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Journal articles on the topic 'Wage gap'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Machová, Zuzana, and Lenka Filipová. "Gender Wage Gap." International Journal of Information Systems and Social Change 4, no. 1 (2013): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jissc.2013010104.

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This paper was written as a part of a research project studying problem of wage determinant measuring and wage discrimination considering different wage requirements of men and women. The wage determinants and gender wage discrimination are analyzed using a probit model. The whole analysis is methodologically based on Mincer’s Wage Regression and Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition of gender wage gap. The wage variables include, aside from standard personal characteristics, dummies for institutional and firm characteristics and dummies for family status and family roles. The data were gained by a que

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Simamora, Leonardo Alexius, and Diah Widyawati. "Dampak Kenaikan Upah Minimum Terhadap Kesenjangan Upah Antar Gender: Kasus di Seluruh Provinsi di Indonesia." Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Statistik Indonesia 2, no. 2 (2022): 147–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/jesi.02.02.03.

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Wage gap disparities have become polemic in almost all countries in the world, especially in developing countries. Minimum wage is present as a policy on wage system that aims to be a safety net for workers. Although this policy is not a gender-oriented policy, if the number of women and the actual wage distance of women's minimum wage is lower than that of men, then the minimum wage may raise the wage gap. This study aims to examine the impact of minimum wage increases on wage gap across all provinces in Indonesia by using counterfactual methods on wage distribution. The results of this study

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Meriküll, Jaanika, and Pille Mõtsmees. "Do you get what you ask? The gender gap in desired and realised wages." International Journal of Manpower 38, no. 6 (2017): 893–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-11-2015-0197.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study gender differences in wage bargaining by comparing the unexplained wage gap in desired, realised and reservation wages. Design/methodology/approach The notion of desired wages is applied, which shows workers’ first bet to potential employers during the job-search process. A large job-search data set is drawn from the main Estonian electronic job-search site CV Keskus. Findings It is found that the unexplained gender wage gap is around 20 per cent in desired wages and in realised wages, which supports the view that the gender income gap in expectati

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Gharehgozli, Orkideh, and Vidya Atal. "Gender Wage Gap: Within and Across Borders." Studies in Business and Economics 16, no. 2 (2021): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sbe-2021-0025.

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Abstract This paper aims to explore gender wage differential at the wage distribution decile level. We define “real wage” with one of the most tangible adjustment measures, “Big Mac Index”. We study wages equivalent to the number of Big Mac burgers (per day) of men and women belonging to different wage distribution deciles for 21 countries and for the priod of 2000 to 2013. We find that, across countries, the higher the GDP per capita, the larger the gender wage gap. The “wealthy” European countries have the lowest female to male wage ratio. High female participation in part-time jobs may be a

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Ognjenovic, Kosovka. "Gender wage gap in Serbia: Inheritance and sources of the wage gap." Stanovnistvo 59, no. 2 (2021): 123–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv2102123o.

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The aim of this paper is to determine the size, structure, and significance of the differences in wages between men and women during the early transition in Serbia in the 2000s. During that period, a new legislative framework was established in the field of labour relations, which enabled greater liberalisation in the labour market and resulted in a reduction in the activity rate, especially of women. Following the experiences of other post-transition countries, it may be expected that economic and social changes caused by the transitional shocks may stimulate different behaviours in the labou

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Le, Huong Thu, and Ha Trong Nguyen. "The Gender Wage Gap in the Vietnamese Transition, 1993–2008." Journal of Vietnamese Studies 13, no. 4 (2018): 71–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/vs.2018.13.4.71.

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This essay examines wages and the gender wage gap between 1993 and 2008 in Vietnam. Our results reveal a slight increase in the mean of the gender wage gap from 2002 to 2008, which is mainly driven by a sharp increase in the gender wage gap for low-wage workers. Decomposition results suggest that the major part of the gender wage gap attributes to gender discrimination. While gender discrimination decreases for high-wage workers, it increases for low-wage workers. Over the period, wage growth is partly explained by changes in average characteristics but mainly due to increasing returns.

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Gimpelson, V., and A. Lukyanova. "Are Public Servants Underpaid in Russia? Estimating the Public-Private Wage Gap." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 6 (June 20, 2006): 81–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2006-6-81-106.

