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Journal articles on the topic 'Wage labourer'
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1
Khairani, Safira, and Andari Yurikosari. "PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP PEKERJA ATAS HAK UPAH MINIMUM YANG BELUM SEPENUHNYA DIBAYAR (STUDI TERHADAP PUTUSAN NOMOR 58/K/PDT.SUS-PHI/2015)." Jurnal Hukum Adigama 1, no. 1 (July 19, 2018): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/adigama.v1i1.2150.
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Work and fair and proper remuniration are human rights of every person as stipulated on Article 28 D (2) The 1945 Constitution of The Republic Indonesia. Indonesia Law Number 13 Of 2003 regulates the rights and duties among entrepeneur and workers. Wage shall be received by worker/labourer as remuniration from entrepeneur. Labour Law provides the protection to wage as worker/labour’s right, stipulating that Government establishes a wage policy that protects the rights of worker/labourer such as Minimum Wage in order to fulfill every worker/labourer’s right to earn an income that meets livelihood that is decent for human. Labour Law also stipulates the wage will not be paid if worker/labourer do not perform work unless the worker/labourer has the will to do the job as promised but the entrepeneur does not employ them. The main issue in this research is the workers/labourers of PT. Srirejeki Perdana Steel claimed that they did not received full wage on November 2013 causing the amount of some of their wages lower than the amount of Minimum Wage set under valid statutory legislation. PT. Srirejeki Perdana Steel, postulated the reduction of the wage happened due to an illegal strike performed by the workers/labourers. The verdict on Industrial Relation Dispute Settlement of Bandung District Court and Indonesia Supreme Court did not grant the workers/labourers demand to get the fulfillment of their reducted wage. This research aims to acknowledge whether the protection towards workers/labors’s wage as verdicted by court followed the ruling as stipulated in Labourer Law.
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Nguyen Thi, Hai Ninh. "Vietnam labour policies and its impact on rural wages: an experience from hired farm labourers in the Red River Delta." Agricultural and Resource Economics: International Scientific E-Journal 7, no. 4 (December 20, 2021): 42–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.51599/are.2021.07.04.03.
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Purpose. The purpose of this article is to understand how Vietnamese policies for labour impacting on wage of rural labourers in agricultural sector. To do that, the paper particularly pays attention on analyzing wage of hired farm labourers in the Red River Delta region, the rice basket of Vietnam.
Methodology / approach. Analyzing the above-mentioned impact of Vietnamese policies was performed by using data surveyed from 150 hired farm labourers in the Red River Delta of Vietnam. The survey on wages of rural labourers was conducted in Bac Ninh, Thai Binh and Hai Duong which are the three typical agricultural production areas in the Red River Delta in 2019. In this survey, the author interviewed 150 people who work as hired labourers in rice cultivation in Bac Ninh, clam farming in Thai Binh and pig raising in Hai Duong. The sample was randomly drawn among farm households which hire labourers in these provinces. This sample was divided into 2 groups of female and male labourers. The main purposes of this survey were to gather both qualitative and quantitative data on hired labourers including: age, gender, education level, money wage, wage in kind and other remunerations that they received from employers. Information relating to their participation in social insurance and vocational training were also collected like: number of years involving in social insurance; money that they used to purchase social insurance; frequency and time spending in vocational training courses. The personal interviews using a standard questionnaire with open and close questions were implemented separately with male and female hired farm labourers. They were interviewed in different places to ensure that their responses do not affect others. After checking for missing values, the author used the following methods: frequency distribution with mean and standard deviation for a description of respondents; cross tabulation and T-test were also used to test for differences in proportions and significant difference between groups; a linear regression model was applied to examine impact of wage regulation, social insurance and vocational training policies on wage of hired labourers in agricultural production (dependent variable was average money wage per month, it was estimated by sum of money wage and other remunerations that a labourer gets each month; independent variables were age, gender, education level and dummy variables which represented labourers’ participation in mentioned labour policies).
Results. Among policies relating to agricultural sector, the ones about minimum wage and vocational training statistically impact the most on labour wage. Longer time of vocational training brings an additional 3 USD to a labourer’s monthly wage. Being supported by the policy of minimum wage, labourers can achieve higher wage when negotiating with employers. The author found that wage of a labourer who is aware of this policy is about 5 USD higher than that of others. Meanwhile, social insurance policies do not impact on wage of rural farm labourers. It is stated in the Labour Code that a part of social insurance fee of a contracted labourer is paid by his/her employer. However, hired agricultural labourers usually are excluded, because they mostly work under verbal agreements which are not specified by the Code. This loophole in the Labour Code need to be corrected in the future.
Originality / scientific novelty. Despite the fact that industrialization process is rapidly developing in recent years, rural labour force still contributes a remarkable proportion in the Red River Delta region of Vietnam. The transferring skilled and young labourers from farm to off-farm sectors, from rural to urban areas leads to the existence of un-skilled and old-age labourers for agricultural production. This labour force is working in the poor condition with unstable and low wage jobs. However, they are not much concerned by labour policies and there is still a gap in research on their wage. Therefore, this study takes the advance to shed the light on the impact of labour policies on wage of rural farm labourers as well as to propose recommendations to adjust labour policies regarding this issue.
Practical value / implications. The author identifies that attending vocational training and understanding of minimum wage will increase the chance for labourers to obtain higher wage.
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Wader, Deepa G., and G. N. Kulkarn. "Trends in agricultural and non-agricultural wages in Karnataka state." INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS 11, no. 2 (September 15, 2020): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/irjaes/11.2/185-190.
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The present study attempts to analyse trends in growth in agricultural and nonagricultural labourer across the districts of Karnataka state. For the study secondary data of twentyfive years for the period from 1991 to 2015 was collected from the Directorate of Economics and statistics, Karnataka state. Growth rate of both male and female average daily wages are significantly positive, which indicated increasing wage trend in both dry land and irrigated conditions in different study districts. Compound annual growth rate of daily wages of male agricultural labourers in dry land and irrigated condition is comparatively high in Dharawad, Raichur and Hassan districts. The compound growth rates in wages across districts in dry and irrigated regions for female agricultural workers remained almost the same between 9.1 to 13.1 per cent. It could be, therefore, ascertained that there has been only a marginal changes in the wages across the districts of the state. Growth rate in daily wages for carpenter, blacksmith and mochis in different districts ranged between 7.2 per cent to 12.7 per cent per annum. Comparison of the growth rates of agricultural labourer and non-agricultural labourer, showed that agricultural wages grew at a faster rate than non-agricultural wages across the districts. The daily actual wages of both male and female agricultural labourer were compared with minimum wage price in the state revealed that, more than 75 per cent of districts in state are paying below the minimum wages announced for male agricultural labourer, whereas for female agricultural labourer in all the districts of the state showed less than minimum wages.
