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Academic literature on the topic 'Wage decline'

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Published: 9 March 2023
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Wage decline"

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Machin, Stephen, and Alan Manning. "The Effects of Minimum Wages on Wage Dispersion and Employment: Evidence from the U.K. Wages Councils." ILR Review 47, no. 2 (January 1994): 319–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399404700210.

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Using data on Wages Council coverage from the United Kingdom New Earnings Survey, the authors examine the impact of mandated minimum wages on wage dispersion and employment in the United Kingdom in the 1980s. They find evidence that a dramatic decline in the toughness of the regulation imposed by the Wages Councils through the 1980s—a decline, that is, in the level of the minimum wage relative to the average wage—significantly contributed to widening wage dispersion over those years. There is, however, no evidence of an increase in employment resulting from the weakening bite of the Wages Council minimum pay rates. Instead, consistent with the conclusions of several recent U.S. studies, the findings suggest that the minimum wage had either no effect or a positive effect on employment.
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Krashinsky, Harry. "The Effect of Labor Market Institutions on Salaried and Self-Employed Less-Educated Men in the 1980S." ILR Review 62, no. 1 (October 2008): 73–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979390806200104.

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Less-educated workers exhibited negative real wage growth from the late 1970s to the early 1990s. Frequently cited to explain this pattern are such labor market trends as union decline and the falling real value of the minimum wage, but also of concern is the possible contribution of decreased demand, caused by factors such as skill-biased technological change. To investigate the relative importance of these determinants, the author, using CPS data, compares the experiences of wage-and-salary workers with those of the self-employed. Wages apparently declined little for less-educated self-employed workers, but greatly for similar wage-and-salary workers. Because self-employed workers are affected by the same demand shocks as wage-and-salary workers but are not subject to labor market institutions such as the minimum wage or labor unions, the author concludes that the main source of the observed negative real wage growth was the decline of labor market institutions, not skill-biased technological change.
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Neumark, David, and William Wascher. "Employment Effects of Minimum and Subminimum Wages: Panel Data on State Minimum Wage Laws." ILR Review 46, no. 1 (October 1992): 55–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399204600105.

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Using panel data on state minimum wage laws and economic conditions for the years 1973–89, the authors reevaluate existing evidence on the effects of a minimum wage on employment. Their estimates indicate that a 10% increase in the minimum wage causes a decline of 1–2% in employment among teenagers and a decline of 1.5–2% in employment for young adults, similar to the ranges suggested by earlier time-series studies. The authors also find evidence that youth subminimum wage provisions enacted by state legislatures moderate the disemployment effects of minimum wages on teenagers.
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Bayard, Kimberly, Tomaz Cajner, Vivi Gregorich, and Maria D. Tito. "Are Manufacturing Jobs Still Good Jobs? An Exploration of the Manufacturing Wage Premium." Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2022, no. 010 (March 18, 2022): 1–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/feds.2022.011.

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This paper explores the factors behind differences in wages between manufacturing and other sectors. Using data from the Current Population Survey, we find that the manufacturing wage premium—the additional pay a manufacturing worker earns relative to a comparable nonmanufacturing worker—disappeared in recent years and that the erosion of the premium has primarily affected workers employed in production occupations, who experienced a wage decline of 2.5 percentage points since the 1990s relative to other workers in production occupations. While the demographic composition and other worker observables introduce level differences in manufacturing premia, our analysis suggests that they are not responsible for the declining trends. A decomposition of the premium by union membership status reveals that declines have been substantially larger across union members. To quantify the role of unionization membership on wage premia, we exploit the heterogeneity in membership status across industries within manufacturing. We find that the decline in union membership explains more than 70 percent of the decline in premia since the 1990s for union members, but the declines in unionization rates have not significantly affected non-union premia, which have instead responded to other factors, such as capital intensity. Our findings suggest that the erosion of “good” manufacturing jobs has contributed to the increase in overall wage inequality and could accelerate the decline of the manufacturing sector.
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Tanaka, Yasuhito. "Involuntary Unemployment Under Ongoing Nominal Wage Rate Decline in Overlapping Generations Model." Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai Oeconomica 67, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 11–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/subboec-2022-0002.

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Abstract We analyze involuntary unemployment based on consumers’ utility maximization and firms’ profit maximization behavior with ongoing nominal wage rate decline. We consider a three-periods overlapping generations (OLG) model with a childhood period as well as younger and older periods under monopolistic competition with increasing, decreasing or constant returns to scale technology. When there exists involuntary unemploymnet, the nominal wage rate may decline. We examine the existenbce of involuntary unemployment in that model with ongoing mominal wage rate decline (or deflation). Even if the nominal wage rate declines, we have a steady state with involuntary unemployment and constant output and employment. We need budget deficit or budget surplus to maintain the steady state depending on whether real balance effect is positive or negative. Also we examine the possibility to achieve full-employment by fiscal policy.
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Holmes, Thomas J., and Julia Thornton Snider. "A Theory of Outsourcing and Wage Decline." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 3, no. 2 (May 1, 2011): 38–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.3.2.38.