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The paper starts with discussing institutional framework for public sector wage setting in Russia. Given that individual choice of the sector is endogenous to wages, the authors propose alternative econometric techniques for the public-private wage gap estimation. Applying switching regression and propensity score matching techniques that allow correcting for non-random sector selection, the paper provides wage gap estimates for various demographic, occupational, and territorial population subgroups. As is shown, there is significant cross-group variation in the wage gap. The paper concludes t

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Perez-Villadoniga, Maria J., and Ana Rodriguez-Alvarez. "Comparing the gender gap in gross and base wages." International Journal of Manpower 38, no. 5 (2017): 646–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-10-2015-0162.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the gender wage gap not only in gross wages, but also focussing on a specific salary component, the base wage, which is determined by collective bargaining for each occupational category. Design/methodology/approach The authors estimate a wage frontier to analyze the difference between workers’ observed wages and their potential wage, given human capital endowments, as well as firm characteristics. Next, the authors examine the distance to the frontier as a function of workers’ gender, in order to test whether women fail to achieve potential wage

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9

Shannon, Michael. "Minimum wages and the gender wage gap." Applied Economics 28, no. 12 (1996): 1567–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/000368496327543.

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10

Fields, Judith, and Edward N. Wolff. "Interindustry Wage Differentials and the Gender Wage Gap." ILR Review 49, no. 1 (1995): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399504900107.

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Using data from the March 1988 Current Population Survey, the authors find that the wages of female workers differ significantly by industry, even when the analysis controls for workers' productivity-related characteristics. Although these interindustry wage differentials are at least as large as men's and are highly correlated with them as well, there are statistically significant differences between the two. Of the overall gender wage gap (the average female worker earns about 65% as much as the average male worker), 12–22% can be explained by differences between the patterns of interindustr

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Butcher, Kristin F., and John Dinardo. "The Immigrant and Native-Born Wage Distributions: Evidence from United States Censuses." ILR Review 56, no. 1 (2002): 97–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979390205600106.

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Recent studies document a large widening of the immigrant/native-born mean wage gap since about 1970, a trend that some observers ascribe to post-1965 changes in U.S. immigration policy. These studies are limited, however, by their exclusive focus on men, which ignores important gender differences in the wage gap, and by the inadequacy of the mean wage for characterizing the gap when, as in recent decades, the wage distribution dramatically changes. This study of recent immigrants examines changes across the entire wage distribution, for both genders. The authors find evidence, based partly on

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de Castro Romero, Lidia, Víctor Martín Barroso, and Rosa Santero-Sánchez. "Does Gender Equality in Managerial Positions Improve the Gender Wage Gap? Comparative Evidence from Europe." Economies 11, no. 12 (2023): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies11120301.

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In this paper, we analyse the impact of gender equality in managerial positions on wages and the gender wage gap in 22 European countries. We draw on the employer–employee microdata from the European Structure of Earnings Survey (E-SES) for the year 2018, which allows us to include firm fixed effects in our econometric specifications, thus controlling for both observed and unobserved heterogeneity at the firm level. The analysis is carried out not only at the mean but also across the wage distribution through unconditional quantile regressions. The results on the impact of gender equality in m

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Iocca, Elizabeth. "Gender Wage Gap." Journal of the American Dental Association 148, no. 9 (2017): 630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adaj.2017.07.015.

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KÖMÜRYAKAN, Fulden, and Metehan YILGÖR. "Has the gender wage gap narrowed or widened in a decade? Some recent evidence from the Turkish labor market." Volume 1, Issue 1 1, no. 1 (2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.53753/jame.1.1.01.

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The principal objective of this study is to determine the variation in the gender wage gap in the last decade of the Turkish labor market and reveal possible factors that drive the wage disparities. Therefore, the data set covers the Household Budget Statistics surveys 2009 and 2018. In order to prevent biased results, the empirical strategy contains the two-stage model estimation and selectivity corrected decomposition approach. The findings claim a widening gender wage gap in a decade. The portion of the gender wage gap resulting from the labor market discrimination tends to increase whereas

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Gulyas, Andreas, Sebastian Seitz, and Sourav Sinha. "Does Pay Transparency Affect the Gender Wage Gap? Evidence from Austria." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 15, no. 2 (2023): 236–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20210128.

