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Journal articles on the topic 'Wage decline'

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Published: 9 March 2023

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Machin, Stephen, and Alan Manning. "The Effects of Minimum Wages on Wage Dispersion and Employment: Evidence from the U.K. Wages Councils." ILR Review 47, no. 2 (January 1994): 319–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399404700210.

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Using data on Wages Council coverage from the United Kingdom New Earnings Survey, the authors examine the impact of mandated minimum wages on wage dispersion and employment in the United Kingdom in the 1980s. They find evidence that a dramatic decline in the toughness of the regulation imposed by the Wages Councils through the 1980s—a decline, that is, in the level of the minimum wage relative to the average wage—significantly contributed to widening wage dispersion over those years. There is, however, no evidence of an increase in employment resulting from the weakening bite of the Wages Council minimum pay rates. Instead, consistent with the conclusions of several recent U.S. studies, the findings suggest that the minimum wage had either no effect or a positive effect on employment.

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2

Krashinsky, Harry. "The Effect of Labor Market Institutions on Salaried and Self-Employed Less-Educated Men in the 1980S." ILR Review 62, no. 1 (October 2008): 73–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979390806200104.

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Less-educated workers exhibited negative real wage growth from the late 1970s to the early 1990s. Frequently cited to explain this pattern are such labor market trends as union decline and the falling real value of the minimum wage, but also of concern is the possible contribution of decreased demand, caused by factors such as skill-biased technological change. To investigate the relative importance of these determinants, the author, using CPS data, compares the experiences of wage-and-salary workers with those of the self-employed. Wages apparently declined little for less-educated self-employed workers, but greatly for similar wage-and-salary workers. Because self-employed workers are affected by the same demand shocks as wage-and-salary workers but are not subject to labor market institutions such as the minimum wage or labor unions, the author concludes that the main source of the observed negative real wage growth was the decline of labor market institutions, not skill-biased technological change.

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3

Neumark, David, and William Wascher. "Employment Effects of Minimum and Subminimum Wages: Panel Data on State Minimum Wage Laws." ILR Review 46, no. 1 (October 1992): 55–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399204600105.

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Using panel data on state minimum wage laws and economic conditions for the years 1973–89, the authors reevaluate existing evidence on the effects of a minimum wage on employment. Their estimates indicate that a 10% increase in the minimum wage causes a decline of 1–2% in employment among teenagers and a decline of 1.5–2% in employment for young adults, similar to the ranges suggested by earlier time-series studies. The authors also find evidence that youth subminimum wage provisions enacted by state legislatures moderate the disemployment effects of minimum wages on teenagers.

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4

Bayard, Kimberly, Tomaz Cajner, Vivi Gregorich, and Maria D. Tito. "Are Manufacturing Jobs Still Good Jobs? An Exploration of the Manufacturing Wage Premium." Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2022, no. 010 (March 18, 2022): 1–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/feds.2022.011.

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This paper explores the factors behind differences in wages between manufacturing and other sectors. Using data from the Current Population Survey, we find that the manufacturing wage premium—the additional pay a manufacturing worker earns relative to a comparable nonmanufacturing worker—disappeared in recent years and that the erosion of the premium has primarily affected workers employed in production occupations, who experienced a wage decline of 2.5 percentage points since the 1990s relative to other workers in production occupations. While the demographic composition and other worker observables introduce level differences in manufacturing premia, our analysis suggests that they are not responsible for the declining trends. A decomposition of the premium by union membership status reveals that declines have been substantially larger across union members. To quantify the role of unionization membership on wage premia, we exploit the heterogeneity in membership status across industries within manufacturing. We find that the decline in union membership explains more than 70 percent of the decline in premia since the 1990s for union members, but the declines in unionization rates have not significantly affected non-union premia, which have instead responded to other factors, such as capital intensity. Our findings suggest that the erosion of “good” manufacturing jobs has contributed to the increase in overall wage inequality and could accelerate the decline of the manufacturing sector.

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5

Tanaka, Yasuhito. "Involuntary Unemployment Under Ongoing Nominal Wage Rate Decline in Overlapping Generations Model." Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai Oeconomica 67, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 11–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/subboec-2022-0002.

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Abstract We analyze involuntary unemployment based on consumers’ utility maximization and firms’ profit maximization behavior with ongoing nominal wage rate decline. We consider a three-periods overlapping generations (OLG) model with a childhood period as well as younger and older periods under monopolistic competition with increasing, decreasing or constant returns to scale technology. When there exists involuntary unemploymnet, the nominal wage rate may decline. We examine the existenbce of involuntary unemployment in that model with ongoing mominal wage rate decline (or deflation). Even if the nominal wage rate declines, we have a steady state with involuntary unemployment and constant output and employment. We need budget deficit or budget surplus to maintain the steady state depending on whether real balance effect is positive or negative. Also we examine the possibility to achieve full-employment by fiscal policy.

