Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'WACAE'

An overview of Aboriginal education in the last two hundred years reveals that Aborigines have had a depressingly inadequate education, also marked by inequity of opportunity and participation. The developmental pattern of Aboriginal education has been characterised by four broad periods or eras related to specific government policies. These periods are identified successively as The Protection Era, the Segregation Era, The Assimilation Era and The Integration Era. The Protection Era began with the early frontier settlement of Europeans in Australia and extended until the 1860's. The Segregation Era marked the full development of Aboriginal reserves from 1860 to 1940. The Assimilation Era extended from the 1940s to the mid 1960s. Finally the period of Integration began in the late 1960s and gathered momentum in the 1970s. Throughout the periods of protection, segregation and assimilation very little effort was expended in the provision of adequate education for Aborigines. It was not until the late 1960s that concerted attempts were made to redress the many decades of neglect and apathy. Researchers uncovered glaring problems needing urgent redress. Aboriginal pupils persistently achieved very poorly in comparison with others and left school at an earlier age. As a consequence Aborigines left school lacking the knowledge and skills to compete with other Australians and had much poorer prospects of employment. In the early 1970s the National Aboriginal Education Committee and the state Aboriginal Education Consultative Groups, combined with support and funding from DAA, Commonwealth Education and The Schools Commission, were very influential in establishing programmes. In response to the growing numbers of Aborigines who were denied adequate schooling, three general types of adult programmes were developed: a) enclave/support systems; b) pretertiary/bridging courses and c) off campus centres. It was these programmes operating at WACAE that DEET commissioned me to evaluate. The existence of these programmes is the result of WACAE's prompt response to the need for redressing Aboriginal educational imbalance. The programmes developed following the commencement of the Aboriginal Teacher Education Programme at Mt Lawley College in 1973. The first enclave was established in 1976, external AEEC commenced in 1978 and G.E.C. in 1980, the first off campus centre was set up in 1983, and the Tertiary Preparation Course (internal AEEC) began operation in 1985. Commonwealth money has provided the financial basis for the programmes, but WACAE was the first institution in Australia to implement programmes and its achievement is significant. The terms of reference for this project required that the method of research should be through data gathering by means of interviews and examination of documentary evidence during a three week period in Perth. The evaluator consulted DAIS staff, students and, as particularly requested in the brief, Aboriginal community members. Findings revealed that WACAE's enclaves, on campus and off campus, have made progress towards educational equity for Aborigines, provide good support and are valued by students and Aboriginal community members. Aboriginalisation was found to be essential to maximum enclave effectiveness. Staff, students and Aboriginal community members would like to see increased Aboriginal representation, contract hiring of staff not being conducive to employment security or staff continuity. It is recommended that rationalisation of enclaves would achieve a more efficient pooling of resources. During the last thirteen years considerable amounts of external funds have been injected and it is recommended that WACAE take greater institutional responsibility for enclaves, using funds from normal Commonwealth sources, as distinct from special course funding. The existing staffing patterns and conditions of employment should be regularised in regard to salary, tenure, study leave, superannuation, etc. Such a measure is necessary to ensure staff continuity, security and inclusion in the power structure of the institution. WACAEs external pretertiary courses (AEEC and GEC) have achieved a small measure of progress towards equity of access and participation in education for Aborigines. The wide geographical distribution is significant in providing availability of courses. The courses are valued by Aboriginal community members and there is a need for external courses of this nature to continue in the future. However, progress towards equity has been extremely slow and time taken for completion of courses is unduly long considering the basic nature of GEC, and the fact that the courses are designed for completion in one year. The courses are preceived as enhancing employment performance and prospects as well as being preparation for tertiary study. There has been a shift in opinion regarding Aboriginal education during the 1980s towards the view that education should not be seen in isolation but in combination with employment and training. It is recommended that DEET take immediate steps to implement the Aboriginal Employment Development Policy in Western Australia, considering how best the benefits of external AEEC and GEC can be maintained and expanded. On the other hand, the Tertiary Preparation Course (internal AEEC) has achieved commendable results and is assessed as being worthy of increased resources and energy. Difficulty was encountered in efforts to determine exactly how DEET funding was used. It seems that this type of enquiry would necessitate the services of a qualified accountant. Enclave/support systems and pretertiary/bridging courses will be needed for some time to come. Many Aboriginal people stated that they envisage the time when these programmes will no longer be needed, 'when inequity of education has been addressed' and 'equality' achieved. Until this goal is reached the programmes will remain necessary. The achievement of the broad objectives of the AEDP, i.e. employment and income equity with other Australians and equity of participation in all levels of education, will see Aboriginal aspirations becoming a reality.