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We study the 2011 Austrian pay transparency law, which requires firms above a size threshold to publish internal reports on the gender pay gap. Using an event-study design, we show that the policy had no discernible effects on male and female wages, thus leaving the gender wage gap unchanged. The effects are precisely estimated, and we rule out that the policy narrowed the gender wage gap by more than 0.4 p.p.. Moreover, we do not find evidence for wage compression within establishments. We discuss several possible reasons why the reform did not reduce the gender wage gap. (JEL J16, J31, J71,

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Mbratana, Taoufiki, and Andrée Fotie Kenne. "Investigating gender wage gap in employment." International Journal of Social Economics 45, no. 5 (2018): 848–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-04-2017-0131.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the gender wage disparity in paid employment and self-employment. To achieve this objective, the Cameroon Household Consumption Survey of 2007 is used. The main question considered in this paper is why women paid employment and self-employment wages are relatively low. In a whole, what are the underlying factors that generate and explain wage gap between men and women householders in employment? Design/methodology/approach First, the paper uses the Oaxaca-Blinder Decomposition to explain wage gap. Thereafter, the Quantile Regression Decomposi

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Roshchin, Sergey, and Natalya Yemelina. "Gender wage gap decomposition methods: Comparative analysis." Applied Econometrics 62 (2021): 5–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1993-7601-2021-62-5-31.

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This study introduces a comparative analysis of the gender wage gap decomposition methods with the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS) data for 2018. To decompose the differences in average wages, approaches based on the Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition are used. Apart from the mean wages, the study focuses on other distribution statistics. Using the quantile regressions, the wage gap between men and women is decomposed for the distribution parameters such as median, lower and upper deciles. The decomposition estimates of conditional and unconditional (based on recentered influence funct

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Peoples, James, and Lisa Saunders. "Trucking Deregulation and the Black/White Wage Gap." ILR Review 47, no. 1 (1993): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399304700102.

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The only previous study of the effect of product market deregulation on the black/white wage gap found that this gap in the trucking industry declined after trucking deregulation in 1978. That study did not, however, estimate the separate effects of deregulation on union and nonunion members or on black and white drivers. This study does so through an analysis of individual worker information from the March and May CPS files for the years 1973 through 1988. The authors find that deregulation is associated with significantly declining black/white wage gaps among both union and nonunion drivers.

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Lee, Yuree, and Young-Min Lee. "An Analysis of Factors Influencing the Gap between Expected and Actual Wages among Reemployed Middle-Aged Retirees." Korean Career, Entrepreneurship and Business Association 9, no. 2 (2025): 239–54. https://doi.org/10.48206/kceba.2025.9.2.239.

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This study analyzes the factors influencing the wage gap that arises when middle-aged individuals reenter the workforce after early retirement, with a particular focus on human capital theory. Specifically, it explores how the gap between expected and actual wages can be explained by various factors. A survey was conducted with 268 reemployed individuals aged between 40 and 59, and multiple regression analysis was performed. The results indicate that gender, educational attainment, and occupational field significantly affect both expected and actual wages. Women reported lower expectations and

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Luthfiani Bintang Sulistyo, Tri Aprilidya Agri, Dara Puspita Riyawan, et al. "Kesenjangan Upah Dan Perbedaan Pembayaran Pajak Antar Gender." Education : Jurnal Sosial Humaniora dan Pendidikan 3, no. 2 (2023): 01–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.51903/education.v3i2.330.

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In Indonesia, wage differences often occur between men and women, people of different religions/beliefs, and people of different skin colors, this wage difference is called the wage gap. This wage gap can occur when two people in the company do the same job at the same level of skill/position but the amount of wages received is not the same, this type of arbitrage situation is considered discriminatory. Even so, the wage gap is still rife in Indonesia. The purpose of this article is to understand the causes of wage gaps, to know the Tax Law that Regulates Gender-Based Taxation, and to find out

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Hallward-Driemeier, Mary, Bob Rijkers, and Andrew Waxman. "Can Minimum Wages Close the Gender Wage Gap?" Review of Income and Wealth 63, no. 2 (2015): 310–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/roiw.12219.

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VOGT, MARA, EDMERY TAVARES BARBOSA, MARCIA ZANIEVICZ DA SILVA, and ARNO PAULO SCHMITZ. "The wage gap in accounting positions." Cadernos EBAPE.BR 18, no. 2 (2020): 336–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1679-395177220x.