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6

Holmes, Thomas J., and Julia Thornton Snider. "A Theory of Outsourcing and Wage Decline." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 3, no. 2 (May 1, 2011): 38–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.3.2.38.

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This paper develops a theory of outsourcing in which the circumstances under which factors of production can grab rents play the leading role. One factor has monopoly power (call this labor) while a second factor does not (call this capital). There are two kinds of production tasks: labor-intensive and capital-intensive. We show that if frictions limiting outsourcing are not too large, in equilibrium labor-intensive tasks are separated from capital-intensive tasks into distinct firms. When a capital-intensive country is opened to free trade, outsourcing increases and labor rents decline. A decrease in outsourcing frictions lowers labor rents. (JEL J31, L22, L24)

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7

Bloom, Nicholas, Fatih Guvenen, Benjamin S. Smith, Jae Song, and Till von Wachter. "The Disappearing Large-Firm Wage Premium." AEA Papers and Proceedings 108 (May 1, 2018): 317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20181066.

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Large firms have paid significantly higher wages for over a century. Based on administrative data we document that the large-firm wage premium (LFWP) has declined steadily over the last 30 years. Decomposing pay into worker and firm fixed effects, we then document that the LFWP can be largely explained by a rise in firm effects with firm size. The dramatic decline is due a reduction in these firm effects at large firms. These changes have been concentrated at very large employers. In contrast, worker composition has changed little. We also find the majority of the change occurs within industries.

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8

Challú, Amílcar E., and Aurora Gómez-Galvarriato. "MEXICO’S REAL WAGES IN THE AGE OF THE GREAT DIVERGENCE, 1730-1930." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 33, no. 1 (March 2015): 83–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s021261091500004x.

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ABSTRACTThis study builds the first internationally comparable index of real wages for Mexico City bridging the 18thand the early 20thcentury. Real wages started out in relatively high international levels in the mid 18thcentury, but declined from the late 1770s on, with some partial and temporal rebounds after the 1810s. After the 1860s, real wages recovered and eventually reached 18th-century levels in the early 20thcentury. Real wages of Mexico City’s workers subsequently fell behind those of high-wage economies to converge with the lower fringes of middle-wage economies. The age of the global Great Divergence was Mexico’s own age of stagnation and decline relative to the world economy.

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9

Oliver, Damian, and Serena Yu. "The Australian labour market in 2017." Journal of Industrial Relations 60, no. 3 (April 20, 2018): 298–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185618763975.

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Low wage growth consistently featured as the main underlying characteristic of the Australian labour market in 2017. Overall economic conditions remained weak, although unemployment was fairly static. All indicators of average wage growth declined: average weekly earnings, the wage price index and the average annual wage increase in enterprise agreements. Collective bargaining coverage continued to decline. Although the 3.3% minimum wage increase represents a modest increase in real wages for low-paid workers, the Fair Work Commission decision to reduce Sunday and public holiday penalty rates for some award-reliant workers would put further downward pressure on workers’ incomes. There were more successful applications to terminate expired enterprise agreements, including those where wage rates were thought to be uncompetitive and unsustainable. The underlying causes of low wage growth remain contested. Despite some agreement that the regulatory framework is a contributing factor, firm proposals for regulatory change are yet to emerge.

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10

Antonczyk, Dirk, Bernd Fitzenberger, and Katrin Sommerfeld. "Rising wage inequality, the decline of collective bargaining, and the gender wage gap." Labour Economics 17, no. 5 (October 2010): 835–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2010.04.008.

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11

Migranova, Lyudmila, and Raisa Popova. "Impact of the Minimum Wage on Wages and Wage Inequality in 2019." Living Standards of the Population in the Regions of Russia 15, no. 4 (December 9, 2019): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/1999-9836-2019-10079.

