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Beech, Dave. "Neither capitalist nor wage-labourer : an economic examination of the exceptionalism of artistic production vis-à-vis the capitalist mode of production." Thesis, University of the Arts London, 2017. http://ualresearchonline.arts.ac.uk/12374/.
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This PhD by Publication is a contribution to art and art theory through the book Art and Value in the context of the practice of the Freee art collective. This thesis situates Art and Value within contemporary art practices and debates. Art and Value addresses itself directly to misrecognitions of the relationship between art and capitalism within the humanities and social sciences. The conviction that art was a commercial activity had penetrated the discourses of contemporary art in the UK, Western Europe and North America since the 1960s and therefore constituted, in part, the milieu in and against which Freee has operated since 2004. The historical study of the emergence of the theory of art’s economic exceptionalism in classical political economy gives an alternative historical framework in which to situate the discussion of art’s relationship to capitalism. The rationale for my economic analysis of art – comprising separate critiques of the economics of art in classical, neoclassical, welfare and Marxist economics – is to reset the coordinates for thinking politically about art’s relationship to capitalism. Art and Value does not claim to cover every aspect of art’s encounter with capitalism, which would require sociological, semiotic, psychoanalytic, geographical, philosophical and historical inquiries, at the very least, but establishes the economic groundwork for the interdisciplinary study of art’s relationship to capitalism. Economic analysis provides this ground; not because economics is the master discipline of the social sciences, but because the question of art’s relationship to capitalism must be understood, first and foremost, by understanding what capitalism is and how the production of art has or has not been incorporated into the capitalist mode of production.
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Маліков, Василь Володимирович. "Звичаєво-правовий інститут наймитування в українській етнокультурі другої половини ХІХ – початку ХХ століть." Thesis, Національна Академія Наук України; Інститут мистецтвознавства, фольклористики та етнології ім. М. Т. Рильського, 2012. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/3029.
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Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата історичних наук за спеціальністю 07.00.05 – етнологія. – Національна академія наук України. Інститут мистецтвознавства, фольклористики та етнології ім. М. Т. Рильського НАН України. – Київ, 2012.
Дисертація присвячена комплексному дослідженню звичаєво-правового інституту наймитування в українській етнокультурі другої половини ХІХ – початку ХХ століть. Розкрито основні складові частини договору наймання робітників за звичаєвим правом. Досліджено особливості відносин між господарями і наймитами та їх регулювання. Виявлено, що в звичаєво-правових відносинах наймання традиційні уявлення українців стосовно соціальних ролей у сімейних, громадських та трудових відносинах мали вплив на сфери сільськогосподарського найму чоловіків та жінок, можливості реалізації своєї робочої сили, умови праці та платні, обсяг прав та обов'язків. Показано, що звичаї самоорганізації повинні були забезпечити успішну реалізацію виконуваних за наймом робіт і гармонізувати відносини як між наймитами та господарями, так і всередині наймитського колективу. Проаналізовано основні світоглядні та звичаєво-правові уявлення, пов'язані з відносинами наймання, соціальним і правовим становищем наймита. Формування та функціонування інституту наймитування в українській етнокультурі відбувалося на основі звичаєво-правових і господарських традицій, світоглядних настанов, усталених статевовікових та соціальних ролей українського селянства під впливом нових соціально-економічних явищ.Thesis for the Degree of Candidate of Historical Sciences, speciality 07.00.05 – ethnology. – M. Ryls’ky Institute of Art Studies, Folklore and Ethnology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 2012. This thesis offers complex study of the essence, significance and functioning of customary law institute of hiring in Ukrainian ethnoculture. The institute is analysed as a system of interconnected customary law ideas and norms, terms of agreement, ritual practices, social and gender roles, forms of organization, labour activity and lore concerning the hiring agricultural workers. The study reveals basic components of labour contract and analyzes special features of relations between wage labourers and masters and their regulation according to customary law norms. Traditional ideas of Ukrainians concerning social roles in domestic, communal and labour relations influenced spheres of men and women farm labour, availabilities of their workforces implementation, terms of labour and rewards, measures of rights and obligations. These ideas in customary-law relations of hiring consolidated the status of women and children as deficient labourers comparatively to men. The results of research show that customs of worker self-organization were aimed to secure successful execution of hired labour and to harmonize the relations between labourers and masters and within the working association. The objectives of the research are Ukrainian peasantry’s world-view and customary law conceptions that played fundamental role in the relations of hiring, social and law status of wage labourers. It also focuses on the examination of the consequences of this tradition on the social life of peasant community.Agricultural ritualism including magic rituals subserved proper regulation of hiring and accomplishment of works as well as labour contract compliancy. Drawing upon research it becomes clear that the functioning of examined tradition of hiring labourers was based on established customary law and economic practices, social and gender roles that are embedded in Ukrainian traditional culture. Moreover, the customary law practice of hiring labourers had a great impact on core values and relationships within peasant community.
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Маліков, Василь Володимирович. "Звичаєво-правовий інститут наймитування в українській етнокультурі другої половини XIX – початку XX століть." Thesis, Національна Академія Наук України; Інститут мистецтвознавства, фольклористики та етнології ім. М. Т. Рильського, 2012. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/3028.
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Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата історичних наук за спеціальністю 07.00.05 – етнологія. – Національна академія наук України. Інститут мистецтвознавства, фольклористики та етнології ім. М. Т. Рильського НАН України. – Київ, 2012. Дисертація присвячена комплексному дослідженню звичаєво-правового інституту наймитування в українській етнокультурі другої половини ХІХ – початку ХХ століть. Розкрито основні складові частини договору наймання робітників за звичаєвим правом. Досліджено особливості відносин між господарями і наймитами та їх регулювання. Виявлено, що в звичаєво-правових відносинах наймання традиційні уявлення українців стосовно соціальних ролей у сімейних, громадських та трудових відносинах мали вплив на сфери сільськогосподарського найму чоловіків та жінок, можливості реалізації своєї робочої сили, умови праці та платні, обсяг прав та обов'язків. Показано, що звичаї самоорганізації повинні були забезпечити успішну реалізацію виконуваних за наймом робіт і гармонізувати відносини як між наймитами та господарями, так і всередині наймитського колективу. Проаналізовано основні світоглядні та звичаєво-правові уявлення, пов'язані з відносинами наймання, соціальним і правовим становищем наймита. Формування та функціонування інституту наймитування в українській етнокультурі відбувалося на основі звичаєво-правових і господарських традицій, світоглядних настанов, усталених статевовікових та соціальних ролей українського селянства під впливом нових соціально-економічних явищ.Thesis for the Degree of Candidate of Historical Sciences, speciality 07.00.05 – ethnology. – M. Ryls’ky Institute of Art Studies, Folklore and Ethnology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 2012. This thesis offers complex study of the essence, significance and functioning of customary law institute of hiring in Ukrainian ethnoculture. The institute is analysed as a system of interconnected customary law ideas and norms, terms of agreement, ritual practices, social and gender roles, forms of organization, labour activity and lore concerning the hiring agricultural workers. The study reveals basic components of labour contract and analyzes special features of relations between wage labourers and masters and their regulation according to customary law norms. Traditional ideas of Ukrainians concerning social roles in domestic, communal and labour relations influenced spheres of men and women farm labour, availabilities of their workforces implementation, terms of labour and rewards, measures of rights and obligations. These ideas in customary-law relations of hiring consolidated the status of women and children as deficient labourers comparatively to men. The results of research show that customs of worker self-organization were aimed to secure successful execution of hired labour and to harmonize the relations between labourers and masters and within the working association. The objectives of the research are Ukrainian peasantry’s world-view and customary law conceptions that played fundamental role in the relations of hiring, social and law status of wage labourers. It also focuses on the examination of the consequences of this tradition on the social life of peasant community.Agricultural ritualism including magic rituals subserved proper regulation of hiring and accomplishment of works as well as labour contract compliancy. Drawing upon research it becomes clear that the functioning of examined tradition of hiring labourers was based on established customary law and economic practices, social and gender roles that are embedded in Ukrainian traditional culture. Moreover, the customary law practice of hiring labourers had a great impact on core values and relationships within peasant community.
