Relevant bibliographies by topics / Wage labourer

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Wage labourer'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 30 May 2022
Last updated: 31 May 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Wage labourer"

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Khairani, Safira, and Andari Yurikosari. "PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP PEKERJA ATAS HAK UPAH MINIMUM YANG BELUM SEPENUHNYA DIBAYAR (STUDI TERHADAP PUTUSAN NOMOR 58/K/PDT.SUS-PHI/2015)." Jurnal Hukum Adigama 1, no. 1 (July 19, 2018): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/adigama.v1i1.2150.

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Work and fair and proper remuniration are human rights of every person as stipulated on Article 28 D (2) The 1945 Constitution of The Republic Indonesia. Indonesia Law Number 13 Of 2003 regulates the rights and duties among entrepeneur and workers. Wage shall be received by worker/labourer as remuniration from entrepeneur. Labour Law provides the protection to wage as worker/labour’s right, stipulating that Government establishes a wage policy that protects the rights of worker/labourer such as Minimum Wage in order to fulfill every worker/labourer’s right to earn an income that meets livelihood that is decent for human. Labour Law also stipulates the wage will not be paid if worker/labourer do not perform work unless the worker/labourer has the will to do the job as promised but the entrepeneur does not employ them. The main issue in this research is the workers/labourers of PT. Srirejeki Perdana Steel claimed that they did not received full wage on November 2013 causing the amount of some of their wages lower than the amount of Minimum Wage set under valid statutory legislation. PT. Srirejeki Perdana Steel, postulated the reduction of the wage happened due to an illegal strike performed by the workers/labourers. The verdict on Industrial Relation Dispute Settlement of Bandung District Court and Indonesia Supreme Court did not grant the workers/labourers demand to get the fulfillment of their reducted wage. This research aims to acknowledge whether the protection towards workers/labors’s wage as verdicted by court followed the ruling as stipulated in Labourer Law.
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Nguyen Thi, Hai Ninh. "Vietnam labour policies and its impact on rural wages: an experience from hired farm labourers in the Red River Delta." Agricultural and Resource Economics: International Scientific E-Journal 7, no. 4 (December 20, 2021): 42–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.51599/are.2021.07.04.03.

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Purpose. The purpose of this article is to understand how Vietnamese policies for labour impacting on wage of rural labourers in agricultural sector. To do that, the paper particularly pays attention on analyzing wage of hired farm labourers in the Red River Delta region, the rice basket of Vietnam. Methodology / approach. Analyzing the above-mentioned impact of Vietnamese policies was performed by using data surveyed from 150 hired farm labourers in the Red River Delta of Vietnam. The survey on wages of rural labourers was conducted in Bac Ninh, Thai Binh and Hai Duong which are the three typical agricultural production areas in the Red River Delta in 2019. In this survey, the author interviewed 150 people who work as hired labourers in rice cultivation in Bac Ninh, clam farming in Thai Binh and pig raising in Hai Duong. The sample was randomly drawn among farm households which hire labourers in these provinces. This sample was divided into 2 groups of female and male labourers. The main purposes of this survey were to gather both qualitative and quantitative data on hired labourers including: age, gender, education level, money wage, wage in kind and other remunerations that they received from employers. Information relating to their participation in social insurance and vocational training were also collected like: number of years involving in social insurance; money that they used to purchase social insurance; frequency and time spending in vocational training courses. The personal interviews using a standard questionnaire with open and close questions were implemented separately with male and female hired farm labourers. They were interviewed in different places to ensure that their responses do not affect others. After checking for missing values, the author used the following methods: frequency distribution with mean and standard deviation for a description of respondents; cross tabulation and T-test were also used to test for differences in proportions and significant difference between groups; a linear regression model was applied to examine impact of wage regulation, social insurance and vocational training policies on wage of hired labourers in agricultural production (dependent variable was average money wage per month, it was estimated by sum of money wage and other remunerations that a labourer gets each month; independent variables were age, gender, education level and dummy variables which represented labourers’ participation in mentioned labour policies). Results. Among policies relating to agricultural sector, the ones about minimum wage and vocational training statistically impact the most on labour wage. Longer time of vocational training brings an additional 3 USD to a labourer’s monthly wage. Being supported by the policy of minimum wage, labourers can achieve higher wage when negotiating with employers. The author found that wage of a labourer who is aware of this policy is about 5 USD higher than that of others. Meanwhile, social insurance policies do not impact on wage of rural farm labourers. It is stated in the Labour Code that a part of social insurance fee of a contracted labourer is paid by his/her employer. However, hired agricultural labourers usually are excluded, because they mostly work under verbal agreements which are not specified by the Code. This loophole in the Labour Code need to be corrected in the future. Originality / scientific novelty. Despite the fact that industrialization process is rapidly developing in recent years, rural labour force still contributes a remarkable proportion in the Red River Delta region of Vietnam. The transferring skilled and young labourers from farm to off-farm sectors, from rural to urban areas leads to the existence of un-skilled and old-age labourers for agricultural production. This labour force is working in the poor condition with unstable and low wage jobs. However, they are not much concerned by labour policies and there is still a gap in research on their wage. Therefore, this study takes the advance to shed the light on the impact of labour policies on wage of rural farm labourers as well as to propose recommendations to adjust labour policies regarding this issue. Practical value / implications. The author identifies that attending vocational training and understanding of minimum wage will increase the chance for labourers to obtain higher wage.
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Wader, Deepa G., and G. N. Kulkarn. "Trends in agricultural and non-agricultural wages in Karnataka state." INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS 11, no. 2 (September 15, 2020): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/irjaes/11.2/185-190.