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The Object of the Study. Wages in Russiya and in its regionsThe Subject of the Study. Levels and differentiation of wages The Purpose of the Study is examining the impact of raising the minimum wage up to the subsistence minimum level of the able-bodied population in 2018-2019 on the dynamics of the main characteristics of wages at the federal and regional levels. The Main Propositions of the Article. The problem of spatial inequality includes socioeconomic inequality of the population which primarily depends on work remuneration as the main source of monetary income of households. The problems of work remuneration in the post-Soviet period are well-known – low levels, relatively high wage differentiation including cross-sectoral and cross-regional disparities. These were caused to a large extent by the low level of the minimum wage in the country. In May 2018 the minimum wage was raised up to the subsistence minimum level (poverty line) of the able-bodied population. Using the data from the wage surveys conducted by Rosstat in 2017 and 2019 the authors analyse the shifts in wage distribution of workers in Russiya and in its regions. The increase in the minimum wage resulted in a decline in the general differentiation of wages across the country and in the vast majority of regions, in reduction of the intra-industry and cross-regional differences. In 2019 the funds ratio (ratio of mean wages of the upper and the bottom deciles) exceeded 10 only in six regions, while in 2017 there were 29 such regions. In 2017 that ratio was below 8 only in 6 regions, in 2019 – in 45 regions, and in most of them (26) the average wage was 3 times below the subsistence minimum level of the able-bodied population. The analysis has shown that the low level of wages of most employees still remains an urgent problem, and reduction in wage inequality also has the reverse aspect. We know from the Soviet experience that low (as well as high) level of wage inequality does not promote work incentives and socioeconomic development of territories.

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12

Brown, Meta, Christopher J. Flinn, and Andrew Schotter. "Real-Time Search in the Laboratory and the Market." American Economic Review 101, no. 2 (April 1, 2011): 948–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.101.2.948.

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While widely accepted labor market search models imply a constant reservation wage policy, empirical evidence strongly suggests that reservation wages decline in search duration. This paper reports the results of the first real-time-search laboratory experiment. The controlled environment subjects face is stationary, and the payoff-maximizing reservation wage is constant. Nevertheless, subjects' reservation wages decline sharply over time. We investigate two hypotheses to explain this decline: 1. Searchers respond to the stock of accruing search costs. 2. Searchers experience non-stationary subjective costs of time spent searching. Our data support the latter hypothesis, and we substantiate this conclusion both experimentally and econometrically. (JEL C91, D83, J64)

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13

Li, Shi, Shanshan Wu, and Chunbing Xing. "Education Development and Wage Inequality in Urban China." Asian Economic Papers 17, no. 2 (June 2018): 140–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep_a_00619.

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Using a representative household survey for 1995, 2002, 2007, and 2013, we show that education plays a pivotal role in shaping wage inequality in urban China. We find that education was a major contributor to increased wage inequality between 1995 and 2013. The returns to education remained high after 2007 despite a large inflow of college-educated workers. Although regional wage inequality declined from 2007–13, regional wage inequality among educated workers did not. Residual wage inequality increased, and the within inequality of educated workers increased faster than that of the less educated. We argue that China's education expansion seems insufficient to narrow the educational wage gap, and a lack of labor mobility for educated workers prevents the decline in returns to education in specific regions.

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14

Grimes, Paul W. "Right-To-Work Legislation and the Economic Position of Black Workers." Review of Black Political Economy 15, no. 4 (March 1987): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02903731.

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Recent empirical analysis of state right-to-work legislation indicates that a negative wage effect may result as a consequence of banning union shop contracts. It has been previously shown that industrial unionism tends to improve the relative wage position of black workers. Thus, it is hypothesized that if state right-to-work laws weaken the economic power of unions to raise wages, black workers will experience a disproportionate decline in their relative wage position. Black workers in right-to-work states would therefore experience a reduction in their relative economic position unless a strong positive relative employment effect occurs in response to the decline in wages. Using a cross-sectional regression model this article examines the relative employment effect due to right-to-work legislation. The results indicate that black workers experience a statistically significant decline in their relative employment rate within right-to-work states. When this finding is coupled with the hypothesized negative wage effect, it is concluded that right-to-work legislation results in a worsening of the net economic position of black workers.

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15

King, J. E. "Some obstacles to wage-led growth." Review of Keynesian Economics 7, no. 3 (July 2019): 308–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/roke.2019.03.03.

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I begin by providing a non-technical summary of the Post-Keynesian model of wage-led growth. I then summarise the work of microeconomists and industrial relations researchers on the reasons why real wages have failed to keep pace with labour productivity, leading to a steady decline in the wage share of GDP. These include the decline of trade unions, the erosion of the welfare state and (especially) the increasing ability and willingness of employers to evade and avoid labour market regulation. I conclude that these microeconomic problems need to be solved for a macroeconomic strategy of wage-led growth to be possible.

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16

Devereux, Paul J. "Effects of Industry Growth and Decline on Gender and Education Wage Gaps in the 1980S." ILR Review 58, no. 4 (July 2005): 552–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979390505800402.