Visando contribuir para o entendimento dos processos anatéticos em rochas metamórficas de composição semipelítica, este trabalho apresenta dados de campo e modelagem metamórfica, utilizados como ferramentas para a correlação entre biotita xisto e metatexito ricos em quartzo e plagioclásio, com granada, cianita, muscovita, rutilo e ilmenita, pertencentes à unidade Santo Antônio no Sistema de Nappes Andrelândia, sul de Minas Gerais. Com o levantamento de campo foi caracterizada a associação cianita + granada + biotita + plagioclásio + muscovita + rutilo + ilmenita + quartzo + leucossoma tonalítico em litotipos que variam de xisto homogêneo a metatexito protoestromático, com o estabelecimento do protobandamento favorecido pela geração e segregação limitada do leucossoma, que aumenta da base para o topo do pacote. A amostragem dos litotipos principais é feita a partir de três pedreiras, da base para o topo: IC01, em que predomina xisto com feições de fusão in situ subordinadas às porções granoblásticas e cristais idiomórficos de plagioclásio em veios de quartzo; IC03, dominada por xisto, na base, e metatexito no topo, com ampla distribuição de patches, bolsões e veios de leucossoma tonalítico in situ ou in source; e IC07, caracterizada pelo bandamento de porções de xisto e metatexito, em escalas de 1 cm a 1 m, com leucossoma in situ ou in source reforçando o bandamento composicional, ou também na forma de veios, patches e bolsões que podem truncar a foliação. Com a química de rocha total é evidente que não existem diferenças composicionais significativas entre xistos e metatexitos. A geração de pequenos volumes de leucossoma rico em Si e Na, compatível com as segregações tonalíticas observadas, e resíduo rico em Fe, Mg e K, associado às acumulações de biotita nas suas bordas, não mudou de forma significativa a composição das rochas. A similaridade entre os padrões de elementos terras-raras reconhecidos para os litotipos analisados indica que a anatexia não alcançou condições altas o suficiente para a dissolução e reprecipitação de fases ultraestáveis como monazita e zircão, hipótese sustentada também pela ausência de feldspato potássico no leucossoma. O cálculo de isopletas resulta em topologia semelhante para amostras de IC01 e IC03; o plagioclásio em amostras das três pedreiras apresenta intervalo composicional contínuo entre An15 e An48, com grãos progressivamente mais ricos em albita, partindo dos inclusos em granada, na matriz xistosa ou metatexítica, e no leucossoma. Esta progressão na quantidade de albita é também observada em cristais de IC01 para IC03 e IC07, respectivamente, sentido no qual, em contrapartida, diminuem as diferenças composicionais entre cristais de mesma amostra e diferentes sítios texturais. A variação composicional da muscovita mostra grupos com distintos teores de sódio, sugerindo trajetória metamórfica horária para o pacote metatexítico e a termobarometria otimizada aplicada a IC01 e IC03 resulta em temperaturas de 750 a 850 °C para o pico metamórfico da base para o topo da unidade, respectivamente, em condições de pressão elevada, maior que 8 kbar. Estas evidências caracterizam o metamorfismo invertido atuante na região e demonstram a importância o reconhecimento da anatexia para a interpretação petrogenética de rochas semipelíticas.
As a contribution to the understanding of partial melting processes in metamorphic rocks of semipelite composition, this work presents field data and metamorphic modeling. They were used as tools for the correlation between biotite schist and metatexites, which are rich in quartz and plagioclase, with garnet, kyanite, muscovite, rutile and ilmenite, both rocks are correlated to the St. Antônio unit, in the Andrelândia Nappe System, south of Minas Gerais, Brazil. From the rocks field descriptions, it was characterized as the main mineral assemblage kyanite + garnet + biotite + plagioclase + muscovite + rutile + ilmenite + quartz + leucosome with tonalite composition, in rock types ranging from the homogeneous schist to the proto-stromatic metatexite. The compositional banding was enhanced by the generation and limited segregation of leucosome, and its proportion is higher from structural bottom to top of unit. Samples of the main rock types were collected in three quarries, from bottom to top: IC01, schist with sparse in situ melting features that are limited to the granoblastic portions and idiomorphic plagioclase crystals in quartz veins; IC03, dominated by schist, at the base, and metatexite, on top, with wide distribution of patches, pockets and veins of leucosome with tonalite composition, in situ or in source; and IC07, characterized by the compositional banding, varying from schist to metatexite, in bands with thickness ranging from 1 cm up to 1 m, and either in situ or in source leucosome veins enhance the compositional banding, although some veins, patches and pockets truncate the main foliation. With the whole rock chemistry analyses it is evident there are no significant compositional differences between schist and metatexite. The generation of small volumes of silicate Na-rich