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This paper develops a theory of outsourcing in which the circumstances under which factors of production can grab rents play the leading role. One factor has monopoly power (call this labor) while a second factor does not (call this capital). There are two kinds of production tasks: labor-intensive and capital-intensive. We show that if frictions limiting outsourcing are not too large, in equilibrium labor-intensive tasks are separated from capital-intensive tasks into distinct firms. When a capital-intensive country is opened to free trade, outsourcing increases and labor rents decline. A decrease in outsourcing frictions lowers labor rents. (JEL J31, L22, L24)
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Bloom, Nicholas, Fatih Guvenen, Benjamin S. Smith, Jae Song, and Till von Wachter. "The Disappearing Large-Firm Wage Premium." AEA Papers and Proceedings 108 (May 1, 2018): 317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20181066.

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Large firms have paid significantly higher wages for over a century. Based on administrative data we document that the large-firm wage premium (LFWP) has declined steadily over the last 30 years. Decomposing pay into worker and firm fixed effects, we then document that the LFWP can be largely explained by a rise in firm effects with firm size. The dramatic decline is due a reduction in these firm effects at large firms. These changes have been concentrated at very large employers. In contrast, worker composition has changed little. We also find the majority of the change occurs within industries.
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Challú, Amílcar E., and Aurora Gómez-Galvarriato. "MEXICO’S REAL WAGES IN THE AGE OF THE GREAT DIVERGENCE, 1730-1930." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 33, no. 1 (March 2015): 83–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s021261091500004x.

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ABSTRACTThis study builds the first internationally comparable index of real wages for Mexico City bridging the 18thand the early 20thcentury. Real wages started out in relatively high international levels in the mid 18thcentury, but declined from the late 1770s on, with some partial and temporal rebounds after the 1810s. After the 1860s, real wages recovered and eventually reached 18th-century levels in the early 20thcentury. Real wages of Mexico City’s workers subsequently fell behind those of high-wage economies to converge with the lower fringes of middle-wage economies. The age of the global Great Divergence was Mexico’s own age of stagnation and decline relative to the world economy.
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Oliver, Damian, and Serena Yu. "The Australian labour market in 2017." Journal of Industrial Relations 60, no. 3 (April 20, 2018): 298–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185618763975.

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Low wage growth consistently featured as the main underlying characteristic of the Australian labour market in 2017. Overall economic conditions remained weak, although unemployment was fairly static. All indicators of average wage growth declined: average weekly earnings, the wage price index and the average annual wage increase in enterprise agreements. Collective bargaining coverage continued to decline. Although the 3.3% minimum wage increase represents a modest increase in real wages for low-paid workers, the Fair Work Commission decision to reduce Sunday and public holiday penalty rates for some award-reliant workers would put further downward pressure on workers’ incomes. There were more successful applications to terminate expired enterprise agreements, including those where wage rates were thought to be uncompetitive and unsustainable. The underlying causes of low wage growth remain contested. Despite some agreement that the regulatory framework is a contributing factor, firm proposals for regulatory change are yet to emerge.
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Antonczyk, Dirk, Bernd Fitzenberger, and Katrin Sommerfeld. "Rising wage inequality, the decline of collective bargaining, and the gender wage gap." Labour Economics 17, no. 5 (October 2010): 835–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2010.04.008.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Wage decline"

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Prizer, Timothy C. Sawin Patricia. "Pining for turpentine critical nostalgia, memory, and commemorative expression in the wake of industrial decline /." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,2879.

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Thesis (M.A.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2009.
Title from electronic title page (viewed May. 20, 2010). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Folklore Program, Department of American Studies." Discipline: Folklore; Department/School: Folklore.
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PIRIU, ANDREEA ALEXANDRA. "ESSAYS ON GLOBALISATION: EFFECTS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR INDIVIDUALS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/728739.

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This thesis studies the effects of import competition from China and Eastern Europe on the health and fertility decisions of German individuals working in manufacturing. Individuals are matched with separate measures of exposure to competition from China and Eastern Europe, respectively. To isolate exogenous supply shocks from the origin, instrumental variables for competition from each of China and Eastern Europe are constructed. Results in Chapter 1 suggest that higher import competition worsens individual health via job displacement, wage decline, shortened employment duration, increased reliance on welfare and less future orientation, with Chinese import competition affecting individuals twice as much. Health declines as individuals increase their visits to the doctor, exercise less frequently and have a higher probability of developing chronic illness. Also, there is some evidence that individuals do not tend to become disabled but may be slowly pushed into chronic illness. Findings in Chapter 2 show that import competition negatively affects the individual’s probability of having children via reduced earnings, lower satisfaction with personal income and shortened employment duration. The chapter then investigates effects of import exposure by gender. Results show that male and female fertility choices differ upon rising import competition. Higher import exposure lowers female earnings and job autonomy, which in turn generates a lower opportunity cost of work, to the point where having children would become a more rewarding alternative for female workers. By contrast, increased import exposure negatively affects male workers’ fertility through reduced earnings and employment duration.
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"The end of solidarity? : the decline of egalitarian wage policies in Italy and Sweden." Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology], 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/2620.

