no subgroup where it is decreasing. Population-level approaches directed at high-risk groups (overweight, obese) should be implemented thoroughly. We underscore prevention strategies by following strong collaboration with stakeholders in the health system of the country to adopt healthy lifestyle choices.
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Chapman, Bruce J., and Charles Mulvey. "An Analysis of the Origins of Sex Differences in Australian Wages." Journal of Industrial Relations 28, no. 4 (December 1986): 504–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002218568602800402.
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Different levels of measured skills, geographic location and demographicfactors (such as marital status and country of birth) explain almost none of the hourly wage differences of Australian women and men in full-time employment. The major contribution to wage differences is apparently in the different returns paid by employers to men and women for observable characteristics. Usually this is considered as evidence for the existence of direct wage discrimination by employers but—at least for the data of this study—some questions remain as to the extent of this influence. Measurement issues related to both schooling and general labour market experience tend to exaggerate the role of direct employer discrimination, but even extreme assumptions as to the extent of mismeasurement of these variables do not eliminate such discrimination (although it is reduced from 13 to 3.5 per cent). Some part of the overall difference is likely to be a consequertce of (unmeasured) occupation factors and, of much greater contplexity, the possible influence of role-stereotyping and its interaction with family arrangements.
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CHAPMAN, BRUCE J. "SEX AND LOCATION DIFFERENCES IN WAGES IN THE AUSTRALIAN PUBLIC SERVICE." Australian Economic Papers 24, no. 45 (December 1985): 296–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8454.1985.tb00118.x.
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Freni-Sterrantino, Anna, Priscilla Afoakwah, Rachel B. Smith, Rebecca E. Ghosh, and Anna Hansell. "Birth weight centiles and small for gestational age by sex and ethnicity for England and Wales." Archives of Disease in Childhood 104, no. 12 (June 13, 2019): 1188–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2018-316518.
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ObjectivesTo construct UK ethnicity birth weight centiles (UK-EBWC) for gestational age and cut-offs for small for gestational age (SGA) for England and Wales and to evaluate the SGA misclassification using the UK centiles.DesignAnalysis of national birth data.ParticipantsAll live singleton births in England and Wales in 2006–2012, as recorded by the Office for National Statistics and birth registrations, linked with National Health Service into numbers for babies.Main outcome measuresBoth sex-specific and ethnicity-sex-specific birth weight centiles for gestational age, and ethnicity-sex-specific SGA cut-offs. Centiles were computed using the generalised additive model for location, scale and shape.ResultsOur sex-specific centiles performed well and showed an agreement between the expected and observed number of births below the centiles. The ethnicity-sex-specific centiles for Black and Asian presented lower values compared with the White centiles. Comparisons of sex-specific and ethnicity-sex-specific centiles shows that use of sex-specific centiles increases the SGA diagnosed cases by 50% for Asian, 30% for South Asian (Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi) and 20% for Black ethnicity.ConclusionsThe centiles show important differences between ethnic groups, in particular the 10th centile used to define SGA. To account for these differences and to minimise misclassification of SGA, we recommend the use of customised birth weight centiles.
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Bayard, Kimberly, Judith Hellerstein, David Neumark, and Kenneth Troske. "New Evidence on Sex Segregation and Sex Differences in Wages from Matched Employee‐Employer Data." Journal of Labor Economics 21, no. 4 (October 2003): 887–922. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/377026.
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Hills, Stephen M. "Race and Sex Differences in the Effects of Early Unemployment on Wages." Review of Black Political Economy 18, no. 4 (March 1990): 13–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02901188.
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Bridges, Sarah, and Samuel Mann. "Sexual Orientation, Legal Partnerships and Wages in Britain." Work, Employment and Society 33, no. 6 (October 28, 2019): 1020–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017019873265.
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This article uses data from the Labour Force Survey to examine the effect sexual orientation has on wages in Britain. In doing so it provides the first empirical investigation of the effect being in a same-sex legal partnership has on wages. The results show that gay cohabitees and lesbians face a wage premium compared to their heterosexual counterparts. Decomposition results show that for gay cohabitees this arises due to differences in observable characteristics, while lesbians not only earn significantly more due to differences in their observable characteristics, but they also receive a higher return for these characteristics. In contrast, although no significant difference in earnings is observed for men in a legal partnership, decomposition results suggest that legally partnered gay males should earn more due to differences in their observable characteristics, while there is also evidence that they face barriers to advancement to senior positions, or a glass ceiling.
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Ryczkowski, Maciej. "Effects of Being in an Occupation – Is ISCO 1 Digit Classification Enough to Model Wages in Poland?" Przegląd Statystyczny 62, no. 3 (September 30, 2015): 321–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.1756.
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Contrary to neoclassical assumptions of perfect competition, there is a consensus that factors affecting wages include sex, level of education, age, job experience, occupation, post, work-related responsibility and a whole set of personality traits. The paper presents an econometric model that allows to explain wage differences in Poland and extends analyses of wage determinants in Poland by taking into account occupations broken down in accordance with the 2-digit level of International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO). The analysis shows that ISCO 2 digit level is an important and statistically significant determinant of wages in Poland, while models of wages basing on ISCO 1 digit might be not enough to properly capture the role of occupations.
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Hellerstein, Judith K., and David Neumark. "Wage Discrimination, Segregation, and Sex Differences in Wages and Productivity Within and Between Plants." Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society 37, no. 2 (April 1998): 232–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0019-8676.00084.
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Filer, Randall K. "Male-Female Wage Differences: The Importance of Compensating Differentials." ILR Review 38, no. 3 (April 1985): 426–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979398503800309.
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This study investigates the extent to which differences in average earnings between men and women may be the result of sorting by the sexes into jobs with different average levels of disagreeable and agreeable working conditions. An analysis of data from the 1977 Quality of Employment Survey shows that, on average, men and women hold jobs with substantially different working conditions and that these differences are of a pattern suggesting the need to pay higher wages to attract employees to the jobs held by men. Estimation of wage equations shows that these differences in working conditions contribute significantly to the ability to explain average earnings for each sex.
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Pitt, Mark M., Mark R. Rosenzweig, and Mohammad Nazmul Hassan. "Human Capital Investment and the Gender Division of Labor in a Brawn-Based Economy." American Economic Review 102, no. 7 (December 1, 2012): 3531–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.7.3531.
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A model of human capital investment and activity choice is used to explain facts describing gender differentials in the levels and returns to human capital investments and occupational choice. These include the higher return to and level of schooling, the small effect of healthiness on wages, and the large effect of healthiness on schooling for females relative to males. The model incorporates gender differences in the level and responsiveness of brawn to nutrition in a Roy-economy setting in which activities reward skill and brawn differentially. Evidence from rural Bangladesh provides support for the model and the importance of the distribution of brawn.
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Burke, Ronald J. "Comparison of Experiences of Men and Women following a Plant Shutdown." Psychological Reports 57, no. 1 (August 1985): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1985.57.1.59.
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This analysis compared the experiences of 155 men and 22 women who lost their jobs when the Canadian Admiral plant closed. Data were collected by questionnaire 16 mo. after the plant closed. A modest number of statistically significant sex differences were noted. In most cases, women were relatively disadvantaged. Fewer women found new jobs, and those who did were earning significantly lower wages than were the men.
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Kamal, AHM Mostafa, Shamim Ara, Md Mesbahul Hoque, Khadeza Khatun, and Kazi Afzalur Rahman. "Significance of Sacral Index in Estimation of Sex in Sacra of Cadavers in Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy 11, no. 1 (September 20, 2014): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bja.v11i1.20502.
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Context : The bones of the body are the last to pass away after death, next to enamel of teeth. Hence, in establishing the personal identity with respect to sex, age and stature, medico legal experts, anatomists and anthropologists use the skeletal materials for giving their opinion. Sex-dependent differences have been noted in the pelvic bone anatomy, and so differences exist in male and female sacrum. The aim of this study was to collect data regarding morphometric measurements of maximum length and breadth of sacrum and to find out possible variations of sacral index in different individuals in relation to sex. Material and Methods: A Cross-sectional, analytical type of study was conducted in the department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, on 172 (one hundred seventy two) adult human dry sacra of unknown sex. The study samples were distributed in male and female sex groups by discriminant function analysis. All the samples were studied morphologically. Sacral length and breadth were measured with the help of digital slide calipers. Result : The mean sacral index in male and female were 97.88±6.16 % and 112.69±10.17 % respectively. Female has the greater sacral index than male (P<0.001) Conclusion: Sexing of sacrum, by sacral index method is relevant and significant DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bja.v11i1.20502 Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy, January 2013, Vol. 11 No. 1 pp 11-14
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Baltar, Carolina Troncoso, Lilian Nogueira Rolim, and Eugenia Troncoso Leone. "effects of the Brazilian recession on wage inequality between men and women." RBEST: Revista Brasileira de Economia Social e do Trabalho 2 (October 26, 2020): e020008. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/rbest.v2i..14341.