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The present study attempts to analyse trends in growth in agricultural and nonagricultural labourer across the districts of Karnataka state. For the study secondary data of twentyfive years for the period from 1991 to 2015 was collected from the Directorate of Economics and statistics, Karnataka state. Growth rate of both male and female average daily wages are significantly positive, which indicated increasing wage trend in both dry land and irrigated conditions in different study districts. Compound annual growth rate of daily wages of male agricultural labourers in dry land and irrigated condition is comparatively high in Dharawad, Raichur and Hassan districts. The compound growth rates in wages across districts in dry and irrigated regions for female agricultural workers remained almost the same between 9.1 to 13.1 per cent. It could be, therefore, ascertained that there has been only a marginal changes in the wages across the districts of the state. Growth rate in daily wages for carpenter, blacksmith and mochis in different districts ranged between 7.2 per cent to 12.7 per cent per annum. Comparison of the growth rates of agricultural labourer and non-agricultural labourer, showed that agricultural wages grew at a faster rate than non-agricultural wages across the districts. The daily actual wages of both male and female agricultural labourer were compared with minimum wage price in the state revealed that, more than 75 per cent of districts in state are paying below the minimum wages announced for male agricultural labourer, whereas for female agricultural labourer in all the districts of the state showed less than minimum wages.
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Metcalfe, A. W. "The Curriculum Vitae: Confessions of a Wage-Labourer." Work, Employment & Society 6, no. 4 (December 1, 1992): 619–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950017092006004006.

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Metcalfe, A. W. "The Curriculum Vitae: Confessions of a Wage-Labourer." Work, Employment and Society 6, no. 4 (December 1992): 619–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095001709264005.

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Viktorovych Ilin, Illia. "Towards a Marxian Concept of Social Space." Eidos 37 (March 9, 2022): 44–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.14482/eidos.37.335.4.

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This article aims to construct Karl Marx’s concept of social space by examining a few fragments of his works with relevant terminology (space, spatial). The main result of this interpretation is the definition of social space as a suprasensible form of division between necessary labour and surplus labour, which due to private property on all means of production creates the appearance of the absence of exploitation. While in slave-holding mode of production slave is socially naturalized labour instrument, thus the division of forms of labour have only formal meaning to him/her, and in feudal mode of production the labour instrument is a nature itself, namely cropland, the division of forms of labour acquires a social character per se (social relation of labourer to means of production via wages, and socialized means of production, namely, nature (and everything else except wage labourer) subsumed under private property) only under capitalism. Unlike the established in philosophical literature concepts of social space based on Marx’s theory, the definition introduced in this article is characterized by sensible-suprasensible, extraterritorial-territorial dialectics.
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Aiyetan, Olatunji Ayodeji, and Das Dillip. "System Dynamics Approach to Mitigating Skilled Labour Shortages in the Construction Industry: A South Africa Context." Construction Economics and Building 18, no. 4 (December 12, 2018): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ajceb.v18i4.6041.

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Skilled labour shortage in construction industry is a major challenge in South Africa. Therefore, the objective of the study is to assess the factors that cause skilled labour shortage, its consequent effects on the construction industries and how the scenario can be improved. The study was conducted by considering construction industry in the Eastern Cape of South Africa and using a survey research method and conceptual System Dynamics (SD) modelling. Findings reveals that investment, wage challenges, talent management, work environment, training, experience, and Government policy are the important challenges for the skilled labour shortage. Inadequacy of skilled labour considerably impacts the quality of work, productivity, and scheduling. The causal loop diagrams show that enhancement in investment in the labour wages will strengthen the availability of skilled labourers leading to higher productivity, and vice versa. Talent management based on appropriate recruitment and retention policy, staff development programmes and investment in these aspects will augment the skilled labour pool. Also, a better work environment through a policy of health and safety, investment in working condition and supported by Government policy will reduce the attrition of the labourer because of job dissatisfaction, which consequently will reduce the skilled labour shortage in the industry.
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Middell, Matthias. "The Global Proletariat after the Model of the Doubly Free Wage Labourer?" International Review of Social History 55, no. 3 (December 2010): 515–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859010000428.

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McKinlay, Alan. "From Industrial Serf to Wage-labourer: The 1937 Apprentice Revolt in Britain." International Review of Social History 31, no. 1 (April 1986): 2–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000008038.

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Since the publication of Harry Braverman's Labor and Monopoly Capital in 1974, an increasing number of social historians have turned their attention towards the workplace as a major site of class struggle. In particular, social historians have focussed on the unequal struggle between employers and craft-workers to determine patterns of work organisation and the balance of power in the labour market. However, despite the growth of interest in the historical relationship between the division of labour, trade unionism and business strategy, no academic work has yet considered the development of apprenticeship in the post-1914 period.
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Paul, Shitangshu Kumar. "Post-cyclone livelihood status and strategies in coastal Bangladesh." Rajshahi University Journal of Life & Earth and Agricultural Sciences 41 (January 15, 2015): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/rujleas.v41i0.21623.

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The objective of this paper is to assess post-cyclone livelihood capitals status, identify major livelihood groups, adversity and crisis, and present the livelihood strategies of coastal households. Based on a questionnaire survey at household level, a total 331 out of 792 households are selected through simple random sampling from three purposively selected villages in the central coast of Bangladesh. Both descriptive and inferential statistics are used to analyse data. The present study identifies wage labour, fisher and farmer as major livelihood groups. Among the three villages, Island reveals less livelihood capitals than inland and shoreline. Although natural capital of Island is relatively higher, however, scarcity of other capitals hinders proper utilization of the potentials of such capital. Social capital of Island is significantly lower than other two villages, which unveils relatively lesser social coherence of Islanders, and which is most important to survive in post-cyclone situation. Likewise, among the livelihood groups, wage labourer owes less livelihood capitals than farmer and fishermen. Majority of the households irrespective of their village locations identifies recurrent cyclones and induced storm surges as major adversities which significantly destroys their livelihoods. Therefore, households in study villages diversify income sources wherever possible and most importantly while face the crisis. In general, livelihoods of Islanders and Shoreline villagers, wage labourer and fish fry collectors are most vulnerable to any cyclone events. Hence, thepresent study advocates for identifying vulnerable locations and livelihood groups, and livelihood capitals building for such groups and promoting coordinated disaster risk reduction programs to mitigate cyclone impacts and providing assistance for rebuilding post-cyclone livelihoods.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Wage labourer"

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Beech, Dave. "Neither capitalist nor wage-labourer : an economic examination of the exceptionalism of artistic production vis-à-vis the capitalist mode of production." Thesis, University of the Arts London, 2017. http://ualresearchonline.arts.ac.uk/12374/.

