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Kiecana, Irena, Elżbieta Mielniczuk, Małgorzata Cegiełko, and Aleksandra Szołkowska. "Grzyby porażające korzenie i podstawę źdźbła owsa (Avena sativa L.)." Biuletyn Instytutu Hodowli i Aklimatyzacji Roślin, no. 247 (March 31, 2008): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.37317/biul-2008-0074.
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Badania przeprowadzono w latach 2004–006 na polach Hodowli Roślin Danko w Kopaszewie, woj. wielkopolskie. W każdym sezonie wegetacji w fazie dojrzałości późno-woskowej ziarna (87 w skali Tottmana (1987) oceniano porażenie korzeni i dolnych międzywęźli źdźbeł. Odsetek źdźbeł wykazujących objawy chorobowe wynosił od 32 (Rajtar) do 85% (Deresz) w 2004 roku, od 44 (Gniady) do 93% (Breton) w 2005 roku i od 8 (Cwał) do 34.5% (Rajtar) w 2006 roku. Średnio po 3 latach badań udział źdźbeł z objawami nekrozy korzeni i podstawy źdźbeł wynosił od 42% w przypadku odmiany Rajtar do 64 w przypadku odmiany Breton. Analiza mikologiczna chorych roślin wykazała, że przyczyną chorób podsuszkowych owsa, w każdym sezonie wegetacji były grzyby z rodzaju Fusarium, a w szczególności gatunek F. culmorum oraz Bipolaris sorokiniana.
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Jarecki, Wacław, and Dorota Bobrecka-Jamro. "Reakcja pszenicy jarej odmiany Parabola na dolistne dokarmianie mocznikiem i Mikrokomplexem." Biuletyn Instytutu Hodowli i Aklimatyzacji Roślin, no. 262 (December 29, 2011): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37317/biul-2011-0003.
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W latach 2008–2010 przeprowadzono ścisłe doświadczenie polowe, którego celem było określenie reakcji roślin pszenicy jarej na dolistne dokarmianie. Stwierdzono, że zastosowane nawozy: mocznik, Mikrokomplex oraz mieszanka mocznika z Mikrokomplexem nie zmodyfikowały istotnie liczby ziaren w kłosie i MTN, jednak plon nasion na obiektach dokarmianych był większy w porównaniu do obiektu kontrolnego, przy czym istotna różnica dotyczyła tylko łącznej aplikacji mocznika z Mikrokomplexem. Wyrównanie i celność ziarna wyniosły średnio 85% i nie zostały istotnie zróżnicowane przez badany czynnik. Największą zawartość białka ogólnego oznaczono w ziarnie pozyskanym z obiektów dokarmianych azotem i wyniosła ona 14,6%.
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LEPIARCZYK, ANDRZEJ, TEOFIL ŁABZA, and KATARZYNA PUŻYŃSKA. "Produkcyjność pszenicy ozimej odmiany Turnia i Rysa wysiewanej w siewie czystym i mieszanym w zależności od systemu uprawy roli." Agronomy Science 65, no. 3 (October 28, 2010): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/as.2010.3.5.
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Badania prowadzono w ścisłym doświadczeniu płodozmianowym założonym w Stacji Doświadczalnej Katedry Agrotechniki i Ekologii Rolniczej Uniwersytetu Rolniczego w Krakowie-Mydlnikach (50˚08' N, 19˚85' E). Doświadczenie polowe realizowano w latach 2006–2008 metodą losowanych bloków w czterech powtórzeniach. Przedplonem pszenicy ozimej był bobik. Pierwszym czynnikiem doświadczenia był system uprawy roli (płużny – tradycyjny i bezpłużny – uproszczony). Drugim czynnikiem doświadczenia była odmiana pszenicy ozimej (Turnia i Rysa) wysiewana w siewie czystym lub mieszanym (w stosunku 1:1). Oceny produkcyjności odmian pszenicy ozimej w zależności od zróżnicowanej uprawy roli dokonano w oparciu o plon ziarna, białka ogólnego i wartości energetycznej plonu, przyjmując, że 1 kg s.m. = 18,41 MJ. Stwierdzono istotne zróżnicowanie produkcyjności odmian wyrażonej plonem suchej masy, białka ogólnego i energii.
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Bolibok, Piotr. "Zadłużenie gospodarstw domowych a dynamika wydatków konsumpcyjnych w krajach OECD po wybuchu kryzysu finansowego." Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego. Studia i Prace, no. 1 (November 23, 2017): 145–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/kkessip.2017.1.9.
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The paper aims at empirical evaluation of the impact of household debt on the dynamics of consumption spending since the beginning of the global financial crisis. The research employed linear regression analysis of the rate of growth of household spending against the rate of growth of disposable income, the level of indebtedness and long-term interest rates in the OECD member states between 2008-2014. The results obtained indicate that household indebtedness was one of the factors influencing the dynamics of consumption demand and thus the processes of economic growth in the OECD states after the beginning of the global financial crisis. Variations in the relation of total debt to net disposable income and in the level of long-term interest rates were both negatively related to the changes in consumption spending. This impact turned out to be markedly stronger when total household debt of a given country was exceeding 85% of GDP, which is consistent with the results of previous investigations on the in&uence of the indebtedness of household sector on the dynamics of economic growth
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Bazilio, Sérgio, Zelinda Schemczssen, and Anésio Da Cunha Marques. "Registro visual do lobo-guará, Chrysocyon brachyurus (Illiger, 1815) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Canidae) na Floresta Nacional de Três Barras, SC." Biotemas 22, no. 4 (May 12, 2011): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7925.2009v22n4p133.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7925.2009v22n4p133 O lobo-guará é o maior representante da família dos canídeos na América do Sul, vive em ambientes abertos, como campo e cerrado, também encontrado prόximo a brejos e matas ao longo de cursos de água. Esta nota relata a visualização direta de um exemplar na Floresta Nacional (Flona) do Ibama em Três Barras, SC (lat. 26º10'15"S; long. 50º10'15"W e elev. 750m) que é caracterizada por remanescentes de Floresta Ombrofila Mista e apresenta grandes áreas com reflorestamento de Pinus e araucária com mais de 50 anos. Possui uma área de 4.458,5 ha, isotermas de 20 a 22C em janeiro e de 12 a 14C em julho, com média de umidade relativa do ar anual de 85% e precipitações entre 1.200 e 1.400mm por ano. Um exemplar adulto foi visualizado, pela manhã, várias vezes por funcionários do Ibama no final de junho de 2008 entre as coordenadas (lat. 26º12'56"S; long. 50º18'17"W e lat. 26º12'33"S; long. 50º18'20"W). O indivíduo foi fotografado pela primeira vez em três de julho às 7h30min e a segunda vez no dia 19 do mesmo mês às 7h48min no mesmo local, na estrada de acesso à sede da Flona.
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Verkhoglyadova, O. P., B. T. Tsurutani, A. J. Mannucci, M. G. Mlynczak, L. A. Hunt, and T. Runge. "Variability of ionospheric TEC during solar and geomagnetic minima (2008 and 2009): external high speed stream drivers." Annales Geophysicae 31, no. 2 (February 19, 2013): 263–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-31-263-2013.
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Abstract. We study solar wind–ionosphere coupling through the late declining phase/solar minimum and geomagnetic minimum phases during the last solar cycle (SC23) – 2008 and 2009. This interval was characterized by sequences of high-speed solar wind streams (HSSs). The concomitant geomagnetic response was moderate geomagnetic storms and high-intensity, long-duration continuous auroral activity (HILDCAA) events. The JPL Global Ionospheric Map (GIM) software and the GPS total electron content (TEC) database were used to calculate the vertical TEC (VTEC) and estimate daily averaged values in separate latitude and local time ranges. Our results show distinct low- and mid-latitude VTEC responses to HSSs during this interval, with the low-latitude daytime daily averaged values increasing by up to 33 TECU (annual average of ~20 TECU) near local noon (12:00 to 14:00 LT) in 2008. In 2009 during the minimum geomagnetic activity (MGA) interval, the response to HSSs was a maximum of ~30 TECU increases with a slightly lower average value than in 2008. There was a weak nighttime ionospheric response to the HSSs. A well-studied solar cycle declining phase interval, 10–22 October 2003, was analyzed for comparative purposes, with daytime low-latitude VTEC peak values of up to ~58 TECU (event average of ~55 TECU). The ionospheric VTEC changes during 2008–2009 were similar but ~60% less intense on average. There is an evidence of correlations of filtered daily averaged VTEC data with Ap index and solar wind speed. We use the infrared NO and CO2 emission data obtained with SABER on TIMED as a proxy for the radiation balance of the thermosphere. It is shown that infrared emissions increase during HSS events possibly due to increased energy input into the auroral region associated with HILDCAAs. The 2008–2009 HSS intervals were ~85% less intense than the 2003 early declining phase event, with annual averages of daily infrared NO emission power of ~ 3.3 × 1010 W and 2.7 × 1010 W in 2008 and 2009, respectively. The roles of disturbance dynamos caused by high-latitude winds (due to particle precipitation and Joule heating in the auroral zones) and of prompt penetrating electric fields (PPEFs) in the solar wind–ionosphere coupling during these intervals are discussed. A correlation between geoeffective interplanetary electric field components and HSS intervals is shown. Both PPEF and disturbance dynamo mechanisms could play important roles in solar wind–ionosphere coupling during prolonged (up to days) external driving within HILDCAA intervals.
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Painemal, D., and P. Zuidema. "Microphysical variability in southeast Pacific Stratocumulus clouds: synoptic conditions and radiative response." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 13 (July 9, 2010): 6255–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-6255-2010.