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Abstract This research aimed to describe the wage differences among accounting occupations in Brazil. A descriptive, documental, and quantitative research was carried out with auditors, accountants, and accounting assistants (occupations defined by the Código Brasileiro de Ocupações - CBO). The study used regressions with binary variables analyzing data from 2009 to 2015. The results showed that low wages are significant among female black or mulatto workers; workers who completed high school and do not have a degree; with a disability; and in their first job or hired under a fixed-term contra

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Ansaputri, Yosephine Anatassia, and Dwini Handayani. "Analisis kesenjangan upah berbasis jenis pekerjaan antara pekerja perempuan dengan anak dan tanpa anak di Indonesia: Pendekatan dekomposisi Blinder-Oaxaca." Journal of Woman Empowerment and Sustainable Businesses 1, no. 1 (2024): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.61511/jwesb.v1i1.760.

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Background: This study examines the gender wage gap between mothers and non-mothers in Indonesia, focusing on the role of job types in this gap. The study also further investigates the role of education and skill levels in the wage gap between mothers and non-mothers. Methods: This research uses a sample of 18,875 working women aged 18-49 from the SAKERNAS February 2020 dataset. The analysis is conducted on three subsamples: white-collar, blue-collar, and grey-collar workers, with a specific focus on the wage gap between mothers and non-mothers. Finding: Mothers earn lower incomes than non-mot

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Oliver, Xisco, and Maria Sard. "The wage gap in Spain for temporary workers: the effects of the Great Recession." International Journal of Manpower 40, no. 7 (2019): 1319–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-01-2019-0018.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the wage gap between temporary and permanent workers across the whole wage distribution, not just at the mean, and the evolution before and after the Great Recession on this gap in Spain. Design/methodology/approach An extended Mincer-type wage equation is estimated using ordinary least square regression and unconditional quantile regression. Then, the decomposition of the wage gap between workers with fixed-term and permanent contracts for each quantile is made using the Fortin, Lemieux and Firpo decomposition. Findings The results show that two

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Zhang, Yunda. "The role amenities play in spatial sorting of migrants and their impact on welfare: Evidence from China." PLOS ONE 18, no. 2 (2023): e0281669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0281669.

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From 2005 to 2015, China’s high-skilled labor was increasingly concentrated in cities with high wages and high rents, while a narrowing of the wage gap between high- and low-skilled labor showed an opposite trend to an increase in geographic sorting. In this research, I estimated a spatial equilibrium structural model to identify the causes of this phenomenon and its impact on welfare. Changes in local labor demand essentially led to an increase in skill sorting, and changes in urban amenities further contributed to this trend. An agglomeration of high-skilled labor raised local productivity,

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Sabir, Muhammad, and Zehra Aftab. "Dynamism in the Gender Wage Gap: Evidence from Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 46, no. 4II (2007): 865–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v46i4iipp.865-882.

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One of the main caveats of Pakistan’s economic development history is the persistence of gender inequality with respect to almost all socioeconomic indicators. For instance, Pakistan ranks 66, out of 75 countries, with respect to the Gender Empowerment Measure (Human Development Report, 2006) with a GEM value of 0.377, largely a manifestation of very low estimated female to male earned income ratio, which is a depressing 0.29. GEM and other labour force statistics confirm the gender gap in labour force participation. One of the possible explanations of this gender gap is gender discrimination

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Li, Xiaoman, Xinxin Yang, and Qi Zheng. "Does greater filial piety bring more gender income advantages? Exploring the influence of traditional Chinese filial piety on the gender wage gap." International Journal of Manpower 45, no. 10 (2024): 96–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-04-2024-0245.

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PurposeBased on traditional Chinese filial piety, this article examines the impacts and mechanisms of the two-dimensional filial piety concept “Qinqin – Zunzun” on gender wages in China via China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) conducted in 2014 and 2018.Design/methodology/approachThis article construct regression models to examine the relationship between filial piety concepts and wages. Also, it uses unconditional quantile regression and decomposition to explore the impact of filial piety concepts on the wage gap.FindingsIt is found that: (1) The effects of two-dimensional filial piety are heter

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Zhu, Yingxu. "Guangxi's Primary and Non-Primary Cities: Wage Gap, Human Capital Gap and Economic Gap." Frontiers in Business, Economics and Management 9, no. 1 (2023): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/fbem.v9i1.8284.