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The Brazilian economy entered a deep recession in 2014, when the country’s GDP decreased, with negative consequences for the labour market. The aim of this paper is to analyse the effect of this recession on the country’s wage inequality, taking into account sex differences. The paper classifies employees in different groups considering occupational groups and the sectors of activities these workers belong to in order to verify who are the employees better inserted in the labour market and the ones who are in a more vulnerable situation, separating them by sex. The results show a high asymmetry and dispersion of wage distribution in Brazil. The economic recession of 2015-2016 reduced the country’s income inequality and the differences between men and women, because the share of workers with lower wages increased. However, wage differences in favour of men are still high, especially in occupations of high income and higher education requirements.
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CHOWDHURY, MRIDUL K., NIZAM UDDIN KHAN, LOKKY WAI, and RADHESHYAM BAIRAGI. "Sex Differences and Sustained Excess in Mortality among Discordant Twins in Matlab, Bangladesh: 1977–1985." International Journal of Epidemiology 19, no. 2 (1990): 387–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/19.2.387.
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Khan, S., No author No author, No author No author, J. Epstein, K. Olival, M. Hassan, M. Hossain, et al. "Hematology and serum chemistry reference values of stray dogs in Bangladesh." Open Veterinary Journal 5, no. 2 (2011): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/ovj.2011.v1.i0.p13.
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Hematology and serum chemistry values were obtained from 28 male and 22 female stray dogs in Chittagong Metropolitan area, Bangladesh. The goal of the study was to establish reference value for hematology and serum chemistry for these semi wild animals in relation to age, sex, reproductive stage and body condition. No significant differences were found for mean values of hemoglobin, packed cell volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, white blood cell, differential leukocyte count, total protein, albumin, glucose, cholesterol, phosphorus and potassium among or between sexes, ages, reproductive states or body conditions. Significant differences were noted for erythrocyte sedimentation rate (p<0.02) between sexes. Among different age groups significant differences were found for total red blood cell count (p<0.001). Different body conditions have significant differences in red blood cell count, mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (p<0.001). Pregnant and non-pregnant females differed significantly in their red blood cell count, mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (p<0.001).
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Islam, Jessica Yasmine, M. Mostafa Zaman, Jasim Uddin Ahmed, Sohel Reza Choudhury, Hasanuzzaman Khan, and Tashfin Zissan. "Sex differences in prevalence and determinants of hypertension among adults: a cross-sectional survey of one rural village in Bangladesh." BMJ Open 10, no. 9 (September 2020): e037546. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037546.
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ObjectivePrevention of mortality due to cardiovascular disease (CVD) through control of hypertension is a public health priority in Bangladesh. Our objective was to assess sex differences in prevalence and determinants of hypertension among adults in one rural area of Bangladesh.Study designCross-sectional.Setting and participantsFrom January 2014 to December 2015, we conducted a cross-sectional study of 2600 men and women aged ≥18 years located in one rural district of Bangladesh. We collected data on demographics, behavioural factors, physical measurements and health history.Primary outcome measuresOur primary outcome was hypertension (systolic blood pressure ≥140 or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg).ResultsThe average age of participants was 41.6 years and 53.7% were women. Hypertension prevalence was 6.9% (95% CI 5.9 to 7.9), and was significantly higher among women (8.9%) than men (4.5%). The highest prevalence of hypertension was observed among women aged ≥60 years at 21.3% (95% CI 16.6 to 26.7). A higher proportion of men with hypertension were aware of their condition (72.2%) compared with women (52.4%). Determinants of hypertension included older age, higher education, current tobacco use, increasing body mass index, and hyperglycaemia.ConclusionOur research suggests that hypertension prevalence is higher among women than men in rural Bangladesh. Sex-specific interventions should be developed to inform adults of the necessary lifestyle changes that may reduce the risk of hypertension and subsequent CVDs.
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Begum, Aleya, and Nasrin Banu. "Sex, organal and seasonal differences of Belminthofauna of toad, bufo melanostictus (Schneider, 1799)." Bangladesh Journal of Zoology 40, no. 2 (March 29, 2013): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v40i2.14308.
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A total of 75 toads (39 males and 36 females), Bufo melanostictus, collected from different areas of Dhaka city from May 2009 to April 2010 was examined for helminth parasites. The results showed that seven parasite species were collected, and prevalence of infection was 100%. The parasite fauna was comprised of Trematoda: 8% was the prevalence of Ganeo kumaonensis, 8% of Halipegus eccentricus; Nematoda: 100% of Oswaldocruzia indica, 68% of Neopharyngodon sp., 40% of Rhabdias bufonis; Acanthocephala: 28% of Pseudoacanthocephalus bufonis; and Pentastomida: 4% of Raillietiella indica. Serious damage was observed in intestine (53.94%) then rectum (24.55%), stomach (12.73%) and lungs (8.78%). The males had a higher intensity (77.92) than the females (44.58). Seasonally, the highest intensity of infection was found in the rainy season (81.21) and lowest during the winter (39.87). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v40i2.14308 Bangladesh J. Zool. 40(2): 155-164, 2012
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Semmaila, Baharuddin. "KARAKTERISTIK INDIVIDU, SOSIAL EKONOMI, BUDAYA DAN KESEHATAN TERHADAP PRODUKTIVITAS KERJA KARYAWAN PADA INDUSTRI KECIL DI KOTA MAKASSAR." EKUITAS (Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan) 12, no. 4 (September 12, 2018): 549–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24034/j25485024.y2008.v12.i4.206.
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This research was to identify the working hours and productivity of labors from Bugis, Toraja, and Makassar in the small industries. In detail, the aims of the research were to know: 1) the influence of individual characteristic, health status, work environment and work ethos (spirit) toward the work productivity of the small industry labors; 2) the differences of the work productivity among ethnics in the small industries; and 3) the variables which have dominant influence toward the labors’ work productivity in the small industries. The population of this research were 3135 labors from garment and furniture ready-made industries, and the samples were 302 labors. The respondents were workers and employers. The data were analyzed using multiple linear regression with SPSS and AMOS programs and then the results were combined with the qualitative analysis. The research findings are: 1) the independent variables which influence significantly toward the work productivity of the small industry workers are work experience, dependency ratio, health status, weekly wages, work environment and work ethos. While the variables which do not influence the productivity are workers’ age, sex and length of education. The independent variables which influence dominantly toward the labor productivity are wages and health status. Good health status may indicate the increase of the productivity. And there are the significant differences of work productivity among labors from Bugis, Toraja, and Makassar because of their cultural effects.
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Semmaila, Baharuddin. "KARAKTERISTIK INDIVIDU, SOSIAL EKONOMI, BUDAYA DAN KESEHATAN TERHADAP PRODUKTIVITAS KERJA KARYAWAN PADA INDUSTRI KECIL DI KOTA MAKASSAR." EKUITAS (Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan) 12, no. 4 (February 2, 2017): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.24034/j25485024.y2008.v12.i4.2094.
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This research was to identify the working hours and productivity of labors from Bugis, Toraja, and Makassar in the small industries. In detail, the aims of the research were to know: 1) the influence of individual characteristic, health status, work environment and work ethos (spirit) toward the work productivity of the small industry labors; 2) the differences of the work productivity among ethnics in the small industries; and 3) the variables which have dominant influence toward the labors’ work productivity in the small industries.The population of this research were 3135 labors from garment and furniture ready-made industries, and the samples were 302 labors. The respondents were workers and employers. The data were analyzed using multiple linear regression with SPSS and AMOS programs and then the results were combined with the qualitative analysis. The research findings are: 1) the independent variables which influence significantly toward the work productivity of the small industry workers are work experience, dependency ratio, health status, weekly wages, work environment and work ethos. While the variables which do not influence the productivity are workers’ age, sex and length of education. The independent variables which influence dominantly toward the labor productivity are wages and health status. Good health status may indicate the increase of the productivity. And there are the significant differences of work productivity among labors from Bugis, Toraja, and Makassar because of their cultural effects.
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Sayers, Rachel, John Levendis, and Mehmet Dicle. "The sexual orientation wage gap in the USA." International Journal of Social Economics 44, no. 12 (December 4, 2017): 1846–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-08-2016-0215.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to determine the nature of the wage gap between genders and sexual orientation. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses OLS on pooled repeated cross-sections. Findings The differences in wages between gay/straight men and women mirror what would be expected from labor force attachment more so than direct heterosexism. Research limitations/implications The authors use a functional definition of sexual preference that reflects whether the respondent had sex with someone of the same gender in the same year. It does not ask whether the person identifies publicly as gay/lesbian/bisexual. Originality/value The authors verify and extend earlier findings on the sexual orientation and gendered wage gap.