liquid is compatible with tonalite leucosome, and residue rich in Fe, Mg and K, associated with accumulations of biotite at its edges, but has not changed significantly the bulk rock compositions. The similarity of the of rare earth elements patterns for both rock types indicates anatexis did not reach a high degree and dissolution and reprecipitation of ultra-stable phases, as monazite and zircon, did not happen, which is sustained by absence of potassium feldspar in leucosome. The pseudosection modeling and isopleths calculation result in similar topology for samples of IC01 and IC03. Plagioclase crystals of the three quarries present continuous compositional change, between An 15 and An 48, with progressively more albite-rich crystals starting from the ones that are enclosed in garnet, in schist, metatexite matrix, and leucosome. This increase in the amount of albite is also observed in crystals from IC01 to IC03 and IC07, respectively, direction which, in turn, decrease the compositional differences between crystals of the same sample and different textural sites. The compositional variation of muscovite allows separation in groups with different quantities of Na, suggesting a clockwork P-T path to the rock, and optimized thermobarometry applied to IC01 and IC03 results in temperatures of 750-850 ° C for the metamorphic peak from base to top of the unit, in high pressure conditions, higher than 8 kbar. This P-T variation, from bottom to top, characterizes an inverted metamorphism in the region and demonstrates the importance of the recognition of anatexis processes for petrogenetic interpretation of semipelite rocks.

Le Roman de Brut, conservé en trente-trois manuscrits, dont dix-sept complets, est une œuvre d'importance capitale pour l'histoire de la littérature en ancien français. La thèse, faisant abstraction de la fortune du texte dans les ouvrages romanesques, se concentre sur le rôle de l'œuvre de Wace dans l'évolution de l'historiographie insulaire en langue française et dans la manière de concevoir l’histoire de la période bretonne en Angleterre, introduite ex nihilo, seulement peu d'années auparavant, par l’Historia regum Britanniae de Geoffroy de Monmouth. En particulier, la thèse vise à mettre en évidence les conséquences de ce processus sur la tradition manuscrite du texte en analysant certains choix d'organisation des codices, certaines variantes et des rédactions partiellement différentes. Cependant, l'œuvre de Wace n'est pas isolée, mais se situe au cœur d'un vaste ensemble de traductions et de réécritures de la chronique de Geoffroy, composées entre le XIIe et le XIVe siècles, qui relèvent de ce même processus. La tradition manuscrite du Roman de Brut s’inscrit alors dans un réseau complexe de traditions littéraires dérivées de l'Historia regum Britanniae, tout en exerçant à son tour une influence sur ce même réseau. À partir d'une analyse des manuscrits du Brut à la fois codicologique, stylistique-littéraire et ecdotique et d'une réflexion d'ensemble concernant les chroniques anglo-normandes consacrées aux rois bretons d'Angleterre, la thèse montre les différents visages de la matière bretonne au sein de cette vaste production et l’affirmation de celle-ci comme "temps des origines" dans l'histoire d'Angleterre
The Roman de Brut, transmitted by thirty-three manuscripts – seventeen of which are complete – constitutes a fundamental text in Old French literary history. Setting aside the work’s fortune in the sphere of romance, this thesis concentrates instead on Wace’s role in regard to the evolution of French insular historiography and the modes of perception of the Breton era, a subject had been introduced ex nihilo only a few years prior by Geoffrey of Monmouth in his Historia Regum Britanniae. Specifically,the thesis aims to illustrate the consequences of such a process on the text’s manuscript tradition, by analysing certain choices pertaining to the organization of the codices by their scribes, specific variants, and other global re-adaptations. However, Wace’s oeuvre should not be considered as an isolated entity, but should rather be placed in the context of the vast complex of re-adaptations of Geoffrey’s chronicle that appear during the 12th to 14th centuries, and that should be understood as the expression of the same process. Thus, the manuscript tradition of the Roman de Brut evolves together with the convoluted knot of literary traditions that develop from the Historia Regum Britanniae: these do not only influence Wace’s text in its manuscripts, but are themselves shaped by it in turn. Starting from a codicological, stylistic, and ecdotic analysis of the Brut manuscripts, along with a comprehensive reflection on the entirety of Anglo-Norman chronicles on the subject of the Breton era, this thesis illustrates the various faces that the Breton matter has assumed within this production, and its journey towards affirming itself as the origin myth of England’s history