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Based on the panel data of 14 cities in Guangxi(China) from 2004 to 2021, a two-way fixed effect model is established to analyze the effects of wage gap and human capital gap on the economic gap between non-primary and primary cities. The results found that both the wage gap and the human capital gap have a significant positive impact on the economic gap between cities in general; regional heterogeneity tests show that some cities have a significant impact on the economic gap in terms of the wage gap and the human capital gap, while others do not; there is a positive moderating effect of indus

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Hutapea, Roma Yuli Felina, Yaser Krisnafi, Rio Ari Simarmata, Djunaidi Djunaidi, Suci Asrina Ikhsan, and Ratu Sari Mardiah. "Identification of wage distribution and wage gaps for purse seine crew members." Depik 13, no. 2 (2024): 212–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.13170/depik.13.2.33258.

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Even though the government has established regulations regarding wages, the reality is that the wages received by crew members of fishing vessels are still not in accordance with regulations. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the distribution of wages on purse seine vessels and to find out the gap between the wages received by crew. To achieve this goal, this study uses catch data for three fishing trips from March to May 2022, as well as crew wages from selling catches on the purse seine vessel PT Hasil Laut Sejati. The secondary data used is the productivity of the annual c

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Jung, SeEun. "The gender wage gap and sample selection via risk attitudes." International Journal of Manpower 38, no. 2 (2017): 318–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-08-2015-0136.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to consider a new way of estimating the gender wage gap by introducing individual risk attitudes that is applied to representative Korean data. Design/methodology/approach The selection bias via risk attitudes results in the overestimation of this wage gap. Women are more risk averse and hence prefer not to be active in the labour market or, if they are active, prefer to work in the public sector, where wages are generally lower than in the private sector. This paper explains the reduced gender wage gap by developing an appropriate sample-selection model, w

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Card, David, Ana Rute Cardoso, and Patrick Kline. "Bargaining, Sorting, and the Gender Wage Gap: Quantifying the Impact of Firms on the Relative Pay of Women *." Quarterly Journal of Economics 131, no. 2 (2015): 633–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjv038.

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Abstract There is growing evidence that firm-specific pay premiums are an important source of wage inequality. These premiums will contribute to the gender wage gap if women are less likely to work at high-paying firms or if women negotiate (or are offered) worse wage bargains with their employers than men. Using longitudinal data on the hourly wages of Portuguese workers matched with income statement information for firms, we show that the wages of both men and women contain firm-specific premiums that are strongly correlated with simple measures of the potential bargaining surplus at each fi

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Fan, Xueqing, and Michael Sturman. "Has Higher Education Solved the Problem? Examining the Gender Wage Gap of Recent College Graduates Entering the Workplace." Compensation & Benefits Review 51, no. 1 (2019): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886368719856268.

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While there has been extensive historical evidence demonstrating the gender wage gap, gains made by women in terms of higher education may be reducing the gap among those recently entering the workforce. Education is a major determinant of wage, and women are often outpacing men now in terms of educational achievement. Thus, the question remains of whether these gains in education have reduced or even eliminated gender wage inequality. This study examines the gender wage difference among new graduates with the same education level using the most recent data from National Longitudinal Survey of

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Hejase, Ale J., Israa Hamie, and Hussin J. Hejase. "The Gender Wage Gap within the Agricultural Sector: A Case from South Lebanon." Journal of Business Theory and Practice 8, no. 4 (2020): p32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jbtp.v8n4p32.

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Agriculture is considered an important energizer of a country’s economic growth and poverty alleviation efforts. However, this sector is underperforming especially in developing countries in part because women, who are often a crucial human resource in agriculture and the rural economy, face difficulties that reduce their productivity and their effective involvement. This paper sheds light on the gender pay gap in Lebanon, in general, and the agriculture sector of South Lebanon, in particular. Exploratory quantitative analysis is applied using a convenient sample of 385 agricultural employees

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Icardi, Rossella. "Returns to Workplace Training for Male and Female Employees and Implications for the Gender Wage gap: A Quantile Regression Analysis." International Journal for Research in Vocational Education and Training 8, no. 1 (2021): 21–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.13152/ijrvet.8.1.2.