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Abstract. Synoptic and satellite-derived cloud property variations for the southeast Pacific stratocumulus region associated with changes in coastal satellite-derived cloud droplet number concentrations (Nd) are explored. MAX and MIN Nd composites are defined by the top and bottom terciles of daily area-mean Nd values over the Arica Bight, the region with the largest mean oceanic Nd, for the five October months of 2001, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008. The ability of the satellite retrievals to capture composite differences is assessed with ship-based data. Nd and ship-based accumulation mode aerosol concentrations (Na) correlate well (r = 0.65), with a best-fit aerosol activation value dln Nddln Na of 0.56 for pixels with Nd>50 cm−3. The adiabatically-derived MODIS cloud depths also correlate well with the ship-based cloud depths (r=0.7), though are consistently higher (mean bias of almost 60 m). The MAX-Nd composite is characterized by a weaker subtropical anticyclone and weaker winds both at the surface and the lower free troposphere than the MIN-Nd composite. The MAX-Nd composite clouds over the Arica Bight are thinner than the MIN-Nd composite clouds, have lower cloud tops, lower near-coastal cloud albedos, and occur below warmer and drier free tropospheres (as deduced from radiosondes and NCEP Reanalysis). CloudSat radar reflectivities indicate little near-coastal precipitation. The co-occurrence of more boundary-layer aerosol/higher Nd within a more stable atmosphere suggests a boundary layer source for the aerosol, rather than the free troposphere. The MAX-Nd composite cloud thinning extends offshore to 80° W, with lower cloud top heights out to 95° W. At 85° W, the top-of-atmosphere shortwave fluxes are significantly higher (~50%) for the MAX-Nd composite, with thicker, lower clouds and higher cloud fractions than for the MIN-Nd composite. The change in Nd at this location is small (though positive), suggesting that the MAX-MIN Nd composite differences in radiative properties primarily reflects synoptic changes. Circulation anomalies and a one-point spatial correlation map reveal a weakening of the 850 hPa southerly winds decreases the free tropospheric cold temperature advection. The resulting increase in the static stability along 85° W is highly correlated to the increased cloud fraction, despite accompanying weaker free tropospheric subsidence.
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Mébarki, Y., V. Catoire, G. Berthet, N. Huret, and C. Robert. "More evidence for very short-lived substance contribution to stratospheric chlorine inferred from HCl balloon-borne in situ measurements in the tropics." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, no. 4 (July 29, 2009): 16163–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-16163-2009.
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Abstract. Volume mixing ratio (vmr) vertical profiles of hydrogen chloride (HCl) are retrieved from in situ measurements performed by a balloon-borne infrared tunable diode laser absorption spectrometer (SPIRALE) during two balloon flights in the tropics (Teresina, Brazil, 5.1° S–42.9° W) at three year interval in June 2005 and June 2008. HCl vertical profiles obtained from 15.0 to 31.0 km are presented and analysed to estimate the contribution of very short-lived substances (VSLS) to total stratospheric chlorine. Both retrieved vertical profiles of HCl from these flights globally agree very well with each other, with estimated overall uncertainties of 6% on vmr between 23 and 31 km. Upper limits of HCl vmr as low as (20±20) pptv in June 2008 and (30±30) pptv in June 2005 are inferred in the upper part of the tropical tropopause layer (TTL). Backward trajectory calculations suggest that these low amounts were sampled in air masses corresponding to typical background conditions, i.e. neither influenced by recent tropospheric nor stratospheric air. Taking into account the recently reported VSLS source gas measurements obtained in similar conditions (Laube et al., 2008) and the main intermediate product gas (COCl2), a VSLS contribution of about (85±35 pptv) to total stratospheric chlorine is inferred. This refines the WMO (2007) estimation of 50 to 100 pptv, which was not taking into account any HCl contribution. In addition, comparisons of HCl measurements between SPIRALE and MLS-Aura satellite instrument in the tropical lower and middle stratosphere lead to a very good agreement. Since HCl modelled values derived from a total stratospheric chlorine budget including 100 pptv of VSLS agree with MLS measurements in the upper stratosphere, the consistency between SPIRALE and MLS measurements provides another evidence for this VSLS contribution.
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Mébarki, Y., V. Catoire, N. Huret, G. Berthet, C. Robert, and G. Poulet. "More evidence for very short-lived substance contribution to stratospheric chlorine inferred from HCl balloon-borne in situ measurements in the tropics." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 2 (January 18, 2010): 397–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-397-2010.
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Abstract. Volume mixing ratio (vmr) vertical profiles of hydrogen chloride (HCl) are retrieved from in situ measurements performed by a balloon-borne infrared tunable diode laser absorption spectrometer (SPIRALE) during two balloon flights in the tropics (Teresina, Brazil, 5.1° S–42.9° W) in June 2005 and June 2008. HCl vertical profiles obtained from 15 to 31 km are presented and analysed to estimate the contribution of very short-lived substances (VSLS) to total stratospheric chlorine. Both retrieved vertical profiles of HCl from these flights agree very well with each other, with estimated overall uncertainties of 6% on vmr between 23 and 31 km. Upper limits of HCl vmr as low as 20 pptv in June 2008 and 30 pptv in June 2005 are inferred in the upper part of the tropical tropopause layer (TTL). Backward trajectory calculations and such low amounts suggest that the air masses sampled correspond to typical background conditions, i.e. neither influenced by recent tropospheric nor stratospheric air. Taking into account the recently reported VSL source gas measurements obtained in similar conditions (Laube et al., 2008) and the main intermediate degradation product gas COCl2 (Fu et al., 2007), a total VSLS contribution of 85±40 pptv to stratospheric chlorine is inferred. This refines the WMO (2007) estimation of 50 to 100 pptv, which was not taking into account any HCl contribution. In addition, comparisons of HCl measurements between SPIRALE and the Aura MLS satellite instrument in the tropical lower and middle stratosphere lead to a very good agreement. The previous agreement between MLS-deduced upper stratospheric total chlorine content and modelled values including 100 pptv of VSLS (Froidevaux et al., 2006) is thus supported by our present result about the VSLS contribution.
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Berenguer, Marc, Madalina Surcel, Isztar Zawadzki, Ming Xue, and Fanyou Kong. "The Diurnal Cycle of Precipitation from Continental Radar Mosaics and Numerical Weather Prediction Models. Part II: Intercomparison among Numerical Models and with Nowcasting." Monthly Weather Review 140, no. 8 (August 1, 2012): 2689–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-11-00181.1.
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Abstract This second part of a two-paper series compares deterministic precipitation forecasts from the Storm-Scale Ensemble Forecast System (4-km grid) run during the 2008 NOAA Hazardous Weather Testbed (HWT) Spring Experiment, and from the Canadian Global Environmental Multiscale (GEM) model (15 km), in terms of their ability to reproduce the average diurnal cycle of precipitation during spring 2008. Moreover, radar-based nowcasts generated with the McGill Algorithm for Precipitation Nowcasting Using Semi-Lagrangian Extrapolation (MAPLE) are analyzed to quantify the portion of the diurnal cycle explained by the motion of precipitation systems, and to evaluate the potential of the NWP models for very short-term forecasting. The observed diurnal cycle of precipitation during spring 2008 is characterized by the dominance of the 24-h harmonic, which shifts with longitude, consistent with precipitation traveling across the continent. Time–longitude diagrams show that the analyzed NWP models partially reproduce this signal, but show more variability in the timing of initiation in the zonal motion of the precipitation systems than observed from radar. Traditional skill scores show that the radar data assimilation is the main reason for differences in model performance, while the analyzed models that do not assimilate radar observations have very similar skill. The analysis of MAPLE forecasts confirms that the motion of precipitation systems is responsible for the dominance of the 24-h harmonic in the longitudinal range 103°–85°W, where 8-h MAPLE forecasts initialized at 0100, 0900, and 1700 UTC successfully reproduce the eastward motion of rainfall systems. Also, on average, MAPLE outperforms radar data assimilating models for the 3–4 h after initialization, and nonradar data assimilating models for up to 5 h after initialization.
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Araújo, L. R., L. M. Lima, P. P. Batista, B. R. Clemesha, and H. Takahashi. "Planetary wave seasonality from meteor wind measurements at 7.4° S and 22.7° S." Annales Geophysicae 32, no. 5 (May 22, 2014): 519–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-32-519-2014.
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Abstract. In this study we have used wind observation data from the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) region, obtained from meteor radar measurements in São João do Cariri (7.4° S, 36.5° W) from July 2004 to December 2008 and in Cachoeira Paulista (22.7° S, 45.0° W) from January 2002 to July 2006 and from September 2007 to November 2008. From the spectral analysis it was possible to identify the presence of planetary-scale oscillations in the hourly winds for the two latitudes and to study their transient character, which allowed elaboration of a climatology of planetary oscillation signatures. Planetary waves with periods near 2-days, 6–7 days, and 16 days were focussed on in this study. The quasi-2-day waves in the meteoric winds showed a seasonal cycle, with intense amplitudes occurring after the austral summer solstice and extending until the end of the season. The vertical wavelengths of the 2-day wave over Cachoeira Paulista were larger than those at São João do Cariri. A possible modulation of the quasi-2-day wave amplitudes by the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) has been observed only at São João do Cariri. The 6–7 day oscillations presented more intense amplitudes during August–November but were present with lower amplitudes during March–April at both sites. The 6–7 day vertical wavelengths over São João do Cariri were larger than at Cachoeira Paulista. The 6–7 day amplitudes exhibited intra-seasonal and annual behavior, however, there was no clear evidence of QBO modulation. The 16-day oscillations showed a seasonal cycle at São João do Cariri, with amplifications from austral spring to mid-summer and weaker amplitudes from autumn until early winter, however, there was no clear seasonality over Cachoeira Paulista. The 16-day vertical wavelengths have assumed values of λz ~ 45–85 km over both sites. 16-day wave amplitudes at the two sites showed different long-term behaviors.