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The author uses longitudinal data to study the effects of industry growth and decline on wage changes between 1976 and 2001. He finds that over this period, workers who were initially in industries that subsequently expanded enjoyed faster wage growth than other workers. Moreover, wage growth was strongly related to employment changes in industries the individual was likely to move to: that is, workers' wage growth tended to be relatively fast if their skills suited them for entry into rapidly expanding industries, whether or not they actually moved between industries. The author uses the estimates to evaluate the effects of industry demand changes on within-cohort relative wages during the 1980s. He finds that changes in industrial composition can account for most of the within-cohort increase in the wages of women relative to men and about 30–50% of the increase in the relative wages of more educated groups within cohorts.

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17

Collyer, Sophie. "At What Point Do Wages Make Ends Meet? Investigating the Relationship Between Wages and Material Hardship in New York City." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 101, no. 3 (June 18, 2020): 289–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1044389420916009.

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Several states and local areas have increased the minimum wage in recent years, and we anticipate that many policymakers and advocates will be interested in evaluating the impacts that these increases have had on material hardships such as not having enough money for rent, food, and utilities. The relationship between wages and material hardship absent policy changes has not been thoroughly documented in the literature, however. An understanding of how material hardships relate to wages is critical when trying to determine whether minimum wage policy changes have impacted material hardship. This article asks, is there a linear relationship between wages and material hardship at the bottom of the wage distribution, or do wages have to hit a certain point before we observe significant declines in material hardship? Results come from the New York City Longitudinal Study of Wellbeing (NYC-LSW), also referred to as the “Poverty Tracker,” and are specific to New York City in 2016. The results show that among workers in New York City in 2016, rates of material hardship are relatively constant at the bottom of the wage distribution, if not increasing. However, rates of hardship begin to decline more rapidly in the wage distribution around US$15 per hour.

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18

Western, B., and K. Healy. "Explaining the OECD Wage Slowdown Recession or Labour Decline?" European Sociological Review 15, no. 3 (September 1, 1999): 233–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.esr.a018262.

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19

Hanuš, Karel. "The Decline of Centralized Collective Wage Bargaining in Sweden." Slovak Journal of Political Sciences 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 54–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjps-2014-0001.

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Abstract This article explores development (including its shaping in the 1930s and institutionalisation within the Post-war economic model) and causes of the decline of centralized collective wage bargaining in Sweden. Some effects of the Post-war model in combination with changes in global economic environment and technology of production caused changes in domestic distribution of power and influenced strategies and institutional preferences of crucial actors (especially the association of the export-oriented engineering employers, but also unions). The way of connection of the Swedish and the global economy is therefore of fundamental importance for shaping of domestic socioeconomic institutions like collective bargaining.

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20

WADDOUPS, C. JEFFREY. "Trade Union Decline and Union Wage Effects in Australia." Industrial Relations 44, no. 4 (October 2005): 607–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-232x.2005.00404.x.

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21

Aldan, Altan, and Hatice Burcu Gürcihan Yüncüler. "Real wages and the business cycle in Turkey." Acta Oeconomica 72, no. 1 (March 25, 2022): 105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/032.2022.00006.

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Abstract The article analyzes the direction and scope of the responsiveness of real wages to the business cycle in Turkey using longitudinal data from 2005 to 2015. We found that wages in Turkey are procyclical; one percentage point increase in the unemployment rate induces a 0.6% decline in real wages. There is a variation in the patterns along the lines of wage distribution among the subgroups with relations to skills. Less-educated workers have acyclical wages. Compatible with this evidence, we found that the workers who earn around the minimum wage also have acyclical wages. High share of minimum wage earners suppresses wage cyclicality. Consistent with strict employment protection legislation and loose wage determination, wages of relatively high-income employees who mostly have formal work arrangements are procyclical.

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22

Dinardo, John, and Thomas Lemieux. "Diverging Male Wage Inequality in the United States and Ganada, 1981–1988: Do Institutions Explain the Difference?" ILR Review 50, no. 4 (July 1997): 629–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399705000405.

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The U.S. and Canadian economies have much in common, including similar collective bargaining structures. During the period 1981–88, however, although both countries witnessed a decline in the percentage of workers belonging to unions and an increase in hourly wage inequality, those changes were much more pronounced in the United States than in Canada. Using data on men in Canada and the United States in 1981 and 1988 (from the Labour Force Survey and supplements to the Current Population Survey), the authors study the effect of labor market institutions on changes in wage inequality by computing simple counterfactuals such as the distribution of wages that would prevail if all workers were paid according to the observed nonunion wage schedule. Their results suggest that much more severe declines in the unionization rate in the United States than in Canada account for two-thirds of the differential growth in wage inequality between the two countries.