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This PhD by Publication is a contribution to art and art theory through the book Art and Value in the context of the practice of the Freee art collective. This thesis situates Art and Value within contemporary art practices and debates. Art and Value addresses itself directly to misrecognitions of the relationship between art and capitalism within the humanities and social sciences. The conviction that art was a commercial activity had penetrated the discourses of contemporary art in the UK, Western Europe and North America since the 1960s and therefore constituted, in part, the milieu in and against which Freee has operated since 2004. The historical study of the emergence of the theory of art’s economic exceptionalism in classical political economy gives an alternative historical framework in which to situate the discussion of art’s relationship to capitalism. The rationale for my economic analysis of art – comprising separate critiques of the economics of art in classical, neoclassical, welfare and Marxist economics – is to reset the coordinates for thinking politically about art’s relationship to capitalism. Art and Value does not claim to cover every aspect of art’s encounter with capitalism, which would require sociological, semiotic, psychoanalytic, geographical, philosophical and historical inquiries, at the very least, but establishes the economic groundwork for the interdisciplinary study of art’s relationship to capitalism. Economic analysis provides this ground; not because economics is the master discipline of the social sciences, but because the question of art’s relationship to capitalism must be understood, first and foremost, by understanding what capitalism is and how the production of art has or has not been incorporated into the capitalist mode of production.
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Маліков, Василь Володимирович. "Звичаєво-правовий інститут наймитування в українській етнокультурі другої половини ХІХ – початку ХХ століть." Thesis, Національна Академія Наук України; Інститут мистецтвознавства, фольклористики та етнології ім. М. Т. Рильського, 2012. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/3029.

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Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата історичних наук за спеціальністю 07.00.05 – етнологія. – Національна академія наук України. Інститут мистецтвознавства, фольклористики та етнології ім. М. Т. Рильського НАН України. – Київ, 2012. Дисертація присвячена комплексному дослідженню звичаєво-правового інституту наймитування в українській етнокультурі другої половини ХІХ – початку ХХ століть. Розкрито основні складові частини договору наймання робітників за звичаєвим правом. Досліджено особливості відносин між господарями і наймитами та їх регулювання. Виявлено, що в звичаєво-правових відносинах наймання традиційні уявлення українців стосовно соціальних ролей у сімейних, громадських та трудових відносинах мали вплив на сфери сільськогосподарського найму чоловіків та жінок, можливості реалізації своєї робочої сили, умови праці та платні, обсяг прав та обов'язків. Показано, що звичаї самоорганізації повинні були забезпечити успішну реалізацію виконуваних за наймом робіт і гармонізувати відносини як між наймитами та господарями, так і всередині наймитського колективу. Проаналізовано основні світоглядні та звичаєво-правові уявлення, пов'язані з відносинами наймання, соціальним і правовим становищем наймита. Формування та функціонування інституту наймитування в українській етнокультурі відбувалося на основі звичаєво-правових і господарських традицій, світоглядних настанов, усталених статевовікових та соціальних ролей українського селянства під впливом нових соціально-економічних явищ.
Thesis for the Degree of Candidate of Historical Sciences, speciality 07.00.05 – ethnology. – M. Ryls’ky Institute of Art Studies, Folklore and Ethnology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 2012. This thesis offers complex study of the essence, significance and functioning of customary law institute of hiring in Ukrainian ethnoculture. The institute is analysed as a system of interconnected customary law ideas and norms, terms of agreement, ritual practices, social and gender roles, forms of organization, labour activity and lore concerning the hiring agricultural workers. The study reveals basic components of labour contract and analyzes special features of relations between wage labourers and masters and their regulation according to customary law norms. Traditional ideas of Ukrainians concerning social roles in domestic, communal and labour relations influenced spheres of men and women farm labour, availabilities of their workforces implementation, terms of labour and rewards, measures of rights and obligations. These ideas in customary-law relations of hiring consolidated the status of women and children as deficient labourers comparatively to men. The results of research show that customs of worker self-organization were aimed to secure successful execution of hired labour and to harmonize the relations between labourers and masters and within the working association. The objectives of the research are Ukrainian peasantry’s world-view and customary law conceptions that played fundamental role in the relations of hiring, social and law status of wage labourers. It also focuses on the examination of the consequences of this tradition on the social life of peasant community.Agricultural ritualism including magic rituals subserved proper regulation of hiring and accomplishment of works as well as labour contract compliancy. Drawing upon research it becomes clear that the functioning of examined tradition of hiring labourers was based on established customary law and economic practices, social and gender roles that are embedded in Ukrainian traditional culture. Moreover, the customary law practice of hiring labourers had a great impact on core values and relationships within peasant community.
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Маліков, Василь Володимирович. "Звичаєво-правовий інститут наймитування в українській етнокультурі другої половини XIX – початку XX століть." Thesis, Національна Академія Наук України; Інститут мистецтвознавства, фольклористики та етнології ім. М. Т. Рильського, 2012. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/3028.