Cette thèse propose d’explorer les enjeux de la pratique de la traduction de français en anglais après la Conquête normande, à partir d’une comparaison des deux romans anglais et leurs sources respectives. La première partie s’attachera à examiner le rapport entre le Roman de Brut, écrit au 12e siècle par l’auteur francophone Wace, et sa traduction en anglais, le Brut de La3amon, effectuée au début du 13e siècle. Une autre étude constituera l’essentiel de la seconde partie, portant sur l’examen comparatif de deux versions, française et anglaise, du roman d’Alexandre le Grand : le Roman de toute chevalerie de Thomas de Kent et Kyng Alisaunder, roman anonyme du 14e siècle
This thesis investigates issues of translation from French to English in post-Conquest England by means of a comparison of two Middle English romances and their respective French sources. The first part of the thesis will examine the relationship between the Roman de Brut, written by the francophone author Wace in the 12th century, and its English translation, La3amon’s Brut. The second part is devoted to a comparative study of French and English versions of a romance about Alexander the Great, the 12th century Roman de toute chevalerie, by Thomas of Kent, and its 14th century translation, Kyng Alisaunder

Cette étude du Brut de Lawamon (épopée en moyen-anglais archaïsant de la fin du douzième siècle) comporte, en première partie, une étude thématique (555 pages) de l'œuvre entière. Les thèmes retenus ont été l'espace, le temps, la guerre et les guerriers, le roi humain et roi céleste, les femmes et, enfin, la vie quotidienne. Chacun de ces chapitres montre que le poète cherchait à faire d'œuvre d'historien en s'appuyant sur les œuvres anglo-saxonnes des siècles précédents que Lawamon considérait comme témoignages du passé. Le poète, qui traduisait le texte du normand Robert Wace - Le roman de brut - gomma systématiquement, en effet, les références au cadre courtois dans lequel le français avait placé son récit ; tout ce qui tient de la vie publique dans le brut de Lawamon est ainsi modelé sur les poèmes épiques vieil-anglais. Les éléments de la vie privée, en revanche, - n'ayant pas de place dans la poésie anglo-saxonne - sont dépeints sous les traits du douzième siècle ou empruntes à des légendes celtes : le poème est au carrefour de multiples traditions. En seconde partie (246 pages), on trouvera la traduction de 60 pour cent du brut - les extraits ayant été sélectionnés pour leur importance dans l'intrigue générale ou dans la littérature (anglaise), leur originalité ou leur intérêt stylistique. Un troisième volume (301 pages) comprend le texte original des extraits traduits avec, en regard, les passages correspondants du Roman de brut de Wace : la dépendance ou l'émancipation de Lawamon par rapport à sa source directe (question fréquemment posée dans la partie thématique) saute ainsi, littéralement, aux yeux
This study of Lawamon's brut (an epic of the end of the 12th century written in archaistic middle-English) contains, in a first volume (555 pages), a thematic study of the whole work. The subjects that have been dealt with are space, time, warfare and warriors, human kings and the divine king, women, and everyday life. Each of the chapters show that the poet wished to act as a historian relying on the Anglo-Saxon works of the preceding centuries - that he considered as truthful accounts of the past. The English poet (who was translating Robert Wace’s Middle English poem known as roman de brut) systematically deleted the courtly background of the Norman text. In Lawamon's brut, all that concerns public affairs is modelled on the old English epic poems. On the other hand, when depicting private life - that plays no role in Anglo-Saxon poetry - Lawamon described his own 12th century world or resorted to Celtic legends: his poem is at a crossroads of traditions the second volume (246 pages) is made up of a translation into French of sixty per cent of the poem; the passages have been selected for their significance in the plot or in (English) literature, their originality of their stylistic interest. The third volume (301 pages) consists of the original text of the translated extracts together with Wace’s corresponding passages of the roman de brut on the opposite page: Lawamon's faithfulness or emancipation from his main source (an issue frequently dealt with in the thematic study) is - literally - made visual

An 23 wachen Ratten wurde die dynamische Regulation der Nierengefäße als Antwort auf schwingungsförmige Änderung des renalen Perfusionsdruckes (RPP) gemessen. Es wurden der Renale Perfusionsdruck (RPP), der Nierenarterienfluss (RBF) sowie lokale Gefäßflüsse der Nierenrinde und des äußeren Nierenmark (Laser-Doppler) aufgezeichnet und daraus die entsprechende Conductance (Leitwert) der Gefäße errechnet. Der mittlere RPP wurde rampenförmig mit einer langsamen Änderungsrate gesenkt (dp/dt), wobei nach jeder absteigenden Flanke eine aufsteigende Rampe gleicher Geschwindigkeit gemessen wurde. Eine Überlagerung des RPP mit Schwingungen unterschiedlicher Frequenz (f=0,005, f=0,01 und f=0,02 Hz) bei einer Amplitude von 20 mmHg führte zu einem Anstieg von dp/dt und einem erhöhten Shearstress an der Gefäßwand (WSS). Der