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Julià, Mireia, Fabrizio Méndez-Rivero, Álex Gómez-Gómez, Óscar J. Pozo, and Mireia Bolíbar. "Association between Precarious Employment and Chronic Stress: Effect of Gender, Stress Measurement and Precariousness Dimensions—A Cross-Sectional Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 15 (July 26, 2022): 9099. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159099.
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Precarious employment has been highlighted as a social determinant of health, given, among others, to its alleged association with chronic stress. However, few studies have been conducted analyzing such association, using both perceived stress indicators and biological markers. Accordingly, the present study analyzed the association of multidimensional (6 dimensions) precarious employment scale with perceived stress and 23 markers of adrenal and gonadal hormone production, including cortisol. The sample consisted of 255 salaried workers from Barcelona (125 men, 130 women) aged 25–60. OLS regression models stratified by sex were conducted. Results demonstrated that precarious employment increased the probabilities of having perceived stress in both sexes. In addition, the production of adrenal hormones among men is associated with precarious wages and among women with precarious contracts (“Temporariness”, “Disempowerment”, and “Rights” dimensions). Therefore, precarious employment could be embodied by workers, altering their perceived well-being and physiological characteristics. Differences between men and women in the physiological effect of precarious employment could express not just the biochemical differences inherent to biological sex, but also the social construction of gender identities, positions and roles in society and family, as well as gender inequalities in the labour market.
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Akter, Mir Rowshan, Md Shahidur Rahman Khan, Md Mostafizer Rahman, SM Lutful Kabir, and Md Abu Sayed Khan. "Epidemic behavior of the etiological agent of infectious coryza in layer chicken of Bangladesh with isolation, identification and pathogenicity study." Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 2, no. 1 (May 15, 2016): 82–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ajmbr.v2i1.27573.
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The present study was selected as infectious coryza is one of the major problems affecting poultry industry in the developing country like Bangladesh and the reports regarding infectious coryza are yet not be documented considering epidemiological investigation, proper isolation, identification and pathogenicity study. The epidemic behavior of the etiological agent of this disease were studied based on age, sex, breed, spatial and temporal differences after collection of samples suspected to be infected with infectious coryza in layer chicken of Bangladesh. The incidence rate of infectious coryza from field cases were recorded as per information received from farmers by using a structured questionnaire and also clinical signs and symptoms. The disease was very high in laying hen (18.38%) in Sylhet and growing birds (7.25%) in Khulna in comparing with prelaying stage (2.07%) also in Sylhet region of Bangladesh. In this study no significant differences was observed as their location variation except Sylhet (9.2%) in comparison with other areas (Rangpur 8.76%, Rajshahi -8.82%, Khulna - 8.83%, Dhaka 8.72 and Chittagong - 8.65% respectively) of Bangladesh but significant differences was observed as their age group. However, the incidence rate of this disease was found to be very high during winter (8.77%) in compare with summer (0.42%) season. Moreover, during investigation a total of 122 samples were collected from different areas of Bangladesh for the period of March 2011 to February 2014. The higher rate of incidence of A. paragallinarum was found in Sylhet (66.66%) and lowest in Dhaka (43.75%). The association of A. paragallinarum with different seasons revealed that higher incidence rate was found in winter season (52.26%) in comparison with summer season (1.85%). The suspected positive isolates were subjected to experimental pathogenicity study in natural host for there isolation of A. paragallinarum was done as per Kotch postulates.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. March 2016, 2(1): 82-94
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Akter, S., SC Das, AS Apu, T. Ahmed, A. Lahiry, A. Afrin, and NJ Nishat. "Early sex determination of Turkey by observation of differences in body weight between male and female." Progressive Agriculture 31, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 218–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v31i3.52126.
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The present study was conducted to determine the early sex in turkeys by observation of the differences in body weight between male and female birds. A total of 30-day old black color unsexed poults having almost similar body weight at hatching were considered for the experimentation and housed at the Poultry Farm of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh. All birds were reared up to 12 weeks of age under intensive management with supplementation of commercial broiler starter and grower feeds. Birds were reared under similar management conditions. Significantly higher (p<0.01) body weight was attained in male poults (104g/bird) than the female (90g/bird) at the end of 1st week of age. Similarly, at the end of 2nd week of age higher (p<0.01) body weight attained by male poults (198.31g/bird) than the female (162.13g/bird). At the end of 3rd weeks of age male poults attained higher (p<0.01) body weight (307.23g/bird) than the female (251.33g/bird). After 4 weeks of rearing, male turkeys attained significantly higher (p<0.01) live body weight (424.46g/bird) than the female turkeys (347.87g/bird). The weekly average body weight gains of male and female birds were 94.18g/bird and 76.5g/bird, respectively. Thus, the male and female birds were successfully identified on the basis of differences in their body weight. Weekly feed intake for both the male and female birds was also increased with their age. Up to 4 weeks of age, both the male and female poults consumed same amount of feed (753.46g/bird). The FCR of male and female poults differed non-significantly in 1st, 3rd and 4th week. On the contrary, in 2nd week of age the FCR of male poults (1.60) was significantly lower (p<0.01) than female (2.11). Survivability was 100% up to 4th week of age irrespective of sex of the poults. The birds were reared up to 12 weeks of age until to confirm their sex by observation of the phenotypic appearance. Results of the phenotypic observation of male and female birds correspondence hundred percent accuracy with the results obtained in body weight based differences between male and female birds. It is therefore concluded that farmers can identify male or female poults as early as first week of age on the basis of body weight differences.
Progressive Agriculture 31 (3): 218-226, 2020
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Shaikh, Saijuddin, Md Tanvir Islam, and Rebecca K. Campbell. "Low birth weight and birth weight status in Bangladesh: A systematic review and metaanalysis." Anthropological Review 84, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 257–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/anre-2021-0022.
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The prevalence of low birth weight (LBW) is high in Bangladesh, but no study has collated recent estimates of LBW prevalence from throughout the country. The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the prevalence of LBW and birth weight status in Bangladesh. We searched PubMed, Medline, Ovo and Google Scholar to find published articles in national and international journals from 2000–2020 and reviewed for relevance. Meta-analysis and Q test were performed to estimate the prevalence and hetero-geneity of LBW from all included articles. Meta-regression was done to quantify associations with sample size and study year. Stratified analysis was conducted and effect size calculated for differences in LBW prevalence by sex, division and urban/rural area. In total 48 studies with 166,520 births were found and included in this meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of LBW was 29.1% (95% CI, 28.9–29.3%) in overall, 29.9% (29.7–30.2%) in rural and 15.7% (14.9–16.6%) in urban areas. There was no significant difference in average birth weight between boys and girls (SD, 0.71; 95% CI, −0.43–1.83). Prevalence of LBW was higher in north-east Bangladesh compared to other zones (p<0.05). The pooled prevalence of LBW did not change significantly for last two decades. The prevalence of LBW in Bangladesh remains high. Lack of im-provement suggests an urgent need for scaled up maternal and prenatal interventions and services known to reduce LBW. Urban/rural and divisional differences in rates suggest areas of greatest need.
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Knowles, Rachel L., Deborah Ridout, Sonya Crowe, Catherine Bull, Jo Wray, Jenifer Tregay, Rodney C. G. Franklin, David J. Barron, Roger C. Parslow, and Katherine Brown. "Ethnic-specific mortality of infants undergoing congenital heart surgery in England and Wales." Archives of Disease in Childhood 104, no. 9 (March 1, 2019): 844–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2018-315505.
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PurposeTo investigate ethnic differences in mortality for infants with congenital heart defects (CHDs) undergoing cardiac surgery or interventional catheterisation.DesignObservational study of survival to age 1 year using linked records from routine national paediatric cardiac surgery and intensive care audits. Mortality risk was investigated using multivariable Poisson models with multiple imputation. Predictors included sex, ethnicity, preterm birth, deprivation, comorbidities, prenatal diagnosis, age and weight at surgery, preprocedure deterioration and cardiac diagnosis.SettingAll paediatric cardiac surgery centres in England and Wales.Patients5350 infants with CHDs born from 2006 to 2009.Main outcome measureSurvival at age 1 year.ResultsMortality was 83.9 (95% CI 76.3 to 92.1) per 1000 infants, with variation by ethnic group. Compared with those of white ethnicity, infants in British Asian (Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi) and ‘all other’ (Chinese, mixed and other) categories experienced significantly higher mortality by age 1 year (relative risk [RR] 1.52[95% CI 1.19 to 1.95]; 1.62[95% CI 1.20 to 2.20], respectively), specifically during index hospital admission (RR 1.55 [95% CI 1.07 to 2.26]; 1.64 [95% CI 1.05 to 2.57], respectively). Further predictors of mortality included non-cardiac comorbidities, prenatal diagnosis, older age at surgery, preprocedure deterioration and cardiac diagnosis. British Asian infants had higher mortality risk during elective hospital readmission (RR 1.86 [95% CI 1.02 to 3.39]).ConclusionsInfants of British Asian and ‘all other’ non-white ethnicity experienced higher postoperative mortality risk, which was only partly explained by socioeconomic deprivation and access to care. Further investigation of case-mix and timing of risk may provide important insights into potential mechanisms underlying ethnic disparities.