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Georgiadis, Andreas. "Efficiency wages in low-wage labour markets and the economic effects of the minimum wage." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/9d698b57-f74b-46ed-b53c-f61f90778c13.
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Pauw, Karl. "Labour market policy and poverty : exploring the macro-micro linkages of minimum wages and wage subsidies." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5715.
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This study adds value to the South African literature on labour market policy evaluation and their poverty impacts in general, and minimum wages and wage subsidies in particular, both in terms of the theoretical and descriptive analyses provided. Various possible modelling approaches are explored, with careful consideration of the advantages and limitations of each. A rich set of model results is also generated. Under both the policies evaluated, the poverty outcome is shown to generally be positive but small. Furthermore, the outcome is highly sensitive to the wage elasticity of demand: while minimum wages tend to be more effective in reducing poverty when the wage elasticity is low, wage subsidies generate superior outcomes under a high wage elasticity scenario.
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Plekhanov, Sergei. "Essays on Russian labour market issues." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/23375.
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Being the largest transition economy Russia has interested economists since the collapse of the USSR. This thesis contributes to the literature on Russian labour market. In the first chapter I investigate cyclicality of real wages in Russia, the second chapter looks into consequences of wage arrears for workers' future and the third chapter develops a model of wage arrears that arise as a result of firms' opportunistic behaviour. The principal source of data used in this thesis is the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (the RLMS). The first chapter investigates cyclicality of real wages in Russia. The analysis is carried out both at the country as well as regional levels and the influence of wage arrears on the cyclicality is examined. The estimated cyclicality coefficient is three to four times larger in magnitude than those observed for Germany, the UK, the USA and other developed countries. An increase in unemployment rate by one percentage point leads to an average reduction in real wages of four percent. The results are robust to changes in sample period and estimation technique. Wage arrears do not prove to be the driving force of this strong procyclicality. The second chapter investigates influence of wage arrears on the future of affected workers. Limited dependent variable models are used to analyse the effects of wage arrears on the probability of future wage arrears and frequent separation from employers. Difference-in-difference approach is used to analyse effects on earnings. The results suggest that affected workers are twice as likely to experience wage arrears again within next three years. Job-movers are able to decrease the probability of repeated wage arrears by nine percentage points. The effect on separations is more modest: affected workers are approximately forty percent more likely to change jobs the following year and eleven percent more likely to experience frequent separations within five years after wage arrears. The effect on future earnings is relatively small and short-lived. Take-home wages decrease by 1 000 RUB compared to unaffected workers and recover within the following year. Analysis of stocks and flows of wage arrears indicates that in the period from 1998 to 2012 on average three quarters of wage debts were repaid. The third chapter picks up the discussion of the nature of wage arrears in Russia. An indirect evidence suggests that sometimes the firms choose to withhold wages despite having the resources to pay and in certain circumstances the employees accept it. The chapter presents a model of wage arrears that is based on worker-firm interactions. Calibration to the Russian data indicates that the parameter values observed in the RLMS dataset are consistent with a stable equilibrium in which an approximately half of the labour force experience late payments. The model predicts average duration of wage arrears of four months. This prediction is consistent with the Russian reality in the late 1990s.
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Liu, Gerald. "Agricultural wage labour in fifteenth-century England." Thesis, Durham University, 2012. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3353/.
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This dissertation is researching the employment of different types of agricultural labourer in the ending phase of the middle ages. The purpose is to question the method of using casual wage evidence to interpret changes in the labourer’s income in the current study of late medieval economic history. My criticism of the traditional method is that, since casual wage evidence is composed of the price of finishing a piece of work, it is inappropriate to use that evidence to interpret incomes without the information of how many pieces of work done by the labourer. The said information is, indeed, mostly unavailable. My proposition to solve this problem is to use the salaries paid to the permanent farm worker, who was hired by year. The approach of this research is, firstly, to demonstrate the limitations of the traditional method and, secondly, to demonstrate that the salary paid to the permanent worker is a useful tool for understanding the changes in the labourer’s income. In particular, the discussion is separated into five chapters. At first, I intend to illustrate that casual wage evidence illustrates only one aspect of the fifteenth-century agricultural labour market and that from the same source material more information apart from wage data is available and allows us to examine other aspects of wage labour. With the information, I shall argue that job opportunities in the casual sector were limited by farming seasons; and that, except for a few villagers, casual employment only accounted for a minor part of the yearly income. It shall be illustrated that apart from casual labourers, the manorial demesne employed the other two types of labourers, who were potentially more important than casual labourers in terms of the cost and the labour input. Between the two, labour services were persistently employed, but their important were dwindling, whilst the permanent workers were the main labour force purposely maintained on the demesne. This finding proves that the employment of casual labour was relatively insignificant. It also illustrates that the permanent posts were a more secure source of income than casual hire. In this context, casual hire was paid higher daily wages, but its availability was limited; the permanent contract was poorly paid, but it guaranteed a secure livelihood across the year. This explains why, when job opportunities were relatively expanded in the casual sector during labour shortage, labourers would turn down permanent contracts for casual hire, in the hope for a better income. Following this context, we would expect to see that during our period, when depopulation was continued, the employer of permanent workers was forced to improve the job offer to match the potential income a labourer could earn in the casual sector. The trend in the value of the permanent labourer’s salary, therefore, should reflect the changes in the agricultural labourer’s income in general. An index of the permanent labourer’s salary will be presented to illustrate this rising trend.
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Benito, Andrew. "Wage premia in the British labour market." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1997. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/59442/.