Einfluss der Schwingungen auf RCV war signifikant abhängig vom mittleren RPP. So war die Conductance in tieferen Druckbereichen des RPP mehrfach höher als in den Ausgangsdruckwerten. Innerhalb der absteigenden Rampen führte ein Erhöhung der Frequenz zu einem Anstieg der maximalen Amplitude des RVC des Nierengesamtflusses. Die größten Amplituden wurden bei RPP Werten zwischen 58 und 46 mmHg gemessen. Diese Abhängigkeit war bei den ansteigenden Flanken nicht gegeben. Außerdem zeigte sich in den abfallenden Versuchsteilen ein plötzlicher Phasenwechsel zwischen der RPP- und der RVC-Schwingung bei mittleren RPP-Werten zwischen 95 und 80 mmHg. Dies lässt schließen, dass oberhalb dieses Druckwertes aktive myogenen Vasokonstriktion die passiven Gefäßdilatation vollständig ausgleicht, während unterhalb dieses RPP-Wertes die Vasokonstriktion insuffizient reagiert, bis bei ca. 50 mmHg die RCV ausschließlich der passiven Vasodilatation folgt. Höhere Schwingungsfrequenzen führen durch einen Anstieg des WSS zu einer Erhöhung der Amplitude des RVC. Dies bewirkt eine Änderung der charakteristischen renalen Autoregulation des RPP. Auf diese Weise ändert sich die Effizienz der Autoregulation.
In 23 conscious rats, the dynamic features of renal vascular conductance (RVC) in response to oscillatory changes in renal perfusion pressure (RPP) were studied at different mean RPPs. RPP, renal blood flow, and regional cortical and outer-medullary fluxes (laser-Doppler) were continuously recorded and the respective RVCs calculated. Mean RPP was changed ramp-wise with a low rate of change (dp/dt), whereby a decremental ramp was immediately followed by an incremental ramp. Superimposing RPP oscillations (amplitude 20 mmHg) of different frequencies (f=0.005, f=0.01, and f=0.02 Hz) increased maximum dp/dt, and thus increased vascular wall shear stress (WSS). The impact of RPP oscillations on RVC critically depended on mean RPP. RVC oscillations were several times higher at lower mean RPPs than at control RPP During the decremental ramps, increasing the frequency led to an increase in the maximum amplitude of total RVC, and decreased mean RPP where maximum amplitude occurred from 58 to 46 mmHg. This frequency dependence was abolished during incremental ramps. Lowering mean RPP resulted in a sudden reversal of phase between RPP and RVC oscillations at mean RPP between 95 and 80 mmHg. It is concluded that, above this RPP, myogenic vasoconstriction fully counterbalances passive vasodilatation, whereas, below that RPP, myogenic constriction gradually tapers off until, at about 50 mmHg, RVC is exclusively determined by passive dilation. Higher oscillatory frequencies, assumed to be due to increased WSS, elicit a greater response in RVC amplitude as an expression of vessel compliance, and, thus change the RPP characteristics of renal autoregulation. However, the efficiency of autoregulation is thereby barely changed.

In this thesis, we focus on the so-called spectrum management's joint problem: efficient allocation of primary and secondary channels in channel bonding wireless local area networks (WLANs). From IEEE 802.11n to more recent standards like 802.11ax and 802.11be, bonding channels together is permitted to increase transmissions' bandwidth. While such an increase favors the potential network capacity and the activation of higher transmission rates, it comes at the price of reduced power per Hertz and accentuated issues on contention and interference with neighboring nodes. So, if WLANs were per se complex deployments, they are becoming even more complicated due to the increasing node density and the new technical features required by novel highly bandwidth-demanding applications. This dissertation provides an in-depth study of channel allocation and channel bonding in WLANs and discusses the suitability of solutions ranging from heuristic-based to reinforcement learning (RL)-based. To characterize channel bonding in saturated WLANs, we first propose an analytical model based on continuous-time Markov networks (CTMNs). This model relies on a novel, purpose-designed algorithm that generates CTMNs from spatially distributed scenarios, where nodes are not required to be within the carrier sense range of each other. We identify the key factors affecting the throughput and fairness of different channel bonding policies and expose critical interrelations among nodes in the spatial domain. By extending the analytical model to support unsaturated regimes, we highlight the benefits of allocating channels as wide as possible all together with adaptive policies to cope with unfair situations. Apart from the analytical model, this thesis relies on simulations to generalize channel bonding in dense scenarios while avoiding costly, sometimes unfeasible, experimental testbeds. Unfortunately, existing wireless network simulators tend to be too simplistic or too computational demanding. That is why we develop the Komondor wireless network simulator, with the essential advantage over other well-known simulators lying in its high event processing rate. We then deviate from analytical models and