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Bhuiyan, Aminu Islam. "Endoparasitic helminths of Tenualosa ilisha in Bangladesh in relation to sex, seasons and habitat type." Bangladesh Journal of Zoology 41, no. 2 (May 13, 2015): 153–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v41i2.23317.
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Seasonal and sex wise occurrence of endoparasitic helminths were observed from sample collected round the year between January 2005 and December 2007. Some 2667 hilsa (male 288 and female 2379) were sampled from freshwater, brackish water and marine habitats. Fourteen species/genera of endohelminth parasites detected from hilsa were Faustula brevichrus, F. ilishii, F. gangeticus, Aphanurus stossichi, Lecithaster indicus, Ilisha parthenogenetica (plercercoid), Otobothrium ilisha (plercercoid), Acanthosentis indica, A hilsai, Goezia bangladeshi, Capillaria sp., Hysterothylacium sp., Camallanus sp. and Porroceacum sp. Out of these 14 helminths, 6 (Faustula spp. Aphanurus stossichi, Lecithaster indicus, Ilisha parthenogenetica, Acanthosentis spp., and Goezia bangladeshi,) had the status of component parasite (prevalence above 10%). Each species of component parasite has shown its own pattern of distribution over seasons and seasonal distribution of component parasites was found to be different between habitats of the hilsa. In freshwater, the spring and winter samples were found not significantly different from each other. But in summer and autumn, there was a significant difference among each other and between spring or winter. In brackish water mean parasite burden in spring was significantly different from other seasons. In marine hilsa the intensity of parasites in all the four seasons were different from each other. The female fishes were found to be more vulnerable to infection irrespective of the habitats of the host fish, though the differences were little.Bangladesh J. Zool. 41(2): 153-163, 2013
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Blee, Kathleen M. "Mobility and Political Orientation." Sociological Perspectives 28, no. 3 (July 1985): 385–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1389153.
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Public attention recently has been drawn to the existence of a “gender gap” in public opinion and electoral politics in the United States. Yet the reasons for this sex difference in politics are unclear. Do men and women have differences of political orientation that are independent of social class differences or do sex differences in politics reflect different class experiences for men and women? This research uses national survey data to compare the political effects of social mobility for three groups of respondents: Males, women employed for wages outside the home, and housewives. I predict that women who are mobile by virtue of their own occupational status will have political orientations close to those of their class-of-destination, while women who are mobile by virtue of a spouse's occupation will retain political orientations similar to those of their class-of-origin. Further, I predict that the difference between the relationship of social mobility and political orientation for employed men and women will decline as women's overall labor force participation increases. In a log-linear analysis of presidential candidate selection from 1948 to 1980, I find that marital and occupational mobility do have different effects on women's political orientation, but the direction of political change across mobility statuses was not consistent. There is no convergence over time in the pattern whereby mobility status is related to political choice for men and women.
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Banu, Masuma Akhtar, Shamim Ara, Borhan Uddin Ahamed, Sharmin Rahman, Yesmin Nahar, and Rahanur Akhter. "A Cross Sectional Study on Sex Difference in sagittal Length of Second Cervical Vertebrae." Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy 12, no. 1 (March 18, 2015): 07–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bja.v12i1.22610.
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Context: Examination of bone is important for identification of sex of an individual. The present study was planned to collect data regarding sagittal length of human dry ossified second cervical vertebrae and to find out possible variations in male and female. Materials & Methods: A cross-sectional analytical type of study was conducted in the department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, from January 2012 to December 2012. The study materials consist of 156 human dry ossified second cervical vertebrae of unknown sex. The study samples were distributed in male and female sex groups by discriminant function analysis technique. Results: Among 156 vertebrae 55.77% was male and 44.23% was female. The mean (±SD) sagittal length of second cervical vertebrae was greater in male than that of female (P<0.001). Conclusion: Sagittal length of second cervical vertebra was greater in male compared to female. The differences in length can be useful in sex differentiation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bja.v12i1.22610 Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy, January 2014, Vol. 12 No. 1 pp 07-10
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Karim Khan, Md Rezaul, AKM Anwarullah, Md Shafiqus Saleheen, SK Mahbub Alam, Md Rafiqul Islam, and Syeda Tabassum Alam. "Relationship between Blood Lipids, Lipoproteins and Ischemic Stroke." Bangladesh Journal of Neuroscience 30, no. 2 (July 31, 2014): 96–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjn.v30i2.57393.
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Objective: To find out the relationship of different lipids, lipoproteins and ischemic stroke patients in Bangladesh.
Methodology: This case control study was conducted among the patients having ischemic stroke who were admitted in Department of Neurology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh during the period from July, 1997 to June, 1999 and age, sex matched apparently healthy volunteers. Sixty ischemic stroke patients confirmed by CT scan of brain and sixty age and sex matched apparently healthy volunteers were enrolled as controls. 12 hours fasting lipid profile (Total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDLcholesterol and Triglyceride) was done for both ischemic stroke patients and healthy volunteers for comparison. The students (unpaired) t test was used to compare group means for lipids and lipoproteins. Chi square test, odds ratio with confidence interval were done to evaluate differences between the groups for other variables. P<0.05 was considered as minimum level of significance.
Result: The mean age (±SD) of the patients and controls were 58.45±10.12 and 59.40±10.41 years respectively and 44 (73.3%) were male and 16 (26.7%) were female and male- female ratio was 2.75:1 in both cases and controls. Total cholesterol (Means) was 201.62±5.52 mg/dl and 169.13±3.49 mg/dl in cases and controls respectively (P<0.001). HDL cholesterol (Means) was 38.36±0.81 mg/dl and 44.03±0.84 mg/dl in cases and controls respectively (P<0.001). LDL cholesterol (Mean±SE) in ischemic stroke patients and controls were 125.45±4.63 mg/dl and 96.40±3.23 mg/dl respectively (P<0.001). Triglyceride (Mean±SE) in cases and controls were 188.50±9.35 mg/dl and 142.85±4.72 mg/dl respectively (P<0.001).
Conclusion: This case-control study showed significant differences of serum lipids and lipoproteins (Total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglyceride) in ischemic stroke patients than the controls in our community.
Bangladesh Journal of Neuroscience 2014; Vol. 30 (2): 96-103
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Moushomi, R., and S. Saha. "Landmark based shape variation of normal male, female and sex-reversed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in Bangladesh." Progressive Agriculture 26, no. 2 (December 15, 2015): 168–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v26i2.25978.
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The truss network systems constructed with the help of landmark were evaluated to infer the shape of normal male, female and monosex male tilapia. A total of sixty (60) individuals from different sources (Subarna Agro Based Initiative and BismillahAgro Production) were collected during September-December, 2013. All the data of the studied characteristics were obtained using the digital photograph of the samples which were analyzed through professional image measurement software. Nine morphometric and eight meristic characters were considered along with twenty six truss network measurements. Highly significant difference (P<0.05) was observed in six (SL, HL, PrDL, MBH, EL and PL) of eight morphometric measurements. In case of truss measurements 7 of 26 measurements showed highly significant differences among the groups. For both morphometric and landmark measurements the first DF accounted for 98.9% and 85.7% and the second DF accounted for 1.1% and 14.3% respectively. With truss network system 100% monosex male samples, 85.5% of normal male samples, 100% of female samples were correctly classified. In both cases, plotting discriminant functions revealed high isolation of the groups especially between the monosex groups with the other two groups. The results showed that the shape of the tested tilapia groups significantly differed from each other depending on the truss measurements. that could be explained by the genetic sex related reasons.Progressive Agriculture 26 (2): 168-172, 2015
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RAHMAN, M. OMAR. "THE IMPACT OF CO-RESIDENT SPOUSES AND SONS ON ELDERLY MORTALITY IN RURAL BANGLADESH." Journal of Biosocial Science 32, no. 1 (January 2000): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000000894.
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This paper uses prospective data from the Matlab surveillance system in rural Bangladesh to demonstrate that initially co-resident spouses and sons have a major impact on the subsequent mortality of old people, with significant differences by the sex of the elderly person, and the age of the son. Spouses significantly reduce mortality by similar magnitudes for both elderly men and women. On the other hand, co-resident adult sons reduce mortality for elderly women much more than for elderly men, with younger sons being more beneficial than older sons. Furthermore, both married and unmarried females appear to benefit equally from co-resident adult sons. Finally, this analysis suggests that the impact of spouses and sons on mortality in old age is not substantially mediated through changes in elderly economic status.
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Shahrin, Lubaba, Irin Parvin, Monira Sarmin, Nayem Akhter Abbassi, Mst Mahmuda Ackhter, Tahmina Alam, Gazi Md Salahuddin Mamun, et al. "In-person training on COVID-19 case management and infection prevention and control: Evaluation of healthcare professionals in Bangladesh." PLOS ONE 17, no. 10 (October 4, 2022): e0273809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273809.