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Khandoker, Tajkira. "A stock-flow-consistent model of macroeconomic and financial instability." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1397937.

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Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
While the 2007-2008 global financial crisis (GFC) began as a localised financial disturbance due to the collapse of the US real estate boom, it quickly transformed into a global economic downturn due to the inter-connectivity of the international financial system. The aim of this study has been to analyse the underlying causes of the 2007–2008 GFC through a stock-flow-consistent macroeconomic modelling approach (SFC). Economists following the Post-Keynesian tradition believe that the slackening aggregate demand in both the US and in many other nations has been caused by policies of continual fiscal withdrawal, aggravated by the decades-long decline of wage share in the GDP, which in combination has led the non-government sector into cumulative deficits and rising indebtedness. The key contribution of this study has been an investigation into the impact of this coupling of real wage repression and declining government, complemented by an analysis of financial behaviour on the part of private sector agents (e.g. credit rationing, asset price appreciation), which was seen to have undermined financial and macroeconomic stability in the US (and elsewhere). To this end, a tractable, and parsimonious stock-flow-consistent macroeconomic model (SFC) with four-sectors (household, production firm, commercial bank and consolidated government) was constructed. Three independent sets of simulations, focusing, respectively, on: (i) government-expenditure and wage-share shocks; (ii) wage-share, interest-rate and-house-price shocks, and, (iii) marginal propensity to consume (MPC), interest-rate, and-house-price shocks were analysed by examining the aftershock paths of most of the key growth variables, both the short run and long run. The first and second set of simulations had similar consequences for the economy. However, due to the presence of capital gains from house price appreciation, in the second set, the increasing net wealth of the households boosted autonomous consumption. The third set featured growth of consumption induced by income. In summary, policies aimed at promoting a consistent and rapid appreciation of asset prices, as pursued by many nations, were shown to be associated with burgeoning private debt, ultimately, with recessionary consequences. Hopefully, this thesis will contribute to a better understanding the downside for policies of this kind, which characterise the current era of New Capitalism—one marked, in particular, by consumption-related expenditure that has become more autonomous in relation to disposable income. The findings can also be applied to the evaluation of more sustainable policy alternatives—including those associated with a currency-sovereign government exploiting its freedom to engage in fiscal policy directed at the maintenance of overall macroeconomic and financial stability.
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"Pining for turpentine: Critical nostalgia, memory, and commemorative expression in the wake of industrial decline." THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT CHAPEL HILL, 2009. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1467322.

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Books on the topic "Wage decline"

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Silent depression: Twenty-five years of wage squeeze and middle class decline. New York: Norton, 1995.

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B, Freeman Richard. Getting together and breaking apart: The decline of centralised collective bargaining. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1993.

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Moffitt, Robert. The decline of welfare benefits in the U.S.: The role of wage inequality. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1996.

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Watts, Tim J. The decline of American labor: Give backs and wage concessions in the 1980's. Monticello, Ill., USA: Vance Bibliographies, 1987.

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Barrientos, Armando. J.S. Mill's "recantation" of the wage fund doctrine and the decline of classical economics. London: EalingCollege of Higher Education, 1988.

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Clifton, Eric V. The decline of traditional sectors in Israel: The role of the exchange rate and the minimum wage. [Washington, D.C.]: International Monetary Fund, IMF Institute, 1998.

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Lefberg, Irv. The restructuring of the Washington economy in the 1980s: Another look at the earnings decline, part II. [Olympia, Wash.]: Washington State, Office of Financial Management, Forecasting Division, 1990.

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Lanjouw, Peter. Poverty decline, agricultural wages, and non-farm employment in rural India: 1983-2004. [Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2009.

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Costs of contracting and the decline of tenancy in the South, 1930-1960. New York: Garland, 1985.

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Goldin, Claudia Dale. The decline of non-competing groups: Changes in the premium to education, 1890 to 1940. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Wage decline"

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Stabile, Donald R. "The Decline and Revival of a Living Wage." In Macroeconomic Policy and a Living Wage, 247–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01998-3_8.

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Gumata, Nombulelo, and Eliphas Ndou. "What Are the Effects of the Minimum Wage and Productivity Growth on the Manufacturing Sector Output and Employment Growth?" In The Secular Decline of the South African Manufacturing Sector, 327–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55148-3_27.

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Böger, Tobias, Sonja Drobnič, and Johannes Huinink. "Pathways to Family Policy in Half a Century of Population Control: International Paradigms and National Programmes." In International Impacts on Social Policy, 261–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86645-7_21.

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AbstractThe size, structure, and productivity of populations have been major issues in politics since the emergence of the state in history. When the now-developed countries experienced the first wave of fertility decline, they reacted with population policy, including family policy, to counteract the looming reduction of national populations. After World War II, the opposite fear of global overpopulation started to dominate international discourse and population control became a model for national development. In our chapter, we ask whether this paradigm left room for a family policy. We analyse three major UN population conferences as platforms of interdependence and sketch how the two contrasting cases of China and Kenya have signalled commitment, criticism, or distance from global norms and whether their national policies mimicked global models.
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Ng, Yew-Kwang. "Age and Happiness." In Happiness—Concept, Measurement and Promotion, 91–98. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4972-8_9.