simulations and tackle real measurements through the Wi-Fi All-Channel Analyzer (WACA), the first system specifically designed to simultaneously measure the energy in all the 24 bondable Wi-Fi channels at the 5 GHz band. With WACA, we perform a first-of-its-kind spectrum measurement in areas including urban hotspots, residential neighborhoods, universities, and even a football match in Futbol Club Barcelona’s Camp Nou stadium. Our experimental findings reveal the underpinning factors controlling throughput gain, from which we highlight the inter-channel correlation. %We show the significance of the gathered dataset for finding new insights, which would not be possible otherwise, given that simple channel occupancy models severely underestimate the potential gains. As for solution proposals, we first cover heuristic-based approaches to find satisfactory configurations quickly. In this regard, we propose dynamic-wise (DyWi), a lightweight, decentralized, online primary channel selection algorithm for dynamic channel bonding. DyWi improves the expected WLAN throughput by considering not only the occupancy of the target primary channel but also the activity in the secondary channels. Even when assuming significant delays due to primary channel switching, simulations reveal important throughput and delay improvements. Finally, we identify machine learning (ML) approaches applicable to the spectrum management problem in WLANs and justify why model-free RL suits it the most. In particular, we put the focus on the adequate performance of stateless variations of RL and anticipate multi-armed bandits as the right solution since i) we need fast adaptability to suit user experience in dynamic Wi-Fi scenarios and ii) the number of multichannel configurations a network can adopt is limited; thus, agents can fully explore the action space in a reasonable time.
En aquesta tesi ens centrem en el problema conjunt de la gestió de l'espectre: assignació de canals primaris i secundaris a xarxes d'àrea local sense fils (WLAN) amb channel bonding. Des de l'estàndard IEEE 802.11n fins a estàndards més recents com el 802.11ac, el 802.11ax i el 802.11be, s'han anat proposant amplades de banda més grans per permetre agrupar canals, augmentant així l'amplada de banda total per transmissió. Tot i que aquest augment en l'amplada de banda afavoreix la capacitat potencial de les xarxes, suportant així els requeriments de les noves aplicacions Wi-Fi, també redueix la potència per Hertz i accentua els problemes de contenció i interferència entre nodes veïns. En resum, si les xarxes WLANs ja eren complexes per se, s'estan tornant encara més complexes a causa de l'augment de la densitat de nodes i de les noves prestacions incloses als darrers estàndards. Primer proposem un model analític basat en xarxes Markov en temps continu (CTMN) per caracteritzar channel bonding en WLANs saturades. Aquest model es basa en un nou algorisme que genera CTMNs a partir d'escenaris distribuïts espaialment, on no és necessari que els nodes estiguin dins del rang de contenció de la resta. Identifiquem els factors claus que afecten el rendiment i l'equitat de les diferents polítiques de channel bonding i mostrem l'existència d'interrelacions crítiques entre nodes en forma de reacció en cadena. D'això se'n desprèn que no hi ha una política channel bonding òptima única per a cada escenari. En ampliar el model analític per donar suport a règims no saturats, destaquem els avantatges d'assignar els canals tan amplis com sigui possible a les WLAN i implementar polítiques d'accés adaptatiu per fer front a les situacions que poden aparèixer tant en termes de rendiment com d'equitat. A part dels models analítics, aquesta tesi es basa en simulacions per generalitzar escenaris evitant costosos bancs de proves experimentals, de vegades inviables. Malauradament, els simuladors de xarxes sense fils existents solen ser massa simplistes o molt costosos computacionalment. És per això que desenvolupem el simulador de xarxes sense fils Komondor, concebut com una eina de codi obert accessible (llesta per utilitzar) per a la investigació de xarxes sense fils. L’avantatge essencial de Komondor respecte d’altres simuladors sense fils coneguts rau en la seva elevada velocitat de processament d’esdeveniments. A continuació ens desviem de models analítics i simulacions i abordem mesures reals a través del Wi-Fi All-Channel Analyzer (WACA), el primer sistema que mesura simultàniament l'energia de tots els 24 canals que permeten channel bonding a la banda Wi-Fi dels 5 GHz. Amb WACA, realitzem un estudi únic de localitzacions que inclouen nuclis urbans, barris residencials, universitats i fins i tot un partit a al Camp Nou, un estadi ple amb 98.000 aficionats i 12.000 connexions Wi-Fi simultànies. Les dades experimentals revelen els factors fonamentals que controlen el guany de rendiment, a partir dels quals ressaltem la correlació entre canals. També mostrem la importància del conjunt de dades recopilades per trobar nous factors claus, que d'una altra manera no seria possible, atès que els models d'ocupació de canals simples