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Background As COVID-19 was declared a global pandemic, the major focus of healthcare organizations shifted towards preparing healthcare systems to handle the inevitable COVID-19 burden at different phases and levels. A series of in-person training programs were operated in collaboration with government and partner organizations for the healthcare workers (HCW) of Bangladesh. This study aimed to assess the knowledge of HCWs regarding SARS-CoV-2 infection, their case management, infection prevention and control to fight against the ongoing pandemic. Methods As a part of the National Preparedness and Response Plan for COVID-19 in Bangladesh, the training program was conducted at four district-level hospitals and one specialized hospital in Bangladesh from July 1, 2020 to June 30, 2021. A total of 755 HCWs participated in the training sessions. Among them, 357 (47%) were enrolled for the evaluation upon completion of the data, collected from one district hospital (Feni) and one specialized hospital (National Institute of Mental Health). Results The mean percentage of pre-test and post-test scores of all the participants were found to be 57% (95% CI 8.34–8.91; p 0.01) and 65% (95% CI 9.56–10.15; p <0.001) respectively. The difference of score (mean) between the groups was significant (p<0.001). After categorizing participants’ knowledge levels as poor, average and fair, doctors’ group has shown to have significant enhancement from level of average to fair compared to that of the nurses. Factors associated with knowledge augmentation of doctors were working in primary health care centers (aOR: 4.22; 95% CI: 1.80, 9.88), job experience less than 5 years (aOR: 4.10; 95% CI: 1.01, 16.63) and experience in caring of family member with COVID-19 morbidity (aOR: 2.06; 95% CI: 1.03, 4.10), after adjusting for relevant covariates such as age, sex and prior COVID-19 illness. Conclusion Considering the series of waves of COVID-19 pandemic with newer variants, the present paper underscores the importance of implementing the structured in-person training program on case management, infection prevention and control for the HCWs that may help for successful readiness prior to future pandemics that may further help to minimize the pandemic related fatal consequences.
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Coleman, Fiona, Akhter Ahmed, Shalini Roy, and John Hoddinott. "Gender Differences in Diet Quality and Quantity in Rural Bangladesh. Are Men Still Favored?" Current Developments in Nutrition 6, Supplement_1 (June 2022): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzac060.014.
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Abstract Objectives Studies from Bangladesh have long documented pro-male biases in intrahousehold food allocation. However, many of these earlier studies were conducted against the backdrop of caloric scarcity and since then, food availability and affordability in the country have significantly improved. This study re-examines gender differences in diet quantity and quality in rural Bangladesh with 2012 data. Methods The study uses 24-hour dietary recall data collected in 2012 (12,970 individuals within 5,000 households, ages 15+) from ultra-poor rural Bangladeshi households and OLS regressions to test for gender differences in constructed diet measures. Measures include caloric intake, Caloric Adequacy Ratio (CAR: intake divided by estimated requirements based on sex, occupation, and life stage), Dietary Diversity Score (DDS; range 0–10), Global Dietary Quality Score (DGQS; range 0–49), food group intakes (intake per GDQS food group, grams), and ratios of food group intake to total intake. Between-household differences are accounted for by adjusting for demographic and geographic factors. Results Preliminary results show that men consume more calories than women (mean kcal: male = 2217.99, female = 2022.25, p < 0.001), but women consume more in reference to their caloric needs (CAR: m = 0.75, f = 0.90, p < 0.001). Men also score higher on diet quality measures (DDS: m = 3.43, f = 3.32, p < 0.001; GDQS: m = 8.27, f = 7.69, p < 0.001) and have greater mean intakes in 18 of the 25 GDQS food groups, but the absolute magnitude of male-female differences is small (e.g., < 10 gr. differences in all animal sourced foods). Moreover, compared to women, men did not consume significantly higher proportions of nutrient-dense foods groups. Conclusions Results indicate that while men's intake quantities and diet quality scores are marginally higher, the slight male advantage disappears when energy requirements and food group proportions are accounted for. Accordingly, the study results do not provide evidence of male favoritism in household food allocation. Funding Sources National Institutes of Health (award T32DK007158), German Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, UK Department for International Development, Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, UN Development Programme, World Food Programme.
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Yang, Juan, and Morley Gunderson. "Minimum wage impacts on wages, employment and hours in China." International Journal of Manpower 41, no. 2 (October 29, 2019): 207–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-10-2018-0361.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to estimate the causal effect of minimum wages (MWs) on the wages, employment and hours of migrant workers in China, and to show their inter-relatedness and how employers can offset some of the costs through subtle adjustments. This paper also illustrates the importance of disaggregating by region and sex. Design/methodology/approach Causal estimates are provided through difference-in-differences (DID) analysis, and robustness checks through propensity score matching. The analysis is based on micro data at the individual level from the household survey on migrant workers by the National Population and Family Planning Commission, combined with macro data regarding municipalities’ population, GDP and employment information based on the China Economic Information Network database. Findings MW increases for those paid by the month increased the earnings of both low-wage males and females. However, males tend not to experience an adverse employment effect because part of the cost increase is offset by employers increasing their monthly hours of work. Hours of work do not increase for females, so they experience an adverse employment effect. This highlights the importance of examining cost offsets such as increases in hours of work, as well as analyzing effects separately for males and females. Research limitations/implications The reason behind why employers offset some of the cost increase for males paid by the month by increasing their hours of work, but this cost-offsetting adjustment does not occur for females is uncertain. Social implications For workers paid by the month, employers can offset some of the cost increase by increasing their hours of work, leading to no reductions in employment. But this adjustment occurs only for males. Hours are not increased for females, but they experience reductions in employment. Clearly, MW increases have adverse effects either in the form of employment reductions (for females) or increases in hours of work for the same monthly pay (for males). Originality/value This paper provides causal estimates through DID analysis and robustness checks through Propensity Score Matching, and also indicates how employers can offset the cost of MW increases by increasing hours for those paid by the month, resulting in no adverse employment effect for such workers, but an adverse employment effect when such an adjustment does not occur.
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Sultana, Rezwana, and Akkur Chandra Das. "Knowledge and Practice Regarding HIV among Urban-Rural Men in Bangladesh: A cross sectional study." Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases 2, no. 1 (January 30, 2017): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjid.v2i1.31215.
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Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is one of the very much concerning issues and nearly 30 million people have died because of HIV related causes, which are found mostly low and lower income countries of the world. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate knowledge and practice to reduce risk factors of getting HIV among urban and rural men in Bangladesh with the comparative analysis among them. Methodology: This is a cross sectional study among 3997 men (urban=1437 and rural=2560). Frequency and percentage on knowledge and practice to reduce risk factors of getting HIV were counted to describe and also urban-rural significance levels of knowledge and practice issues regarding HIV were tested. Result: Knowledge and practice regarding HIV among urban-rural men were comparatively different where 93.7% urban and 81.9% rural men heard about HIV; 88.3% urban and 74.8% rural men thought that HIV can get by using unsterilized needle or syringe; 90.3% urban and 75.6% rural men thought that unsafe blood transfusions resulted HIV; 78.3% urban and 62.2% rural men use condom always during sex; and these urban-rural knowledge and practice related differences are statistically significant at P<.000. Conclusion: In Bangladesh, there werent massive differences between urban and rural mens knowledge and practice reducing risk factors of getting HIV; but urban men have comparatively more knowledge and practice levels than those of rural men have because of having urban mens higher level of socio-demographic and economic status. Bangladesh J Infect Dis 2015;2(1):3-8
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HOLMAN, DARRYL J., and MICHAEL A. GRIMES. "COLOSTRUM FEEDING BEHAVIOUR AND INITIATION OF BREAST-FEEDING IN RURAL BANGLADESH." Journal of Biosocial Science 33, no. 1 (January 2001): 139–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932001001390.
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Human breast milk is primarily colostrum immediately following birth. Colostrum gradually changes to mature milk over the next several days. The role of colostrum in fighting infections and promoting growth and development of the newborn is widely acknowledged. This role is mediated by differences across cultures in the acceptability of colostrum and the prevalence of colostrum feeding. This study examined the prevalence of colostrum feeding and time to initiation of breast-feeding in 143 rural Bangladeshi women in Matlab thana. Structured interviews were collected during a 9-month prospective study conducted in 1993. Women were usually interviewed within 4 days of giving birth and were asked about whether or not they fed their child colostrum and the number of hours until they began breast-feeding the baby. Ninety per cent of the mothers reported feeding their newborn colostrum. A logistic regression found no effect on the prevalence of colostrum feeding from the following covariates: mother's age, parity, history of pregnancy loss, child's sex, mother's self-report of delivery complications, and the time from birth to interview. Fifty-nine per cent of mothers initiated breast-feeding within 4 h, and 88% within 12 h of parturition. Survival analysis was used to estimate the effects of covariates on the time from delivery to initial breast-feeding. Time to initial breast-feeding was delayed slightly, but significantly, for older mothers, for male infants, and by mothers who did not report delivery complications. The percentage of mothers who fed their child colostrum was higher, and times to initial breast-feeding were shorter, than almost all previous reports from South Asia. These findings might be explained, in part, by methodological differences among studies, but it is suggested that recent changes towards earlier initiation of breast-feeding have taken place in rural Bangladesh.