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Metcalfe, A. W. "The Curriculum Vitae: Confessions of a Wage-Labourer." Work, Employment & Society 6, no. 4 (December 1, 1992): 619–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017092006004006.
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Metcalfe, A. W. "The Curriculum Vitae: Confessions of a Wage-Labourer." Work, Employment and Society 6, no. 4 (December 1992): 619–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095001709264005.
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Viktorovych Ilin, Illia. "Towards a Marxian Concept of Social Space." Eidos 37 (March 9, 2022): 44–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.14482/eidos.37.335.4.
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This article aims to construct Karl Marx’s concept of social space by examining a few fragments of his works with relevant terminology (space, spatial). The main result of this interpretation is the definition of social space as a suprasensible form of division between necessary labour and surplus labour, which due to private property on all means of production creates the appearance of the absence of exploitation. While in slave-holding mode of production slave is socially naturalized labour instrument, thus the division of forms of labour have only formal meaning to him/her, and in feudal mode of production the labour instrument is a nature itself, namely cropland, the division of forms of labour acquires a social character per se (social relation of labourer to means of production via wages, and socialized means of production, namely, nature (and everything else except wage labourer) subsumed under private property) only under capitalism. Unlike the established in philosophical literature concepts of social space based on Marx’s theory, the definition introduced in this article is characterized by sensible-suprasensible, extraterritorial-territorial dialectics.
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Aiyetan, Olatunji Ayodeji, and Das Dillip. "System Dynamics Approach to Mitigating Skilled Labour Shortages in the Construction Industry: A South Africa Context." Construction Economics and Building 18, no. 4 (December 12, 2018): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ajceb.v18i4.6041.
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Skilled labour shortage in construction industry is a major challenge in South Africa. Therefore, the objective of the study is to assess the factors that cause skilled labour shortage, its consequent effects on the construction industries and how the scenario can be improved. The study was conducted by considering construction industry in the Eastern Cape of South Africa and using a survey research method and conceptual System Dynamics (SD) modelling. Findings reveals that investment, wage challenges, talent management, work environment, training, experience, and Government policy are the important challenges for the skilled labour shortage. Inadequacy of skilled labour considerably impacts the quality of work, productivity, and scheduling. The causal loop diagrams show that enhancement in investment in the labour wages will strengthen the availability of skilled labourers leading to higher productivity, and vice versa. Talent management based on appropriate recruitment and retention policy, staff development programmes and investment in these aspects will augment the skilled labour pool. Also, a better work environment through a policy of health and safety, investment in working condition and supported by Government policy will reduce the attrition of the labourer because of job dissatisfaction, which consequently will reduce the skilled labour shortage in the industry.
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Middell, Matthias. "The Global Proletariat after the Model of the Doubly Free Wage Labourer?" International Review of Social History 55, no. 3 (December 2010): 515–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859010000428.
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McKinlay, Alan. "From Industrial Serf to Wage-labourer: The 1937 Apprentice Revolt in Britain." International Review of Social History 31, no. 1 (April 1986): 2–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000008038.
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Since the publication of Harry Braverman's Labor and Monopoly Capital in 1974, an increasing number of social historians have turned their attention towards the workplace as a major site of class struggle. In particular, social historians have focussed on the unequal struggle between employers and craft-workers to determine patterns of work organisation and the balance of power in the labour market. However, despite the growth of interest in the historical relationship between the division of labour, trade unionism and business strategy, no academic work has yet considered the development of apprenticeship in the post-1914 period.
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Paul, Shitangshu Kumar. "Post-cyclone livelihood status and strategies in coastal Bangladesh." Rajshahi University Journal of Life & Earth and Agricultural Sciences 41 (January 15, 2015): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/rujleas.v41i0.21623.
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The objective of this paper is to assess post-cyclone livelihood capitals status, identify major livelihood groups, adversity and crisis, and present the livelihood strategies of coastal households. Based on a questionnaire survey at household level, a total 331 out of 792 households are selected through simple random sampling from three purposively selected villages in the central coast of Bangladesh. Both descriptive and inferential statistics are used to analyse data. The present study identifies wage labour, fisher and farmer as major livelihood groups. Among the three villages, Island reveals less livelihood capitals than inland and shoreline. Although natural capital of Island is relatively higher, however, scarcity of other capitals hinders proper utilization of the potentials of such capital. Social capital of Island is significantly lower than other two villages, which unveils relatively lesser social coherence of Islanders, and which is most important to survive in post-cyclone situation. Likewise, among the livelihood groups, wage labourer owes less livelihood capitals than farmer and fishermen. Majority of the households irrespective of their village locations identifies recurrent cyclones and induced storm surges as major adversities which significantly destroys their livelihoods. Therefore, households in study villages diversify income sources wherever possible and most importantly while face the crisis. In general, livelihoods of Islanders and Shoreline villagers, wage labourer and fish fry collectors are most vulnerable to any cyclone events. Hence, thepresent study advocates for identifying vulnerable locations and livelihood groups, and livelihood capitals building for such groups and promoting coordinated disaster risk reduction programs to mitigate cyclone impacts and providing assistance for rebuilding post-cyclone livelihoods.
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Knight, G. R. "Gully Coolies, Weed-Women and Snijvolk: The Sugar Industry Workers of North Java in the Early Twentieth Century." Modern Asian Studies 28, no. 1 (February 1994): 51–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00011690.
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The issue of who constituted the workforce employed in the Java sugar industry during the late colonial era remains a controversial one. Almost thirty years ago one leading Indonesian scholar made the eminently plausible suggestion that ‘on the whole, those who sought work in the sugar industry… were those who had no land. They were for the greater part recruited from the landless… who were eager to sell their labour to anyone prepared to pay wages’ [Selosoemardjan 1962: 271]. Since that time, however, the waters of debate have become a great deal murkier. In particular, the legend that the industry's workers remained ‘peasants’ is one which dies hard [e.g. Knight 1989]. Indeed, if there can be said to be a single image illustrative of the prevailing orthodoxy concerning the relations between labour and capital in late colonial Java, it is that of the peasant-worker who ‘persisted as a community-oriented household farmer at the same time that he became an industrial wage labourer’ and who ‘had one foot in the rice terrace and the other in the [sugar] mill’ [Geertz 1963: 89]
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VijayKumar, B., and P. Murugesan. "A Study on Livelihoods of Agricultural Workers of RishivandhiyamVillage Panchayat in Villupuram District, Tamil Nadu." Asian Review of Social Sciences 7, no. 3 (November 5, 2018): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arss-2018.7.3.1476.