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23

Shin, Donggyun, Kwanho Shin, and Seonyoung Park. "ARE INITIAL WAGE LOSSES OF INTERSECTORAL MOVERS COMPENSATED FOR BY THEIR SUBSEQUENT WAGE GAINS?" Macroeconomic Dynamics 14, no. 4 (January 11, 2010): 501–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100509090464.

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This paper presents an equilibrium explanation of the inter- and intrasectoral mobility of workers. Analyses of our samples from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth show that, other things being equal, the initial wage decline is greater for intersectoral movers than for intrasectoral movers. Intersectoral movers, however, enjoy higher wage growth in subsequent years on postunemployment jobs than intrasectoral movers do, and hence are compensated for their initial wage decline. Our estimates suggest that, other things being constant, the additional short-term wage loss associated with sector shifts is overturned in no more than four years by the greater wage growth of intersectoral movers in subsequent years. The findings in the current study clearly show that the true economic costs of intersector mobility tend to be overstated in existing studies and are significantly lowered in the long-term perspective. Calibration of a simple lifetime utility model demonstrates that inter- and intrasectoral movements of workers are quantitatively consistent with an equilibrium framework, at least for a major group of workers who move with longer term perspectives. Evidence also shows that job seekers consider not only the initial wage rate but also the subsequent wages received from the postunemployment job when deciding whether to recommence employment or switch sectors.

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24

Massenkoff, Maxim, and Nathan Wilmers. "Wage Stagnation and the Decline of Standardized Pay Rates, 1974–1991." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 474–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20200819.

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Using new establishment-by-occupation microdata, we show that the use of discretionary wage setting significantly expanded in the 1970s and 1980s. Increasingly, wages for blue-collar workers were not standardized by job title or seniority but instead subject to managerial discretion. When establishments abandoned standardized pay rates, wages fell, particularly for the lowest-paid workers in a job and for those in establishments that previously paid above market rates. This shift away from standardized pay rates, in context of a broader decline in worker bargaining power, accelerated the decline in real wages experienced by blue-collar workers in the 1980s. (JEL J31, J33, J52, M52, O33)

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Schumacher, Edward J. "The Earnings and Employment of Nurses in an Era of Cost Containment." ILR Review 55, no. 1 (October 2001): 116–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979390105500107.

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Previous research has shown that from the 1980s through the early 1990s, nurses enjoyed substantial wage and employment gains that stemmed, to some extent, from increased labor demand. Using individual data for 1988–98 to compare nurses' fortunes with those of college-educated women and other workers in the health care industry, the author documents that nurses experienced a decline in real wages beginning in the early 1990s, at the same time that the skill premium for RNs, as reflected by the return to education and experience, was increasing. Changes in measured characteristics and their returns explain very little of the decline, consistent with the theory that the relative wage decrease was driven by a decline in the demand for RNs and increased cost constraints. The effects of HMO penetration are found to explain only a small part of the variation in wages across metropolitan statistical areas and across time.

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Beaudry, Paul, and Ethan Lewis. "Do Male-Female Wage Differentials Reflect Differences in the Return to Skill? Cross-City Evidence from 1980–2000." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 6, no. 2 (April 1, 2014): 178–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.6.2.178.

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Male-female wage gaps declined significantly over the 1980s and 1990s, while returns to education increased. In this paper, we use cross-city data to explore whether, like the return to education, the change in the gender wage gap may reflect changes in skill prices induced by the diffusion of information technology. We show that male-female and education-wage differentials moved in opposite directions in response to the adoption of PCs. Our most credible estimates imply that changes in skill prices driven by PC adoption can explain most of the decline in the US male-female wage gap since 1980. (JEL J15, J24, J31, J71, O33, R23)

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Li, Shi, and Yaohui Zhao. "The Decline of In-kind Wage Payments in Urban China." Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies 1, no. 2 (January 2003): 245–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1476528032000066703.

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28

Mosher, James S. "U.S. Wage Inequality, Technological Change, and Decline in Union Power." Politics & Society 35, no. 2 (June 2007): 225–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032329207300394.

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Borjas, George J. "The Wage Impact of the Marielitos: The Role of Race." ILR Review 72, no. 4 (January 30, 2019): 858–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019793919825753.

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The author’s 2017 reappraisal of the impact of the Mariel supply shock revealed that the wage of low-skill workers declined in post-Mariel Miami. Clemens and Hunt (2019) assert that a data quirk in the March CPS—specifically, a substantial increase in the black share of Miami’s low-skill workforce in the period—implies that those wage trends do not correctly measure the impact of the Marielitos. Because blacks earn less than whites earn, the increased black share would spuriously reduce the average low-skill wage in Miami. The author examines the sensitivity of the evidence to the change in the racial composition of the sample. The Clemens and Hunt assertion is demonstrably false. The timing of the post-Mariel decline in Miami’s wage does not coincide with the increase in the black share. And sensible adjustments for racial composition do not change the finding that Miami’s low-skill wage fell after 1980.