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Farabi, Tasmia Jebin, Yamin Tauseef Jahangir, Afrin Ahmed Clara, Mohammad Hayatun Nabi, and Mohammad Delwer Hossain Hawlader. "Sexually Transmitted Infections among Street, Hotel, and Residence-Based Female Sex Workers in Dhaka, Bangladesh: Prevalence from Three HIV/STI Drop-in-Centers." Sexes 2, no. 1 (January 21, 2021): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sexes2010006.
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Introduction: Considering a growing number of female sex workers (FSWs) in Bangladesh, there remains a greater need to reduce sexually transmitted infection (STI) rates, as lower social and cultural status cause FSWs to have less access to education, employment opportunities, and health care, including opportunities for HIV tests, counseling, and medical care. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 546 street, hotel, and residence-based FSWs. This current study aimed to identify the prevalence and to ascertain the associated risk factors among the FSW populations in Dhaka. Results: We found a majority of the participants were in the working age of more than 26 years for the FSW profession, with a mean age of 28 years. While the majority were unemployed (42.5%), alcohol abuse (p = 0.01) and drug dependency (p = 0.01) had an association, and inconsistency of condom use had a higher risk factor (AOR = 3.54) for a new STI case. Conclusions: FSW-oriented service platform should be integrated with health literacy interventions in urban and rural locations in Bangladesh. Understanding the differences in risk patterns and tailoring intervention will increase contraception use and lower STI cases and improve overall FSW quality of life.
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Sherman, Bruce W., and Carol Addy. "Association of Wage With Employee Participation in Health Assessments and Biometric Screening." American Journal of Health Promotion 32, no. 2 (May 23, 2017): 440–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890117117708607.
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Purpose: To understand differences in health risk assessment (HRA) and biometric screening participation rates among benefits-enrolled employees in association with wage category. Design: Cross-sectional analysis of employee eligibility file and health benefits (wellness and claims) data. Setting: Data from self-insured employers participating in the RightOpt private exchange (Conduent HR Services) during 2014. Participants: Active employees from 4 companies continuously enrolled in health insurance for which wage data were available. Measures: Measures included HRA and biometric screening participation rates and wage status, with employee age, sex, employer, job tenure, household income, geographic location, and health benefits deductible as a percentage of total wages serving as covariates. Analysis: Employees were separated into 5 groups based on wage status. Logistic regression analysis incorporated other measures as covariates to adjust for differences between groups, with HRA and biometric screening participation rates determined as binary outcomes. Results: Participation rates for HRA and biometric screening were 90% and 87%, respectively, in the highest wage category, decreasing to 67% and 60%, respectively, among the lowest wage category. Conclusion: Employee wage status is associated with significant differences in HRA and biometric participation rates. Generalizing the results generated by modest participation in these offerings to entire populations may risk misinterpretation of results based on variable participation rates across wage categories.
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Taqiyyah, Adzra, and Ilmiawan Auwalin. "FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PEMBAYARAN ZAKAT PROFESI PADA PEGAWAI NEGERI SIPIL DI KOTA BANJARMASIN." Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Teori dan Terapan 8, no. 6 (December 5, 2021): 714. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/vol8iss20216pp714-726.
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ABSTRAKPenelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana pengaruh dari variabel pangkat dan golongan, jenis kelamin, jumlah tanggungan keluarga, lama pendidikan, frekuensi pengajian, serta pendapatan lain selain gaji sebagai determinan terhadap pembayaran zakat profesi di kalangan Pegawai Negeri Sipil (PNS) di Kota Banjarmasin. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan teknik analisis regresi logistik untuk menganalisis data. Penelitian ini melibatkan data primer atas 126 responden yang diambil menggunakan teknik convenience sampling dengan kriteria PNS Golongan III dan IV di mana golongan tersebut memiliki gaji yang telah memenuhi nisab zakat profesi. Diperoleh hasil bahwa variabel pangkat dan golongan, jenis kelamin, dan pendapatan lain selain gaji masing-masing berpengaruh negatif signifikan terhadap pembayaran zakat profesi sedangkan variabel jumlah tanggungan keluarga, lama pendidikan, dan frekuensi pengajian masing-masing ditemukan memiliki pengaruh positif signifikan terhadap pembayaran zakat profesi.Kata Kunci: pembayaran zakat profesi, pangkat dan golongan, jenis kelamin, jumlah tanggungan keluarga, lama pendidikan, frekuensi pengajian, pendapatan lain selain gaji ABSTRACTThis study aims to determine how the influence from titles and ranks, gender, number of family dependents, education history, frequency of communal Qur’an reading, and other forms of income apart from the actual salary itself as a determinant of professional zakat payments paid by State Civil Servants (PNS) in Banjarmasin City. This study uses a quantitative approach with logistic regression analysis techniques to analyze data. This study involved primary data on 126 respondents who were taken using a convenience sampling technique with the criteria of PNS Group III and IV where the group had a salary that met the professional zakat nisab. The results show that the variables of titles and ranks, gender, and other forms of income have a significant negative effect on the payment of zakat on profession, while the variables of the number of family dependents, education history, and the frequency of communal Qur’an reading are found to have a significant positive effect on zakat on profession payments.Keywords: zakat on profession, titles and ranks, gender, numbers of family dependents, education history, the frequency of communal Qur’an reading, other forms of income apart from the actual salary itself. DAFTAR PUSTAKAAbdullah, M., & Sapiei, N. S. (2018). Do religiosity, gender and educational background influence zakat compliance? The case of Malaysia. International Journal of Social Economics, 45(8), 1250–1264. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-03-2017-0091Ahmad, S., Nor, N. G. M., & Daud, Z. (2011). Tax-based modeling of zakat compliance. Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia, 45, 101-108.Al Qardhawi, Y. (2011). Fiqh Al Zakah. Beirut: Muassasah al-RisalahAndam, A. C., & Osman, A. Z. (2019). Determinants of intention to give zakat on employment income: Experience from Marawi City, Philippines. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 10(4), 528–545. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-08-2016-0097Anshori, M., & Iswati, S. (2009). Metodologi penelitian kuantitatif. Surabaya: Airlangga University Press (AUP).Arsyianti, L. D., Kassim, S., & Adewale, A. (2017). Socio-demographic and economic factors affecting regular charity-giving: A case of low-income households in Indonesia. International Journal of Zakat, 2(1), 21-29. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.37706/ijaz.v2i1.12Azen, R., & Walker, C.M. (2010). Categorical data analysis for the behavioral and social sciences. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203843611Azman, F. M. N., & Bidin, Z. (2015). Zakat compliance intention behavior on saving. International Journal of Business and Social Research, 5(1), 118–128.Badan Kepegawaian Daerah Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan. (2020). Jumlah PNS berdasarkan jenis kelamin. Diakses dari https://data.kalselprov.go.id/?r=JmlPns/index BAZNAS. (2021). Laporan kinerja badan amil zakat nasional tahun 2020. Jakarta: BAZNAS.BAZNAS Kota Banjarmasin. (2020). Infografik penerimaan BAZNAS Kota Banjarmasin 2019. Diakses dari https://baznas.banjarmasinkota.go.id/detailpost/infografik-penerimaan-baznas-kota-banjarmasin-2019Direktorat Jenderal Pajak. (2020). Penghasilan Tidak Kena Pajak. Diakes dari https://www.pajak.go.id/id/penghasilan-tidak-kena-pajakDinas Komunikasi dan Informatika Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan. (2020). Produktivitas Perkebunan Karet Menurun. Diakses dari https://diskominfomc.kalselprov.go.id/2020/06/09/produktivitas-perkebunan-karet-menurunDSN MUI. (2003). Fatwa MUI nomor 3 tahun 2003 tentang zakat penghasilan. Jakarta: DSN MUI.Eagly, A.H. (2013). Sex differences in social behavior: A social-role interpretation. New York: Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203781906Hilbe, J.M. (2015). Practical guide to logistic regression. New York: Chapman and Hall/CRC. https://doi.org/10.1201/b18678Top of FormHosmer, D. W., Lemeshow, S., & Sturdivant, R. X. (2013). Applied logistic regression. Hoboken (N.J.): Wiley.Kastlunger, B., Dressler, S. G., Kirchler, E., Mittone, L., & Voracek, M. (2010). Sex differences in tax compliance: Differentiating between demographic sex, gender-role orientation, and prenatal masculinization (2D:4D). Journal of Economic Psychology, 31 (4), 542-552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2010.03.015Bottom of FormLaLumia, S. (2008). The effects of joint taxation of married couples on labor supply and non-wage income. Journal of Public Economics, 92(7), 1698–1719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2008.01.009Lind, D. A., Marchal, W. G., & Wathen, S. A. (2011). Statistical techniques in business & economics. Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.Medias, F. (2018). Ekonomi mikro Islam. Magelang: UNIMMA Press.Pemerintah RI. (2017). Peraturan Pemerintah nomor 11 tahun 2017 tentang manajemen pegawai negeri sipil.Pusat Kajian Strategis Badan Amil Zakat Nasional. (2019). Outlook Zakat Indonesia 2020. Jakarta: Puskas BAZNAS.Putri, K. M., Fahmi, M. Y., & Handayani, L. (2019). Factors affecting community trust to pay zakay at the national board of zakat (BAZNAS) of South Kalimantan Province. International Conference of Zakat 2019 Proceedings.Pribadi, Y., Saat, N., & Burhani, A. N. (2020). The new santri: Challenges to traditional religious authority in Indonesia. Singapore: ISEAS - Yusof Ishak Institute.Rahmani, & Yanti. (2018). Penyelenggara syariah ajak PNS tunaikan zakat profesi. Diakses dari https://kalsel.kemenag.go.id/berita/515581/Penyelenggara-Syariah-Ajak-PNS-Tunaikan-Zakat-ProfesiSobana, D. H., Husaeni, U. A., Jamil, I., & Saepudin, D. (2016). The variables that affect compliance of muslim merchants for zakat maal in the district of Cianjur. International Journal of Zakat, 1(1), 78-87. https://doi.org/10.37706/ijaz.v1i1.8Sohag, K., Mahmud, K. T., Alam, MD. F. & Samargandi, N. (2015). Can zakat system alleviate rural poverty in Bangladesh? A propensity score matching approach. Journal of Poverty, 19(3), 261-277. DOI: 10.1080/10875549.2014.999974Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 2014 tentang Aparatur Sipil Negara.Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2003 tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional.Wahid, H., Ahmad, S., & Noor, M. A. M. (2007). Kesedaran membayar zakat pendapatan di Malaysia. Islamiyyat, 29, 53–70.Yang, N., Chen, C. C., Choi, J., & Zou, Y. (2000). Sources of work-family conflict: A sino-U.S. Comparison of the effects of work and family demands. Academy of Management Journal, 43(1), 113–123. https://doi.org/10.2307/1556390
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Hanly, Paul, Marta Ortega-Ortega, and Isabelle Soerjomataram. "Cancer Premature Mortality Costs in Europe in 2020: A Comparison of the Human Capital Approach and the Friction Cost Approach." Current Oncology 29, no. 5 (May 13, 2022): 3552–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/curroncol29050287.
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The inclusion of productivity costs can affect the outcome of cost-effectiveness analyses. We estimated the value of cancer premature mortality productivity costs for Europe in 2020 using the Human Capital Approach (HCA) and compared these to the Friction Cost Approach (FCA). Cancer mortality data were obtained from GLOBOCAN 2020 by sex and five-year age groups. Twenty-three cancer sites for 31 European countries were included. The HCA and the FCA were valued using average annual gross wages by sex and age group and applied to Years of Potential Productive Life Lost. 2020 friction periods were calculated and all costs were in 2020 euros. Estimated cancer premature mortality costs for Europe in 2020 were EUR 54.0 billion (HCA) and EUR 1.57 billion (FCA). The HCA/FCA cost ratio for Europe was 34.4, but considerable variation arose across countries (highest in Ireland: 64.5 v lowest in Czech Republic: 11.1). Both the HCA and the FCA ranked lung, breast and colorectal as the top three most costly cancers in Europe, but cost per death altered rankings substantially. Significant cost differences were observed following sensitivity analysis. Our study provides a unique perspective of the difference between HCA and FCA estimates of productivity costs by cancer site and country in Europe.
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Azhar, Bably Sabina, Md Monirujjaman, Kazi Saiful Islam, Sadia Afrin, and Md Sabir Hossain. "Sex, Conception Interval, Gestational Age, Apgar Score, and Anthropometric Surrogates in relation to Birth Weight of Bangladeshi Newborns: A Cross-Sectional Study." ISRN Public Health 2013 (May 8, 2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/405725.
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In developing countries, where about 75% of births occur at home or in the community, logistic problems prevent the weighing of every newborn child. Baby born with a weight less than 2,500 g is considered low birth weight, since below this value birth-specific infant mortality begins to rise rapidly. In Bangladesh, the prevalence of low birth weight is unacceptably high. Infant's sex differences, birth to conception interval, gestational age, and Apgar score are associated with infant birth weight. To screen low-birth-weight babies, simple anthropometric parameters can be used in rural areas where 80–90% of deliveries take place. A sample of 343 newborn singletons, 186 male and 157 female babies, were studied in Southwest region of Bangladesh to examine the birth weight status of newborns and to identify the relationship between birth weight and other anthropometric parameters of newborns. The mean birth weight was 2754.81±465.57 g, and 28.6% were low-birth-weight (<2,500 g) babies. All key anthropometric parameters of the newborns significantly correlated with infant birth weight (P=0.05). Mid upper arm circumference and chest circumference were identified as the optimal surrogate indicators of LBW babies. In the community where weighing of newborns is difficult, these measurements can be used to identify the LBW babies.
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Sumi, Suraiya Sultana, Nusrat Jahan, Sarker Tamzid Rahman, Aysha Seddeque, and Md Tanvir Hossain. "Explaining Rural-Urban Differences in The Academic Achievement of Secondary Students: An Empirical Study in Magura District of Bangladesh." Asia Pacific Journal of Educators and Education 36, no. 1 (August 25, 2021): 195–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/apjee2021.36.1.11.
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All the successive governments of Bangladesh – both civil or military – invested a considerable amount of national fortune in ensuring quality education for all, irrespective of caste or creed. Subsequently, Bangladesh has experienced significant growth in schools, colleges and universities in enrolment and completion rate of education with greater gender parity. However, the success stories were overshadowed by the persistent discrepancies, especially for spatial locations and social classes. This study, therefore, aimed at comparing the academic achievement of rural and urban students, and finding out the factors drawing differences in educational performances of the educands. Data were collected from 566 students selected from eight educational institutions following multistage proportionate random sampling administering a self-administered questionnaire. Findings suggest that age, sex, grades and track of education followed by the size of the class and student-teacher ratio played decisive roles for the educational disparities between the urbanites and ruralites. However, the most crucial factors were parental education and income and the family’s overall financial capacity for supplementary education. Based on the results, it is strongly suggested that the government should involve all the stakeholders, including parents, students, and teachers, to formulate future education policies and address the socioeconomic composition of schools. Additionally, the administration also needs to provide adequate resources, including trained teachers and sufficient infrastructural and other academic facilities, to improve overall educational and learning environments to achieve all-inclusive quality education for all.
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Rochadi, Af Sigit, Siti Sadiyatunnimah, and Kamaruddin Salim. "Agricultural Land Conversion and Human Trafficking in Northern Java Island, Indonesia." Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development 12, no. 3 (August 2, 2022): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.55493/5005.v12i3.4563.
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This study examines human trafficking, its causes, and the survival abilities of victims using qualitative interpretive methods and thematic data analysis. Previous studies have not linked human trafficking with agricultural land conversion; however, in Indonesia, this problem is mainly caused by agricultural land conversion, which resulted in a floating mass comprising farmers and their families when this process was not carried out carefully, involving local officials and capital owners. The cooperation between the two forces was assisted by field operators who suppressed landowners in various ways. The owners of large pieces of land managed to reinvest the money from the sale of the land. On the other hand, owners of less than 0.5 hectares tended to share the proceeds from the sale of their land with relatives, as a provision for finding work in other cities or countries. Consequently, they are easily persuaded by the promises of brokers to be trafficked as plantation or sex workers. There are no significant differences in the characteristics of labor and sex trafficking victims. For instance, they both come from economically unstable families with little education. The former farmers do not participate in the industrial sector but work in the informal sector with long working hours and low wages. Nevertheless, they act as the backbone of the family's economy. Therefore, agricultural land conversion policies in developing countries should protect farmers from poverty and vulnerability.
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Murshed, HM, SR Shishir, SME Rahman, and Deog-Hwan Oh. "Comparison of carcass and meat characteristics between male and female indigenous rabbit of Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science 43, no. 2 (September 30, 2014): 154–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v43i2.20718.