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Agriculture is considered to be the key sector in India as a result of quite 70.0 % of the population is relying upon agriculture. As a result, a lot of stress has been created for development for agriculture through the setup amount. Such stress is absolutely even on the cluster that agriculture is allotted the key role, trying into the magnitude of the world in terms of employment and financial gain and also the importance of the agriculture merchandise during a developed country like India. Though there has been tremendous progress in India since independence this sector isn’t developed up to expect and is meriting of terribly special thought. so as to utilize their fullest capability for max production they must be supplied with a minimum of blank minimum needs i.e., enough food, shelter, cloth, medical facilities education etc., as a result, the agricultural productivity can increase. The steps taken to higher the condition of the staff through varied schemes and plans has not been denied however all those don’t seem to be enough of the quantum of efforts created and time concerned are put together taken in to thought whereas creating a “cost benefit” analysis of all rural economic development programs. The agriculture sector plays a vital and important role in development of the rural and national economy, agriculture labourer is socially and economically poorest section of the society they are landless people, unemployment,low wages and social backwardness constitute the poverty syndrome among agricultural labourers. In this study was conducted on the economic status of agricultural labours in Rishivandhiyam village panchayat in Villupuram district, further the study to analyse socio economic status, wage structure, nature of work and problem. Finally, the study was found that major findings on the basis empirical evidence and give to suitable recommendations for upward mobility of socio-economic condition of agriculture labours.
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Weale, Martin. "1300 Years of the Pound Sterling." National Institute Economic Review 172 (April 2000): 78–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795010017200108.
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The article begins with an account of the way in which the value of the pound has changed over the last 1300 years or so. This is indicated in terms of silver and, for the last 7–800 years, also in terms of gold, wheat and Phelps-Brown's general cost of living basket. It is shown, for example, that the whole of the increase in the price of silver since 1000 has occurred in the last 60 years. These prices are used to indicate how the real wage of a building labourer has changed since the 13th century. The article then proceeds to an account of the evolution of the currency itself, from its beginning as a pound of silver cut into 240 pennies (following continential practice) to the move to a gold currency and the introduction of paper money. It concludes with a discussion of whether the whole concept of currency will eventually become obsolete.
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Blaauw, Phillip, Anmar Pretorius, Christie Schoeman, and Rinie Schenck. "Explaining Migrant Wages: The Case Of Zimbabwean Day Labourers In South Africa." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 11, no. 12 (November 29, 2012): 1333. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v11i12.7413.
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There has been an increasing inflow of migrants and refugees into South Africa during the last two decades. The origin of these migrants is mainly from South Africas long-established sources of migrant workers, including countries from the Southern African Development Community. Over the last decade, African immigrants have encountered brutal manifestations of resentment at their presence in South Africa. The reasons for this are multifaceted, but one of the pertinent perceptions is that immigrants from the countrys northern borders are taking South Africans jobs. It is often claimed that casual immigrant workers are willing to work for very low daily wages. In doing so, they get temporary employment in the informal and formal economy at the expense of South African workers, who have much higher reservation wages in the same informal labour market. This is the first study to focus on the wages of migrant day labourers in South Africa by investigating the determinants of day labour wages for migrant day labourers from Zimbabwe. The respondents for this study were interviewed during the first countrywide survey of day labourers in South Africa during 2007. The paper concludes that the income from migrant day labourers from Zimbabwe often exceeds that of the average day labourer in South Africa. The Zimbabweans are, in many cases, better qualified than the average day labourer in South Africa. The main determinants of these migrant wages are their formal level of schooling, language proficiency and the completion of vocational training courses.
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Singh, Huidrom Suraj, Manisha Ghritlahre, and Subal Das. "Nutritional Status among Females of Bhaina Tribe of Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India: An Anthropological Insight." Journal of Anthropology 2014 (September 23, 2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/897893.
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Problem of malnutrition increases, being one of the significant national issues in a developing country like India. In the present study, an attempt was made to understand the sociodemographic profile and nutritional status among the Bhaina tribes of Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh. A total of 161 females (2–75 years) were screened for anthropometric measurements. Nutritional status was evaluated in four groups of female categories: preschool: 2–5 years (n=11), children: 6#x2013;12 years (n=28), adolescent: 13–18 years (n=22), and adults >18 years (n=100) using the age specific cutoff points of body mass index (BMI). Statistical analysis was performed using MS EXCEL and SPSS software. More than 30% of the studied population is observed to be illiterate and unemployed. Significant age group difference is observed for anthropometric variables considered in the present study. Overall prevalence of thinness among the studied population was 32.3% (critical). Occurrence of thinness was found to be highest among children (57.1%). Occupation with wage labourer is significantly higher among parents of normal children (26.6%) than parents of undernourished children (19.6%). Findings of the present study suggest significance of anthropological approach in understanding nutritional status among different ethnic groups, specifically tribal community.
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Nielsen, Niels Jul. "Arbejderen mellem praksis og ideologisering 1850-2000." Kulturstudier 4, no. 1 (May 29, 2013): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/ks.v4i1.8140.
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The worker between practice and ideology: 1850–2000 Labour culture and the labour movement have previously been prominent fields of research. On the one hand, this had to do with the profound societal influence of the labour movement; on the other hand, it had to do with the fact that many scholars regarded a self-conscious labour class as a means to balance capitalism’s negative aspects, if not simply to overcome them. Based upon this background, the author argues that the common worker has hitherto not been satisfactorily understood as a subject of cultural history. Using detailed investigations amongst workers on the workshop floor at Denmark’s largest enterprise in the period from 1850 to 2000, the author emphasises how complex and diverse the everyday working life of industrialism actually was – and hence, also the relations between workers as well as employers and society as a whole. This bottom-up analysis is linked to a top-down perspective; here, the author argues that, as seen from the overall perspective of the state, the labour population – with varying intensity – played a very strong strategic role from around 1870 to 1990. Simply stated, consideration for the well-being of the labour population was understood as a precondition for societal cohesion. In theoretical terms, the author draws upon the structural state-form and life-mode analysis, where the idea of a ‘wage-earner’ life-mode is understood in its reciprocal relationship to the capitalist mode of production and, hence, not as a potential means to overcome capitalism. With this background, the labour movement’s alleged objective to overcome capitalism – whether through revolution or long-term reforms – is instead analysed as an effectual means in the movement’s struggles. The argument is as follows: the threat of societal transformation, which occurred over a number of decades – not least of all during the Cold War’s polarisation of capitalism and communism – led to significant attention being paid to workers’ claims of improving life conditions. Accordingly, the changed world order that followed the end of the Cold War is seen as a main reason for why concepts such as ‘worker’ or ‘labourer’ are infrequently used today, and for why the labour movement has experienced a severe debilitation in recent years.