subestimen els guanys potencials. Pel que fa a solucions, primer discutim propostes basades en heurístiques per trobar configuracions satisfactòries ràpidament. En aquest sentit, proposem dinàmicament (DyWi), un algorisme de selecció de canal primari en línia, descentralitzat i eficient per xarxes channel bonding. DyWi millora el rendiment esperat tenint en compte no només l’ocupació del canal primari objectiu, sinó també l’activitat dels canals secundaris. Fins i tot quan suposem retards significatius a causa del canvi de canal primari, observem millores importants en termes de rendiment i retard. Finalment, identifiquem els enfocaments d’aprenentatge automàtic (o machine learning) aplicables al problema de la gestió de l’espectre a les WLAN i justifiquem per què l'aprenentatge del tipus reinforcement learning (RL) és el més adient. En particular, ens centrem en el rendiment adequat de les variacions d'RL sense estats i proposem multi-armed bandits com la solució adequada, ja que i) necessitem una adaptabilitat ràpida per millorar l’experiència d’usuari en escenaris Wi-Fi dinàmics i ii) el nombre de configuracions multicanal que una xarxa pot adoptar és limitat; per tant, els agents poden explorar completament l’espai d’acció en un temps raonable.

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Bachelors
Arts and Sciences
English Literature

Les auteurs qui vivaient à la cour des Plantagenêt, créaient une sorte de mythe historique et culturel, appelé à contribuer à la consolidation politique et sociale de leur royaume. Les Lais de Marie s’inscrivent dans ce contexte. La première partie montre pourquoi et comment Marie s’adresse à l’œuvre historiographique de Wace. L’influence de cet écrivain transparaît incontestablement dans l’œuvre de Marie et il n’est pas impossible que son projet littéraire, consistant à créer un recueil des douze lais, puisse être inspiré par la chronique de l’historiographe. La seconde partie dégage de nombreux liens intertextuels entre Marie et Chrétien de Troyes. Les contes d’origine celtique portant sur les transformations des personnes en animaux, « métamorphoses bretonnes », furent aux yeux de Marie une sorte de version des Métamorphoses antiques, un monument littéraire adapté par le jeune Chrétien. Celui-ci n’hésitait pas à faire dans ses romans des allusions plus au moins claires aux lais. La troisième partie étudie les notions-clés de la poésie des troubadours, ainsi que certains genres de la lyrique provençale qui auraient pu influencer les Lais. La quatrième partie met en lumière l’aspect parodique de la réception de la matière bretonne, ainsi que des lais de Marie par les auteurs anonymes. Marie transforme radicalement le statut culturel et littéraire des contes bretons, en imprégnant leurs adaptations françaises des réminiscences des écrits créés par ses contemporains et en ennoblissant les personnages conformément à la nouvelle morale de la société courtoise. Le genre de lai acquiert des contours précis, le chronotope breton se fixe en tant qu’élément essentiel du lai
Authors who lived at the Plantagenet court created a historical and cultural myth that was meant to contribute to the political and social consolidation of the kingdom. Marie de France’s Lais are situated in this context. The first part of my thesis focuses on how and why Marie addresses the historiographical work of Wace. Not only is his influence visible in the lais but his voluminous poetical chronicle might have inspired in Marie the very idea of composing a collection of twelve lais. The second part brings to light a significant number of intertextual connections between Marie de France and Chrétien de Troyes. It is argued that Marie saw some similarities between the tales of Celtic origin about the transformation of humans into animals and Ovid’s Metamorphoses, translated by young Chrétien de Troyes. In his turn, Chrétien did not hesitate to allude to Marie’s Lais, more or less openly. The third part centers on the key notions and certain genres of troubadour poetry as a potential source of Marie’s Lais. The fourth part examines the parodic aspect in the reception of the Matter of Britain and of Marie’s Lais by anonymous authors. The results of my research have lead me to the conclusion that Marie radically transformed the cultural and literary status of Breton tales, filling them with reminiscences of her contemporaries’ writings, ennobling the characters of her tales in accordance with the new moral code of the court, and endowing them with the gloss of a fairy-tale ideality. Her immediate successors made this gloss even more pronounced. Thus the genre of the lai acquired a precise shape, and the Breton chronotope became an essential element of the lai