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Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата історичних наук за спеціальністю 07.00.05 – етнологія. – Національна академія наук України. Інститут мистецтвознавства, фольклористики та етнології ім. М. Т. Рильського НАН України. – Київ, 2012. Дисертація присвячена комплексному дослідженню звичаєво-правового інституту наймитування в українській етнокультурі другої половини ХІХ – початку ХХ століть. Розкрито основні складові частини договору наймання робітників за звичаєвим правом. Досліджено особливості відносин між господарями і наймитами та їх регулювання. Виявлено, що в звичаєво-правових відносинах наймання традиційні уявлення українців стосовно соціальних ролей у сімейних, громадських та трудових відносинах мали вплив на сфери сільськогосподарського найму чоловіків та жінок, можливості реалізації своєї робочої сили, умови праці та платні, обсяг прав та обов'язків. Показано, що звичаї самоорганізації повинні були забезпечити успішну реалізацію виконуваних за наймом робіт і гармонізувати відносини як між наймитами та господарями, так і всередині наймитського колективу. Проаналізовано основні світоглядні та звичаєво-правові уявлення, пов'язані з відносинами наймання, соціальним і правовим становищем наймита. Формування та функціонування інституту наймитування в українській етнокультурі відбувалося на основі звичаєво-правових і господарських традицій, світоглядних настанов, усталених статевовікових та соціальних ролей українського селянства під впливом нових соціально-економічних явищ.
Thesis for the Degree of Candidate of Historical Sciences, speciality 07.00.05 – ethnology. – M. Ryls’ky Institute of Art Studies, Folklore and Ethnology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 2012. This thesis offers complex study of the essence, significance and functioning of customary law institute of hiring in Ukrainian ethnoculture. The institute is analysed as a system of interconnected customary law ideas and norms, terms of agreement, ritual practices, social and gender roles, forms of organization, labour activity and lore concerning the hiring agricultural workers. The study reveals basic components of labour contract and analyzes special features of relations between wage labourers and masters and their regulation according to customary law norms. Traditional ideas of Ukrainians concerning social roles in domestic, communal and labour relations influenced spheres of men and women farm labour, availabilities of their workforces implementation, terms of labour and rewards, measures of rights and obligations. These ideas in customary-law relations of hiring consolidated the status of women and children as deficient labourers comparatively to men. The results of research show that customs of worker self-organization were aimed to secure successful execution of hired labour and to harmonize the relations between labourers and masters and within the working association. The objectives of the research are Ukrainian peasantry’s world-view and customary law conceptions that played fundamental role in the relations of hiring, social and law status of wage labourers. It also focuses on the examination of the consequences of this tradition on the social life of peasant community.Agricultural ritualism including magic rituals subserved proper regulation of hiring and accomplishment of works as well as labour contract compliancy. Drawing upon research it becomes clear that the functioning of examined tradition of hiring labourers was based on established customary law and economic practices, social and gender roles that are embedded in Ukrainian traditional culture. Moreover, the customary law practice of hiring labourers had a great impact on core values and relationships within peasant community.
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4

Georgiadis, Andreas. "Efficiency wages in low-wage labour markets and the economic effects of the minimum wage." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/9d698b57-f74b-46ed-b53c-f61f90778c13.

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5

Pauw, Karl. "Labour market policy and poverty : exploring the macro-micro linkages of minimum wages and wage subsidies." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5715.

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Includes bibliographical references (p. 220-228).
This study adds value to the South African literature on labour market policy evaluation and their poverty impacts in general, and minimum wages and wage subsidies in particular, both in terms of the theoretical and descriptive analyses provided. Various possible modelling approaches are explored, with careful consideration of the advantages and limitations of each. A rich set of model results is also generated. Under both the policies evaluated, the poverty outcome is shown to generally be positive but small. Furthermore, the outcome is highly sensitive to the wage elasticity of demand: while minimum wages tend to be more effective in reducing poverty when the wage elasticity is low, wage subsidies generate superior outcomes under a high wage elasticity scenario.
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Plekhanov, Sergei. "Essays on Russian labour market issues." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/23375.

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Being the largest transition economy Russia has interested economists since the collapse of the USSR. This thesis contributes to the literature on Russian labour market. In the first chapter I investigate cyclicality of real wages in Russia, the second chapter looks into consequences of wage arrears for workers' future and the third chapter develops a model of wage arrears that arise as a result of firms' opportunistic behaviour. The principal source of data used in this thesis is the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (the RLMS). The first chapter investigates cyclicality of real wages in Russia. The analysis is carried out both at the country as well as regional levels and the influence of wage arrears on the cyclicality is examined. The estimated cyclicality coefficient is three to four times larger in magnitude than those observed for Germany, the UK, the USA and other developed countries. An increase in unemployment rate by one percentage point leads to an average reduction in real wages of four percent. The results are robust to changes in sample period and estimation technique. Wage arrears do not prove to be the driving force of this strong procyclicality. The second chapter investigates influence of wage arrears on the future of affected workers. Limited dependent variable models are used to analyse the effects of wage arrears on the probability of future wage arrears and frequent separation from employers. Difference-in-difference approach is used to analyse effects on earnings. The results suggest that affected workers are twice as likely to experience wage arrears again within next three years. Job-movers are able to decrease the probability of repeated wage arrears by nine percentage points. The effect on separations is more modest: affected workers are approximately forty percent more likely to change jobs the following year and eleven percent more likely to experience frequent separations within five years after wage arrears. The effect on future earnings is relatively small and short-lived. Take-home wages decrease by 1 000 RUB compared to unaffected workers and recover within the following year. Analysis of stocks and flows of wage arrears indicates that in the period from 1998 to 2012 on average three quarters of wage debts were repaid. The third chapter picks up the discussion of the nature of wage arrears in Russia. An indirect evidence suggests that sometimes the firms choose to withhold wages despite having the resources to pay and in certain circumstances the employees accept it. The chapter presents a model of wage arrears that is based on worker-firm interactions. Calibration to the Russian data indicates that the parameter values observed in the RLMS dataset are consistent with a stable equilibrium in which an approximately half of the labour force experience late payments. The model predicts average duration of wage arrears of four months. This prediction is consistent with the Russian reality in the late 1990s.
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Liu, Gerald. "Agricultural wage labour in fifteenth-century England." Thesis, Durham University, 2012. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/3353/.