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Hyder, Asma, and Jere R. Behrman. "Schooling is Associated not only with Long-run Wages, but also with Wage Risks and Disability Risks: The Pakistani Experience." Pakistan Development Review 50, no. 4II (December 1, 2011): 555–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v50i4iipp.555-573.

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Many studies document significantly positive associations between schooling attainment and wages in developing countries. But when individuals enter occupations subsequent to completing their schooling, they not only face an expected work-life path of wages, but a number of other occupational characteristics, including wage risks and disability risks, for which there may be compensating wage differentials. This study examines the relations between schooling on one hand and mean wages and these two types of risks on the other hand, based on 77,685 individuals in the labour force as recorded in six Labour Force Surveys of Pakistan. The results suggest that schooling is positively associated with mean total wages and wage rates, but has different associations with these two types of risks: Disability risks decline as schooling increases but wage risks, and even more, wage rate risks increase as schooling increases. The schooling-wage risks relation, but not the schooling-disability risks relation, is consistent with there being compensating differentials. JEL classification: J31, J28, O53 Keywords: Wages, Risks, Labour Markets, Job Disabilities, Compensating Differentials, Developing Country, Schooling

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GOY, SIEW CHING, and GERAINT JOHNES. "DIFFERENCES IN DECLINE: QUANTILE REGRESSION OF MALE–FEMALE EARNINGS DIFFERENTIAL IN MALAYSIA." Singapore Economic Review 60, no. 04 (September 2015): 1550054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021759081550054x.

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Semiparametric estimation has gained significant attention in the study of wage inequality between men and women in recent years. By extending the wage gap at the mean towards the entire wage distribution using quantile regression, it enables researchers to ascertain the direction and the proportions of differences in characteristics and returns to these characteristics at different parts of the wage distribution. This line of research has been prominent in western society but has not yet been explored in the context of the Malaysian labor market. To fill the gap, this paper examines the gender earnings gap in Malaysia between 1994 and 2004 using Malaysia Population and Family Survey data. The gender earnings differential, as measured by the log percentage point is 53% in 1994. The difference reduces to 45% for a restricted sample and 42% for the unrestricted sample in 2004. However, it was found that the gender wage gap reduces as we move up the wage distribution. This suggests that women suffer from a sticky floor effect, i.e., the gender wage gap is bigger at the bottom of distribution. More importantly, the observed gender wage differentials do not reflect differences in the productive characteristics of the workers. In fact, it accounts for very little, if any, of the gap in Malaysia. However, the extent of the price effect is larger at the bottom end of the distribution than at the top.

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Nilsson, E. "Did Nixon's wage and price controls set in motion the post-1970s decline in real wages?" Review of Radical Political Economics 33, no. 3 (2001): 305–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0486-6134(01)00093-6.

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Nilsson, Eric. "Did Nixon's wage and price controls set in motion the post-1970s decline in real wages?" Review of Radical Political Economics 33, no. 3 (September 2001): 305–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/048661340103300307.

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Kumar, Pradeep. "Recent Wage Deceleration in Canada: Short-Run Response or Structural Change?" Articles 42, no. 4 (April 12, 2005): 687–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/050358ar.

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The paper reviews recent wage trends and patterns, and examines whether the wage deceleration since 1982 can be explained by the steady decline in inflation and the persistent high rates of unemployment.

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Reshef, Yonatan, and Alan I. Murray. "Union Decline: Lessons from Alberta." Articles 46, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 185–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/050650ar.

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This paper tests whether an inconsistency exists between unions' industrial relations philosophies and their abilities to secure real wage gains. One economic measure and two attitudinal measures are related to union membership. The influence of these measures on both the likelihood that a person is a union member and union membership's impact upon these measures are simultaneously estimated. The implications of the results for private-sector union decline in Canada are then discussed.

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Fields, Judith, and Edward N. Wolff. "The Decline of Sex Segregation and the Wage Gap, 1970-80." Journal of Human Resources 26, no. 4 (1991): 608. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/145977.

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Even, William E., and David A. Macpherson. "The Decline of Private-Sector Unionism and the Gender Wage Gap." Journal of Human Resources 28, no. 2 (1993): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/146204.

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Lloyd-Ellis, Huw. "Endogenous Technological Change and Wage Inequality." American Economic Review 89, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 47–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.89.1.47.