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AbstractContrary to the common belief that the age-happiness relationship is mountain shape (the middle aged being happier than children and the aged), it is really largely U shape, with the middle aged (at around mid 30’s or 40’s) least happy. The increase from around 60 to 70’s is particularly clear. However, happiness becomes lower over the last few years of illness before passing away. The decline in happiness from around 12 years old and the trough in happiness level around middle ages may partly be explained by the delay in sleep–wake cycles of teenagers, causing conflict with their mostly middle-aged parents. Recognizing the evolutionary ultimate explanation for this delay advanced here, the society should delay start hours for high schools to fit in with the delayed biological clock of teenagers.
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Galal, Rami, and Mona Said. "The Evolution of Wage Formation and Inequality in Jordan, 2010–2016." In The Jordanian Labor Market, 79–100. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198846079.003.0003.

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This chapter investigates wage formation and inequality in Jordan. It takes stock of the main distributional features of the Jordanian wage structure focusing on population subgroups by gender, sector, occupational skill-level, industry, geographic location, and level of education as well as low-wage earners. It explores mobility within the distribution and to provide some explanation for the evolution of inequality, it estimates the returns to education, as well as sector-based and gender-based wage differentials. The results show a rise in real wages and a decline in inequality. Wages across different subgroups display compression from both ends of the distribution, with fewer Jordanians falling below the low-wage earnings line, and wages for the highest-paid groups declining. Rises in median wages hold across the population, even among more disadvantaged groups, for example the illiterate. Declining incremental returns to education and narrowing sector-based and gender-based wage differentials are consistent with the overall decline in wage inequality.
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"Of Sticky Prices and Stinking Fish: The Wage-Price Spiral." In America in Decline, 37–40. Routledge, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315706603-8.

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Nogueira, Mara. "“I Voted Bolsonaro for President”: Street Vending and the Crisis of Labour Representation in Belo Horizonte, Brazil." In Beyond the Wage, 233–54. Policy Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529208931.003.0011.

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Around the world, political parties founded on trade unionism are struggling to mobilise voters while far-right populism is on the rise. In Brazil, the 2018 election that brought Bolsonaro to power was a resounding defeat for Brazil’s traditional left-wing Worker’s Party (PT). This chapter interrogates the relationship between Bolsonaro’s victory and the crisis of wage labour and labour politics in Brazil. It does so by analysing political discourses of street vendors during the 2018 election in the city of Belo Horizonte. I argue that the decline of the PT must be understood in relation to the historical exclusion of non-waged workers and their interests from the trade union movement. Moreover, I show that this decline was accentuated at the local level by the connection between the PT and local revitalisation policies that constrained street vendors’ access to urban space. By doing so, the chapter reveals the multiscalar dimension of the ‘labour crisis’ which manifests itself at the intersections of local and national politics.
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"Aging, Migration, and the Widening Wage Gap." In The Decline of the Welfare State. The MIT Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/2303.003.0004.

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Codogno, Lorenzo, and Giampaolo Galli. "Egalitarianism and labour." In Meritocracy, Growth, and Lessons from Italy's Economic Decline, 172–87. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192866806.003.0009.

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Abstract A powerful egalitarian drive—the opposite of meritocracy—has guided trade unions’ action. Nationwide collective contracts in each sector account for the bulk of the average wage and do not allow for differentiation in line with productivity developments in companies or territories. Specific company-level contracts are not used, except for a few medium- to large companies, usually accounting for a relatively small proportion of overall wages. In practice, they can only add to national contracts and never derogate from them. Whether national or local, collective agreements do not only fix a minimum wage, but they fix wages for all categories of workers, whether blue or white collared. Various laws introduced over the past two decades have provided fiscal incentives to firms and workers who agreed to set up company-level contracts to increase productivity instead of relying on national contracts. The results have been disappointing so far, and the proportion of productivity-related add-ons is relatively tiny. All this has critical implications. Companies have few margins with which to legally reward the more productive workers and almost no possibility of punishing unproductive workers. And there is no relation between wages and productivity across regions of Italy, which is one of the causes of high unemployment in the South because both productivity and the cost of living are lower in that area. In addition, trade unions have always tried to protect the worker on the job instead of in the market; skilling, reskilling, and active labour market policies have been neglected.
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Cramer, Christopher, John Sender, and Arkebe Oqubay. "Wage Employment in Africa." In African Economic Development, 163–87. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198832331.003.0007.

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Most economists think there is little wage employment in Africa and doubt the potential for faster growth of paid employment. They favour supply-side measures encouraging self-employment. The statistical base of conventional views is extremely unreliable. Even the poor statistics that are available do not support pessimism about wage employment in African countries, which has been expanding (and as a share of total employment). Huge numbers of wage workers, including women in domestic service, agricultural child workers, and, often, factory workers, are also invisible in the data. There is no reason for pessimistic predictions about slow fertility rate decline in Africa. There are realistic policies to encourage a faster rate of growth of wage opportunities, for example, to increase demand for young and female rural workers. Also, employment protection legislation (EPL) is not a brake on investment, productivity increases, and growth; excessive labour market ‘flexibility’ subsidizes inefficient enterprises.
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Conference papers on the topic "Wage decline"

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Hrnčiar, Michal. "Effects of the Pandemic on Employees' Wages in the Slovak Republic." In EDAMBA 2021 : 24th International Scientific Conference for Doctoral Students and Post-Doctoral Scholars. University of Economics in Bratislava, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53465/edamba.2021.9788022549301.186-193.