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This dissertation is researching the employment of different types of agricultural labourer in the ending phase of the middle ages. The purpose is to question the method of using casual wage evidence to interpret changes in the labourer’s income in the current study of late medieval economic history. My criticism of the traditional method is that, since casual wage evidence is composed of the price of finishing a piece of work, it is inappropriate to use that evidence to interpret incomes without the information of how many pieces of work done by the labourer. The said information is, indeed, mostly unavailable. My proposition to solve this problem is to use the salaries paid to the permanent farm worker, who was hired by year. The approach of this research is, firstly, to demonstrate the limitations of the traditional method and, secondly, to demonstrate that the salary paid to the permanent worker is a useful tool for understanding the changes in the labourer’s income. In particular, the discussion is separated into five chapters. At first, I intend to illustrate that casual wage evidence illustrates only one aspect of the fifteenth-century agricultural labour market and that from the same source material more information apart from wage data is available and allows us to examine other aspects of wage labour. With the information, I shall argue that job opportunities in the casual sector were limited by farming seasons; and that, except for a few villagers, casual employment only accounted for a minor part of the yearly income. It shall be illustrated that apart from casual labourers, the manorial demesne employed the other two types of labourers, who were potentially more important than casual labourers in terms of the cost and the labour input. Between the two, labour services were persistently employed, but their important were dwindling, whilst the permanent workers were the main labour force purposely maintained on the demesne. This finding proves that the employment of casual labour was relatively insignificant. It also illustrates that the permanent posts were a more secure source of income than casual hire. In this context, casual hire was paid higher daily wages, but its availability was limited; the permanent contract was poorly paid, but it guaranteed a secure livelihood across the year. This explains why, when job opportunities were relatively expanded in the casual sector during labour shortage, labourers would turn down permanent contracts for casual hire, in the hope for a better income. Following this context, we would expect to see that during our period, when depopulation was continued, the employer of permanent workers was forced to improve the job offer to match the potential income a labourer could earn in the casual sector. The trend in the value of the permanent labourer’s salary, therefore, should reflect the changes in the agricultural labourer’s income in general. An index of the permanent labourer’s salary will be presented to illustrate this rising trend.
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Benito, Andrew. "Wage premia in the British labour market." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1997. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/59442/.

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The doctoral dissertation considers the existence of non-competitive wage premia in Great Britain. The research aims to confront the predictions of certain approaches to wage determination with microeconomic data for Great Britain. In so doing, the analysis is mindful of the importance of economic theory in order to provide a basis for empirical work undertaken, which in turn should ideally be focused upon policy-oriented issues. In addressing the issue of Wage Premia in the British Labour Market, the Thesis also acknowledges the importance of employing large microeconomic datasets in order to understand an issue which is essentially concerned with microeconomic behaviour. To this end, the Thesis employs data at the level of the individual, the establishment and the firm in the British labour market, carrying out both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Noncompetitive wages have significant implications for performance alongside wages themselves. Partly as a result, a concern of the author was to go beyond estimation of wage equations with additional explanatory variables, in order to consider these aspects of performance directly. The empirical work reflects this. In a sense, the body of research traces the three stages of development of the empirical literature on non-competitive wages. This begins with a study of the wages received by individual workers according to their industry affiliation. Competitive theory predicts that contingent upon levels of human capital and non-pecuniary benefits, individuals working in different industries should earn equal amounts: a law of one-price prevails. The analysis therefore attempts to detect the presence of non-competitive rents. Further, the notion that such differentials are non-competitive suggests a relation between their magnitude and industry profitability. The study represents the first attempt to relate industry differentials to measures of industry ability-to pay for Great Britain. Second, a cross-sectional study of turnover and wages is concerned with the issue of whether an employer may voluntarily pay wages above a market-clearing level in order to prevent employees from quitting the place of work. The paper provides the first microeconomic evidence of wage as well as union effects upon turnover at British establishments. Third, the issue of whether the forces of wage determination may differ between levels of the firm is considered, focusing upon the employee-executive distinction. Two chapters, employing a large panel of UK companies consider this issue by examining the determination of company-level wages (Chapter 5) and company financial performance (Chapter 6). At the time of writing, one of the most contentious issues in the area of wage determination in the British labour market refers to the pay of public sector employees and how this compares to that of the private sector. In Chapter 7, among the first individual-level estimates of the differential associated with employment in the public sector for Great Britain are provided. Finally, the Thesis draws out the policy implications of efficiency wages. Efficiency Wage theory represents one of the main schools of thought regarding the existence of noncompetitive wage premia. The issues which arise strike at the core of labour market and industrial policy-making and include unemployment and minimum wage legislation.
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Meschi, Maria Meloria. "Female labour supply and wage discrimination in the Italian labour market." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388640.

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Kecmanovic, Milica Economics Australian School of Business UNSW. "Studies of labour markets in countries in transition in South East Europe." Awarded By:University of New South Wales. Economics, 2010. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/44608.

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This thesis explores several aspects of the labour market in Serbia and Croatia during the process of transition from socialism to a market economy. First, it examines how women??s position in the labour market has changed in Serbia. Using five annual Labour Force Surveys (2001-2005), I find that the gender wage gap is still very low in Serbia, and is even decreasing during this period. However, decompositions that apply the Oaxaca (1974) methodology reveal that the unexplained component of the gap is very large, and is increasing. Likewise, quantile decompositions suggest that while the raw gap is falling at each of the quantiles analysed, the unexplained component is increasing at most quantiles at the same time. Thus, the relatively small gap in earnings could be masking considerable discrimination in the labour market. Second, changes in men??s wage inequality in Serbia in the period from 2001 to 2005 are analysed using five annual Labour Force Surveys. Changes in the distribution of earnings are examined using the Lemieux (2002) decomposition methodology. I find that the change in wage inequality is mostly driven by changes in wage premiums, while the effect of changes in the composition of the labour force is very small. Isolating the effect of the emerging private sector reveals that changes in the private sector size and wage premium account for an average 25 percent of the changes in inequality during this period. Third, the effect that the recent war in Croatia (1991-1995) had on the educational and employment trajectories of the 1971 birth cohort of men is investigated. This birth cohort was most affected by the armed forces draft. I treat the occurrence of the war as a natural experiment and use data from the Croatian and Slovenian Labour Force Surveys. Applying the difference-in-difference framework and comparing this cohort to adjacent cohorts, women, and to respective cohorts in Slovenia, a neighbouring country that did not experience war, I find that the war has had a negative effect on educational outcomes and a small positive effect on the employment and earnings outcomes of this cohort of men.
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Books on the topic "Wage labourer"

1

Guha, Atulan. Labour under stress in Gujarat? Anand, Gujarat: Institute of Rural Management Anand, 2014.