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Chambati, Walter. "Changing Forms of Wage Labour in Zimbabwe’s New Agrarian Structure." Agrarian South: Journal of Political Economy: A triannual Journal of Agrarian South Network and CARES 6, no. 1 (April 2017): 79–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2277976017721346.
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This essay examines the changing nature of farm wage labour in the context of the extensive redistributive land reform since 2000. Using field research from two districts in Zimbabwe with contrasting agro-ecology and socio-economic patterns, it shows that agrarian wage labour is not the preserve of large-scale capitalist farms (LSCFs), which it is usually associated with. The new agrarian structure dominated by the peasantry not only employs an expanded base of unpaid family labourers, but also employs ‘informal’ wage labour whose character and conditions of employment are qualitatively different from the full and part-time labour of the past. Yet, there is continuation of the super-exploitation of agrarian wage labourers that is reflected by the payment of poor wages and differing degrees of the institution of the residential labour tenancy in both the old and new farm compounds. Landlessness and/or land shortage continues to be a key characteristic of farm wage labourers as in the past suggesting the persistence of the labour reserve dynamic.
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Bradley, Michael E. "Efficiency Wages and Classical Wage Theory." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 29, no. 2 (June 2007): 167–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10427710701335901.
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In The General Theory, John Maynard Keynes lumped together the marginalist and neoclassical economics of the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries and the more narrowly defined “classical” economics of Adam Smith, David Ricardo, J. R. McCulloch, James and John Stuart Mill and other mainstream economists of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth into what he called the “classical theory of employment,” which he reduced to two “fundamental postulates”:(a) The wage is equal to the marginal product of labour…(b) The utility of the wage when a given volume of labour is employed is equal to the marginal disutility ofthat amount of employment…(Keynes 1936, p. 5).
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Humphries, Jane, and Jacob Weisdorf. "Unreal Wages? Real Income and Economic Growth in England, 1260–1850." Economic Journal 129, no. 623 (May 16, 2019): 2867–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ej/uez017.
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Abstract Estimates of historical workers’ annual incomes suffer from the fundamental problem that they are inferred from day wage rates without knowing how many days of work day-labourers undertook per year. We circumvent the problem by building an income series based on the payments made to workers employed by the year rather than by the day. Our data suggest that earlier annual income estimates based on day wages overestimate medieval labour incomes but underestimate labour incomes during the Industrial Revolution. Our revised estimates indicate that modern economic growth began more than two centuries earlier than commonly thought and was driven by an ‘Industrious Revolution’. They also suggest that the current global downturn in labour's share is not exceptional but fits within the range of historical fluctuations.
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Radwithama, I. Nyoman Gilang, and Anak Agung Sagung Laksmi Dewi. "Penerapan Peraturan Menteri Ketenagakerjaan Nomor 6 Tahun 2016 di PT. Braga Konsep Solusi." Jurnal Preferensi Hukum 2, no. 3 (October 31, 2021): 564–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/jph.2.3.4014.564-569.
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Braga Concept Solutions domiciled in Denpasar City is a company in the field of tourism, especially in restaurants. When approaching religious holidays, every worker/labourer gets non-wage income, namely the Hari Raya Allowance. However, the workers/laborers at PT. Braga Solusi Concept has not yet received the Religious Holiday Allowance as stipulated in the regulation. The purpose of this study is to reveal the application of the provision of religious holiday allowances for workers / laborers at PT. Braga Concept Solutions and obstacles in providing holiday allowances for workers/laborers at PT. Braga Solution Concept. The method used in this study is an empirical legal research method with a sociological juridical approach. The sources of law used are primary and secondary sources of law. In analyzing the data that has been collected then used qualitative analysis techniques. The results of the study reveal that the conclusion of this study is the mechanism for providing Religious THR at PT. Braga Concept Solutions are not fully in accordance with applicable regulations. The obstacle faced is the lack of information about the applicable regulations. Dissemination of laws and regulations is very necessary for workers with the aim of making workers aware of their rights, including the mechanism for resolving them if there are obstacles, the goal is to prevent this from happening again.
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YAMAMOTO, CHIAKI. "Two Labour Markets in Nineteenth-Century English Agriculture: The Trentham Home Farm, Staffordshire." Rural History 15, no. 1 (March 17, 2004): 89–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793303001109.
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Traditionally, historians have tended to accept the view that agricultural labourers in nineteenth-century England were subject to seasonal unemployment. In this article, however, it is argued that this is an over-simplification, and that there were in fact two coexisting labour markets. Using two sets of micro data, a wage book and the Census Enumerators' Books, it will be revealed (1) that there were two groups of agricultural labourers: those who were employed throughout the year (core workers) and those employed only in the busiest season (casual workers); (2) that the core workers and casual workers performed different tasks; (3) that they had different places of residence; and (4) that the casual workers' wages were more market-dependent. The movement of wages at the time of the arrival of Irish migrant labourers sheds further light on the different natures of the two markets. While core workers' wages appear to have been unaffected by this change in labour demand, English casual workers' and women's wages increased sensitively.
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Cadigan, Sean T. "Merchant Capital, the State, and Labour in a British Colony: Servant-Master Relations and Capital Accumulation in Newfoundland’s Northeast-Coast Fishery, 1775-1799." Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 2, no. 1 (February 9, 2006): 17–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/031026ar.
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Abstract This paper uses a case study of class struggle in the late-eighteenth-century Newfoundland fishery to examine the relationship between merchant capital and the employment of wage labour in staple production in early colonial development. Using a modified version of the staple model which emphasises the role of the class relations and institutional structures of staple industries on long-term development, it finds that British regulation of wages to protect the migratory fishery stymied the extensive employment of wage labour by resident planters. Evidence drawn from court records suggests that fishing servants used the law to prevent erosion of wages due from planters at the end of a fishing season by ignoring mandatory preseason contracts or account overcharges. Servants enjoyed less, but still formidable, success in winning suits brought about by masters for neglect. By using wage law beyond the intentions of its British makers, servants forced planters increasingly to rely on family labour rather than wage labour. The struggles of wage labourers with their employers, rather than merchant conservatism as such, contributed to Newfoundland's long-term domination by merchant truck with fishing families.
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Abdelkarim, Abbas. "Wage labourers in the fragmented labour market of the Gezira, Sudan." Africa 56, no. 1 (January 1986): 54–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1159733.