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The present paper analyzes the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the labor market in terms of the impact on employees' wages. The labor market is one of the segments that has suffered the most from the pandemic. The yearon- year changes in the wage growth rate that can be analyzed clearly show how significantly the development of the Slovak economy has been slowed down. The pandemic ended several good times, when the world's economies prospered above average and pointed out weaknesses. Residents were not prepared for a decline or loss of their income. This paper will analyze the indicators of wages of employees in Slovakia and their year-on-year development.
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Brecher, Christian, Tobias Kempf, and Werner Herfs. "Cognitive Control Technology for a Self-Optimizing Robot Based Assembly Cell." In ASME 2008 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2008-49521.

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In the face of global competition there is a great danger for countries with high labor costs (e.g. Germany) to lose more and more production plants to low-wage countries. Almost inevitably there will be a relocation of after-sales services as well as of research and development. Eventually this will cause a significant decline of wealth. For this reason especially high-wage countries are always striving for higher productivity of production processes. On the other hand the products have to be of high-end quality to ensure an advantage in the market. Thus there is an obvious dilemma between planning-orientation and value-orientation which has to be resolved. This could possibly be obtained by shifting planning efforts to the runtime system and at the same time enabling the system to adapt to changing requests and circumstances. In order to get there, automation technology is definitely playing a key role in present-day highly automated production processes. Unfortunately classical automation technology has not been supporting this kind of self-organizing, self-controlling and self-optimizing behavior. This paper introduces an approach to make production systems more “intelligent” based on the idea of a cognitive control architecture. At first the motivation and the research vision are introduced followed by an outline of the research approach. As a concrete example of an application a robot based assembly cell is described. The methods used and insights gained so far are presented in the second part, followed by an outlook towards future activities.
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Doon, Roshnie. "RETURNS TO FIELD OF STUDY IN TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO: A GENDER PERSPECTIVE AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS." In International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology (IConETech-2020). Faculty of Engineering, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47412/zkwq5336.

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This study seeks to examine the impact that the field of study of workers in Trinidad and Tobago is likely to have on their earning capacity. Using individual persons’ data from the Continuous Sample Survey of the Population (CSSP), for the period 1991-2015, the returns of private and public sector workers were estimated by estimating a Mincerian Earnings function using the Quantile Regression technique. This study finds that men employed in low- and middle-income jobs for most fields (arts, humanities, science, engineering and architecture, social science, business, law, and mathematics and computer science and law enforcement) all suffered a wage decline in 2004-2015. This may be due to changes in the skill set where there was much growth in the industry demand for highly-skilled and unskilled men. This implies that middle income jobs which hire semi-skilled men, may be possibly becoming more polarized during the 2009-2015 recession. Men employed in high income jobs, earn better wages in more fields, particularly STEM areas. The earnings of women employed in low, middle- and high-income jobs for most fields, especially in the areas of STEM all improved in 2004-2015. This is likely to be the result of the rising participation of women in STEM fields, and a greater integration of STEM competencies in STEM and Non-STEM occupations.
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Sarı Gerşil, Gülşen. "Transformation in Working Life and Working Poverty." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01777.

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Although it has taken into account that globalization has been increasing the enrichment all over the world consider, its emerging and growing poverty size is also engrossing. Because, changes in the labor market is steadily worsening and becoming a chronic state with globalization. Due to unfavorable conditions in working life, working who have got a job or routinely work and get steady income have also been facing with the risk of poverty besides the increase in unemployment is seen. The ones who fall into poor condition despite working have become so visible that “working Poverty” has taken part in serious issues in international organizations. According to the ILO, “all working who live in a poor family” are referred as the ones working poorly. In general, the working Poverty is that the income earnt by employee cannot meet his needs and he has barely met even his basic needs or cannot. Transformations in the changing socio-economic structure with neo-liberal economy, causes such as flexible working practices experienced in the labor markets, increase in unregistered employment, lack of social protection and decline in unionization rates, gaps in wage levels lead to the increase in the working poor in Turkey and in the world. In this study, by making conceptual evaluation of the working poverty and considering data both published by international organizations (ILO, UN, Eurostat, OECD), and also published for Turkey (TEO, TSI), the dimensions of working poverty will be evaluated.
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Breton, Michael E., and Monica B. Patel. "Decline in ERG Maximum a-wave and b-wave Amplitudes with Age." In Vision Science and its Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/vsia.1995.tub1.