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The doctoral dissertation considers the existence of non-competitive wage premia in Great Britain. The research aims to confront the predictions of certain approaches to wage determination with microeconomic data for Great Britain. In so doing, the analysis is mindful of the importance of economic theory in order to provide a basis for empirical work undertaken, which in turn should ideally be focused upon policy-oriented issues. In addressing the issue of Wage Premia in the British Labour Market, the Thesis also acknowledges the importance of employing large microeconomic datasets in order to understand an issue which is essentially concerned with microeconomic behaviour. To this end, the Thesis employs data at the level of the individual, the establishment and the firm in the British labour market, carrying out both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Noncompetitive wages have significant implications for performance alongside wages themselves. Partly as a result, a concern of the author was to go beyond estimation of wage equations with additional explanatory variables, in order to consider these aspects of performance directly. The empirical work reflects this. In a sense, the body of research traces the three stages of development of the empirical literature on non-competitive wages. This begins with a study of the wages received by individual workers according to their industry affiliation. Competitive theory predicts that contingent upon levels of human capital and non-pecuniary benefits, individuals working in different industries should earn equal amounts: a law of one-price prevails. The analysis therefore attempts to detect the presence of non-competitive rents. Further, the notion that such differentials are non-competitive suggests a relation between their magnitude and industry profitability. The study represents the first attempt to relate industry differentials to measures of industry ability-to pay for Great Britain. Second, a cross-sectional study of turnover and wages is concerned with the issue of whether an employer may voluntarily pay wages above a market-clearing level in order to prevent employees from quitting the place of work. The paper provides the first microeconomic evidence of wage as well as union effects upon turnover at British establishments. Third, the issue of whether the forces of wage determination may differ between levels of the firm is considered, focusing upon the employee-executive distinction. Two chapters, employing a large panel of UK companies consider this issue by examining the determination of company-level wages (Chapter 5) and company financial performance (Chapter 6). At the time of writing, one of the most contentious issues in the area of wage determination in the British labour market refers to the pay of public sector employees and how this compares to that of the private sector. In Chapter 7, among the first individual-level estimates of the differential associated with employment in the public sector for Great Britain are provided. Finally, the Thesis draws out the policy implications of efficiency wages. Efficiency Wage theory represents one of the main schools of thought regarding the existence of noncompetitive wage premia. The issues which arise strike at the core of labour market and industrial policy-making and include unemployment and minimum wage legislation.
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Meschi, Maria Meloria. "Female labour supply and wage discrimination in the Italian labour market." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388640.
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Kecmanovic, Milica Economics Australian School of Business UNSW. "Studies of labour markets in countries in transition in South East Europe." Awarded By:University of New South Wales. Economics, 2010. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/44608.
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This thesis explores several aspects of the labour market in Serbia and Croatia during the process of transition from socialism to a market economy. First, it examines how women??s position in the labour market has changed in Serbia. Using five annual Labour Force Surveys (2001-2005), I find that the gender wage gap is still very low in Serbia, and is even decreasing during this period. However, decompositions that apply the Oaxaca (1974) methodology reveal that the unexplained component of the gap is very large, and is increasing. Likewise, quantile decompositions suggest that while the raw gap is falling at each of the quantiles analysed, the unexplained component is increasing at most quantiles at the same time. Thus, the relatively small gap in earnings could be masking considerable discrimination in the labour market. Second, changes in men??s wage inequality in Serbia in the period from 2001 to 2005 are analysed using five annual Labour Force Surveys. Changes in the distribution of earnings are examined using the Lemieux (2002) decomposition methodology. I find that the change in wage inequality is mostly driven by changes in wage premiums, while the effect of changes in the composition of the labour force is very small. Isolating the effect of the emerging private sector reveals that changes in the private sector size and wage premium account for an average 25 percent of the changes in inequality during this period. Third, the effect that the recent war in Croatia (1991-1995) had on the educational and employment trajectories of the 1971 birth cohort of men is investigated. This birth cohort was most affected by the armed forces draft. I treat the occurrence of the war as a natural experiment and use data from the Croatian and Slovenian Labour Force Surveys. Applying the difference-in-difference framework and comparing this cohort to adjacent cohorts, women, and to respective cohorts in Slovenia, a neighbouring country that did not experience war, I find that the war has had a negative effect on educational outcomes and a small positive effect on the employment and earnings outcomes of this cohort of men.
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Davies, Stuart. "Essays on wage dispersion." Thesis, University of Essex, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285824.
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Sand, Benjamin MacLean. "Three essays in empirical labour economics : wage determination in local labour markets." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/10777.
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This dissertation consists of three empirical essays that examine different aspects of wage determination in local labour markets. The first essay investigates whether or not there are human capital externalities or spill-overs from education. I find that the fraction of college graduates in U.S. cities is associated with higher wages in the 1980s but not in the 1990s. To rationalize this pattern, I empirically investigate a model of structural change by Acemoglu (1999) and find considerable support for it in a number of dimensions. Consistent with the notion that there has been a structural change in the labour market, increases in the supply of skilled labour in the 1990s induce a change in the composition of jobs, increase inequality, unemployment, the return to education, and the wages of high-skill workers and harm low-skill workers. The second essay, which is co-authored with Paul Beaudry and David Green, develops a multi-sector search and matching model of the labour market that illustrates a mechanism through which changes in local industrial composition can cause changes in wages in all sectors of the local economy. We empirically test this model using geographical variation in industrial composition across U.S. metropolitan areas from 1970 to 2000 and find that shifts in industrial composition that favor high-paying industries impact wages in other sectors in a manner that is consistent with the model. The third chapter, co-authored with Christopher Bidner, extends the model developed in chapter two to examine the impact of changes in industrial composition on the relative wages of men and women. We find that men lost representation in high-paying industries relative to women and that these losses can account for a substantial portion of the `unexplained' gender pay gap. All three essays use data from the U.S. decennial Censuses and take U.S. metropolitan areas as local labour markets.
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Collier, William James Cledan. "Labour market heterogeneity : wage determination and unemployment duration." Thesis, University of Kent, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342164.
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Weng, Yulei. "China's labour market transition : labour mobility and wages." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/13782/.