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Opening ParagraphThe Gezira scheme has been the focus of considerable attention in the literature of development in tropical Africa, especially during the colonial period. This was because the scheme represented one of the largest agricultural projects initiated by a colonial government. Views on the scheme have been divergent: Gaitskell (1959) describes it as a ‘story of development’ while Barnett (1977) calls it an ‘illusion of development'. The focus of the studies, which are extensive compared to other Sudanese studies, has largely concentrated on the relationship (or so-called partnership) between tenants and government, production requirements and output, as well as occasionally on various aspects of the tenants’ lives and activities. Wage labour, which is the main form of labour, has only been given scant consideration. Even so, the focus has been on its contribution to the total labour requisite and its supply and demand patterns. The social relations of wage labour, and especially relations between tenants and wage labourers as the essential core of production relations in the scheme, have been awarded very little attention. This is the main concern of this article. Compared with most labour-market studies, my intention is to go beyond a mere study of factors affecting supply and demand. In conditions of transition to capitalism and fragmented labour markets, the perception of the social and cultural aspects of labour is indispensable for an adequate understanding of the internal mechanisms of the labour market.
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Gonzales, Michael J. "Chinese Plantation Workers and Social Conflict in Peru in the late Nineteenth Century." Journal of Latin American Studies 21, no. 3 (October 1989): 385–424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00018496.
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As the world capitalist system developed during the nineteenth century non-slave labour became a commodity that circulated around the globe and contributed to capital accumulation in metropolitan centres. The best examples are the emigration of millions of Asian indentured servants and European labourers to areas of European colonisation. Asians replaced emancipated African slaves on plantations in the Caribbean and South America, supplemented a declining slave population in Cuba, built railways in California, worked in mines in South Africa, laboured on sugarcane plantations in Mauritius and Fiji, and served on plantations in southeast Asia. Italian immigrants also replaced African slaves on coffee estates in Brazil, worked with Spaniards in the seasonal wheat harvest in Argentina, and, along with other Europeans, entered the growing labour market in the United States. From the perspective of capital, these workers were a cheap alternative to local wage labour and, as foreigners without the rights of citizens, they could be subjected to harsher methods of social control.1
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ROCKEL, STEPHEN J. "‘A NATION OF PORTERS’: THE NYAMWEZI AND THE LABOUR MARKET IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY TANZANIA." Journal of African History 41, no. 2 (July 2000): 173–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853799007628.
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From the beginning of the nineteenth century, Nyamwezi long-distance trading caravans dominated the central routes through Tanzania, stretching from Mrima coast ports such as Bagamoyo and Saadani to Ujiji on Lake Tanganyika. Despite the inroads of Omani Arab and Swahili trading enterprises from the middle of the century, the Nyamwezi maintained a position of strength. In the second half of the nineteenth century, market relations emerged as the dominant form of economic organization along the central routes, although the market for many commodities was clearly fractured by transport difficulties, and non-market relations frequently substituted for weakly developed commercial institutions and tools. Most caravan porters in nineteenth-century Tanzania were free wage workers, and nearly all were clearly migrant or itinerant labourers. The development of a labour market for caravan porters was an early and significant stage in the transition to capitalism, which began in a period of violence and political upheaval. Clearly, this has implications for how scholars should view broader processes of economic transformation prior to the imposition of colonial rule, which cut short a series of significant indigenous innovations.The argument that porters were mostly wage labourers rests on evidence that their labour was bought and sold according to fluctuating labour market conditions. Market conditions in the second half of the nineteenth century shows a broadly rising demand for porters, a demand that could only be met if caravan operators offered adequate wages and observed the customs established within porter work culture. Thus, market conditions along the central routes contributed to the development of a free wage labour, characterized by a unique labour culture.
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Georgiadis, Andreas. "Efficiency Wages and the Economic Effects of the Minimum Wage: Evidence from a Low-Wage Labour Market*." Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 75, no. 6 (July 5, 2012): 962–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.2012.00713.x.
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Bachmann, Ronald, and Hanna Frings. "Monopsonistic competition, low-wage labour markets, and minimum wages – An empirical analysis." Applied Economics 49, no. 51 (March 23, 2017): 5268–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2017.1302069.
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Stegman, Trevor. "Implications for Wages Policy in Australia of the Living Wage Case." Economic and Labour Relations Review 8, no. 1 (June 1997): 143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530469700800111.
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This paper considers the implications of the decision of the Australian Industrial Relations Commission in the April 1997 wage case (the ‘Living Wage Case’) for wages policy. The recent history of wages policy in Australia is analysed in terms of competing goals for wages policy and the changing priorities for these goals. The Living Wage Case decision is a continuation of developments in the Australian labour market that worsen the relative income position of the low paid, tend to create a two-tier wage structure, and worsen the prospects for reductions in unemployment because responsibility for the control of wage based inflation has been given to restrictive monetary policy.
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Žiogelytė, Laura. "WAGE CHANGE IN THE LITHUANIAN LABOUR MARKET." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 2, no. 2 (April 30, 2010): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2010.044.
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In a market, the labour force of the population can be sold and bought. The wage is the price or the monetary value of the labour force. The wage rate depends on the key internal and external factors. In a market economy, remuneration for work becomes the object of negotiation between the employer and the employee. In order to legally implement this negotiation, we need to describe the term of the wage, wage systems, wage structure, functions and other issues. The article deals with the theoretical issues relating to wages: the concept of the wage, the main function of wages, the factors influencing the wage rate are analysed and systematised. The article analyses net wages and gross wages and other factors influencing the Lithuanian labour market.
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Cervini-Plá, María, Xavier Ramos, and José Ignacio Silva. "Wage effects of non-wage labour costs." European Economic Review 72 (November 2014): 113–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2014.09.005.
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LAMBRECHT, THIJS. "Reciprocal exchange, credit and cash: agricultural labour markets and local economies in the southern Low Countries during the eighteenth century." Continuity and Change 18, no. 2 (August 2003): 237–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416003004624.
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This article examines the labour market for day labourers in the Southern Low Countries during the eighteenth century from the perspective of reciprocal exchange. In particular I will look at wage payment structures and their economic and social foundations. In contrast with other agricultural regions, wage payments in proto-industrialized inland Flanders were highly diversified. Large farmers and day labourers engaged in a system of reciprocal exchange of labour, goods and services in which monetary payments played only a secondary role. I find that both employers and employees had strong reasons for maintaining this exchange relationship and that they both, in their own ways, benefited from this mutual dependency.