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This experiment was conducted to determine and compare some characteristics of the meat and carcass of rabbit aged 6 months according to sex. In the experiment six male and six female nondescript rabbits were slaughtered. The weight and percentage of warm carcasses, skin with head and limbs, liver, kidney, heart, lung, forelegs, hind legs, breast and ribs, loin and abdominal wall were recorded. The values for carcass length, lumbar circumference, drip loss, cooking loss, sensory characteristics were also determined. The mean values for warm carcass weight and warm dressing percentage were 698.33g and 47.92% in male and 704.66g and 48.55% in female, respectively. In case meat quality cooking loss, drip loss, proximate and sensory analyses was conducted. In this study significance difference was found in head, skin and limb weight (93.34 g) as well as in percentage (6.46%) otherwise no significant differences were found between male and female rabbits in the characteristics of carcass and meat quality. Slaughter weight was significantly correlated with the weights of carcass, skin with head and limbs, lung, liver, kidney, heart and weight of joints and dressing percentage.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v43i2.20718 Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2014. 43 (2): 154-158
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Kibria, Gulam Muhammed Al, Krystal Swasey, Rajat Das Gupta, Allysha Choudhury, Jannatun Nayeem, Atia Sharmeen, and Vanessa Burrowes. "Differences in prevalence and determinants of hypertension according to rural–urban place of residence among adults in Bangladesh." Journal of Biosocial Science 51, no. 4 (December 19, 2018): 578–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932018000366.
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AbstractThis cross-sectional study analysed Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2011 data with the aim of investigating the prevalence of, and risk factors for, hypertension in individuals aged over 35 by rural–urban place of residence. After estimation of the stratified prevalence of hypertension by background characteristics, multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to calculate the adjusted odds (AORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for selected factors. Of the 7839 participants, 1830 were from urban areas and 6009 from rural areas. The overall prevalence of hypertension was 32.6% (95% CI: 30.5–34.8) in urban areas and 23.6% (95% CI: 22.5–24.7) in rural areas. The prevalence and odds of hypertension increased with increasing age, female sex, concomitant diabetes and overweight/obesity and richer wealth status in both urban and rural regions. Although residence in Khulna and Rangpur divisions and higher education level were associated with increased odds of hypertension in urban regions, this was not the case in rural regions (p>0.05). Residence in Sylhet and Chittagong divisions had lower odds of hypertension in rural regions. Furthermore, the proportions of overweight/obese, diabetic and higher wealth status participants were higher in urban than in rural regions. The prevalence and odds of hypertension were found to be associated with several common factors after stratifying by place of residence. Some of these factors are more concentrated in urban regions, so urban residents with these risk factors need to be made more aware of these in order to control hypertension in Bangladesh. Public health programmes also need to be tailored differently for urban and rural regions, based on the different distribution of these significant factors in the two areas.
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Alam, Muhammad Mahmud, Mohammad Rezaul Karim, Mohammad Ohiduzzaman Khan, Mohammad Mukhlesur Rahman, Mahfuja Asma, and AKM Anwarul Islam. "Efficacy of Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy in the Treatment of Renal Calculi of 10 to 20 MM Size: A Comparison With Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy." Bangladesh Journal of Urology 21, no. 2 (October 21, 2020): 98–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bju.v21i2.49881.
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Background: Stones in the urinary tract is a common medical problem in the general population. At present, the great expansion in minimally invasive techniques has led to the decrease in open surgery. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) has been introduced as an alternative approach which disintegrates stones in the kidney and upper urinary tract through the use of shock waves. Nevertheless, as there are limitations with the success rate in ESWL, other minimally invasive modalities for kidney stones such as percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is also widely applied. There is a trend of using ESWL for treatment of renal stones smaller than 1 cm and PCNL in those with stones greater than 2 cm. Nevertheless, no consensus regarding treatment of renal stones between 1 to 2 cm stones. The objective of this prospective study was to compare the results of ESWL and PCNL for treatment of 1 to 2 cm renal stones.
Method : This is a quasi experimental study. This study was conducted to compare the efficacy and safety of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) in treating 10 to 20 mm sized renal stone among the Bangladeshi population. This prospective study conducted between the periods of September, 2011 to August, 2012 in the department of urology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib medical university (BSMMU) Hospital. All the patients attending the urology outpatient clinic with 10 to 20mm renal calculi were the study population. A total of 70 subjects were enrolled for this study and they were equally divided into two groups so that each group had 35 subjects. The one group received PCNL whereas the other group received ESWL. Statistical analyses of the results were obtained by using window based computer software devised with Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS-15).
Results: There is no statistically significant difference in regarding age, sex, stone side(lt. or rt.), the distribution of stone (upper, middle and lower calyx) and size between the groups (p>0.05). At 3 month follow up among the patients in ESWL group stone cleared and not cleared were 25(71.4%) and 10(28.6%) respectively and at 3 month follow up among the patients in PCNL group stone cleared and not cleared were 33(94.3%) and 2(5.7%)respectively. There is statistically significant difference in stone clearance rate at 3 month follow up between the groups (p<0.05). All patients in ESWL group developed post procedure haematuria 35(100.0%). Other post procedure complications among the ESWL group pain, fever and steinstrasse were 12(34.3%), 07(20.0%) and 03(08.6%) respectively. Common post procedure complications among the patients of PCNL group pain, haematuria and fever were 11(31.4%), 33(94.3%) and 13(37.1%) respectively. Other post procedure complications in PCNL group were vomiting (8.6%), urinary leakage (5.7%), wound infection (11.4%) and urinary cutaneous fistula (5.7%). There was no statistically significant difference post procedure pain, haematuria and fever between the groups (p>0.05), but statistically significant difference observed in steinstrasse and wound infection between the groups (p<0.05). Mean±SD of hospital stay among the patients of ESWL group and PCNL group was 1.37±0.65 and 4.34±1.43 days respectively. There is statistically significant difference in hospital stay between the groups (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Though some specific complications which can be treated conservatively are more in PCNL group it may be concluded that the treatment with PCNL is better option than ESWL among the patients having renal calculi 10 to 20 mm.
Bangladesh Journal of Urology, Vol. 21, No. 2, July 2018 p.98-104
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Mahmood, Naushin, and Mir Annice Mahmood. "Gender Differences in Child Health-care Practices: Evidence from the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey, 1990-91." Pakistan Development Review 34, no. 4II (December 1, 1995): 693–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v34i4iipp.693-707.
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Among other factors, health care utilisation is important in determining the health status and survival chances of children. The patterns of childhood mortality, in general, indicate that deaths of male children have consistently exceeded those of females, with a much greater difference in the first month of birth (NNR). This has largely been attributed to differences in the genetic and biological factors between the sexes [Lopez and Ruzika (1983)]. The mortality level, thereafter, is influenced more by the socio-economic, environmental, and health care factors, indicating a mortality disadvantage for females in some populations. It has therefore been postulated that gender-based differences in health care practices partly explain the sex differentials in child mortality in some countries of South Asia, where healthseeking behaviour of parents discriminates against female children [Chen, et al. (1981); Das Gupta (1987); Sathar (1987); Ahmed (1990)]. Using data from Bangladesh, Chen, Haq, and D’Souza (1981) found that girls’ mortality risk was nearly 60 percent higher than that for boys after the neonatal period, and that girl children suffered more malnutrition and received lesser treatment for various infections. Das Gupta (1987) and Muhuri and Preston (1991) also explained the excess mortality of girls with a surviving elder sister in terms of conscious, selective neglect of the second daughter. Waldron (1983) in her extensive review of child mortality patterns in developing countries concluded that besides relative contributions of specific causes of death with different impact by sex, the variability in discrimination by gender, primarily in nutrition and health care utilisation, also contributes to excess female child mortality (1–4 age group).
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Fatema, Kanij, Shamim Ara, Mushfika Rahman, and Halima Afroz. "Age and Sex Related Changes in Weight of the Whole brain: a Postmortem Study." Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science 13, no. 4 (September 27, 2014): 396–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v13i4.20554.
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Objective: Brain weight varies with age and gender. It decreases with age and also in many diseases. This cross-sectional analytical type of study was carried out to establish normal standard in different age groups in weight of the brain and to see the difference between sexes of adult Bangladeshi people. Materials and Methods: A total of 70 postmortem human brains of adult age groups ranging from 22-58 years in male and 22-48 years in female were collected from the unclaimed dead bodies during postmortem at the autopsy laboratory in the Department of Forensic Medicine, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, from January 2010 to December 2010. The samples were divided into four different age groups i.e. Group A (20-29 years), Group B (30-39 years), Group C (40-49 years) and Group D (50-59 years). The weight of the whole brain was measured and significant differences in weight of the whole brain between different age groups and between male and female were determined.Results: In male highest value of weight was 1326.67±41.53 gm in group A and lowest one was 1281.6±40.21 gm in group D. These values of female were 1235.56±48.51 gm in group A and 1197.14±38.61 gm in group C. Significant differences were found in mean weight of the whole brain in male and female in group A (p=0.001), B (p=0.001) and C (p=0.001). The difference of mean weight in different age groups was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The weight of the brain is higher in male than in female and it decreases with age. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v13i4.20554 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.13(4) 2014 p.396-400