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Growth in the population over age 60 has increased the clinical importance of diseases of the retina associated with aging. The electroretinogram (ERG), long used as a test of retinal function, has potential for providing important clinical insight for retinal diseases of aging patients. However, interpretation of the ERG is complicated by the well documented, but less well understood, decline in response amplitude as a function of increasing age. Insight into factors leading to ERG amplitude decline with age may be provided by study of receptoral changes, reflected in the a-wave component, compared to changes in inner retinal function, reflected in the b-wave component (Pearlman, 1983). Breton et al (1994) and others (Hood and Birch, 1994) have developed a method of ERG a-wave analysis that yields parameters interpretable in terms of total rod dark current (amax), a constant of transduction amplification (A), and a brief delay associated with cascade molecular interactions (t'eff). This analysis is based on a quantitative model of the G-protein mediated phototransduction cascade proposed by Lamb and Pugh (1992). For purposes of this study, an important feature of the Breton et al (1994) procedure and analysis is the recording of rod response at high stimulus intensities where saturated a-wave and b-wave component amplitudes (amax and bmax) can be effectively measured with minimal algebraic interference with one another (Breton and Montzka, 1992). Based on this approach, changes in ERG amplitudes during development and aging can be used to infer changes in underlying retinal mechanisms. We use this approach to measure maximum a-wave and b-wave amplitudes and receptor transduction response as a function of age in human infants, toddlers and adults from several days up to 80 years.
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Altoe F., J. E., P. Bedrikovetsky, A. C. A. Gomes, A. G. Siqueira, and A. L. S. de Souza. "Accounting for Dispersion in Injectivity Decline: Travelling Wave Flow Regimes." In SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/88502-ms.

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Oruganti, YagnaDeepika, Rohit Mittal, Cameron J. McBurney, and Alberto Rodriguez. "Re-Fracturing in Eagle Ford and Bakken to Increase Reserves and Generate Incremental NPV - Field Study." In SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference. SPE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/spe-173340-ms.

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Abstract Due to the tight nature of the matrix in shale plays, the drainage area does not extend far into the reservoir and is defined by the shape and size of the hydraulic fractures. As a consequence of this, wells typically exhibit steep decline rates and one of the prevalent ways to arrest the decline of a field is to drill and complete more wells. However, re-fracturing is slowly gaining a foothold in the industry, and our study has shown tremendous re-frac potential in the Bakken and Eagle Ford. In this study, we analyzed horizontal wells from the Bakken and Eagle Ford to identify existing re-fractured wells and estimated incremental recovery, followed by an economic analysis, to show re-fracturing as a viable alternative to drilling new wells. Production and completions data was retrieved from public sources for all horizontal wells in the Bakken and the Eagle Ford formations, and a proprietary algorithm was applied to identify wells with a production signature that is consistent with a recompletion event. These wells were individually screened and confirmed as being re-fractured or not. Production metrics were defined to understand the performance of the wells before and after re-fracturing. Cross plots were made between these parameters to understand trends between the ratios of production decline rates and b-factors before and after re-fracturing, taking into account the time of re-completion. Decline curves were fit to the production of these wells to estimate the incremental estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) upon re-fracturing, and a net present value (NPV) analysis was done to determine commercial viability. A majority of the identified potentially re-fractured wells had positive incremental NPV based on the EUR increase, which was 53% and 69%, on an average, for the Eagle Ford and Bakken respectively. From the existing re-fractured wells that were analyzed, it was found that there was no discernible correlation between the time an operator produces a well before being refractured and the various performance metrics that were analyzed. Also, good decline curve fits were found without changing the b-factors post-refrac and secant decline rates were typically lower after re-fracturing. The results show the potential of re-completing wells and increasing reserves without drilling new wells based on actual field examples, showing an alternative field development strategy to the current practice of replacing older wells with newly drilled ones. Also, if re-fracturing is to be implemented on a larger scale, wells must be completed so as to make subsequent recompletions much easier, thereby encouraging use of novel casing and diverting agent technologies. Positive economics shows the huge potential of cost savings with re-stimulation and makes a ‘second wave’ of Eagle Ford/Bakken production possible.
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Gu, Yuanchao, and Gordon E. Legge. "Efficiency for localizing visual signals." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1989.tuu29.

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Previous research has shown that vernier acuity improves slowly with stimulus contrast (approximately a square-root law). However, the localization accuracy of an ideal observer, limited only by a source of constant variance noise, increases linearly with contrast. The weaker contrast dependence of human vernier acuity means that people are less efficient in visual localization at high contrast than low contrast. What accounts for this decline in efficiency? We used a noise-masking method to partition sources of inefficiency in vernier localization into two generic parts: the existence of internal noise in the visual system, and suboptimal sampling by the observer. Vernier thresholds were measured for Gaussian-windowed sine wave gratings in 1-D static visual noise. Sine wave contrast ranged from 0.06 to 0.25. Our data showed that as stimulus contrast rises, sampling efficiency for vernier acuity remains nearly constant (~30%) but internal noise grows rapidly.
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Babanin, Alexander V., and Haoyu Jiang. "Ocean Swell: How Much Do We Know." In ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2017-61692.