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Machin, Stephen, and Joan Wilson. "Minimum Wages in a Low‐Wage Labour Market: Care Homes in the UK." Economic Journal 114, no. 494 (March 1, 2004): C102—C109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0013-0133.2003.00199.x.
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Agarwalla, Astha, and Errol D’Souza. "The Economic Imperative: Cities Need Migrants." Indian Economic Journal 69, no. 3 (May 10, 2021): 377–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00194662211013233.
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The policy responses to Covid-19 have triggered large-scale reverse migration from cities to rural areas in developing countries, exposing the vulnerability of migrants living precarious lives in cities, giving rise to debates asserting to migration as undesirable and favouring policy options to discourage the process. However, the very basis of spatial concentration and formation of cities is presence of agglomeration economies, benefits accruing to economic agents operating in cities. Presence of these agglomeration benefits in local labour markets manifests themselves in the form of an upward sloping wage curve in urban areas. We estimate the upward sloping wage curve for various size classes of cities in Indian economy and establish the presence of positive returns to occupation and industry concentration at urban locations. Controlling for worker-specific characteristics influencing wages, we establish that higher the share of an industry or an occupation in local employment as compared to national economy, the desirability of firms to pay higher wages increases. For casual labourers, occupational concentration results in higher wages. However, impact of industry concentration varies across sectors. Results supporting presence of upward sloping urban wage curve, therefore, endorse policies to correct the market failure in cities and promote migration as a desirable process. JEL Classification Codes: J2, R2
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Austin, Gareth. "The Emergence of Capitalist Relations in South Asante Cocoa-Farming, C. 1916–33." Journal of African History 28, no. 2 (July 1987): 259–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700029777.
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The notion of capitalist relations in Ghanaian cocoa-farming is familiar, yet their development has been relatively little studied. In Amansie district, Asante, capitalist relations of production developed as a result rather than as a cause of the cocoa ‘take-off’, c. 1900–16. This paper examines their emergence, which occurred largely during the subsequent period of much slower growth and generally lower prices. The introduction and spread of regular wage-labour, the widening and deepening burden of rent on ‘stranger’ cocoa farms, the proliferation of ‘advances’, and the introduction of farm mortgaging are described, together with the accompanying decline of slavery, pawning, and other non-wage forms of labour. Colonial officials ineffectually deplored the growth of money-lending and, to a lesser extent, that of wage-labour. From the mid-1930s, however, the tendency towards greater separation of labour from control of the farm was partly reversed by a new insistence by northern labourers on the replacement of annual wage contracts by a managerial form of share-cropping. This demand was sustained against the opposition of farmowners and despite persistent unemployment, an achievement made possible by the migrants continued foothold in subsistence agriculture in their home areas. This case of migrant labourers successfully challenging the extension of wage relations raises questions concerning the relationships between commercial agriculture and ‘precapitalist’ social relations of production in Africa generally.
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Fabris, Nikola. "Efficiency-wage model." Sociologija 55, no. 3 (2013): 461–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc1303461f.
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In classical theory, the labour market operates as any other market, that is, the supply and demand determines the equilibrium between wages and the number of employees. The Keynesians went a step further by pointing out that the labour market does not follow the same principle as other markets and that wages do not change due to numerous rigidities, i.e. that the equilibrium is not achieved with full employment. The neoclassical macroeconomics reverts to the classical theory, noting that the labour market equilibrium is achieved immediately. The weakness of these theories is that they do not sufficiently consider specific features of the labour market and/or human labour. However, the new Keynesians went a step further in this direction by developing the efficiency wage model incorporating both economic and sociological explanations in the labour market interpretation. Nevertheless, it seems that there is still enough room for further improvements of this model and the paper communicates certain suggestions to that end.
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Hyder, Asma, and Jere R. Behrman. "Schooling is Associated not only with Long-run Wages, but also with Wage Risks and Disability Risks: The Pakistani Experience." Pakistan Development Review 50, no. 4II (December 1, 2011): 555–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v50i4iipp.555-573.
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Many studies document significantly positive associations between schooling attainment and wages in developing countries. But when individuals enter occupations subsequent to completing their schooling, they not only face an expected work-life path of wages, but a number of other occupational characteristics, including wage risks and disability risks, for which there may be compensating wage differentials. This study examines the relations between schooling on one hand and mean wages and these two types of risks on the other hand, based on 77,685 individuals in the labour force as recorded in six Labour Force Surveys of Pakistan. The results suggest that schooling is positively associated with mean total wages and wage rates, but has different associations with these two types of risks: Disability risks decline as schooling increases but wage risks, and even more, wage rate risks increase as schooling increases. The schooling-wage risks relation, but not the schooling-disability risks relation, is consistent with there being compensating differentials. JEL classification: J31, J28, O53 Keywords: Wages, Risks, Labour Markets, Job Disabilities, Compensating Differentials, Developing Country, Schooling
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Eamets, Raul, Epp Kallaste, Jaan Masso, and Marit Rõõm. "How flexible are labour markets in the CEECs? A macro level approach." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 9, no. 1 (February 2003): 101–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102425890300900109.
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This article analyses labour market flexibility in the Central and Eastern European countries (the CEECs). An empirical approach is taken that concentrates on macro level issues including labour protection, labour market policy and the role of trade unions in wage setting. The authors conclude that labour relations are not less strictly regulated in the CEECs than in the EU countries. Expenditure on labour market policy is relatively low in most CEECs. Decreases in wages, and especially decreases in nominal wages, indicate the flexibility of wages in the CEECs and the minor role played by the unions in the wage-bargaining process.
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Kryńska, Elżbieta, and Danuta Kopycińska. "Wages in Labour Market Theories." Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia 15, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 177–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/foli-2015-0044.
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Abstract Already classical economists took interest in the role of wages and wage formation mechanisms, as well as in their influence on other components of the labour market. This article aims to systematise contemporary approaches to wages as one of the labour market components that have been developed within major economic theories. The systemization will serve as a basis for identifying main interactions between wages and other labour market components, such as labour supply and demand and labour market disequilibrium. The article presents major concepts formulated within neo-classical and Keynesian theories, labour market segmentation theories, efficiency wage theory, rent-sharing and rent-extraction theories, theory of job search, and search-and-matching models. One of the conclusions arising from the discussion is that the evolution of contemporary labour markets is a challenge for researchers seeking wage formation models adequately describing the real-life circumstances.
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Moosvi, Shireen. "The World of Labour in Mughal India (c.1500–1750)." International Review of Social History 56, S19 (September 20, 2011): 245–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859011000526.