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Manjunatha, H. C. "Theoretical prediction of probable isotopes of superheavy nuclei of Z = 122." International Journal of Modern Physics E 25, no. 11 (November 2016): 1650100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218301316501007.
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We have studied the [Formula: see text]-decay half-life and spontaneous fission half-lives of isotopes of superheavy element [Formula: see text] in the range [Formula: see text]. A comparison of calculated alpha half-lives with the literature [D. N. Poenaru, R. A. Gherghescu and W. Greiner, Phys. Rev. C 83 (2011) 014601, D. N. Poenaru, R. A. Gherghescu and W. Greiner, Phys. Rev. C 85 (2012) 034615] and the analytical formulas of Royer [G. Royer, J. Phys. G; Nucl. Part. Phys. 26 (2000) 1149] shows good agreement with each other. To identify the mode of decay of these isotopes, the spontaneous-fission half-lives were also evaluated using the semiempirical relation given by [C. Xu, Z. Ren and Y. Guo, Phys. Rev. C 78 (2008) 044329]. A comparative study on the competition of alpha decay versus spontaneous fission of superheavy nuclei (SHN) reveals that around eight isotopes ([Formula: see text]122) survive fission and have alpha decay channel as the prominent mode of decay and hold the possibility to be synthesized in the laboratory. The alpha decay half-lives and spontaneous fission half-lives of SHN with [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]–306, with [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]–300, and with [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]–297 are also studied. The present study will be useful in the synthesis of superheavy elements [Formula: see text] by using the actinide based reactions with stable projectiles heavier than [Formula: see text]Ca.
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Rahn, D. A., and R. D. Garreaud. "Marine boundary layer over the subtropical southeast Pacific during VOCALS-REx – Part 1: Mean structure and diurnal cycle." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, no. 6 (December 7, 2009): 26029–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-26029-2009.
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Abstract. Atmospheric subsidence over the subtropical southeast Pacific (SEP) leads to a low-level anticyclonic circulation, a cool sea surface and a cloud-topped marine boundary layer (MBL). Observations in this region from a major field campaign during October and November 2008, the VOCALS Regional Experiment, provide ample data to characterize the lower atmospheric features over the SEP. The observations are also useful to test the ability of an area-limited, high-resolution atmospheric model to simulate the SEP conditions. Observations and model-results (where appropriate) improve the characterization of the mean state (Part 1) and variability (Part 2) of the lower troposphere including circulation, MBL characteristics and the upsidence wave. Along 20° S the MBL is generally deeper offshore (1600 m at 85° W) but there is also considerable variability. MBL depth and variability decrease towards the coast and maximum inversion strength is detected between 74–76° W. Southeasterly trades prevail within the MBL although the wind speed decreases toward the coast. Above the MBL along the coast of Chile, flow is northerly, has a maximum at 3 km, and extends westward to ~74° W, apparently due to the mechanical blocking exerted by the Andes upon the westerly flow aloft. Mean MBL features along northern Chile (18–25° S) are remarkably similar (e.g., MBL depth just below 1 km) in spite of different SST. Observed diurnal cycles of the temperature at the coast and further offshore exhibit a number of conspicuous features that are consistent with the southwestward propagation of an upsidence wave initiated during late evening along the south Peru coast. Furthermore, the passage of the vertical motion results in either constructive or deconstructive interference with the radiatively-forced diurnal cycle of MBL depth.
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Yang, M., B. J. Huebert, B. W. Blomquist, S. G. Howell, L. M. Shank, C. S. McNaughton, A. D. Clarke, et al. "Atmospheric sulfur cycling in the southeastern Pacific – longitudinal distribution, vertical profile, and diel variability observed during VOCALS-REx." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, no. 10 (May 31, 2011): 5079–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-5079-2011.
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Abstract. Dimethylsulfide (DMS) emitted from the ocean is a biogenic precursor gas for sulfur dioxide (SO2) and non-sea-salt sulfate aerosols (SO42−). During the VAMOS-Ocean-Cloud-Atmosphere-Land Study Regional Experiment (VOCALS-REx) in 2008, multiple instrumented platforms were deployed in the Southeastern Pacific (SEP) off the coast of Chile and Peru to study the linkage between aerosols and stratocumulus clouds. We present here observations from the NOAA Ship Ronald H. Brown and the NSF/NCAR C-130 aircraft along ~20° S from the coast (70° W) to a remote marine atmosphere (85° W). While SO42− and SO2 concentrations were distinctly elevated above background levels in the coastal marine boundary layer (MBL) due to anthropogenic influence (~800 and 80 pptv, respectively), their concentrations rapidly decreased west of 78° W (~100 and 25 pptv). In the remote region, entrainment from the free troposphere (FT) increased MBL SO2 burden at a rate of 0.05 ± 0.02 μmoles m−2 day−1 and diluted MBL SO42 burden at a rate of 0.5 ± 0.3 μmoles m−2 day−1, while the sea-to-air DMS flux (3.8 ± 0.4 μmoles m−2 day−1) remained the predominant source of sulfur mass to the MBL. In-cloud oxidation was found to be the most important mechanism for SO2 removal and in situ SO42− production. Surface SO42− concentration in the remote MBL displayed pronounced diel variability, increasing rapidly in the first few hours after sunset and decaying for the rest of the day. We theorize that the increase in SO42− was due to nighttime recoupling of the MBL that mixed down cloud-processed air, while decoupling and sporadic precipitation scavenging were responsible for the daytime decline in SO42−.
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Jalmo, Tri, and Tri Suwandi. "BIOLOGY EDUCATION STUDENTS’ MENTAL MODELS ON GENETIC CONCEPTS." Journal of Baltic Science Education 17, no. 3 (June 25, 2018): 474–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/jbse/18.17.474.
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This research aims to explore the concept of mental model of students about genetic concepts through drawing-writing test. The participants were 85 students of Biology Education at University of Lampung, which has taken genetics course. Mental model of students was categorized into five levels (levels 1-5) based on coding framework which was adapted from Kose (2008) and Saka et al. (2006). The results showed that the most dominant mental models found in each concept through drawing-writing test (D/W) respectively were D3/W3 (drawings with misconceptions/partial understanding with alternative conceptions) on the concept of "genetic materials", D2/W2 (non-representational drawings/alternative conceptions) on the concept of "heredity", D2/W3 (non-representational drawings/partial understanding with alternative conceptions) on the concept of "gene expression", D2/W3 (non-representational drawings/partial understanding with alternative conceptions) on the concept of "gene regulation in metabolic processes", and D1/W2 (no understanding/alternative conception) on the concept of "gene regulation of the growth and development of an organisms". The results indicated that drawing-writing test can be used in probing the learning difficulties and misconseption on genetics. Keywords: drawing-writing test, genetic concepts, mental models.
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Yang, M., B. J. Huebert, B. W. Blomquist, S. G. Howell, L. M. Shank, C. S. McNaughton, A. D. Clarke, et al. "Atmospheric sulfur cycling in the Southeastern Pacific – longitudinal distribution, vertical profile, and diel variability observed during VOCALS-REx." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, no. 1 (January 24, 2011): 2873–929. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-2873-2011.
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Abstract. Dimethylsulfide (DMS) emitted from the ocean is a biogenic precursor gas for sulfur dioxide (SO2) and non-sea-salt sulfate aerosols (SO42). During the VAMOS-Ocean-Cloud-Atmosphere-Land Study Regional Experiment (VOCALS-REx) in 2008, multiple instrumented platforms were deployed in the Southeastern Pacific (SEP) off the coast of Chile and Peru to study the linkage between aerosols and stratocumulus clouds. We present here observations from the NOAA Ship Ronald H. Brown and the NSF/NCAR C-130 aircraft along ~20° S from the coast (70° W) to a remote marine region (85° W). While SO42− and SO2 concentrations were distinctly elevated above background levels in the coastal marine boundary layer (MBL) due to anthropogenic influence (~800 and 80 pptv, respectively), their concentrations rapidly decreased offshore (~100and 25 pptv). Compared to the "mass" entrainment fluxes of SO42− and SO2 from the free troposphere (0.5 ± 0.3 and 0.3 ± 0.2 μmoles m−2 day−1), the sea-to-air DMS flux (3.8 ± 0.1 μmoles m−2 day−1) remained the predominant source of sulfur mass to the MBL. In-cloud oxidation was found to be the most important mechanism for SO2 removal and in situ SO42− production. Surface SO42− loading in the remote region displayed pronounced diel variability, increasing rapidly in the first few hours after sunset and then decaying for the rest of the time. We theorize that the increase in SO42− was due to nighttime recoupling of the MBL that mixed down cloud-processed air, while decoupling and sporadic precipitation scavenging were responsible for the daytime decline in SO42−.
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Gacparska, Marta, Mariusz Panczyk, and Iwona Traczyk. "European Food Safety Authority as the source of information on food and nutrition." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, no. 122 (July 16, 2018): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/eiogz.2018.122.17.