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After the 1978 policy of reform and opening up, Chinese economy is transiting from a planned economy to a market one. Meanwhile, its labour force also became more mobile, leading to job turnover and internal migration. In addition, the wage setting became more market-oriented rather than centrally administered. Motivated by these changes in the post-reform Chinese labour market, this thesis empirically investigates job turnover, wage compensation and return migration in China, all of which consider the impact of the household registration system. Chapter two empirically studies job turnover in China. The 1978 policy of reform and opening up brought changes to the Chinese labour market. For example, the number of life-long employment was reducing and meanwhile the scale of the non-public sector was expanding. Therefore, people have more employment choices than before. Using employment histories recorded in the 2008 China General Social Survey, discrete-time survival analysis is used to examine the motivations for job turnover. Respondents registered in urban and rural areas are considered separately in the analysis. However, the results show no significant difference in job turnover between urban and rural registered people. As bonuses, housing subsidies and social insurances are currently common employment benefits in China, chapter three asks whether there is a wage reduction when higher benefits are provided to employees, which can be explained by the compensating wage differentials hypothesis. Using data from the 2009 Rural-Urban Migration in China, both urban employees and migrant workers are included in the sample. A wage equation and three benefit equations are estimated simultaneously. Instrumental variables are selected to correct for the endogeneity problem of benefit variables in the wage equation. The results show that there is no trade-off between wages and benefits, meaning that benefits do not have a compensating effect to wages. The fourth chapter uses Cox survival analysis to study the return migration in China. Previous studies have found that return migration in China is due to the household registration system and the macroeconomic environment both domestically and internationally. However, this chapter argues that return migration is more likely to be associated with employment and household factors. Employing data from the 2009 Rural-Urban Migration in China, chapter four considers the heterogeneity in return migration between the new and old generation migrants, where the former are taken to be born after 1980. The results show that the new generation migrants experience more return migration than their old counterparts. This implies that integrating to cities may be difficult even if the new generation migrants have a stronger desire to stay in cities permanently. The thesis concludes that although the Chinese labour market is becoming more mobile and wage setting is more flexible, people with different registration status are experiencing different outcomes and respond differently to these changes. Therefore, the policy implication of this thesis is that the Chinese society as well as its labour market should transit from a dual track system to an integrated one.
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Jenkinson, T. J. "An econometric analysis of wage flexibility." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384792.
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Anderson, Edward William John. "Globalisation and wage inequalities, past and present." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390914.
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Kocak, Serap. "Gender discrimination in the Turkish labour market." Thesis, De Montfort University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/5209.
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Metcalfe, Renuka. "Dynamic wage-bargaining in labour markets : theory and evidence." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2006. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/1024/.
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Cheng, Shen. "Dual labour markets and wage disparities in contemporary Britain." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.408513.
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Wright, Peter. "Unions, unionisation and imperfectly competitive labour markets : a theoretical and empirical analysis." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284064.
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Swaffield, Joanna Kate. "Wage differentials in the 1990s : estimates of employer tenure, union status and gender wage effects and modelling issues in estimation." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322680.
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Ramaswamy, Ramana. "The theory of social corporatism and wage bargaining." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.385487.
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Lidvall, Adam. "Relative wages and labour shortages : Evidence from Sweden." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi och statistik (NS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-97604.
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The purpose of this thesis is to look into the relationship between relative wage and labor shortage in the Swedish labor market. This relationship is expected to be positive since wage increases are often used as a mechanism to counter shortages. To look into this relationship the seemingly unrelated regression model (SUR), as well as the random effects model are introduced. The results indicate that there exists a positive relationship between relative wage and shortage for occupations with higher degree of shortage and a negative relationship for occupations with no or low degree of shortage. From the results, the evidence suggests that relative wage is a good mechanism for countering shortages, but not a sufficient one.
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Singleton, Carl Andrew. "Empirical essays on recent patterns in the British labour market." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25824.
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This thesis presents three essays, which each address a salient recent pattern in the British labour market. The first essay concerns whether or not men and women experience the business cycle differently, through their labour market outcomes, and why this might be the case. The second essay seeks to explain the cyclical amplification of unemployment duration, in particular the substantial and persistent increase in UK long-term unemployment observed during and since the Great Recession. The final essay studies recent changes in British wage inequality. To shed light on the possible factors driving these changes, it asks simply whether they are mostly determined by increasing or decreasing wage dispersion within or between firms. Gender and the business cycle: an analysis of labour markets in the US and UK Starting from an improved understanding of the relationship between gender labour market stocks and the business cycle, we analyse the contributing role of flows in the US and UK. Focusing on the post-2008 recession period, the subsequent greater rise in male unemployment can mostly be explained by a less cyclical response of flows between employment and unemployment for women, especially the entry into unemployment. Across gender and country, the inactivity rate is generally not sensitive to the state of the economy. However, a flows based analysis reveals a greater importance of the participation margin over the cycle. Changes in the rates of flow between unemployment and inactivity can each account for around 0.8-1.1 percentage points of the rise in US male and female unemployment rates during the latest downturn. For the UK, although the participation flow to unemployment similarly contributed to the increase of the female unemployment rate, this was not the case for men. The countercyclical flow rate from inactivity to employment was also more significant for women, especially in the US, where it accounted for approximately all of the fall in employment, compared with only forty percent for men. Long-term unemployment and the Great Recession: evidence from UK stocks and flows Although modest by historical standards, long-term unemployment nonetheless more than doubled during the UK’s Great Recession. Only a small fraction of this persistent increase can be accounted for by the changing composition of unemployment across personal and work history characteristics. Through extending a well-known stocks-flows decomposition of labour market fluctuations, the cyclical behaviour of participation flows can account for over two-thirds of the high level of long-term unemployment following the financial crisis, especially the procyclical flow from unemployment to inactivity. The pattern of these flows and their changing composition suggest a general shift in the labour force attachment of the unemployed during the downturn. Recent changes in British wage inequality: evidence from firms and occupations Using a linked employer-employee dataset, we study the increasing trend in British wage inequality over the past two decades. The dispersion of wages within firms accounts for the majority of changes to wage variance. Approximately all of the contribution to inequality dynamics from firm-specific factors are absorbed by controlling for the changing occupational content of wages. The modest trend in between-firm wage inequality is explained by a combination of changes in between-occupation inequality and the occupational composition of firms and employment. These results are robust to using weekly, hourly or annual measures of employee pay.
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Stegwee, Maarten G. "Empirical essays on efficiency wage models of the labour market." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.317733.
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Al-Akel, Mohammed A. Hadi. "Manpower, labour market and wage development : the case of Jordan." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372066.
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This thesis examines the Jordanian case concerning the importance of manpower resources in general, and the issue of manpower migration in particular in a developing economy characterised by a lack of natural resources. It focuses its investigation on the kind of economy with manpower shortages that interacts in the labour market and influences the process of wage development and the magnitude of wage differentials for various groups of manpower and across various sectors of employment. The thesis is firmly based on data gathered by a special survey conducted in Jordan and covered various governmental and non-governmental establishments operating in the domestic economy throughout the period 1970 to 1983. The findings of this thesis showed that manpower emigration and the shortages it caused has stimulated pressure for higher wages, and yielded a more pragmstic system ef industrial relations showed by the remarkable response it generates from employers, unions and the state towards collective bargaining; thus cooperation rather than confrontation becomes the main feature of Jordan's current system of industrial relations. On the other hand, emigrants remittances represent a major source of foreign exchange and proved to be of adequate importance to Jordan. It was also confirmed that wage structure in the Jordanian economy is closely tied to educational attainment with regard to major specialisation. With regard to wage development, it was found that while money wages increased rapidly, real wages for various groups of manpower and across various sectors of employment declined for new entrants to the labour market throughout the period under review; whereas, real wages for those on-the-job have generally improved. For both new entrants and those on-the-job, private to public sector wage differential widened. It was also shown that there was a tendency for narrowing wage differential between the professionals vis-a-vis other groups of manpower. The narrowing of differential proceeded faster for those on-the-job compared to the new entrants to the labour market. It also proceeded faster in the public sector compared to other sectors of employment. Finally, hiring procedures, labour turnover and other conditions of employment are also discussed. A consideration of these findings prompted thoughts of various policy measures that are of adequate importance to Jordan at this stage of development.