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SummaryThis article addresses two separate but interlinked questions relating to India in Mughal times (sixteenth to early eighteenth century). First, the terms on which labour was rendered, taking perfect market conditions as standard; and, second, the perceptions of labour held by the higher classes and the labourers themselves. As to forms of labour, one may well describe conditions as those of an imperfect market. Slave labour was restricted largely to domestic service. Rural wage rates were depressed owing to the caste system and the “village community” mechanism. In the city, the monopoly of resources by the ruling class necessarily depressed wages through the market mechanism itself. While theories of hierarchy were dominant, there are indications sometimes of a tolerant attitude towards manual labour and the labouring poor among the dominant classes. What seems most striking is the defiant assertion of their status in relation to God and society made on behalf of peasants and workers in northern India in certain religious cults in the fifteenth to the seventeenth centuries.
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Williams, Bryan C. "Collective Bargaining and Wage Equalization in Canada’s Iron & Steel Industry, 1939-1964." Relations industrielles 26, no. 2 (April 12, 2005): 308–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/028217ar.
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This paper is one in a series being prepared by the Labour-Management Section of the Federal Department of Labour's Economies and Research Branch. It has three purposes. First, to highlight significant developments and characteristics in collective bargaining in the industry. Second, to determine the extent to which wage equalization is present in the industry. Third, to identify the influences that have contributed to these equalizing tendencies.
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Jha, Madhavi. "“Men Diggers and Women Carriers”: Gendered Work on Famine Public Works in Colonial North India." International Review of Social History 65, no. 1 (October 16, 2019): 71–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859019000579.
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AbstractThe history of labour on public works construction is usually presented as a masculine experience, either because the workforce studied is mostly male, or because the labour of women remains unrecorded. Does the history of labour and wage on public works undergo change if we account for women labourers? This article examines this question in the context of famine public works in the second half of nineteenth-century India. State employment on public works was part of a famine relief programme and women, largely from agricultural labouring and small peasant families, worked on the construction of roads, railways, canals, and tanks. The article traces the development of task-gender association on famine public works both as a norm and in practice. Further, it analyses the evidence on negotiations made by women labourers themselves with the existing gendered notions of work and wage. This study contributes to the historiography of labour in a colonial context in two ways: first, it adds to the existing corpus on forms of labour extraction for construction work; and, second, it explores the question of women's work and remuneration outside factories, mills, and mines.
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Stonich, Susan C. "Rural Families and Income from Migration: Honduran Households in the World Economy." Journal of Latin American Studies 23, no. 1 (February 1991): 131–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00013389.
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Although peasants have always been linked to larger economic systems, the expansion of capitalist agriculture and the augmented incidence of migration throughout the Third World in recent decades have transformed the peasantry and made it reliant on wage work in labour markets tied to the world economy as never before. In Latin America this transformation has taken many forms, but the overwhelming direction has been towards changing subsistence farmers into wage labourers. The overall effect has been that few rural households persist independent of wage labour, while the majority combine income from resource-poor landholdings with wage earnings. The dependence on off-farm income is especially significant among smallholder farm families who derive the majority of household income from off-farm sources.
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Kwiatkowska, Walentyna. "Macroeconomic Conditions Determining the Level and the Rate of Changes of Wages and Salaries in Poland in 2007-2012." Olsztyn Economic Journal 8, no. 4 (December 31, 2013): 297–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/oej.3239.
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This study characterized and evaluated the level and rate of change in wages and salaries in Poland in 2007-2012 and analysed the main macroeconomic determinants of their development. The analysis present changes to average wage, minimal wage and fair wage. Their level and rate of change are determined by macroeconomic factors, particularly economic growth processes, changes in productivity of labour, inflation rate and the situation on the labour market. A quite strong correlation can be observed between the rate of changes of the real GDP and the development of average nominal wages. Inflation processes affect the growth of nominal wages but they lead to a decrease in real wages. The growth of the unemployment rate affected the reduction of the growth rate of nominal wages.
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Teeuwen, Danielle. "Plantation Women and Children." TSEG - The Low Countries Journal of Social and Economic History 19, no. 1 (April 20, 2022): 7–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.52024/tseg.8431.
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In the period 1870-1940 over a million Javanese labourers travelled to Sumatra hoping for a better life. Although the literature focuses on the labour activities, working conditions, and wages of male workers, especially from 1900 onwards a substantial part of the hired labourers were women and children. This paper argues that in the late colonial period attempts were made to improve the conditions for family life on the plantations. These policies were aimed at creating a stable pool of workers in a context of widespread labour scarcity. However, improvements were slow, and when a labour surplus occurred during the Great Depression, women's wages and contracts were affected most, which shows the gendered labour policies on the plantations were very much driven by an economic rationale.
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Zulfa N, Eva. "Pengupahan Berkeadi lan Menurut Hukum Islam, Kajian terhadap UMP Jakarta." JURNAL INDO-ISLAMIKA 5, no. 2 (July 8, 2019): 317–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/idi.v5i2.11752.
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The disertation is to prove that there was a wrong government policy of establishing the Provincial Minimum Wage reffering to the living cost for single. Because of such reason, the wage paid to labour is always insufficient to meet the living cost for labour and his family. The minimum wage should cover the operational cost of labour, so they can work fully during one month. The data of the minimum wage applied in in Pulau Gadung Estate, Jakarta (JIEP) showed that the wage paid to workers were only able to survive. If the policy is continued to be kept, the labour can not improve their living quality, and event the labour will be poor forever.This disertation is an alternative solution to overcome low wage happened in Indonesia. The system found will result the optimalization of labour income as their right must be gained from the company, and further effect to the company, the company will gain more profit, and event the company will develop its business optimally. Wage labour system will combine shirkah-inanwaal-ijarah so it will have a form of sharing any profit among labour, management power and stake holder. Besides, the labour will get wage proper basic wages including basic salary and benefit.The disertation refuses the views: firstly, employers and the Indonesia government bureaucracy have created the labour as a part of production, effientcy and attractor for investation with low wages. Secondly, Jack Stiber says that workers are human resource belong to companies like other resources such as machine, material, money and method. As a result, workers must be ready for ending their works anytime. For management, the workers can be conside, as things like other sources. This ways resulted outsourcing method of employing labour. Thirdly, a view of Abdurahman al-Maliki, said that the policy of wage is based on estimation of experts in manpower market stock exchange.This dissertation has supported related to the Naqvi’s opinion about the distribution of income should be separated from the concentration of the economic power dominated by certain people, but the economic power must orientate to maximize the total welfare. The dissertation also improve the opinion of Joseph Qardawi starting that wages of labour is given on basis of value of his work and it is not just enough to eat and drink as a replacement for the lost power, but the wage must also consider the workers’ participation as a profit generator. Mustajir must pay full wages ajir event though the workers are willing to accept under proper wage. According to the opinion of Banisadr, Islam rejects all concepts related to the application where the human beings or some of the people receive and get a bigger wage than the others who out of their responsibility. Abdul Jalil combine the wage system between the principal wage with the incentive (gainsharing) with the term combination called as shirkah inanwa al-ijarah which is still normative. Thus, the three opinions above cannot be applied in the waging system in increasingly complex companies.This dissertation is a case study observing labour wage system in Jakarta Industrial Estate Pulogadung in view of business men, labour and goverment. The primary data was randomly gained through quesionares and deep interview comparing with constitution nomor 13, 2003 and Islamic wage concept. The Interpretation of Islamic wage concept uses fenomenology method which is a research method that mixed a subjective interpretation in observation object. The involvement of researcher in the field observing the object becomes standard pattern.