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Europejski Urząd ds. Bezpieczeństwa Żywności (EFSA) został stworzony przez Unię Europejską. Jego działalność jest niezależna od europejskich instytucji prawodawczych i wykonawczych (Komisji, Rady, Parlamentu) i państw członkowskich UE. Urząd został założony w 2002 r., aby stanowić źródło doradztwa naukowego i komunikacji w zakresie ryzyka związanego z łańcuchem żywnościowym. Europejski Urząd ds. Bezpieczeństwa Żywności jest odpowiedzialny za ocenę ryzyka, a także ma obowiązek przekazywania swoich wyników badań naukowych do informacji publicznej. Wydaje opinie i porady naukowe, które stanowią podstawę europejskich polityk i prawodawstwa. Odgrywa również ważną rolę w gromadzeniu i analizowaniu danych, aby zapewnić, że europejska ocena ryzyka jest wspierana przez najbardziej wszechstronne, dostępne informacje naukowe. W związku z powyższym EFSA stanowi bogate źródło informacji dla obecnych i przyszłych specjalistów zdrowia publicznego oraz żywieniowców. Od 29 stycznia 2008 r., gdy został ustanowiony polski punkt koordynacyjny EFSA z siedzibą Warszawie, przekaz EFSA stał się potencjalnie bardziej osiągalny dla polskich konsumentów i przedsiębiorców. Celem badania była analiza wiedzy studentów (kierunków: zdrowie publiczne, dietetyka, żywienie człowieka i pokrewnych związanych z żywieniem człowieka) na temat celu i zakresu działalności EFSA oraz jego oceny jako potencjalnego źródła informacji. Badanie przeprowadzono z użyciem metody CAWI w okresie od czerwca do listopada 2017 r. w grupie studentów zdrowia publicznego (67 osób) i kierunków związanych z żywieniem (137 osób). W okresie badania 85% studentów zdrowia publicznego i 82% studentów kierunków związanych z żywieniem nie pracowało. Większość studentów zdrowia publicznego była na czwartym roku studiów. Nieco młodsi byli studenci kierunków związanych z żywieniem, wśród których przeważały osoby z trzeciego roku studiów. Wyniki badania przeanalizowane na podstawie konfi guracyjnej analizy częstotliwości wskazują, że 41% studentów zdrowia publicznego i 11% studentów kierunków związanych z żywieniem człowieka nie znało pojęcia EFSA. Niezależnie od kierunku większość studentów twierdziła, że nie była zachęcana przez swoją uczelnię do korzystania z zasobów informacyjnych EFSA. Tylko 4% studentów zdrowia publicznego i 38% studentów kierunków związanych z żywieniem człowieka przynajmniej raz korzystało z informacji publikowanych przez EFSA. Głównymi przyczynami niekorzystania z zasobów EFSA, zidentyfikowanymi wśród badanych respondentów, były brak wiedzy o urzędzie oraz niemożność korzystania z jego zasobów (według 62% badanych). Większą wiedzę o EFSA deklarowali studenci kierunków związanych z żywieniem człowieka. Częściej znali zakres działalności EFSA, byli zachęcani do korzystania z jego opracowań, wyrażali zainteresowanie śledzeniem polskiego fanpage urzędu. Wiedza studentów na temat EFSA oraz możliwości wykorzystania jego zasobów jest niewystarczająca. Zasadne jest włączenie do program nauczania na kierunku zdrowie publiczne i kierunkach pokrewnych z żywieniem człowieka zagadnień związanych z EFSA, aby lepiej zapoznać studentów z zasobami tego urzędu i wskazać im narzędzia i możliwości oferowane im w życiu akademickim i zawodowym.
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Latteck, R., W. Singer, R. J. Morris, W. K. Hocking, D. J. Murphy, D. A. Holdsworth, and N. Swarnalingam. "Similarities and differences in polar mesosphere summer echoes observed in the Arctic and Antarctica." Annales Geophysicae 26, no. 9 (September 18, 2008): 2795–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-26-2795-2008.
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Abstract. Polar Mesosphere Summer Echoes (PMSE) have been observed in the high latitudes of the Northern and Southern Hemisphere for several years using VHF radars located at Andenes/Norway (69° N, 16° E), Resolute Bay/Canada (75° N, 95° W), and Davis/Antarctica (69° S, 78° E). The VHF radars at the three sites were calibrated using the same methods (noise source and delayed transmitting signal) and identical equipment. Volume reflectivity was derived from the calibrated echo power and the characteristics of the seasonal variation of PMSE were estimated at the sites for the years 2004 to 2007. The largest peak volume reflectivity of about 2×10−9 m−1 was observed at Andenes compared with their counterparts at Davis (~4×10−11 m−1) and Resolute Bay (~6×10−12 m−1). The peak of the PMSE height distribution is 85.6 km at Davis which is about 1 km higher than at Andenes. At Resolute Bay the height distribution peaks at about 85 km but only a few layers were found below 84 km. The mean PMSE occurrence rate is 83% at Andenes, 38% at Davis with larger variability and only 18% at Resolute Bay (in late summer). The duration of the PMSE season varies at Andenes from 104 to 113 days and at Davis from 88 to 93 days. In general the PMSE seasons starts about 5 days later at Davis and ends about 10 days earlier compared to Andenes. In all three seasons the PMSE occurrence suddenly drops to a much lower level at Davis about 32 days after solstice whereas the PMSE season decays smoothly at Andenes. The duration of the PMSE season at Andenes and Davis is highly correlated with the presence of equatorward directed winds, the observed differences in PMSE occurrence are related to the mesospheric temperatures at both sites.
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Petzold, A., J. Hasselbach, P. Lauer, R. Baumann, K. Franke, C. Gurk, H. Schlager, and E. Weingartner. "Experimental studies on particle emissions from cruising ship, their characteristic properties, transformation and atmospheric lifetime in the marine boundary layer." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, no. 9 (May 6, 2008): 2387–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-2387-2008.
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Abstract. Particle emissions from ship engines and their atmospheric transformation in the marine boundary layer (MBL) were investigated in engine test bed studies and in airborne measurements of expanding ship plumes. During the test rig studies, detailed aerosol microphysical and chemical properties were measured in the exhaust gas of a serial MAN B&W seven-cylinder four-stroke marine diesel engine under various load conditions. The emission studies were complemented by airborne aerosol transformation studies in the plume of a large container ship in the English Channel using the DLR aircraft Falcon 20 E-5. Observations from emission studies and plume studies combined with a Gaussian plume dispersion model yield a consistent picture of particle transformation processes from emission to atmospheric processing during plume expansion. Particulate matter emission indices obtained from plume measurements are 8.8±1.0×1015(kg fuel)−1 by number for non-volatile particles and 174±43 mg (kg fuel)−1 by mass for Black Carbon (BC). Values determined for test rig conditions between 85 and 110% engine load are of similar magnitude. For the total particle number including volatile compounds no emission index can be derived since the volatile aerosol fraction is subject to rapid transformation processes in the plume. Ship exhaust particles occur in the size range Dp<0.3 μm, showing a bi-modal structure. The combustion particle mode is centred at modal diameters of 0.05 μm for raw emissions to 0.10 μm at a plume age of 1 h. The smaller-sized volatile particle mode is centred at Dp≤0.02 μm. From the decay of ship exhaust particle number concentrations in an expanding plume, a maximum plume life time of approx. 24 h is estimated for a well-mixed marine boundary layer.
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Schmale, J., J. Schneider, G. Ancellet, B. Quennehen, A. Stohl, H. Sodemann, J. Burkhart, et al. "Source identification and airborne chemical characterisation of aerosol pollution from long-range transport over Greenland during POLARCAT summer campaign 2008." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, no. 3 (March 4, 2011): 7593–658. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-7593-2011.
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Abstract. We deployed an aerosol mass spectrometer during the POLARCAT (Polar Study using Aircraft, Remote Sensing, Surface Measurements and Models, of Climate, Chemistry, Aerosols, and Transport) summer campaign in Greenland in June/July 2008 on the research aircraft ATR-42. Online size resolved chemical composition data of submicron aerosol were collected up to 7.6 km altitude in the region 60 to 71° N and 40 to 60° W. Biomass burning (BB) and fossil fuel combustion (FF) plumes originating from North America, Asia, Siberia and Europe were sampled. Transport pathways of detected plumes included advection below 700 hPa, air mass uplifting in warm conveyor belts, and high altitude transport in the upper troposphere. By means of the Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART, trace gas analysis of O3 and CO, particle size distributions and aerosol chemical composition 48 pollution events were identified and classified into five chemically distinct categories. Aerosol from North American BB consisted of 22% particulate sulphate, while with increasing anthropogenic and Asian influence aerosol was composed of up to 37% sulphate category mean value. Overall, it was found that the organic matter fraction was larger (85%) in pollution plumes than for background conditions (71%). Despite different source regions and emission types the particle oxygen to carbon ratio of all plume classes was around 1 indicating low-volatile highly oxygenated aerosol. Also the volume size distributions were rather similar for all sampled plume categories. This can be explained by the relatively long transport times of roughly one week from North America and two weeks from Asia/Siberia. The derived aerosol lifetime for North American emissions was about 9 ± 2 days.
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Chavan, S. B., R. S. Dhillon, Chhavi Sirohi, A. Keerthika, Sushil Kumari, K. K. Bharadwaj, Dinesh Jinger, et al. "Enhancing Farm Income through Boundary Plantation of Poplar (Populus deltoides): An Economic Analysis." Sustainability 14, no. 14 (July 15, 2022): 8663. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14148663.