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Although microeconomic studies find a positive relationship between R&D and skill premia, much of the recent rise in U.S. wage inequality was accompanied by slowing labor-productivity growth and relatively slow introduction of new technologies. These conflicting observations are consistent with the effects of a skewed distribution of “absorptive capacities”—the rate at which technology-specific skills can be acquired—in a model of endogenous technological change. The framework is used to assess whether the productivity slowdown and the rise in wage inequality can be jointly accounted for by the contemporaneous decline in the growth rate of labor quality. (JEL E24, J31, O3)

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Garcia Hinojosa, Paul. "The Role of the Minimum Wage on the Declining Wage Inequality in Latin America: Evidence from Brazil." Review of Economic Analysis 11, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 39–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/rea.v11i1.1517.

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Over the past two decades, the downward trend of income inequality in Brazil has been accompanied by a sharp increase in the real value of the minimum wage. There is no empirical consensus on whether the minimum wage has an equalizing effect on income distribution because of its ambiguous effects on employment. I document the effectiveness of the minimum wage on compressing wage inequality throughout the wage distribution and its effects on employment by using Brazilian regional data over the post-inflationary period (1995-2015). A counterfactual exercise shows that half of the decline in lower-tail inequality is attributable to the increase in the real minimum wage whereas the effects of the minimum wage on upper-tail inequality are negligible. Furthermore, the increase in the minimum wage has small contemporaneous adverse effects on formal employment which appear to vanish after three quarters.JEL classification: E24Keywords: wage inequality, employment, minimum wage.

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Fryer, Roland G., and Michael Greenstone. "The Changing Consequences of Attending Historically Black Colleges and Universities." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 116–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.2.1.116.

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Using nationally representative data files from 1970s and 1990s college attendees, we find that in the 1970s matriculation at historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) was associated with higher wages and an increased probability of graduation, relative to attending a traditionally white institution. By the 1990s, there is a wage penalty resulting in a 20 percent decline in the relative wages of HBCU graduates between the two decades. There is modest support for the possibility that the relative decline in wages associated with HBCU matriculation is partially due to improvements in TWIs' effectiveness at educating blacks. (JEL I23, J15, J24, J31)

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Dustmann, Christian, Uta Schönberg, and Jan Stuhler. "Labor Supply Shocks, Native Wages, and the Adjustment of Local Employment*." Quarterly Journal of Economics 132, no. 1 (October 10, 2016): 435–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjw032.

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Abstract By exploiting a commuting policy that led to a sharp and unexpected inflow of Czech workers to areas along the German-Czech border, we examine the impact of an exogenous immigration-induced labor supply shock on local wages and employment of natives. On average, the supply shock leads to a moderate decline in local native wages and a sharp decline in local native employment. These average effects mask considerable heterogeneity across groups: while younger natives experience larger wage effects, employment responses are particularly pronounced for older natives. This pattern is inconsistent with standard models of immigration but can be accounted for by a model that allows for a larger labor supply elasticity or a higher degree of wage rigidity for older than for young workers. We further show that the employment response is almost entirely driven by diminished inflows of natives into work rather than outflows into other areas or nonemployment, suggesting that “outsiders” shield “insiders” from the increased competition.

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Zhang, Xiaofang, and Fei Yang. "The Effect and Mechanism of Trade Liberalization on Wage." International Journal of Business and Management 15, no. 5 (April 27, 2020): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v15n5p184.

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This research discussed the relationship and mechanism between trade liberalization and the wage level of enterprises. Using the firm-level data from Annual Survey of Industrial Firms(ASIF) database and tariff data from World Bank, we find that, the final goods trade liberalization will reduce the wage, while the intermediate goods trade liberalization will improve the level of enterprises' wages. And that trade liberalization affects wages through firm performance. The reduction of input tariff reduces firm’s input cost, and increases firm’s sales and profit, then the firm has more ability to provide higher wages. While the decline of output tariff damages firm’s performance, which leads enterprises to transfer the loss by reducing wages.

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SCHRAGER, ALLISON. "The decline of defined benefit plans and job tenure." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 8, no. 3 (December 15, 2008): 259–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747208003570.

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AbstractThis paper investigates the consequences of relying on assets accumulated in a defined contribution pension plan compared to an annuity based on salary from a defined benefit plan. Although a defined contribution plan varies with asset returns, it may be more desirable than a defined benefit plan when wage variability and job turnover are adequately considered. It is found that both job separation rates and wage variance increased in the 1990s. The new calibrations of these variables are used in a life-cycle model where a worker chooses between a defined benefit and a defined contribution plan. It is shown that the increase in job turnover made defined contribution the dominant pension plan.

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Meyer, Brett. "Financialization, Technological Change, and Trade Union Decline." Socio-Economic Review 17, no. 3 (August 8, 2017): 477–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwx022.