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Swell waves are present in more than 80% of ocean seas, and provide significant adverse impact on maritime operations. Their prediction by wave-forecast models, however, is poor, both in terms of wave amplitude and, particularly, arrival time. The very definition of ocean swell is ambiguous: while it is usually perceived as former wind-generated waves, in fact it may reconnect with the local wind through nonlinear interactions. The paper will bring together an overview of the complex swell problem. The visible swell attenuation is driven by a number of dissipative and non-dissipative processes. The dissipative phenomena include interaction with turbulence on the water and air sides, with adverse winds or currents. Non-dissipative contributions to the gradual decline of wave amplitude come from frequency dispersion, directional spreading, refraction by currents, and lateral diffraction of wave energy. The interactions with local winds/waves can, on the contrary, cause swell growth. Swell arrival time is the least understood and the most uncertain problem. Joint analysis of buoy observations and model reanalysis shows that swell can be tens of hours early or late by comparison with model predictions. Linear and nonlinear effects which can contribute to such biases are discussed.
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Li, Bai, Xun Zhou, Lei Luo, and Wei Du. "Effects of Bleed Slot Size on the Shock-Wave/Boundary-Layer Interactions in a Transonic Compressor Stator." In ASME Turbo Expo 2022: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2022-80083.

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Abstract A numerical investigation of shock-wave/boundary-layer interaction in a transonic compressor stator with different slot widths is presented in the current work. The fluid in boundary layer is bled through the suction slot into a plenum to control the separation. Three different slot widths at inlet Mach number of 1.0 are studied. Numerical results show that all sizes of slot are capable of reducing the total pressure loss coefficient. The maximum amplitude of decline in pressure loss is 75.7% compared to the cascade without bleed. The optimum bleed pressure and corresponding optimum bleed mass in terms of minimizing pressure loss appear in three different slots. The wider slot leads to a lower pressure loss at the optimum bleed pressure. The shock wave on the suction surface is reorganized by the slot bleed. At the same bleed pressure, the wider slot causes the modified shock wave closer to the downstream. The expansion in front of modified shock wave could change the flow direction over slot. The tangential momentum of boundary layer at slot downstream edge is increased by the slot bleed. This enhances the ability of the boundary layer to withstand the adverse pressure gradient.
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Reports on the topic "Wage decline"

1

Holmes, Thomas, and Julia Thornton Snider. A Theory of Outsourcing and Wage Decline. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w14856.

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Moffitt, Robert, David Ribar, and Mark Wilhelm. The Decline of Welfare Benefits in the U.S.: The Role of Wage Inequality. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w5774.

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Blyde, Juan S., Matías Busso, Kyunglin Park, and Dario Romero. Short- and Long-Run Labor Market Adjustment to Import Competition. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004703.

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By exploiting spatial variation in import exposure arising from initial differences in industry specialization, we analyze how local labor markets in Mexico adjusted to increased Chinese-import competition over different time horizons. The initial adjustment to the shock took various forms: a decline in the number of wage employees, a substitution of wage employees with piece-rate or outsourced workers, and a substitution of formal employees with informal employees. The negative effects on employment were mainly associated with job destruction from exiting firms, particularly those that were small and medium-sized. During periods in which employment fell, the population that actively participated in the labor force fell. The negative short- and medium-run effects mostly disappeared after 20 years.
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Parra-Cely, Sergio, and Wladimir Zanoni. The Labor Market Worsening Effects of a Resource Bust: Evidence from the Crude Oil Price Shock in Ecuador. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004291.

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To assess the effects of an oil price bust on individual labor market outcomes, we leverage the 2015 exogenous decline in international oil prices with geographical variation in oil-dependency in Ecuador. To account for propagation mechanisms, we also test the causal effect of the oil price bust on public transfers to local autonomous governments. Reduced form results suggest a moderate oil price pass-through channel on wages and nonlabor earnings but not on labor supply and participation. Public transfers play an amplification role, as a one percentage point decrease in these funds implies workers in oil-dependent areas to experience a wage reduction of 1.5%. Spillover effects to nonextractive industries, with reduced economic activity at the firm level, seem to be the transmission channels explaining the drop in individual earnings during the oil price bust.
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Samaniego de la Parra, Brenda, Andrea Otero-Cortés, and Leonardo Fabio Morales. The Labor Market Effects of Part-Time Contributions to Social Security: Evidence from Colombia. Banco de la República, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/dtseru.302.

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In 2014, Colombia implemented a policy that added flexibilization to labor contracts for part-time workers that reduced the quasi-fixed costs of employing formal workers. We find that the reform increased the probability of entering the formal sector within the targeted population: low-wage, part-time workers. We use administrative employer-employee matched data and leverage variation across cities and industries in demand for part-time work before the reform. We find that, after the tax reform, the change in the total number of formal workers is 6 percentage points higher at firms that use the new contracts relative to their counterparts that choose not to hire low-wage, formal, part-time workers under the new tax form. Mean daily wages temporarily declined after the reform.
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González Rozada, Martín, and Hernán Ruffo. Do Trade Agreements Contribute to the Decline in Labor Share? Evidence from Latin American Countries. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003790.