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Poplar is popular among farmers and planted widely in the form of block and boundary systems. The preferences of farmers are shifting much more towards bund plantations due to their smaller yield reductions and can take up kharif and rabi crops till rotation. As for boundary plantations, farmers tend to grow trees in any direction without concern for yield reduction or profitability. Against this background, an experiment was designed by planting poplar at 2 m intervals in East–West (E–W) and North–South (N–S) directions during 2008 to determine the production potential and economic viability of boundary plantations and their effect on sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) crop rotations till harvesting of the trees. The experiment comprised three variables: stand age (years); four aspects (northern and southern E–W rows, eastern and western N–S rows; these four aspects are considered by dividing the tree lines); and six distances from tree the lines (0–3, 3–6, 6–9, 9–12, 12–15, 15–18 m and a control). A split-split plot design with three replicates was used. A significant reduction of fodder biomass of sorghum and wheat yield was observed up to 9 m distant from the tree line: the reduction was 10 to 60% for the kharif season and 7.2 to 29.5% for rabi crops from the second year to eight years after planting, respectively. Interestingly, the poplar boundary plantation had a favorable microclimatic effect from 9 to 15 m distance from the tree line, which increased crop yields compared with the control. The total dry wood production of poplar in the E–W direction (166.99 mg ha−1) was almost two times more than production for the N–S direction (82.62 mg ha−1) at 8 years of rotation. The economic analysis of this study concluded that an E–W boundary plantation of poplars exhibited the maximum net returns of INR 549,367 ha−1, a net present value of INR 222,951 ha−1, a BC ratio of 1:1.65, an IRR of 85% and an LEV of INR 1,220,337 ha−1. Therefore, it is concluded that the intercropping of a sorghum-wheat crop rotation in E–W boundary plantations was more beneficial for enhancing farm income over traditional agriculture in north India.
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Lathem, T. L., A. J. Beyersdorf, K. L. Thornhill, E. L. Winstead, M. J. Cubison, A. Hecobian, J. L. Jimenez, R. J. Weber, B. E. Anderson, and A. Nenes. "Analysis of CCN activity of Arctic aerosol and Canadian biomass burning during summer 2008." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 12, no. 9 (September 20, 2012): 24677–733. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-24677-2012.
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Abstract. The NASA DC-8 aircraft characterized the aerosol properties, chemical composition, and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations of the summertime Arctic during the 2008 NASA Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS) campaign. Air masses characteristic of fresh and aged biomass burning, boreal forest, Arctic background, and anthropogenic industrial pollution were sampled. Observations were spatially extensive (50–85° N and 40–130° W) and exhibit significant variability in aerosol and CCN concentrations. The chemical composition was dominated by highly oxidized organics (66–94% by volume), more than half of which was water-soluble. The aerosol hygroscopicity parameter, κ, ranged between κ = 0.1–0.32 for all air mass types. Industrial pollution had the lowest κ of 0.08 ± 0.01, while the Arctic background had the highest and most variable κ of 0.32 ± 0.21, resulting from a lower and more variable organic fraction. Both fresh and aged (long-range transported) biomass burning air masses exhibited remarkably similar κ (0.18 ± 0.13), consistent with observed rapid chemical and physical aging of smoke emissions in the atmosphere, even in the vicinity of fresh fires. The organic hygroscopicity (κorg) was parameterized by the volume fraction of water-soluble organic matter (&varepsilon;WSOM), with a κ = 0.12, such that κorg = 0.12&varepsilon;WSOM. Assuming bulk (size-independent) composition and including the κorg parameterization enabled CCN predictions to within 30% accuracy for nearly all environments sampled. The only exception was for industrial pollution from Canadian oil sands exploration, where an external mixture and size-dependent composition was required. Aerosol mixing state assumptions (internal vs. external) in all other environments did not significantly affect CCN predictions; however, the external mixing assumption provided the best results, even though the available observations could not determine the true degree of external mixing. No correlation was observed between κorg and O : C. A novel correction of the CCN instrument supersaturation for water vapor depletion, resulting from high concentrations of CCN, was also employed. This correction was especially important for fresh biomass burning plumes where concentrations exceeded 1.5 × 104 cm−3 and introduced supersaturation depletions of &geq;25%. Not accounting for supersaturation depletion in these high concentration environments would therefore bias CCN closure and inferred κ by up to 50%.
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Lathem, T. L., A. J. Beyersdorf, K. L. Thornhill, E. L. Winstead, M. J. Cubison, A. Hecobian, J. L. Jimenez, R. J. Weber, B. E. Anderson, and A. Nenes. "Analysis of CCN activity of Arctic aerosol and Canadian biomass burning during summer 2008." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, no. 5 (March 8, 2013): 2735–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-2735-2013.
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Abstract. The NASA DC-8 aircraft characterized the aerosol properties, chemical composition, and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations of the summertime Arctic during the 2008 NASA Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS) campaign. Air masses characteristic of fresh and aged biomass burning, boreal forest, Arctic background, and anthropogenic industrial pollution were sampled. Observations were spatially extensive (50–85° N and 40–130° W) and exhibit significant variability in aerosol and CCN concentrations. The chemical composition was dominated by highly oxidized organics (66–94% by volume), with a water-soluble mass fraction of more than 50%. The aerosol hygroscopicity parameter, κ, ranged between κ = 0.08–0.32 for all air mass types. Industrial pollution had the lowest κ of 0.08 ± 0.01, while the Arctic background had the highest and most variable κ of 0.32 ± 0.21, resulting from a lower and more variable organic fraction. Both fresh and aged (long-range transported) biomass burning air masses exhibited remarkably similar κ (0.18 ± 0.13), consistent with observed rapid chemical and physical aging of smoke emissions in the atmosphere, even in the vicinity of fresh fires. The organic hygroscopicity (κorg) was parameterized by the volume fraction of water-soluble organic matter (εWSOM), with a κ = 0.12, such that κorg = 0.12εWSOM. Assuming bulk (size-independent) composition and including the κorg parameterization enabled CCN predictions to within 30% accuracy for nearly all environments sampled. The only exception was for industrial pollution from Canadian oil sands exploration, where an external mixture and size-dependent composition was required. Aerosol mixing state assumptions (internal vs. external) in all other environments did not significantly affect CCN predictions; however, the external mixing assumption provided the best results, even though the available observations could not determine the true degree of external mixing and therefore may not always be representative of the environments sampled. No correlation was observed between κorg and O : C. A novel correction of the CCN instrument supersaturation for water vapor depletion, resulting from high concentrations of CCN, was also employed. This correction was especially important for fresh biomass burning plumes where concentrations exceeded 1.5×104 cm−3 and introduced supersaturation depletions of &geq;25%. Not accounting for supersaturation depletion in these high concentration environments would therefore bias CCN closure up to 25% and inferred κ by up to 50%.
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LaMondia, J. A., D. W. Li, and C. R. Vossbrinck. "First Report of Blight of Common Bean Caused by Phytophthora capsici in Connecticut." Plant Disease 94, no. 1 (January 2010): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-94-1-0134b.
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Phytophthora capsici Leonion was first identified on pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and is widespread on solanaceous and cucurbitaceous crops. It was first documented on Phaseolus lunatus L. in Delaware in 2002 (1), followed by reports on snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Michigan in 2003 (2), and on Long Island, NY in 2008 ( http://vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu/ NewsArticles/Bean_phytoJune09.html ). In 2009, we observed snap and wax beans in commercial production with water-soaked lesions on foliage, stems, and pods. Twelve to sixteen hectares were affected in the flood plain of the Connecticut River in central Connecticut. Weather conditions had been warm and very wet. Lesions displayed white mycelia and sporangia. P. capsici was isolated from surface-sterilized tissue on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and malt extract agar. Hyphal tips were subcultured onto V8 media for further analysis. To confirm Koch's postulates, two isolates were tested for pathogenicity against bean (cv. Valentino) and pepper (cv. Cayenne) by placing colonized PDA plugs or PDA alone next to the crown or in stem branches. Symptoms similar to those observed in the field on bean and pepper developed on inoculated plants and the pathogen was reisolated. Controls did not develop disease. Sporangia of P. capsici growing on V8 medium were ellipsoid, ovoid, pyriform, but occasionally irregular, papillate, and 54.0 ± 5.7 × 31.1 ± 4.7 μm (n = 31) with a length/width (L/W) ratio of 1.8 ± 0.3. The papillae were 5.4 ± 0.9 μm (n = 31) and the pedicels were 24.5 ± 12.6 × 3.0 ± 1.0 μm. Sporangia collected from bean plants were smaller with longer pedicels; the sporangia were 44.9 ± 9.1 × 26.0 ± 2.8 μm with a L/W ratio of 1.7 ± 0.2; papillae were 4.6 ± 1.0 μm; and the pedicels were 49 ± 20.0 × 2.8 ± 0.9 μm (n = 20). To confirm the identity of our isolate genetically, DNA was extracted from one P. capsici isolate and the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified and sequenced (GenBank Accession No. GU011684). The ITS sequence was identical to sequences of P. capsisci in GenBank and confirmed our identification of this new isolate as P. capsici. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. capsici infecting Phaseolus vulgaris in Connecticut and New England. References: (1) C. R. Davidson et al. Plant Dis. 85:886, 2002. (2) A. J. Gevens et al. Plant Dis. 92:201, 2008.
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Painemal, D., and P. Zuidema. "Synoptically-induced variability in the microphysical properties of the South East Pacific stratocumulus deck." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, no. 6 (November 27, 2009): 25523–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-25523-2009.