Comptant parmi les figures les plus éminentes de la littérature arthurienne, célèbre au Moyen Âge comme dans les périodes postérieures, Merlin demeure pourtant un personnage polymorphe et contradictoire. Un double angle d’étude permettra de saisir ses ambiguïtés et de constituer une poétique du personnage. D’abord, dans une perspective relationnelle, le bestiaire, c’est-à-dire la faune littéraire, constitue un élément de sa définition. Dans les Suites rétrospectives du Merlin en prose (la Suite dite « Vulgate » la Suite dite « Post-Vulgate » et le Livre d’Artus), romans qui constituent l’aboutissement des proses arthuriennes du XIIIe siècle, cet axe relationnel rencontre ensuite une perspective intertextuelle. Par son extension et sa nature, le bestiaire merlinien se révèle extrêmement variable et difficilement classable, à l’image du personnage. Présidant aux relations entre le personnage et le bestiaire, les paradigmes de l’incarnation et de la voix, ainsi que la dialectique intus/foris, laissent percevoir une complexification croissante de Merlin, qui allie un rôle de vates responsable de la fiction et du bestiaire prophétique et une dimension proprement romanesque à l’issue du Merlin en prose. Enfin, dans les Suites du Merlin en prose, le bestiaire rend aussi bien compte du (re)développement et de la fin conjoints de ces deux aspects du personnage que de la poétique des textes. Par le biais de relations métonymiques, métaphoriques et analogiques avec Merlin, le bestiaire construit ainsi trois conceptions synchroniquement contrastées du personnage, en adéquation avec la tonalité et les objectifs poétiques différents des Suites. Il participe alors du message moral et des réflexions poétiques que chacun de ces romans, conscient de ses enjeux, véhicule
One of the most eminent figures of Arthurian literature, renowned in the Middle Ages as in later periods, Merlin remains however a polymorphous and contradictory character. A study focusing on two aspects will allow us to perceive his ambiguities and to form the poetics of the character. Firstly, from a relational perspective, the bestiary, that is to say the literary fauna, constitutes an element of this definition. In Prose Merlin’s retrospective prose sequels (the “Vulgate” Suite, the “Post-Vulgate” Suite and the Livre d’Artus), romances which constitute the apex of thirteenth century Arthurian texts in prose, this relation axis encounters an intertextual perspective. By its extent and its nature the Merlin bestiary reveals itself to be extremely variable and difficult to categorize, as is the nature of the character. The paradigms of incarnation and voice, together with the intus/foris dialectics, that govern the relations between the character and the bestiary, show that Merlin becomes increasingly complex, because he combines a role of vates responsible for the fiction and the prophetic bestiary with a distinctly romantic dimension by the end of the Prose Merlin. Finally, in the Prose Merlin sequels, the bestiary also explains both the (re)development and the end of these two aspects of the character, as well as the poetics of the texts. Through the metonymical, metaphorical and analogical relations with Merlin, the bestiary thus builds up three different synchronically contrasting conceptions of the character, matching the tone and the various poetical purposes in the Suites. It contributes thus to the moral message and the poetical thoughts that each of these romances, aware of their portent, consciously carry

碩士
國立海洋大學
河海工程學系
85
In the designs of seawall, harbor and ocean structures, the wave forces areestimated. In order to ensure the safety of the ocean structures under wave forces,the diffraction and refraction in wave are discussed.In the pass years, various numerical models have proposed. Combined boundary element method and perturbation,dual reciprocity boundary element method have been presented.Thetwo numerical methods, one of them with domain integral and the other with great matrix are complex. This paper presents a numerical model combined dual reciprocity boundary element method (DRBEM) and perturbation technique to analyze wave refraction-diffraction around a circular island with the changes in wave forces and wave pressure. In this paper, the analyze domains are seperated into two parts. One for contant water depth,the other one is varying water depth with varying geometry.the governing equation for contant water depth is the mild slope equation. Based on perturbation technics, a homogeneous Helmholtz equation and a non-homogeneous Helmholtz equation can be obtained. The homogeneous Helmholtz equation can be applied on boundary element analysis. The slove equation were substitute into the non-homogeneous Helmholtz equation. Based on the dual reciprocity boundary element method(DRBEM), the integration in the domain is improved. In this paper, combining dual reciprocity boundary element method and perturbation method, the wave diffraction and refraction problems are discussed. The calculated results are compared with those by Homma(1950). Comparisons with those obtained by Poulin(1996) and Rangogni(1988) are conducted, in order to show the applicability of this model. Good agreements are obtained. The model showed to be an adaptable method for solving wave refraction-diffraction problems with varying geometry. In this paper, different topography and wave periods are adopted,in order to discuss the wave forces on circular island with varying geometry.