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Zanni, Alberto Maria. "Labour and residential adjustments in rural regions : the impact of wage and non-wage determinants of change." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.430457.
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Hori, Kenjiro. "Three essays in labour economics : wage and employment contracts under uncertainty, and the frictional labour market." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.614811.
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Behar, Alberto. "Are skilled and unskilled labour complements or substitutes?" Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1900a3c1-135a-4954-83c4-6baf474f1271.
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Using theoretical and empirical approaches, this thesis asks whether skilled and unskilled labour complement or substitute one another in production. We primarily investigate whether an increase in the proportion of workers with skills would raise or lower demand for those who remain unskilled. A secondary issue is the role of factor prices in labour demand. To study the role of factor prices, we estimate labour demand elasticities and Alien elasticities of substitution between capital and up to five occupations in South Africa. We supplement firmlevel data with household survey information and confirm theoretically that the elasticities can be estimated from a cost function under non-constant returns to scale. We show that separable disaggregated inputs can be used to find aggregate elasticities: more skilled and less skilled aggregates are p-complements, so a fall in skilled wages would lead to a rise in demand for less skilled labour. Disaggregated estimates suggest unskilled workers are p-complements with semi-skilled workers but p-substitutes with skilled/artisanal labour. We investigate the effects of a rise in skill supply on the relatively unskilled by estimating Hicks elasticities of complementarity and factor price. Aggregated estimates suggest more skilled and less skilled labour are q-complements, so an exogenous rise in the supply of skilled labour would raise demand for less skilled labour. Disaggregated estimates suggest skilled/artisanal and unskilled labour are q-complements while semi-skilled and unskilled labour are q-substitutes. The results allow for imperfectly elastic product demand and rigid wages. Using an endogenous growth model, we show technological progress is skill-biased in the South if it is in the North, resulting in rising wage inequality in developing countries. Assuming skilled and unskilled labour are perfect substitutes, we model expanded educational access as it adds relatively educated cohorts to the labour market. A rising skill composition causes accelerated skill-biased technological change and wage inequality. Relaxing the assumption of perfect substitutability, a one-off rise in skill supply only raises wage inequality if the elasticity of substitution is high, higher than existing empirical estimates.
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Adams, Zoe Louise. "A social ontology of the wage." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2019. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/286337.
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This thesis draws on the theory and method of social ontology to explore why labour law struggles to provide for wage security and clarity of employment status today. It starts by exploring at a conceptual level the relationship between law and capitalism, before moving on to engage more specifically with the concept of the wage, situating the analysis in a theory of the wage's socio-economic function. The thesis understands the 'wage' as, initially, the market price of the commodity, 'labour power', which is exchanged in the labour market. As with any other 'price', the wage functions to coordinate decision making in the market. At the same time, however, the wage is also the cost of reproducing that commodity, a process which is not confined to the market but takes place in society more generally: this is the function of social reproduction. These two functions are not only conceptually and materially distinct; they are frequently in conflict. The price the market assigns to the labour commodity is not always, and not necessarily, that which is required to cover its costs of (re)production. The thesis shows that these functions of the wage find their expression in the various concepts the legal system uses to describe the payment made by employers to their workers. For example, the legal concept of the 'wage' corresponds closely to the economic idea of the wage as price, and the concept of 'remuneration' to the wage as the cost of social reproduction, shifting some of the social costs of employment onto the employer. How these conceptual tools are deployed, however, and thus how effectively these functions are performed in practice, depends on law's own view of its ontological status: that is, the implicit position that the legal system takes on what constitutes 'social reality' beyond the text of a particular case or statute, and thus its view of whether, and to what extent, legal concepts can shape, as well as respond, to it. The thesis shows that whether the legal system sees its concepts playing an active role in constituting social and economic relations, or whether it sees them as passively reacting to the 'demands' of a 'pre-constituted' economic system makes a difference to the effectiveness of law in practice. Understanding law's implicit ontology in this sense helps us to see why labour law struggles to provide for wage security and clarity of status. Thinking about law's relationship with social reality can thus make an important contribution to our understanding of the problems of low pay and unclear employment status today.
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Mebrahtu, Hagos. "Measuring the gender-wage differential and discrimination in the Eritrean labour market." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6908.
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Bibliography: leaves 84-87.The objective of the study is to measure and investigate the sources of gender-wage differentials in the Eritrean labour market. The study uses primary data drawn from the Income and Expenditure Household Survey collected by National Statistics Eritrea in 1997. Three separate standard wage functions for males, females and a pooled one for both sexes are estimated, in which, the dependent variable (semi-log monthly wage) is a linear function of years of schooling, experience, experience squared, and hours worked, and dummy variables capturing, occupations, ethnicity, industry, employer, marital status, fighters (represents whether the individual employee belong to the group who participated in the army struggle for independence or not). The decomposition exercise involved subtracting the female wage equation from the male wage equation, and then the wage differential that is found is in tum decomposed using the standard Oaxaca -Blinder (1973) procedure. The econometric result showed that women earned about 66 % of what men earned. The wage differentials are decomposed into two components, the differential due to the measurable variables and that due to discrimination. The results from the decompositions of the gender-wage differentials show that 18 % of the wage differentials result from discrimination, while 82 % is accounted for by the measurable variables. These results signal that gender-wage differentials emanate both from human capital differences and unequal treatment in the labour market. The results from the wage equation of female workers showed that human capital followed by the variable fighters, hours worked per a week, marital status, industrial sectors, and type of employer were important determinant of female wages. Place of work and occupations were the least important, and ethnicity was insignificant in the wage determination process of the female employees. Likewise, the human capital followed by the variable fighter, place of work and occupations were important variables in determining the male wages. Ethnicity, industrial sectors, employer and marital status were least important in the wage determination process of the male employees in Eritrea in 1997.
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Foss, Pal. "Problems of centralized collective wage bargaining and incomes policies in Norway." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333994.
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Yuen, Terence K. H. "Employment and wage dynamics, estimating the impact of labour market institutions." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0021/NQ53730.pdf.
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Robinson, Helen. "Intermittent participation, wages and the labour market." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/9406962c-3dc0-49b3-8737-8d636c09e588.
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McCartan, Patrick John. "Competition and segmentation : an analysis of wage determination and labour adjustments in manufacturing industry." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001453.