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Abstract. Synoptic variations associated with changes in satellite-derived cloud droplet number concentrations (Nd) for the southeast Pacific stratocumulus deck were examined using a composite analysis applied to daily values from the five October months of 2001, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008. MAX and MIN Nd composites were defined by the top and bottom terciles of daily area-mean Nd values over the Arica Bight, the region with the largest mean oceanic Nd. Nd and ship-based accumulation mode aerosol concentrations (Na) correlate well (r=0.65), with a best-fit aerosol activation value dln Nddln Na of 0.53 for pixels with Nd>50 cm−3. The adiabatically-derived MODIS cloud depths also correlate well with the ship-based cloud depths (r=0.7), though are consistently higher (mean bias of almost 60 m). The MAX-Nd composite is characterized by a weaker subtropical anticyclone and weaker winds both at the surface and the lower free troposphere than the MIN-Nd composite. The MAX-Nd composite clouds over the Arica Bight are thinner than the MIN-Nd composite clouds, have lower cloud tops, and occur within warmer, drier free tropospheres (as deduced from radiosondes) that imply greater coastal subsidence. The cloud thinning compensates radiatively for increased reflectance from increases in Nd, most apparent near the coast. CloudSat radar reflectivities do not imply significant aerosol scavenging by precipitation near the coast, indicating that variability in wind transport contributes to the aerosol variability. The co-occurrence of more boundary-layer aerosol/higher Nd within a more stable atmosphere suggests a boundary layer source for the aerosol, rather than the free troposphere. Along 85° W, the top-of-atmosphere shortwave fluxes are significantly higher (~50%) for the MAX-Nd composite than for the MIN-Nd composite, with thicker clouds and higher cloud fractions. The change in Nd at this location is small (though positive), so that the composite difference primarily reflects synoptic changes. A one-point spatial correlation map reveals anomalous northerly winds at 850 hPa account for an anomalous warm temperature advection. The increase in the static stability along 85° W is highly correlated to the increased cloud fraction, despite accompanying weaker free tropospheric subsidence. This synoptic impact on offshore cloud properties is arguably our most radiatively important finding, and draws attention to the free tropospheric meridional flow as a meteorological control.
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Roth, Jennifer E., Nadav Nur, Pete Warzybok, and William J. Sydeman. "Annual prey consumption of a dominant seabird, the common murre, in the California Current system." ICES Journal of Marine Science 65, no. 6 (May 20, 2008): 1046–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsn077.
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Abstract Roth, J. E., Nur, N., Warzybok, P., and Sydeman, W. J. 2008. Annual prey consumption of a dominant seabird, the common murre, in the California Current system. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 1046–1056. Information compiled from the literature on population size, diet composition, field metabolic rate, prey energy densities, and assimilation efficiency is used to estimate annual prey consumption by common murres (Uria aalge), between Cape Blanco, OR, and Point Conception, CA, USA. The population consumed an estimated 172 313 t of prey based on population estimates and diet data from the mid- to the late 1980s, including 50 125 t consumed by breeding adults, 36 940 t by non-breeding birds during the breeding season, 85 098 t by all birds during the wintering period, and 150 t by dependent chicks before their leaving the breeding colonies. The population in the mid-2000s consumed 225 235 t of prey based on population estimates from 2004, including 65 516 t consumed by breeding adults, 48 283 t by non-breeding birds during the breeding season, 111 226 t by all birds during the wintering period, and 210 t by chicks at breeding colonies. Monte Carlo simulations indicated that the coefficients of variation around our overall prey consumption estimates were ±14.4% for the 1980s and ±13.2% for the 2000s.
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Nishijima, K. A., M. M. Wall, L. C. Chang, Y. Wei, and D. K. W. Wong. "First Report of Association of Mucor circinelloides on Noni (Morinda citrifolia) in Hawaii." Plant Disease 95, no. 3 (March 2011): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-11-10-0815.
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Noni (Morinda citrifolia) is a popular medicinal plant found in tropical or subtropical regions of the world. The fruit and juice extracts have properties that are reportedly therapeutic for diabetes, high blood pressure, and certain types of cancer (1,4). In our studies on noni juice produced from fruit collected from the Kohala and Puna districts of the island of Hawaii from 2008 to 2010, Mucor circinelloides f. sp. circinelloides was isolated from 85% of 157 juice samples and observed with up to 75% incidence on fruit surfaces during fermentation processing in glass jars. Fungal growth, appearing 14 to 21 days in storage at 22°C, was pale yellow to tan brown and was associated with wounded surfaces. Single-spore strains, KN 06-2 (2006; ripe fruit puree) and KN 08-08 (2008; fermented juice; CBS 124110), identified by Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures by molecular methods were 97.3% similar in internal transcribed spacer sequence to the type strain (CBS 195.68). M. circinelloides f. sp. circinelloides strains (KN 08-08, KN 09-06, or KN 10-02) (2008 to 2010; fermented juice) were inoculated by pipetting an aliquot of 100 μl of fungus strain spore suspension (1 × 105 to 1.33 × 106 spores/ml) onto firm, yellow maturity noni fruit that were washed, surface disinfected, and either wounded (surface cuts) or nonwounded. Controls consisted of no inoculation and sterile distilled water (SDW) inoculation treatments. Ten to twenty each of wounded and nonwounded fruit comprised each inoculation treatment. Fruit were incubated in acrylic bins with a layer of distilled water at the bottom, and sealed with snap-on lids. The bins were incubated on a lab bench at 22 to 23°C under fluorescent lights. Fruits were evaluated for presence of fungal growth and severity of symptoms. To determine viability of spores on inoculated fruit without symptoms, surfaces were swabbed with sterile cotton swabs dipped in SDW, streaked on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates, and incubated at 22°C under fluorescent lights. The inoculation experiment was conducted twice. Nonwounded fruit inoculated with M. circinelloides f. sp. circinelloides strains did not result in infections (KN 09-06 and KN 10-02) or produced slight mycelial growth (0 to 20%; KN 08-08). Wounded fruit inoculated with any of the three strains resulted in 85 to 100% infection of moderate severity. There were no infections in noninoculated or SDW treatments of nonwounded or wounded fruit. Koch's postulates were fulfilled with the reisolation of M. circinelloides f. sp. circinelloides from selected fruit exhibiting soft tissue, discoloration, and sporulating yellowish green mycelial growth. Swab washes from asymptomatic surfaces of inoculated nonwounded fruit resulted in the growth of M. circinelloides f. sp. circinelloides on PDA, proving viability of the spores and confirmed that the fungus is primarily pathogenic only on wounded fruit surfaces. To our knowledge, this is the first report of M. circinelloides as a wound pathogen of noni fruit. The quality of fermented noni juice may be affected by the presence of M. circinelloides f. sp. circinelloides but can be remedied by pasteurization that does not affect antitumor properties (unpublished data). This fungus is also a reported pathogen of mango (2) and peach (3). References: (1) J. Li et al. Oncol. Rep. 20:1505, 2008. (2) K. Pernezny and G. W. Simone. Phytopathol. News 34:25, 2000. (3) C. Restuccia et al. J. Food Prot. 69:2465, 2006. (4) M. Y. Wang et al. Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 23:1127, 2002.
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Houssos, E. E., C. J. Lolis, and A. Bartzokas. "Atmospheric circulation patterns associated with extreme precipitation amounts in Greece." Advances in Geosciences 17 (June 20, 2008): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-17-5-2008.
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Abstract. The main synoptic conditions associated with extreme precipitation amounts in Greece are examined by using a multivariate statistical methodology comprising S-mode Factor Analysis and k-means Cluster Analysis. The following data were used : i) daily precipitation amounts (measured at 06:00 UTC) for the meteorological stations of Hellenikon (Athens), Thessaloniki (northern Greece) and Ioannina (western Greece) and ii) daily (18:00 UTC) 2.5×2.5 grid point values of 500 hPa geopotential height, mean sea-level pressure and 1000–500 hPa thickness at 273 grid points over Europe (10 W to 40 E and 30 N to 60 N), for the period 1970–2002. The dates corresponding to the upper 5% of the frequency distribution of precipitation are selected for each one of the three stations. In total, 369 dates are used, some of them being common among the three stations. The corresponding 369×273 data matrices of 500 hPa geopotential height, mean sea-level pressure and 1000–500 hPa thickness are constructed. The rows refer to the 369 extreme precipitation cases and the columns refer to the 273 grid points. The three matrices are unified into one 369×819 matrix. In order to reduce the dimensionality of the data set, S-mode Factor Analysis is applied to the unified matrix, revealing 7 factors accounting for 85% of the total variance. Finally, k-means Cluster Analysis is applied to the factor scores matrix, classifying the 369 cases into 9 clusters. For each one of the 9 clusters, the mean 18:00 UTC patterns of the above parameters are constructed and presented. These patterns correspond to the main distinct atmospheric circulation structures favoring extreme precipitation amounts in Greece. Most of the patterns are characterized by enhanced cyclonic activity over or near the Greek area. The differences among the 9 circulation structures refer mainly to the position and the intensity of the surface and the upper air synoptic systems involved. Some of the 9 synoptic conditions favor extreme precipitation amounts mainly at one or two of the three stations while some others equally affect the three stations.
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Schmale, J., J. Schneider, G. Ancellet, B. Quennehen, A. Stohl, H. Sodemann, J. F. Burkhart, et al. "Source identification and airborne chemical characterisation of aerosol pollution from long-range transport over Greenland during POLARCAT summer campaign 2008." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, no. 19 (October 6, 2011): 10097–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-10097-2011.