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Marx, Karl. Wage labour and capital: Plus, Wages, price and profit. London: Bookmarks, 1996.

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A, Jackson, Picot W. G, and Statistics Canada. Business and Labour Market Analysis Group., eds. Winners and losers in the labour market of the 1990s. Ottawa: Statistics Canada, Business and Labour Market Analysis Division, 2002.

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Immervoll, Herwig. Minimum wages, minimum labour costs and the tax treatment of low-wage employment. Bonn, Germany: IZA, 2007.

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Gábor, R. István. Earnings in enterprises and allocation of labour: State control versus spontaneous mechanisms in the Hungarian economy. Budapest: Karl Marx University of Economics, Dept. of Labour and Education Economics, 1985.

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Maksimova, V. F. Marx's "Wage labour and capital". Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1986.

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Pakistan Institute of Development Economics., ed. Wage differentials, rate of return to education, and occupational wage share in the labour market of Pakistan. Islamabad: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, 2007.

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Bayliss, F. J. Making a minimum wage work. London: Fabian Society, 1991.

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Simmons, R. Wage flexibility and labour turnover in an efficiency wage model. Salford: University of Salford Department of Economics, 1987.

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Alan, Manning. Labour markets with company wage policies. London: London School of Economics, Centre for Economic Performance, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Wage labourer"

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King, J. E. "Wage differentials." In Labour Economics, 129–53. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20829-6_7.

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Genda, Yuji, and Seung-Yeol Yee. "Korea: Wage Determination and Labour Turnover." In Wage Differentials, 72–107. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26281-6_3.

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Vadot, Guillaume. "Dispossessive wage labour." In Accumulating Capital Today, 33–46. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021. |: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003089513-4.

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Datta, Anjan Kumar. "Wage Labour Relations." In Land and Labour Relations in South-West Bangladesh, 104–79. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26678-4_4.

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Mitani, Naoki. "France: Internal Labour Markets and Wage Structure." In Wage Differentials, 271–327. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26281-6_9.

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Machin, Stephen. "Wage Inequality Since 1975." In The Labour Market Under New Labour, 191–200. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230598454_13.

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Dickens, Richard, and Alan Manning. "Minimum Wage, Minimum Impact." In The Labour Market Under New Labour, 201–13. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230598454_14.

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Sapsford, David, and Zafiris Tzannatos. "Wage Inflation." In The Economics of the Labour Market, 353–84. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22825-6_13.

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King, J. E. "Wage Inflation and Incomes Policy." In Labour Economics, 218–34. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20829-6_11.

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Bover, Olympia, John Muellbauer, and Anthony Murphy. "Housing, Wages and U.K. Labour Markets." In Economics of Wage Determination, 329–69. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84134-7_27.

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Conference papers on the topic "Wage labourer"

1

Samothrakis, Spyridon. "Viewpoint: Artificial Intelligence and Labour." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/803.

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The welfare of modern societies has been intrinsically linked to wage labour. With some exceptions, the modern human has to sell her labour-power to be able reproduce biologically and socially. Thus, a lingering fear of technological unemployment features predominately as a theme among Artificial Intelligence researchers. In this short paper we show that, if past trends are anything to go by, this fear is irrational. On the contrary, we argue that the main problem humanity will be facing is the normalisation of extremely long working hours.
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Danilevičienė, Irena, and Boguslavas Gruževskis. "The Influence of Wage on the Economic Development in Lithuania." In Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Education. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cbme.2017.026.

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One of the major objective of each country is to ensure the economic development. The ability to set the efficient wage allows to economic development. The systematic researches of different scientists have shown that the wage must be harmoniously related to general trends of economic development. The essence of classical economics is that lower labour costs had a positive impact on the production cost and make the product more competitive. In nowadays, economy a linear relationship occurs only partially. An open labour market, especially in welfare states, and in the long-term perspective low wage inadequate to standards of living often have a negative impact on economic development. Negative factors of economic development and wage non-compliance occurs within the worker goes from national to foreign labour market. The objective of this article is to analyze these trends in general terms with emphasis on the situation in Lithuania, where from 2008–2014 years disproportion between economic development and wage level were the highest among the European Union countries. In the article, also the possibilities of economic development for using the universal progress indicator and features of wage determination are discussed. At the end of the article are concluded, that during the analyzed period (until 2015 year) Lithuania was a country, where economic development has been stopped by the improper wage determination.
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Haykır Hobikoğlu, Elif, and Ahmet İncekara. "A Comparative Analysis of Turkey’s and Other OECD Countries’ Decent Work Structures." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01603.

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This study examines all the efforts paid since the year 2000 for improving the working conditions of decent work which is a concept that has been in use by the International Labour Organization. A comparative analysis of Turkey's and other OECD counties' decent work structures is presented in our study which has been conducted by looking at such indicators as wages paid for labour, working conditions, social security rights, union rights, income security, annual leave durations, existence of social dialogue, labour participation rates, social assistance, social protections, the state of human development index.
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Gauvreau, Paul. "Robotics in Construction and the New Era of Efficient Concrete Bridges." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.0182.