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The thesis itself proceeds according to the following outline. Chapter One is concerned with the neoclassical theory of the labour market. Three particular models are surveyed all of which attempt to explain wage differentials and labour adjustments within a competitive equilibrium framework. The basic model of the labour market which rests upon the marginal productivity theory of labour demand, the utility-maximising approach to labour supply and the competitive theory of market equilibrium is dealt with first.This is followed by an outline of human capital theory which emphasises the crucial role played by education and training in determining individual earnings . Finally, attention is focused on disequilibrium wage models of adjustment which account for wage dispersion in terms of the amount and quality of information available to transactors in the labour market.(Introduction, p. 3-4)
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Yin, Ya Ping. "Wage determination and general equilibrium in a unionised economy : a general equilibrium perspective." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283029.
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Laryea, Samuel Amartei. "Estimating the impact of foreign-born labour on wage rates in Canada." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq24321.pdf.
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Tanaka, Yasushi. "A theory of wage determination : a training model with heterogeneous labour approach." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1997. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1488/.
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This thesis offers an alternative approach to the theory of wage determination, producing new and interesting interpretations to labour market phenomena. Based on the assumption of heterogeneous labour, a training model based on the concept of adverse selection is introduced. The unique feature of this model is that the heterogeneity is expressed in terms of the cost of OJT as well as the opportunity wage of the potential workers. The model suggests that the existence of unemployment and the downward wage rigidity are conditional upon the market characteristics and that the unemployment can not be eliminated by lowering the wage. It also suggests that policies to control the demand side of the market such as accepting of immigration of able workers, raising the educational standard of the domestic workers, or subsidizing the firm's OJT would be more effective. Also as a training model, the analysis includes a two-period model, in which the upward-sloping wage profile is derived. The analysis is extended to the idea of multiple wage equilibrium in one market, which in turn offers a new dimension to the analysis of income distribution. One important result here is that whatever happens in the society will first affect the weakest, to whom therefore the policy makers need to pay greater attention. The derivation of a skewed distribution of wage offers yet one more explanation to the Pigou paradox. The model attempts also to explain how firms choose workers in the real world job offers usually states a minimum hiring standard as well as the offer wage, and how they react to economic fluctuations - would they, for example, reduce the wage or raise the minimum hiring standard when the demand for the product falls. The analysis suggests that the weaker members of the society are more prone to exogeneous shocks.
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Rycx, François. "Collective bargaining, labour market performance, wage structures and poverty: an international perspective." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211604.
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Small, Ian Christopher. "The theory and effect of the UK's supply-side policy on the labour market." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294751.
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Kasongo, Atoko Haydee AH. "Youth wage subsidy as a possible solution to youth unemployment in South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4062.
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South Africa is characterised by its high and persistent level of unemployment, in particular
among the youth. The high youth unemployment is attributed to various reasons, ranging
from their lack of work experience, skills mismatch to employment and wage rigidities. The
South African government proposed the youth wage subsidy to be implemented in 2011, with
the primary aim of solving the youth unemployment problem. This study starts by providing a
literature review on the youth labour market trends since the transition; it emerged that there
is a lack of studies focusing exclusively on how youths fare in the labour market. Next, the
demographic and educational attainment characteristics of the youth narrow labour force,
employed and narrow unemployed are analysed under the narrow or strict definition, using
the 1995-1999 October Household Surveys (OHSs), the 2000-2007 Labour Force Surveys
(LFSs) and the 2008-2011 Quarterly Labour Force Surveys (QLFSs). With regard to
unemployed youths, it is found that they are more likely to be blacks, without Matric and have
never worked before. The main causes of youth unemployment are then discussed in detail,
before the thesis moves on to examine the various active and passive labour market policies
that could help to address the youth unemployment problem. The possible pros and cons of
the youth wage subsidy, one of the active policies and the focus of this study, are discussed in
greater detail. In particular, the claim by institutions such as COSATU that the introduction of
the subsidy would lead to elderly workers (who are not subsidised) being replaced by the
youth workers (who are subsidised) is not entirely correct, as these two groups of workers
could be complementary instead of substitutes, and the introduction of the subsidy
programme could result in an increase of demand for both elderly and youth workers. It is
concluded that, although the youth wage subsidy could be one of the feasible solutions to
stimulate demand for youth labour, it is not sufficient to address youth unemployment. It
needs to be complemented by the other policies, such as a job search subsidy (targeting
discouraged work seekers) and public employment programmes (e.g. Expanded Public Works
Programme); but it is most important to note that these policies could only be fully effective if
the root causes of youth unemployment are addressed by the government.Magister Economicae - MEcon
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Hemström, Maria. "Salary determination in professional labour markets /." [Uppsala] : Dept. of Economics, Uppsala University, 1998. http://lcweb.loc.gov/catdir/toc/98-183446.html.
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Bruns, Benjamin. "Three Essays on Labour and Political Economics." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/19229.
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Die vorliegende Dissertation setzt sich aus drei Aufsätzen zusammen: zwei im Bereich der Arbeitsmarktökonomie und einer im Bereich der politischen Ökonomie. Der erste Aufsatz untersucht die Rolle der zunehmenden Firmenheterogenität für die Stagnation des Gender Wage Gaps auf dem westdeutschen Arbeitsmarkt in den 1990er und 2000er Jahren. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die steigende Firmenheterogenität während dieses Zeitraums einen Rückgang des Gender Wage Gaps um 15% bzw. 3,6 Log-Prozentpunkte verhindert hat. Darüber hinaus zeigen die Analysen, dass eine zunehmende Lohnflexibilisierung, bedingt durch einen Rückgang der Tarifbindung und wachsende Dezentralisierungs- und Flexibilisierungstendenzen innerhalb der vorhandenen Tarifbindungsregime, den Anstieg der Lohnungleichheit zwischen Betrieben und folglich die Lohnungleichheit zwischen Männern und Frauen verstärkt hat. Der zweite Aufsatz untersucht die Auswirkungen des Anfang der 1990er Jahre von Flüchtlingsmigranten verursachten, plötzlichen Anstiegs des Arbeitskräfteangebots auf Löhne und Beschäftigung der einheimischen Arbeitnehmer. Die empirischen Analysen zeigen, dass ein 1%iger Zuwachs in der Beschäftigung von Migranten mit einer Reduzierung des lokalen Lohn- und Beschäftigungswachstums in den betroffenen Regionen um durchschnittlich etwa 0,68 bzw. 1,13% einhergeht; auf längere Sicht zeigen sich indes keine negativen Auswirkungen. Zwei Drittel des lokalen Beschäftigungsrückgangs werden durch entsprechende Beschäftigungsgewinne in solchen Regionen kompensiert, die von der Flüchtlingszuwanderung nicht betroffen sind. Die Unterschiede zwischen kurz- und langfristigen Konsequenzen sowie die Umverteilung der Beschäftigung zwischen Regionen sind für die politische Evaluation der Vor- und Nachteile von Migration von Bedeutung. Der dritte Aufsatz untersucht, ob die Parteienlandschaft im Gemeinderat einen Effekt auf die Struktur von Gemeindezusammenlegungen hat, indem sie die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Wiederwahl und folglich des Machterhalts der im Amt befindlichen politischen Entscheidungsträger beeinflusst. Die empirischen Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die Parteienstruktur für die Realisierung von Gemeindezusammenlegungen von Bedeutung ist.This dissertation is composed of three essays: two in the field of labour economics and one in political economics. The first essay studies the role of growing workplace heterogeneity for the stagnation of the gender pay gap on the West German labour market during the 1990s and 2000s. The analysis shows that the expansion of workplace-specific wage premiums over that time period prevented the gender wage gap from narrowing by around 15% or 3.6 log points. This effect is not driven by a relocation of men and women across high and low wage firms, but is entirely attributable to a widening in the distribution of wage premiums. The study further shows that rising wage flexibilisation, facilitated by deunionisation and decentralisation tendencies within unions, has led to higher rent-sharing elasticities, and thereby catalysed the role of workplace heterogeneity for overall inequality and the wage gap between genders. The second essay investigates the impact of a refugee-driven labour supply shock on native wages and employment. By exploiting a large and unexpected refugee wave hitting the West German labour market between 1988 and 1993, the analysis shows that an increase in local immigrant employment by 1% reduces native wages and employment by about 0.68 and 1.13%, respectively; in the longer perspective, however, these negative effects disappear. The study also shows that about two-thirds of the local employment decline is compensated by corresponding employment gains in regions not affected by immigration. Both findings—the difference between short and long run effects and the redistribution of native employment across regions — are important for the political evaluation of immigration. The third essay investigates the political determinants of municipality amalgamations. By exploiting a boundary reform in the state of Brandenburg, which reduced the number of municipalities by about 70%, the study asks whether party representation in the town council influences the structure of municipality mergers by affecting the political decision makers’ probability to remain in power. The empirical estimates suggest that political representation matters for the structure of mergers that materialise.