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Abstract. We deployed an aerosol mass spectrometer during the POLARCAT (Polar Study using Aircraft, Remote Sensing, Surface Measurements and Models, of Climate, Chemistry, Aerosols, and Transport) summer campaign in Greenland in June/July 2008 on the research aircraft ATR-42. Online size resolved chemical composition data of submicron aerosol were collected up to 7.6 km altitude in the region 60 to 71° N and 40 to 60° W. Biomass burning (BB) and fossil fuel combustion (FF) plumes originating from North America, Asia, Siberia and Europe were sampled. Transport pathways of detected plumes included advection below 700 hPa, air mass uplifting in warm conveyor belts, and high altitude transport in the upper troposphere. By means of the Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART, trace gas analysis of O3 and CO, particle size distributions and aerosol chemical composition 48 pollution events were identified and classified into five chemically distinct categories. Aerosol from North American BB consisted of 22% particulate sulphate, while with increasing anthropogenic and Asian influence aerosol in Asian FF dominated plumes was composed of up to 37% sulphate category mean value. Overall, it was found that the organic matter fraction was larger (85%) in pollution plumes than for background conditions (71%). Despite different source regions and emission types the particle oxygen to carbon ratio of all plume classes was around 1 indicating low-volatility highly oxygenated aerosol. The volume size distribution of out-of-plume aerosol showed markedly smaller modes than all other distributions with two Aitken mode diameters of 24 and 43 nm and a geometric standard deviation σg of 1.12 and 1.22, respectively, while another very broad mode was found at 490 nm (σg = 2.35). Nearly pure BB particles from North America exhibited an Aitken mode at 66 nm (σg = 1.46) and an accumulation mode diameter of 392 nm (σg = 1.76). An aerosol lifetime, including all processes from emission to detection, in the range between 7 and 11 days was derived for North American emissions.
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Allen, G., H. Coe, A. Clarke, C. Bretherton, R. Wood, S. J. Abel, P. Barrett, et al. "Southeast Pacific atmospheric composition and variability sampled along 20° S during VOCALS-REx." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, no. 1 (January 10, 2011): 681–744. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-681-2011.
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Abstract. The VAMOS Ocean-Climate-Atmosphere-Land Regional Experiment (VOCALS-REx) was conducted from 15 October to 15 November 2008 in the South East Pacific region to investigate interactions between land, sea and atmosphere in this unique tropical eastern ocean environment and to improve the skill of global and regional models in representing the region. This study synthesises selected aircraft, ship and surface site observations from VOCALS-REx to statistically summarise and characterise the atmospheric composition and variability of the Marine Boundary Layer (MBL) and Free Troposphere (FT) along the 20° S parallel between 70° W and 85° W. Significant zonal gradients in mean MBL sub-micron aerosol particle size and composition, carbon monoxide, ozone and sulphur dioxide were seen over the campaign, with a generally more variable and polluted coastal environment and a less variable, more pristine remote maritime regime. Gradients are observed to be associated with strong gradients in cloud droplet number. The FT is often more polluted in terms of trace gases than the MBL in the mean; however increased variability in the FT composition suggests an episodic nature to elevated concentrations. This is consistent with a complex vertical interleaving of airmasses with diverse sources and hence pollutant concentrations as seen by generalised back trajectory analysis, which suggests contributions from both local and long-range sources. Furthermore, back trajectory analysis demonstrates that the observed zonal gradients both in the boundary layer and the free troposphere are characteristic of marked changes in airmass history with distance offshore – coastal boundary layer airmasses having been in recent contact with the local land surface and remote maritime airmasses having resided over ocean for in excess of ten days. Boundary layer composition to the east of 75° W was observed to be dominated by coastal emissions from sources to the west of the Andes, with evidence for diurnal pumping of the Andean boundary layer above the height of the marine capping inversion. The climatology presented here aims to provide a valuable dataset to inform model simulation and future process studies, particularly in the context of aerosol-cloud interaction and further evaluation of dynamical processes in the SEP region for conditions analogous to those during VOCALS-REx.
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Rahn, D. A., and R. Garreaud. "Marine boundary layer over the subtropical southeast Pacific during VOCALS-REx – Part 1: Mean structure and diurnal cycle." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 10 (May 18, 2010): 4491–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-4491-2010.
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Abstract. Atmospheric subsidence over the subtropical southeast Pacific (SEP) leads to a low-level anticyclonic circulation, a cool sea surface and a cloud-topped marine boundary layer (MBL). Observations in this region from a major field campaign during October and November 2008, the VOCALS Regional Experiment, provide ample data to characterize the lower atmospheric features over the SEP. The observations are also useful to test the ability of an area-limited, high-resolution atmospheric model to simulate the SEP conditions. Observations and model-results (where appropriate) improve the characterization of the mean state (Part 1) and variability (Part 2) of the lower troposphere including circulation, MBL characteristics and the upsidence wave. Along 20° S the MBL is generally deeper offshore (1600 m at 85° W) but there is also considerable variability. MBL depth and variability decrease towards the coast and maximum inversion strength is detected between 74–76° W. Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) simulations underestimate MBL height the most near the coast but improve offshore. Southeasterly trades prevail within the MBL although the wind speed decreases toward the coast. Above the MBL along the coast of Chile, flow is northerly, has a maximum at 3 km, and extends westward to ~74° W, apparently due to the mechanical blocking exerted by the Andes upon the westerly flow aloft. Mean MBL features along northern Chile (18–25° S) are remarkably similar (e.g., MBL depth just below 1 km) in spite of different SST. Observed diurnal cycles of the temperature at the coast and further offshore exhibit a number of conspicuous features that are consistent with the southwestward propagation of an upsidence wave initiated during late evening along the south Peru coast. Furthermore, the passage of the vertical motion results in either constructive or deconstructive interference with the radiatively-forced diurnal cycle of MBL depth. Interference is clearly seen in the soundings at Iquique which are driven by a strong upsidence wave contrary to the radiation-driven cycle, leading to a diurnal cycle opposite of the other sites. Because WRF simulations have a lower MBL height, the speed of the simulated gravity wave is slower than observations and accounts for most of the discrepancy between observed and simulated phase speeds.
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Lu, You, Meijuan Huang, Qingxia Fan, Qi Wu, Jin Wang, Lu Li, Xi Zhang, et al. "Endostar plus gemcitabine/cisplatin (GP) with maintenance endostar as first-line therapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): Preliminary results of a phase II study." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2012): e18033-e18033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.e18033.
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e18033 Background: Endostar is a recombinant human endostatin. We conducted a multi-centre trial to investigate the efficacy and safety of Endostar plus GP with maintenance Endostar as first- line therapy for advanced NSCLC Methods: Chemotherapy-naïve patients with histologically or cytologically confirmed, measurable, stage ‡W NSCLC were enrolled from 11 centers in China. All patients received gemcitabine 1,000 mg/m2 (days 1 and 8) plus cisplatin 25 mg/m2 (days 1-3) every 21 days. Patients achieving objective response or disease stabilization following initial 2 cycles of GP were given Endostar (15 mg) on days 1–14 every 21 days in combination with another 2 cycles of GP. Then, patients who did not progress received maintenance endostar (15 mg) on days 1–14 every 21 days until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. The primary was progression-free survival (PFS). Secondary endpoints were treatment-related toxicity and median overall survival (OS). Results: Between Oct.2008 and Sep. 2010, we enrolled 85 patients (median age: 52.2 years; median KPS score: 80; stage IV with M1b: 94.1%; adenocarcinoma: 64.6%). 48 (56.5%) patients complete 4 cycles of GP plus 2 cycles of Endostar and 33(38.8%) patients were treated with maintenance Endostar. For 38 patients receiving maintenance therapy, median PFS throughout the study period by independent review was 5.97 month and 1-year survival rate was 75.8%. Median PFS were 3.97 months for all 85 patients, while 1-year survival rate was 64.7%. No treatment related death occurred. 28(32.9%) patients had at least one grade 3/4 adverse events; the grade 3/4 hematologic toxicity included anemia in 32.9%, thrombocytopenia in 25.9%, neutropenia in 4.7% of patients. The grade 3/4 non-hematologic toxicities included nausea/vomiting in 18.8%, rash in 5.9%, hepatic impairment in 3.5%, diarrhea in 1.2%, hemorrhage in 1.2% of patients. Conclusions: This regimen, involving maintenance Endostar, didn’t significantly improve PFS in advanced NSCLC patients as compared to historic control although associated acceptable toxicity has been demonstrated
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Brandt, Peter, Verena Hormann, Arne Körtzinger, Martin Visbeck, Gerd Krahmann, Lothar Stramma, Rick Lumpkin, and Claudia Schmid. "Changes in the Ventilation of the Oxygen Minimum Zone of the Tropical North Atlantic." Journal of Physical Oceanography 40, no. 8 (August 1, 2010): 1784–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jpo4301.1.
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Abstract Changes in the ventilation of the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) of the tropical North Atlantic are studied using oceanographic data from 18 research cruises carried out between 28.5° and 23°W during 1999–2008 as well as historical data referring to the period 1972–85. In the core of the OMZ at about 400-m depth, a highly significant oxygen decrease of about 15 μmol kg−1 is found between the two periods. During the same time interval, the salinity at the oxygen minimum increased by about 0.1. Above the core of the OMZ, within the central water layer, oxygen decreased too, but salinity changed only slightly or even decreased. The scatter in the local oxygen–salinity relations decreased from the earlier to the later period suggesting a reduced filamentation due to mesoscale eddies and/or zonal jets acting on the background gradients. Here it is suggested that latitudinally alternating zonal jets with observed amplitudes of a few centimeters per second in the depth range of the OMZ contribute to the ventilation of the OMZ. A conceptual model of the ventilation of the OMZ is used to corroborate the hypothesis that changes in the strength of zonal jets affect mean oxygen levels in the OMZ. According to the model, a weakening of zonal jets, which is in general agreement with observed hydrographic evidences, is associated with a reduction of the mean oxygen levels that could significantly contribute to the observed deoxygenation of the North Atlantic OMZ.