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<p>Autonomous robots will most likely replace human labour as the primary means of production in bridge construction. This article examines the effect of this transformation of construction on the design of structural systems used for bridges. It begins with a review of changes made to structural systems in response to increases in construction wages in the 1950s and 1960s. High labour costs led to structural systems that were optimized to minimize the quantity of labour but which used materials inefficiently. The expected use of robots as the primary means of production in bridge construction is likely to have the opposite effect. Robots will lower the cost of production relative to human labour, thus making it worthwhile to design structural systems that use materials efficiently. Cast-in-place concrete holds good potential for use as the primary material in this new generation of efficient structural systems. Structural systems that proved themselves in the era of low construction wages prior to mechanization offer a solid basis for the development structural systems that take maximum advantage of the opportunities offered by robotic construction.</p>
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Trenovski, Borce, Kristijan Kozeski, and Gunter Merdzan. "THE LINK BETWEEN PRODUCTIVITY AND LABOUR SHARE – THE CASE OF NORTH MACEDONIA AND SLOVENIA." In Economic and Business Trends Shaping the Future. Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Economics-Skopje, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47063/ebtsf.2020.0020.

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The large divergence between productivity and workers’ incomes has been becoming a reality in most countries, not just in the United States after 1980s, where labour productivity grew faster than real wages and employment. The breakdown according to Brynjolfsson and McAfee (2014) is due to technological progress, according to Bivens and Mishel (2015) the growing inequality and according to Baker (2007) the declining labour share in GDP. The main goal of this paper is to find out if the global trend of “The Great Decoupling” between productivity and labour share is a real process in the case of the countries analyzed from the Southeast Europe region. Given that Slovenia is among the most developed countries, while North Macedonia belongs to the group of developing countries that in these stages of development rely on foreign capital and cheap labour, we examine whether the process of “The Great Decoupling” between productivity and labour share is a reality in both countries. From the analysis of the trend of the movement of the average labour productivity of these two countries, it can be concluded that in both countries there is a trajectory of the movement of the labour productivity. Also, from the trend of the movement of the share of labour income and labour productivity in the case of Slovenia and North Macedonia it can be concluded that they indicate the existence of a large gap, i.e. divergence in the trajectory of motion. Also, the gap between labour productivity and the share of labour income in GDP on the example of North Macedonia, if compared to the example of Slovenia is of lower intensity. Finally, based on the results obtained from the conducted econometric analysis, we determine whether there is a need for further research or the phenomenon is a temporary deviation in the dynamics of the gap between labour share and labour productivity.
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"ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF WAGE-TO-LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY CORRELATIONON THE EXAMPLE OF SAMARA REGION." In Russian science: actual researches and developments. Samara State University of Economics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46554/russian.science-2019.10-1-513/517.

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Omelchenko, Irina, Oleg Dozortzev, Marina Danilina, Alexander Safonov, Tatiana Vartanyanz, and Alexander Vas’kov. "Main Trends and Proposals to Improve the Wage System in Russia." In VIII International Scientific and Practical Conference 'Current problems of social and labour relations' (ISPC-CPSLR 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210322.104.

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Nikore, Mitali, Manvika Gupta, Poorva Prabhu, and Vidhi Narang. "India’s Missing Working Women: How COVID-19 Pushed Women out of Formal Labour Markets." In 12th Women's Leadership and Empowerment Conference. Tomorrow People Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52987/wlec.2021.004.

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Abstract India’s women were disproportionately impacted by COVID-19 induced lockdowns and economic disruptions. Recent high frequency data demonstrates that that women suffered massive job and income losses. In December 2020, nine months into the lockdown, there were still 11.5 million fewer persons in the labour force vs. December 2019, 4 million men and 7.5 million women. The overall size of the labour force shrunk by 2.6% between December 2019 to December 2020, yet the size of the female labour force shrunk by 14%, vs. 1% for men. Women faced stricter mobility restrictions, limiting their access to workplaces. Across income strata, women’s unpaid domestic responsibilities increased, with some estimates showing a 30% increase in carework, leaving them little time for seeking renumerated employment. Gender digital divides worsened, leaving women without access to digital business and online education, increasingly important in a post-COVID-19 economy. Most importantly, women faced the scourge of the shadow pandemic of domestic violence, rendering them insecure and unable to work. Despite being one of the world’s fastest growing emerging economies, only a quarter of Indian women were in the labour force even pre- COVID-19. Analysis of time series data over the last five decades (1970-2018), shows that women’s labour force and workforce participation rates have secularly declined to their lowest levels since Independence. Given this disparate impact of COVID-19, in the absence of targeted policy interventions designed to support retention and promote women’s workforce participation, women are likely to continue being excluded from India’s spectacular growth story. Keywords: Women, labour force, wage gaps, India, post-COVID-19 recovery
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Šimková, Martina, and Luboš Marek. "Age Structure of Labour Force and Its Impact on Wages and Product." In Applications of Mathematics and Statistics in Economics. International Scientific Conference: Szklarska Poręba, 30 August- 3 September 2017. Publishing House of Wroclaw University of Economics, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.15611/amse.2017.20.34.

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Nikoloski, Dimitar. "POVERTY AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM NORTH MACEDONIA." In Economic and Business Trends Shaping the Future. Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Economics-Skopje, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47063/ebtsf.2020.0019.