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Negash, Girma. "The rise and rise of agricultural wage labour: evidence from Ethiopia's south, c.1950–2000." Africa 87, no. 1 (January 27, 2017): 36–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972016000681.
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AbstractThis article seeks to examine the dynamic transformation in the system of labour mobilization and the consequent intermingling of peoples of diverse cultural background in northern Sidama, Ethiopia. It investigates the different labour recruitment strategies deployed in the study area at different times, ranging from traditional to hired labour. In the former case, the household plays a major role in the recruitment and supply of agricultural labour, whereas in the latter case, ‘trans-locality’ reinforced by migration becomes central to the labour history of the region. In the 1940s and 1950s, Emperor Haile Selassie I granted large estates of land in the study area to absentee landowners who started schemes of commercial coffee farming. The subsequent expansion of commercialized coffee farming in a locality called Wondo Gänät (northern Sidama) from the 1950s onwards was responsible for the introduction of agricultural wage labour into the wider region. There was no local surplus labour to satisfy the labour needs of the new coffee farms. This void was later filled by Kembata, Hadiya and Wolayita migrant labourers who flocked into the study area from regions widely noted for their scarcity of arable land. This translocal movement of workers paved the way for the beginning of wage employment and eventually the commodification of farm labour in line with capitalist agriculture. Although commercial coffee plantations provided the initial stimulus for labour commodification in the study area, sugar cane-based cash cropping has helped it flourish even further. I argue in this article that the imperial land grants of the late 1940s and 1950s were an important milestone both for the agricultural history of the study area and for the organization of farm labour. Most importantly, I also argue that some of the social tensions and conflicts that often haunt contemporary northern Sidama are legacies inherited from the labour migrations of the 1950s and 1960s and the demographic heterogeneity that ensued.
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Miller, Paul W. "Wage Subsidies." Economic and Labour Relations Review 5, no. 1 (June 1994): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530469400500101.
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The Committee on Employment Opportunities viewed temporary wage subsidies as a means through which the current long-term unemployed could be brought back into the effective labour supply. Experience with wage subsidies suggests that they will lead to minimal job creation and a churning of the pool of unemployment.
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Malik, Afia, and Ather Maqsood Ahmed. "The Relationship between Real Wages and Output: Evidence from Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 39, no. 4II (December 1, 2000): 1111–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v39i4iipp.1111-1126.
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Information on wage levels is essential in evaluating the living standards and conditions of work and life of the workers. Since nominal wage fails to explain the purchasing power of employees, real wage is considered as a major indicator of employees purchasing power and can be used as proxy for their level of income. Any fluctuations in the real wage rate have a significant impact on poverty and the distribution of income. When used in relation with other economic variables, for instance employment or output they are valuable indicators in the analysis of business cycles. There has been a long debate regarding the relationship between real wages and the employment (output). Despite the apparent simplicity, the relationship between real wages and output has remained deceptive both theoretically and empirically. Keynes (1936) viewed cyclical movements in employment along a stable labour demand schedule thus indicating counter cyclical real wages. His deduction is in line with sticky wages and sticky expectations, which augments models like Phillips curve. In these models real wages behaved as counter-cyclical as nominal wages are slow to adjust during recession (decrease in aggregate demand and associated slowdown in price growth). Stickiness of wages or expectations shifts the labour supply over the business cycles [Abraham and Haltiwanger (1995)]. Barro (1990) and Christiano and Eichenbaum (1992) have associated these labour supply shifts with intertemporal labour-leisure substitution. This in response to temporary changes in real interest rates (fiscal policy shocks) could yield counter-cyclical real wages. However, Long and Plosser (1983) and Kydland and Prescott (1982) while studying the real business cycle models highlight on the technology shocks which leads to pro-cyclical real wages.
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Middlebrook, Kevin J. "The Sounds of Silence: Organised Labour's Response to Economic Crisis in Mexico." Journal of Latin American Studies 21, no. 1-2 (June 1989): 195–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00014760.
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Mexico's post-1982 economic crisis has produced particularly serious challenges for the organised labour movement. Government austerity measures and economic contraction in the private sector resulted in an estimated unemployment rate of 17.6% in 1987.1At least another 25–35% of the working-age population was employed in only marginally productive activities. Real minimum wages fell by 41.9% between 1982 and mid-1987 under the pressure of record inflation rates2and government subsidies for basic commodities, mass transportation, electricity, natural gas and gasoline were also drastically reduced or eliminated. These economic conditions and tight government control over wage increases placed incumbent labour leaders under increasing pressure from the rank and file. The prospect of continued economic stagnation and government efforts to redefine the country's model of economic development raise important questions regarding organised labour's long-term position in Mexico's governing ‘revolutionary coalition’.
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LEBARON, Genevieve. "Wages: An Overlooked Dimension of Business and Human Rights in Global Supply Chains." Business and Human Rights Journal 6, no. 1 (January 14, 2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bhj.2020.32.
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AbstractWages – the monetary payments that workers receive from employers in exchange for their labour – are widely overlooked in academic and policy debates about human rights and business in global supply chains. They shouldn’t be. Just as living wages can insulate workers from human rights abuse and labour exploitation, wages that hover around or below the poverty line, compounded by illegal practices like wage theft and delayed payment, leave workers vulnerable to severe labour exploitation and human rights abuse. This article draws on data from a study of global tea and cocoa supply chains to explore the impact of wages on one of the most severe human rights abuses experienced in global supply chains, forced labour. Demonstrating that low-wage workers experience high vulnerability to forced labour in global supply chains, it argues that the role of wages in shaping or protecting workers from exploitation needs to be taken far more seriously by scholars and policymakers. When wages are ignored, so too is a crucial tool to protect human rights and heighten business accountability in global supply chains.