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Abstract Recent research finds that financialization and technological change have had a variety of negative effects on labor, including reducing low-skill workers’ wages and increasing income inequality. In this article, I examine the effect on trade unions of one type of financialization, equity market development and one type of technological change, routine-biased technological change. I argue that we should conceptualize trade union strength in two dimensions: (a) the strength of their institutional structures, such as the degree of wage bargaining coordination and the degree to which firms can deviate from collective agreements; (b) the strength of their membership. Using data for 21 OECD countries from 1970 to 2010, I find a negative effect of equity market development on unions’ institutional structures, but not on union membership. Contrarily, I find that routine-biased technological change has a negative effect on union density, but an inconsistent relationship with the strength of unions’ institutional structures.

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Branch, Enobong Hannah, and Caroline Hanley. "Regional Convergence in Low-Wage Work and Earnings, 1970–2000." Sociological Perspectives 54, no. 4 (December 2011): 569–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sop.2011.54.4.569.

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Southern and non-Southern labor markets entered the period of economic restructuring from different starting points. Industrial and occupational differences across regions were eroded by the growth of the service industry in all regions, the decline in personal services within the South, and the decline of unions and manufacturing jobs outside of the South. This analysis underscores that indicators of precarity such as unionization and part-time jobs are really at the core of understanding regional low-wage earnings convergence. Furthermore, the authors find that an interaction between the regional structure of occupational opportunities and the racial and gender makeup of workers in jobs, particularly black women, plays an important role in producing the sharp low-wage earnings growth observed in the South in the 1970s and 1980s.

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Omelchenko, Irina, Oleg Dozortzev, Marina Danilina, and Alexander Safonov. "Study of the relationship between the size of the minimum wage with the achieved socio-economic indicators." SHS Web of Conferences 110 (2021): 01047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202111001047.

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The authors of this article focused on another aspect of poverty and carried out regression analysis of the data influencing the formation of the minimum wage in the labour market in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The authors determined the fact of leveling the importance of the federal minimum wage as a tool to influence the level of economic development of regions and reduce poverty. Also, the performed regression analysis revealed a statistically significant effect of poverty and unemployment rates on the decline in real wages in the constituent entity of the Russian Federation. Thus, the analysis showed that the main factors influencing the establishment of the minimum wage in the region are the median wages, the gross regional product of the subject and the subsistence minimum of the TN. Fixed capital investments do not directly affect the level of minimum wages.

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Feliciano, Zadia M. "Workers and Trade Liberalization: The Impact of Trade Reforms in Mexico on Wages and Employment." ILR Review 55, no. 1 (October 2001): 95–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979390105500106.

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Between 1986 and 1990, the Mexican government reduced tariffs and import license coverage by more than 50%. The author, using micro-level data, analyzes the impact of trade reform on Mexican wages and employment. Industries that had greater reductions in protection levels, she finds, had a larger percentage of low-skill workers. Wage dispersion increased in both the non-tradables sector and, to a much greater degree, the tradables sector. This pattern suggests that trade reform increased wage inequality. The decline in import license coverage appears to have reduced relative wages of workers in reformed industries by 2%, but did not affect relative employment. Reductions in tariffs had no statistically significant effect on relative wages or relative employment.

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Mahone, Zachary L., Joaquín Naval, and Pau S. Pujolas. "The Neoclassical Growth Model and the Labor Share Decline." B.E. Journal of Macroeconomics 21, no. 2 (April 12, 2021): 607–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bejm-2020-0254.

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Abstract The labor share may be declining in the data, but it is often assumed constant in neoclassical growth models (NGM). We assess the quantitative importance of this discrepancy by comparing alternative calibration approaches featuring constant and declining labor shares. We find little difference in model performance. Our results derive from strong general equilibrium effects: while a declining labor share mechanically lowers wage growth, the investment response pushes wages back up. Hence, different models deliver nearly identical paths of macro aggregates. Numerous robustness checks (including a CES production function, different time periods, and calculations of the labor share) reinforce the similarity of performance across model specifications. We conclude that the NGM with a constant labor share is still an appropriate choice to study many standard macro aggregates.

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Tsai, Ting-Chung, Kuang-Feng Cheng, Chuchuan Hsu, Chienshu Tsai, Chienchih Chen, and Jenyao Lee. "Does Uniform Wage Decline the Welfare in a Budget-Constraint Mixed Market?" Modern Economy 10, no. 02 (2019): 474–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/me.2019.102032.

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Gould, Eric D. "Explaining the Unexplained: Residual Wage Inequality, Manufacturing Decline and Low-skilled Immigration." Economic Journal 129, no. 619 (June 27, 2018): 1281–326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12611.

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