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Poverty and social exclusion are often associated with unemployment, but being employed is not always sufficient to provide decent living conditions for workers and their families. The ‘low-wage’ workers similarly as unemployed are often associated with an image of men and women struggling to support their families and living at risk of poverty and social exclusion. Dealing with the social stratification engendered from the employment status of workers in the post-transition countries represents a challenging task for the academics and policymakers. The aim of the paper is to assess the determinants of poverty in North Macedonia from the point of view of employment status, particularly the differences between low-paid and unemployed workers. We assess the factors affecting the probability of at-risk-of poverty status by estimating a logit model on cross-section data separately for employed and unemployed persons in 2015. The analysis draws from an examination of micro data from the Survey on Income and Living Conditions (SILC) whose main scope is to enable the compilation of statistics on income distribution, as well as indicators of monetary poverty. Besides other personal and household characteristics, being low-paid appears as the most important factor for at-risk-of poverty status among employed persons, while the low work intensity is the most responsible factor for at-risk-of poverty status among unemployed persons. In addition, our analysis reveals that the social transfers do not satisfactorily cover these categories, which assumes that we need a much broader arsenal of respective policy measures aiming to reduce poverty among the vulnerable labour market segments. The proposed policy recommendations cover the following areas: education and training, active labour market policies, unionisation and collective bargaining, wage subsidies and taxation and statutory minimum wage.
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Reports on the topic "Wage labourer"

1

Florez, Luz A., Ligia Melo-Becerra, and Carlos Esteban Posada. Estimating the reservation wage across city groups in Colombia: A stochastic frontier approach. Banco de la República de Colombia, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1163.

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We use the stochastic frontier approach to estimate the reservation wage across different city groups in Colombia. We use the information of GEIH from 2008-2019 of 23 urban cities. We find empirical evidence in favour of the search theory predictions that suggest a positive relation of the reservation wage with the level of education and with the net family labour income. We also find a gender gap in the reservation wage and explore this gap controlling by the level of education and presence of children in the household. Contrary to the results found in the literature, we find that the presence of children reduces the reservation wage of women and men. Finally, we found that the reservation wage increases with the level of development and productivity of the cities, however, qualified workers in low-quality cities present higher reservation wages than median quality cities.
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Correia, Diogo, and Ricardo Barradas. Financialisation and the slowdown of labour productivity in Portugal: A post-Keynesian approach. DINÂMIA'CET-Iscte, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15847/dinamiacet-iul.wp.2021.07.

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The aim of this paper is to conduct a time series econometric analysis in order to empirically evaluate the role of financialisation in the slowdown of labour productivity in Portugal during the period from 1980 to 2017. During that time, the Portuguese economy faced a financialisation phenomenon due to the European integration process and the corresponding imposition of a strong wave of privatisation, liberalisation and deregulation of the Portuguese financial system. At the same time, Portuguese labour productivity exhibited a sustained downward trend, which seems to contradict the well-entrenched mainstream hypothesis on the finance–productivity nexus. Based on the post-Keynesian literature, we identify four channels through which the phenomenon of financialisation has impaired labour productivity, namely weak economic performance, the fall in labour’s share of income, the rise of inequality in personal income and an intensification of the degree of financialisation. The paper finds that lagged labour productivity, economic performance and labour income share positively impact labour productivity in Portugal, while personal income inequality and the degree of financialisation negatively impact labour productivity in Portugal. The paper also finds that the main triggers for the slowdown of labour productivity in Portugal are the degree of financialisation and personal income inequality over the last decades.
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Redmond, Paul, Seamus McGuinness, and Bertrand Maître. An examination of the labour market transitions of minimum wage workers. ESRI, October 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/rs75.

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Gosling, Amanda, and Thomas Lemieux. Labour Market Reforms and Changes in Wage Inequality in the United Kingdom and the United States. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w8413.

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Iregui-Bohórquez, Ana María, Ligia Alba Melo-Becerra, and María Teresa Ramírez-Giraldo. Wage differentials across economic sectors in the colombian formal labour market: evidence from a survey of firms. Bogotá, Colombia: Banco de la República, November 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.629.

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Allen, Bob. The interplay among wages, technology and globalisation: the labour market and inequality, 1620–2020. The IFS, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/re.ifs.2021.0203.

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Redmond, Paul, and Seamus McGuinness. The impact of the 2016 minimum wage increase on average labour costs, hours worked and employment in Irish firms. ESRI, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/rs118.

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Cirera, Xavier, and Rajith Lakshman. The impact of export processing zones on employment, wages and labour conditions in developing countries. International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie), April 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.23846/sr31406.

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Flórez, Luz Adriana, Leonardo Fabio Morales-Zurita, Daniel Medina, and José Lobo. Labour flows across firm´s size, economic sectors and wages in Colombia: evidence from employer-employee linked panel. Bogotá, Colombia: Banco de la República de Colombia, September 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1013.

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Quak, Evert-jan. The Link Between Demography and Labour Markets in sub-Saharan Africa. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.011.

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Abstract:
This rapid review synthesises the literature from academic, policy, and knowledge institution sources on how demography affects labour markets (e.g. entrants, including youth and women) and labour market outcomes (e.g. capital-per-worker, life-cycle labour supply, human capital investments) in the context of sub-Saharan Africa. One of the key findings is that the fast-growing population in sub-Saharan Africa is likely to affect the ability to get productive jobs and in turn economic growth. This normally happens when workers move from traditional (low productivity agriculture and household businesses) sectors into higher productivity sectors in manufacturing and services. In theory the literature shows that lower dependency ratios (share of the non-working age population) should increase output per capita if labour force participation rates among the working age population remain unchanged. If output per worker stays constant, then a decline in dependency ratio would lead to a rise in income per capita. Macro simulation models for sub-Saharan Africa estimate that capital per worker will remain low due to consistently low savings for at least the next decades, even in the low fertility scenario. Sub-Saharan African countries seem too poor for a quick rise in savings. As such, it is unlikely that a lower dependency ratio will initiate a dramatic increase in labour productivity. The literature notes the gender implications on labour markets. Most women combine unpaid care for children with informal and low productive work in agriculture or family enterprises. Large family sizes reduce their productive labour years significantly, estimated at a reduction of 1.9 years of productive participation per woman for each child, that complicates their move into more productive work (if available). If the transition from high fertility to low fertility is permanent and can be established in a relatively short-term period, there are long-run effects on female labour participation, and the gains in income per capita will be permanent. As such from the literature it is clear that the effect of higher female wages on female labour participation works to a large extent through reductions in fertility.
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