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Li, Jing. "Three essays on flexible working arrangements and labour market outcomes." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/6413.
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This thesis looks at the effects of flexible working arrangements on workers' labour market outcomes. The particular type of flexible working arrangement analysed in this thesis is called "flexitime". This is an arrangement which gives workers the freedom to choose when to start and end their work. Flexitime provides workers with a new way to cater to their domestic responsibilities and in turn may reduce the costs of participating in the labour market. Therefore, it is closely connected with workers' compensation structure, human capital accumulation process, labour supply and job mobility. The effects of flexitime on workers' labour market outcomes are analysed from three aspects: wage, labour supply, and job mobility. The first chapter gives an introduction and overview of the thesis. The second chapter is a study on the compensating wage differentials associated with flexitime. In general I do not find convincing evidence showing the existence of compensating wage differentials associated with flexitime. One possible reason might be that flexitime brings additional benefits to firms (such as increased productivity and reduced turnover rate) so that firms may not necessarily need to reduce actual wages in exchange for flexitime provision. In the third chapter, I develop a model describing how flexitime may affect workers' labour supply decisions. The main finding of the model is that flexitime will increase workers' labour supply when the benefit associated with flexitime (increased child care production efficiency) is high relative to the cost of wage reduction (prediction 1). Meanwhile, the model also predicts that flexitime causes high human capital workers to increase their labour supply more than low human capital workers (prediction 2). Empirical findings show that flexitime is positively associated with working mothers' labour market hours, which confirms model prediction 1. However, there is arguably insufficient empirical evidence verifying model prediction 2. The fourth chapter considers the relationship between flexitime and workers' job satisfaction and job mobility. Flexitime is associated with high job satisfaction levels for both male and female workers. It also reduces the probability of quitting for female workers with young children. Male workers' job mobility decisions are not significantly affected by flexitime. The fifth chapter gives the conclusion of the thesis.
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Serneels, Pieter M. "Unemployment and wages in urban African labour markets." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270474.
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Scaramozzino, Pasquale. "Wages and employment in non-competitive labour markets." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1990. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1098/.
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This thesis consists of an introduction and two parts. Part I deals with wage and employment determination under labour bargaining, and is formed of chapters 1 and 2. Part II looks at the role of inflation expectations in macroeconomic models, and is divided into chapters 3, 4 and 5. Chapter 1 sets forth and tests a model of labour bargaining in which the firm and the union are only constrained by the other party's available market alternatives if these are credible. Empirical findings, based on a panel of UK manufacturing firms, show some support for the main predictions of the model. Chapter 2 generalizes the theoretical framework developed in the previous chapter and explores its robustness with respect to changes to some of the assumptions. Chapter 3 assesses the literature on the relationship between inflation expectations, wage and price flexibility and variability of output. Expectations of future price changes may have a destabilizing effect on output if expected inflation moves procyclically. Chapter 4 looks at an overlapping wage contract model and derives analytical conditions for output destabilization to occur as wages and prices become more flexible. A new classical specification of the supply side is then considered, and price rigidity is established to be neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for increased output volatility. Chapter 5 analyses a monopolistically competitive framework with synchronized wage setting. Explicit consideration of the expected inflation effect makes employment and output variability more likely to increase with contract length.
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Konings, Jozef Gerard Leo. "Gross job flows and wage determination in the U.K. : evidence from firm level data." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1994. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1343/.
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This thesis studies important evolutions in three areas in labour economics: the flow approach, the efficiency wage hypothesis and unions. In part one I discuss gross job flows in the U.K., while part II is concerned with wage determination and firm performance. I give an introduction in chapter I where I motivate the study of gross job flows and I highlight the importance of spillovers from the product market to the labour market and vice versa. In chapter II I analyze a pattern of gross job creation and destruction in the U.K. during the 70's and early 80's. At any point in time and even within narrowly defined sectors simultaneous creation and destruction of jobs is observed, the latter being more variable over the cycle. Gross job reallocation, defined as the sum of gross job creation and destruction, is counter cyclical. Chapter III explores the relationship between firm size and job creation and destruction. The largest firms create and destroy most jobs. However, in percentage terms the gross job creation rate is largest in small firms, while the gross job destruction rate is lowest. I further investigate the size distribution dynamics and find that in the long run firms converge towards their average size, while plants do not. The final chapter of part I compares gross job flows across countries and shows the difficulties involved in making a consistent comparison. In part II I analyze vertical spillovers from the labour market to the product market and vice versa. I show that there exists a positive relationship between the wage paid in the firm and its market share performance, only under the hypothesis of efficiency wages. The theory is supported by evidence from firm level panel data. I show that important new insights may be obtained if the product market is explicitly taken into account when analyzing labour problems. Finally, in chapter VI I investigate the impact of unions on employment growth in the U.K. and find that unions have a negative effect on employment growth, but a positive effect on employment levels, although this effect is not robust with respect to time. Moreover, the union effect is weaker the more competitors the firm faces.
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Bazen, Stephen Laurence. "Minimum wage legislation : the likely impact on earnings, poverty and employment in the UK." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319349.
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Bhorat, Haroon. "Employment, earnings and vulnerability in the South African labour market : an empirical investigation based on official survey data." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53405.