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In this paper, we explore the role of trade in the evolution of labor share in Latin American countries. We use trade agreements with large economies (the United States, the European Union, and China) to capture the effect of sharp changes in trade. In the last two decades, labor share has displayed a negative trend among those countries that signed trade agreements, while in other countries labor share increased, widening the gap by 7 percentage points. We apply synthetic control methods to estimate the average causal impact of trade agreements on labor share. While effects are heterogeneous in our eight case studies, the average impact is negative between 2 to 4 percentage points of GDP four years after the entry into force of the trade agreements. This result is robust to the specification used and to the set of countries in the donor pool. We also find that, after trade agreements, exports of manufactured goods and the share of industry in GDP increase on average, most notably in the case studies where negative effects on labor share are significant. A decomposition shows that all the reduction in labor share is explained by a negative impact on real wages.
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Ozturk, Ibrahim. On the Political Economy of Populism: The Decline of the Turkish Economy under Erdoğan’s Populist-Authoritarian Regime. European Center for Populism Studies (ECPS), February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55271/pp0008.

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Whether it adopts a right- or left-wing ideology or it is embraced as a belief or a set of ideals, and no matter the strategy or tactics, populism, in the final analysis, is a way of seizing power, and differences between the different strands carry significant repercussions. Many diverse economic, political, and cultural factors have been put forward to explain the rise of populism. One leader who has drawn increasing attention on the crest of the most recent wave of populism is Turkey’s incumbent president, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. After a period of progressive and democratic leadership through to 2007, Erdoğan’s fundamental beliefs and personality surfaced, and the entire process was reversed, with devastating consequences for Turkey. This article argues that Erdoğan’s Islamist–nationalist populism has been one of the primary triggers of Turkey’s current political and economic meltdown. Moreover, his populist rhetoric has weakened Turkey’s already fragile autonomous institutions and paved the way for reform reversals and incoherent economic policy. Taken together, Erdoğanism has brought a woeful deterioration in macroeconomic indicators, including rampant inflation, mounting national debt, massive unemployment, rising poverty, and a profound currency shock.
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Bonvecchi, Alejandro, Ernesto Calvo, Susana Otálvaro-Ramírez, and Carlos Scartascini. The Effect of a Crisis on Trust and Willingness to Reform: Evidence from Survey Panels in Argentina and Uruguay. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004396.

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Does exposure to crises reduce the citizens trust in a countrys president? Are individuals willing to accept fiscal reforms and make personal economic sacrifices if it would help the country to leave the crisis faster? We take advantage of two survey panels in Argentina and Uruguay, with a first wave fielded before COVID-19 (the crisis studied here) and a second wave a year later during the pandemic. Results provide no evidence of a decline in trust after the individual's health was compromised by COVID-19. We find mixed evidence of support for higher personal sacrifices. These results are relevant for understanding how voters' experience with COVID affects their trust in the government and whether crises could be prudent times for reforms. The results highlight the importance of having multi-country panel data for evaluating the impact of crises on trust.
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Kürşat Önder, Yasin, Maria Alejandra Ruiz-Sanchez, Sara Restrepo-Tamayo, and Mauricio Villamizar-Villegas. Government Borrowing and Crowding Out. Banco de la República, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1182.

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We investigate the impact of fiscal expansions on firm investment by exploiting firms that have multiple banking relationships. Further, we conduct a localized RDD approach and compare the lending behavior of banks that barely met and missed the criteria of being a primary dealer, as well as barely winners and losers at government auctions. Our results indicate that a 1 percentage point increase in banks’ bonds-to-assets ratio decreases loans by up to 0.4%, which leads to significant declines in firm investment, profits and wages. Our findings are grounded in a quantitative model with financial and real sectors with which we undertake a welfare analysis and compute the cost of government borrowing on the overall economy.
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Ghislandi, Simone, Raya Muttarak, Markus Sauerberg, and Benedetta Scotti. Human costs of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in the major epicentres in Italy. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/populationyearbook2022.res2.1.

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Deaths from COVID-19 can be miscounted due to under-reporting and inaccurate death registration. Mortality is often reported at the national level, which can result in the underestimation of the true scale of the impact of the pandemic since outbreaks tend to be localised. This study exploits all-cause daily death registration data provided by the Italian Statistical Office (ISTAT) from 1 January to 31 October to estimate the excess mortality and the corresponding changes in life expectancy during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Focusing on the five most severely hit provinces in Italy (Bergamo, Brescia, Cremona, Lodi and Piacenza), we calculate the excess mortality in 2020 compared to the average mortality of the years 2015 to 2019. Moreover, we estimate the excess mortality in the first quadrimester of 2020, and the annual life expectancy at birth. The estimated excess deaths show that during this period, mortality was significantly higher than the official mortality statistics for COVID-19. According to our estimates for the first quadrimester, life expectancy in the five provinces declined by 5.4 to 8.1 for men and by 4.1 to 5.8 years for women. In addition, we find that annual life expectancy decreased by 2.4 to 4.1 years for men and by 1.9 to 2.8 years for women compared to the 2015–2019 average. Thus, we conclude that the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic had a substantial impact on population health in the hardest hit areas in Italy.
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