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Context: Existing studies have explored the association between workplace training and wages suggesting that training participation may have a positive association with wages. However, we still know very little about whether this association varies between men and women. Through its potential positive association with wages, training may balance wage differences between men and women. In addition, the gender wage gap varies across the wage distribution. Differences in the association between training participation and wages for men and women across the earnings spectrum may offer an explanatio

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Chen, Kexin. "The Relationship between Age and Growth Rate of Wages and the Gender Wage Gap in the Financial Sector in China." Advances in Politics and Economics 6, no. 2 (2023): p53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/ape.v6n2p53.

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Using CGSS data, this paper explores the relationship between age and wage growth rates in China’s financial sector by developing a fixed effects model. I find that the wage growth rate declines slowly with age, although the absolute value of wages has been rising. After a brief comparison of the financial sector, the information technology sector, and agriculture, I find that the pattern of their wage growth rates is similar, i.e., the wage growth rate declines slowly with age. Then, through empirical tests, I find that a gender wage gap does exist in the finance industry and that the gender

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Preston, Alison, and Elisa Birch. "The Western Australian wage structure and gender wage gap: A post-mining boom analysis." Journal of Industrial Relations 60, no. 5 (2018): 619–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185618791589.

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Whilst there is a large literature on the determinant of wages in Australia, relatively few studies have examined the determinants of wages at a state level. In this article, we present a study of the determinants of earnings in Western Australia, a state that experienced rapid growth during the mining boom of 2003–2013. We show that the relatively stronger wage growth in Western Australia since 2001 is the product of both compositional and price effects. We also report on the Western Australia and rest of Australia gender wage gaps. Our decomposition analysis of the mean gender wage gap shows

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Maloney, Thomas N. "Wage Compression and Wage Inequality Between Black and White Males in the United States, 1940–1960." Journal of Economic History 54, no. 2 (1994): 358–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700014522.

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The gap between the mean wages of black men and white men in the United States narrowed substantially between 1940 and 1950. There was, however, almost no change in this wage gap between 1950 and 1960. Some of this discontinuity in the path of black progress can be explained by general changes in the wage structure—wage compression in the 1940s and slight expansion in the 1950s. However, most of the gains of the 1940s were driven by race-specific factors, including increasing relative wages controlling for worker characteristics. These race-specific gains ceased in the 1950s.

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Antecol, Heather, and Kelly Bedard. "The Racial Wage Gap." Journal of Human Resources XXXIX, no. 2 (2004): 564–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/jhr.xxxix.2.564.

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MADSEN, JAKOB B. "Wage Gap and Technology." Kyklos 47, no. 1 (1994): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6435.1994.tb02251.x.

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Robinson, Bill. "THE REAL WAGE GAP." Economic Outlook 10, no. 10 (1986): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0319.1986.tb00108.x.

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Humphries, Jane. "The Gender Gap in Wages." Social Science History 33, no. 4 (2009): 481–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200011111.

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Explanations of the gender pay gap and related labor market segregation remain fiercely debated. On the one side are those economic historians who take a primarily neoclassical view, in which competition among workers and employers eliminates wage differences that do not reflect productivity and occupational segregation that is not the outcome of choice. Persistent discrimination must reflect anticompetitive institutions, for instance, trade unions. A corollary of the neoclassical perspective is that markets are liberating, freeing agents, including women, from cultural stereotypes and ensurin

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Brenzel, Hanna, and Malte Reichelt. "Job Mobility as a New Explanation for the Immigrant-Native Wage Gap: A Longitudinal Analysis of the German Labor Market1." International Migration Review 52, no. 3 (2018): 724–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imre.12313.

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In industrialized countries, wages between migrants and natives usually differ. Previous studies that mostly focused on human capital theory and cross-sectional wage differences failed to fully explain the wage gap. We offer a new explanation and assume that differences in the employment trajectories of migrants and natives contribute to diverging wages after labor market entrance. Utilizing longitudinal data for Germany, we analyze the job mobility of migrants and natives and distinguish among voluntary, involuntary, and internal job changes. Indeed, we find evidence for differences in transi

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McCall, Leslie. "Gender and the New Inequality: Explaining the College/Non-College Wage Gap." American Sociological Review 65, no. 2 (2000): 234–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000312240006500205.

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The new inequality is often characterized by the increasing wage gap between workers with a college education and those without. Yet, although the gap in hourly wages between college-educated and non-college-educated women is high and rising, the topic has been overshadowed by research on gender inequality and wage inequality among men. Using the 1990 5–percent Public Use Microdata Samples, independent sources of macro data, and controls for individual human capital characteristics, I examine the association between the college/non-college wage gap and key aspects of local economic conditions

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Besen-Cassino, Yasemin. "The Cost of Being a Girl: Gender Earning Differentials in the Early Labor Markets." NWSA Journal 20, no. 1 (2008): 146–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ff.2008.a236184.