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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2003.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The welfare challenge that faces South Africa in the post-apartheid period is, at its core, defined by the high levels of poverty and inequality in the society. The labour market, as a provider of wages to individuals and ultimately households, remains the key transmitter of these poverty and inequality outcomes in the society. This specific line of reasoning is the underlying intellectual thrust of this thesis: namely that the state of poverty and inequality in a society is mirrored by, and perhaps more strongly - determined and shaped - by the state of its labour market. The thesis therefore focuses in the first instance on employment trends in South Africa since 1970, across two discrete time periods. The intention is to sketch the changing patterns of labour demand in South Africa, with a particular focus on how these patterns have yielded differential gains for different occupation, race, gender and education cohorts. Ultimately, these uneven employment patterns remain one of the most significant factors shaping South Africa's poverty and inequality challenges. The inequality challenge, so often thought of in terms of households only, is analysed here purely in terms of the employed. The starting point once again, is that it is precisely these earnings that contribute to the extraordinarily high inequality levels in South Africa. This analysis imparts information about the manner in which intra-employed wage inequality is structured and furthermore, how South Africa compares in the international context. A major contribution of the thesis is to, through more formal measures of poverty, apply these to labour market-defined individuals, rather than households, which is the norm in the literature. The point of departure is of course that poverty, or vulnerability, expresses itself through individuals in the labour market, and is thereby transmitted at the household level. Hence a significant component of the dissertation attempts a formal measurement and modelling of the degree of poverty and vulnerability in the South African labour market. These welfare challenges for a society though, should not only be analysed, but rather solved as well. Hence the final two chapters of the dissertation attempts to examine two very recent policy options mooted in South Africa, and through using simulation techniques, attempts to estimate both the costs and benefits of instituting these two alternatives which are explicitly aimed at reducing poverty, vulnerability and inequality in the society.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid-Afrika se welvaartsvraagstuk in die na-apartheidsperiode word deur die hoë vlakke van armoede en ongelykheid in die samelewing bepaal. Die arbeidsmark, as voorsiener van lone aan individue en uiteindelik ook huishoudings, is die belangrikste bepaler van die oordrag van armoede- en ongelykheidsuitkomste in die samelewing. Die sleuteluitgangspunt van hierdie proefskrif is dat die stand van armoede en ongelykheid in 'n samelewing in sy arbeidsmark weerspieël en selfs daardeur bepaal en gevorm word. Die proefskrif fokus daarom veralop Suid- Afrikaanse indiensnemingstendense sedert die sewentigerjare, in twee diskrete periodes. Die doel is om die veranderende Suid-Afrikaanse arbeidsvraagpatroon te skets, veral die ongelyke voordele wat hierdie patrone vir verskillende beroeps-, rasse-, gestags- en opvoedkundige groepe meegebring het. Hierdie ongelyke indiensnemingspatrone is uiteindelik belangrike determinante van Suid-Afrika se armoede- en ongelykheidsvraagstuk. Hierdie analise verskaf inligting omtrent die struktuur van loonongelykheid onder werkendes en hoe Suid-Afrika internasionaal vergelyk. 'n Belangrike bydrae is die toepassing van formele armoedemaatstawwe op individue in die arbeidsmark, eerder as die konvensionele toepassing op huishoudings. Die uitgangspunt is natuurlik dat armoede of weerloosheid in die arbeidsmark op die vlak van die individu ervaar word, en dat dit daarna na die huishouding oorgedra word. Daarom is 'n groot deel van die proefskrif op die formele meting en modellering van die omvangvan armoede en weerloosheid in die Suid-Afrikaanse arbeidsmark toegespits. Hierdie welsynsvraagstukke moet natuurlik nie net ontleed word nie, maar ook opgelos word. Daarom poog die laaste twee hoofstukke om die implikasies van twee onlangse beleidsvoorstelle te ontleed. Deur simulasietegnieke word probeer om die kostes en voordele van hierdie twee alternatiewe beleidsvoorstelle gemik op die vermindering van armoede, ongelykheid en weerloosheid in die samelewing te beraam.
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Reiman, Cornelis Adriaan, and n/a. "Has enterprise bargaining affected the gender wage gap in Australia?" University of Canberra. Management & Technology, 2000. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061107.102527.
Full textAbstract:
With the introduction of enterprise bargaining in 1991, decentralised wage
determination in Australia was generally expected to widen the gender wage gap (see
Chapter 3). However, as discussed in Chapter 4, the research that underlies this
expectation is typically based upon aggregated data and suffers from a number of
deficiencies. In contrast, this dissertation utilises unit record data from the extensive
1995 Australian Workplace Industrial Relations Survey (AWIRS95) commissioned by
the former Department of Workplace Relations and Small Business to test the
hypothesis that enterprise bargaining has affected the gender wage gap in Australia.
Whilst the passing of four years between 1991 and the time of data collection may not
have allowed for the landmark industrial relations change to have worked itself through
the labour market, a noteworthy and major feature of AWIRS95 is that it identifies
workers and workplaces operating under enterprise bargaining agreements, as well as
containing a female/male split of the enterprise bargaining status (see Chapter 5).
Along with hourly earnings data derived from AWIRS95, a clear assessment can be
made of gender wage gaps for employees under enterprise bargaining and those not
employed under enterprise bargaining. The thesis uses OLS earnings regressions to
identify the part of any gender wag gap that can be justified by the difference in
measured characteristics between males and females, as well as identifying the part that
remains unexplained (see Chapter 7). Given the potential that workplace characteristics
can affect the integrity of OLS results, a random effects model is also used (see Chapter
8). Interestingly, the OLS and random effects results are virtually identical (see
Chapter 9).
It needs to be noted that the component of the gender wage gap that is unable to be
justified by direct statistical reference to the regression model has been attributed to
discrimination in the labour market. However, this is something of a misnomer as the
unjustified component also captures the impact of:
� model misspecification, including excluded variables;
� mismeasurement; and
� errors of calculation.
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Every effort has been made to reduce these effects. Nevertheless, there may be an
element of discrimination in the regression model utilised in this thesis that is not
discernible through the observable and measurable variables (see Chapter 3).
Results of analysis undertaken in this thesis indicate that the gender gap, as well as the
unexplained component thereof, are larger for employee data associated with enterprise
bargaining than is the case for workers not so employed. Even so, the result is not
deemed to be statistically significant, as is further supported by extensive sensitivity
testing (see Chapters 7 and 8).
Further research is needed to support the posed hypothesis. Nevertheless, the thesis still
provides a wide range of interesting outcomes in providing a greater understanding of
an observable gender wage gap in Australia, as well as the associated and contributing
characteristics of employees and employers. It is in this capacity that the research work
recorded in this thesis provides a new level of knowledge and understanding,
particularly given the thorough use made of recent microdata and the observed earnings
effects of selected variables. As a consequence, the results of this thesis will form a
solid foundation upon which further gender wage gap debate, policy formulation and
labour economics research can stand.