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The gender wage gap is among the most persistent and durable characteristics of labor markets and women’s lives. Despite differences in focus, almost all studies of the gender wage gap focus on the adult labor market; however, almost every teenager in the United States works before adulthood. Therefore, an overwhelming majority of the population experiences the labor market, and possibly the gender wage gap, well beforehand. This article focuses on the early labor market experiences of youth and analyzes the gender differentials in earning in the youth labor market. The findings show there are

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Schmid, Flurina. "The Gender Wage Gap in Switzerland over Time." Swiss Journal of Sociology 42, no. 3 (2016): 442–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sjs-2016-0020.

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Abstracts This article analyzes the gender wage gap in Switzerland, using data from the Swiss Household Panel. The results show that women in Switzerland earn still less than men with the same endowments. One of the main reasons for this gap is occupational segregation: women and men working in femaledominated occupations have lower wages than those in integrated and male-dominated occupations. In order to have equally distributed job categories, 40% of the male or female employees would need to change jobs. But the “preferences” for jobs between genders seem to have been frozen for decades. T

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Dewi, Martina Nurma, and Arie Damayanti. "The Role of Internet Usage on Gender Wage Gap: Evidence From Indonesia." Journal of Developing Economies 10, no. 1 (2025): 73–89. https://doi.org/10.20473/jde.v10i1.60467.

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This study analyzes the effect of internet usage on the gender wage gap within Indonesia’s labor market. Using data from the 2022 National Labor Force Survey (Sakernas), the research employs robust least square regression, quantile regression, and the Oaxaca-Blinder Decomposition Method to assess the differential effects of internet use on wages across genders. The findings indicate that internet usage in main job significantly increases wages for both men and women while also narrowing the gender wage gap which varies by income level and job type. This effect is more pronounced in white-colla

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Fields, Judith, and Edward N. Wolff. "Interindustry Wage Differentials and the Gender Wage Gap." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 49, no. 1 (1995): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2524915.

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Ioan, Gina, Sirbu Gabriela Carmen, Emanuel Stefan Marinescu, and Ionel Sergiu Pirju. "The Effects of Foreign Direct Investments on Wage Trends in the Dutch Labor Market." Economies 13, no. 3 (2025): 58. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies13030058.

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In this study, we analyze the relationship between economic variables influencing wages in the Dutch economy during the period 1995–2023 using the ARIMAX method. The analysis reveals that lagged wages and salaries for male workers have a strong and significant effect on current wages, while lagged wages and salaries for female workers exhibit a strong negative influence, indicating a potential gender wage gap. The current level of foreign direct investment (FDI) has a negative impact on wages, suggesting that foreign capital may not contribute to wage growth, and we noted that lagged FDI does

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Kafabih, Abdullah, and Mohamad Ridwan. "Wage Gap Analysis Between Gender in The Informal Sector During Covid-19." Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi Terapan 7, no. 2 (2022): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jiet.v7i2.40536.

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The level of wages received by workers in the informal sector tends to be lower than workers in the formal sector. This condition can be exacerbated if there is gender discrimination, which causes differences in the distribution of wages for workers. This study aims to identify wage discrimination between genders of informal sector workers. The independent variables of this study consisted of education, age, training, incentives, gender, and type of work. Gender wage ratio and gender productivity ratio were estimated simultaneously using non-linear logistic regression method. This study found

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Lukyanova, Anna. "What keeps public sector workers in low-paid jobs? The role of self-selection and non-cognitive skills in explaining the public-private wage gap." Applied Econometrics 62 (2021): 32–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1993-7601-2021-62-32-53.

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This paper examines whether non‐cognitive skills (personality traits and risk attitudes) influence self‐selection into employment and the choice between the public and private sectors and, if so, how they relate to wages in each sector. The methodology combines multinomial logistic regression to model the patterns of selection with an Oaxaca–Blinder‐type decomposition of the intersectoral wage gap. I find that personality traits have a substantial effect on selection into employment and the preferences towards the private sector. They have a significant, albeit small, effect on wages in both s

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