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Wiebe, Peter H., Dezhang Chu, Stein Kaartvedt, Anna Hundt, Webjorn Melle, Egil Ona, and Paola Batta-Lona. "The acoustic properties of Salpa thompsoni." ICES Journal of Marine Science 67, no. 3 (December 1, 2009): 583–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsp263.
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Abstract Wiebe, P. H., Chu, D., Kaartvedt, S., Hundt, A., Melle, W., Ona, E., and Batta-Lona, P. 2010. The acoustic properties of Salpa thompsoni. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 583–593. Aggregations of the salp Salpa thompsoni were encountered during the Antarctic krill and ecosystem-studies cruise on the RV “G.O. Sars” from 19 February to 27 March 2008. The salp's in situ target strength (TS), size, number of individuals in aggregate chains, and chain angle of orientation were determined. Shipboard measurements were made of Salpa thompsoni's material properties. Individual aggregates were mostly 45.5–60.6 mm in mean length; relatively rare solitaries were ∼100 mm. Chains ranged from 3 to at least 121 individuals, and in surface waters (<20 m), they showed no preferred angle of orientation. Sound-speed contrast (h) ranged from 1.0060 to 1.0201 and density contrast (g) estimates between 1.0000 and 1.0039. The in situ TS distributions peaked between −75 and −76 dB at 38 kHz, with a secondary peak at approximately −65 dB. TS ranged between −85 and −65 dB at 120 and 200 kHz and peaked around −74 dB. The measured in situ TS of salps reasonably matched the theoretical scattering-model predictions based on multi-individual chains. The backscattering from aggregate salps gives rise to TS values that can be similar to krill and other zooplankton with higher density and sound-speed contrasts.
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Orzechowska, Zuzanna, Mariusz Mrózek, Wojciech Gawlik, and Adam Wojciechowski. "Preparation and characterization of AFM tips with nitrogen-vacancy and nitrogen-vacancy-nitrogen color centers." Photonics Letters of Poland 13, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v13i2.1095.
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We demonstrate a simple dip-coating method of covering standard AFM tips with nanodiamonds containing color centers. Such coating enables convenient visualization of AFM tips above transparent samples as well as using the tip for performing spatially resolved magnetometry. Full Text: PDF ReferencesG. Binnig, C. F. Quate, C. Gerber, "Atomic Force Microscope", Phys. Rev. Lett. 56, 930 (1986). CrossRef F .J. Giessibl, "Advances in atomic force microscopy", Rev. Mod. Phys. 75, 949 (2003). CrossRef S. Kasas, G. Dietler, "Probing nanomechanical properties from biomolecules to living cells", Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 456, 13 (2008). CrossRef C. Roduit et al., "Stiffness Tomography by Atomic Force Microscopy", Biophys. J. 97, 674 (2009). CrossRef L. A. Kolodny et al., "Spatially Correlated Fluorescence/AFM of Individual Nanosized Particles and Biomolecules", Anal. Chem. 73, 1959 (2001). CrossRef L. Rondin et al., "Magnetometry with nitrogen-vacancy defects in diamond", Rep. Prog. Phys. 77, 056503 (2014). CrossRef C. L. Degen, "Scanning magnetic field microscope with a diamond single-spin sensor", Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 243111 (2008). CrossRef J. M. Taylor et al., "High-sensitivity diamond magnetometer with nanoscale resolution", Nat. Phys. 4, 810 (2008). CrossRef J. R. Maze et al., "Nanoscale magnetic sensing with an individual electronic spin in diamond", Nature 455, 644 (2008). CrossRef L. Rondin et al., "Nanoscale magnetic field mapping with a single spin scanning probe magnetometer", Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 153118 (2012). CrossRef J. P. Tetienne et al., "Nanoscale imaging and control of domain-wall hopping with a nitrogen-vacancy center microscope", Science 344, 1366 (2014). CrossRef R. Nelz et al., "Color center fluorescence and spin manipulation in single crystal, pyramidal diamond tips", Appl. Phys. Lett. 109, 193105 (2016). CrossRef G. Balasubramanian et al., "Nanoscale imaging magnetometry with diamond spins under ambient conditions", Nature 455, 648 (2008). CrossRef P. Maletinsky et al., "A robust scanning diamond sensor for nanoscale imaging with single nitrogen-vacancy centres", Nat. nanotechnol. 7, 320 (2012). CrossRef L. Thiel et al., "Quantitative nanoscale vortex imaging using a cryogenic quantum magnetometer", Nat. nanotechnol. 11, 677 (2016). CrossRef F. Jelezko et al., "Single spin states in a defect center resolved by optical spectroscopy", Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 2160 (2002). CrossRef M. W. Doherty et al., "The nitrogen-vacancy colour centre in diamond", Phys. Rep. 528, 1 (2013). CrossRef C. Kurtsiefer, S. Mayer, P. Zarda, H. Weinfurter, "Stable Solid-State Source of Single Photons", Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 290 (2000). CrossRef A. Gruber, A. Dräbenstedt, C. Tietz, L. Fleury, J. Wrachtrup, C. Von Borczyskowski, "Scanning Confocal Optical Microscopy and Magnetic Resonance on Single Defect Centers", Science 276, 2012 (1997). CrossRef F. Dolde et al., "Electric-field sensing using single diamond spins", Nat. Phys. 7, 459 (2011). CrossRef K. Sasaki et al., "Broadband, large-area microwave antenna for optically detected magnetic resonance of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond", Rev. Sci. Instrum. 87, 053904 (2016). CrossRef A. M. Wojciechowski et al., "Optical Magnetometry Based on Nanodiamonds with Nitrogen-Vacancy Color Centers", Materials 12, 2951 (2019). CrossRef I. V. Fedotov et al., "Fiber-optic magnetometry with randomly oriented spins", Opt. Lett. 39, 6755 (2014). CrossRef
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Hughes, M., J. A. Smith, A. E. Mayfield, M. C. Minno, and K. Shin. "First Report of Laurel Wilt Disease Caused by Raffaelea lauricola on Pondspice in Florida." Plant Disease 95, no. 12 (December 2011): 1588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-06-11-0528.
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Laurel wilt is a fungal vascular disease of redbay (Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng) and other plants in the family Lauraceae in the southeastern United States (1). The disease is caused by Raffaelea lauricola T. C. Harr., Fraedrich & Aghayeva, which is vectored by the exotic redbay ambrosia beetle (Xyleborus glabratus Eichhoff) (2). Pondspice (Litsea aestivalis (L.) Fern.) is an obligate wetland shrub listed as endangered in Florida and Maryland and threatened in Georgia (4). On 29 August 2008, 369 of 430 (85%) pondspice trees observed at St. Marks Pond in St. John's County, Florida were dead and/or dying (4). Stem samples were collected from plants with wilted and reddened foliage, entrance holes with boring dust characteristic of ambrosia beetle attack, and dark discoloration in the outer sapwood. Discolored stem sections were surface disinfested for 30 s in a 5% sodium hypochlorite solution and then plated onto cycloheximide streptomycin malt extract agar (1). Smooth, cream-buff, submerge hyphae with uneven margins resembling R. lauricola (2) was observed growing from all sapwood pieces. DNA was extracted from a single isolate (PL 392) and the 18s small subunit rDNA was PCR amplified and sequenced with primers NS1 and NS4 (3), resulting in a 1,026-bp amplicon. A BLASTn search showed identical homology to R. lauricola strain PL 159 (GenBank Accession No. EU257806). The 18s small subunit rDNA sequence was deposited into GenBank (FJ514097). In May 2011, a spore suspension was made by flooding a single-spore culture plate of isolate PL 392 with 2 ml of sterile water, collecting the spores by pipette, and quantification by hemacyometer to 1.5 × 106 spores/ml. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on 1 to 1.5 m tall pondspice plants. Six saplings were wounded by a 3/32-inch drill bit, with four receiving 50 μl of the spore suspension and two serving as water-inoculated controls. All plants were kept in a greenhouse under ambient temperature. Within 21 days, all fungal-inoculated saplings displayed complete canopy wilt, typical of laurel wilt. R. lauricola was later recovered from all four infected plants, completing Koch's postulates. To determine if the vector can reproduce in pondspice, infected stem sections were placed in a plastic rearing box indoors at room temperature, and both callow and mature adult female X. glabratus emerged in October and November 2008. Although laurel wilt has been previously observed on pondspice in South Carolina and Georgia (1), this is the first confirmation of the disease on pondspice in Florida and the first confirmation of the vector from stem material of this host. References: (1) S. W. Fraedrich et al. Plant Dis. 92:215, 2008. (2) T. C. Harrington et al. Mycotaxon 104:399, 2008. (3) M. A. Innis et al. PCR Protocols, A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press. San Diego, CA, 1990. (4) J. A. Surdick and A. M. Jenkins. Pondspice (Litsea aestivalis) Population Status and Response to Laurel Wilt Disease in Northeast Florida. Florida Natural Areas Inventory, Tallahassee, FL, 2009.
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Ragiń, T., A. Baranowska, M. Sołtys, A. Górny, J. Zmojda, M. Kochanowicz, P. Mikulski, R. Jadach, and D. Dorosz. "Up-conversion luminescence in low phonon heavy metal oxide glass co-doped with Er3+/Ho3+." Photonics Letters of Poland 10, no. 1 (March 31, 2018): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v10i1.802.
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In this paper, heavy metal oxide glasses co-doped with erbium and holmium ions have been synthesized. Glass composition, based on the bismuth and germanium oxides, has been selected in terms of high thermal stability (delta T = 125 °C), high refractive index (n = 2.19) and low maximum phonon energy (hvmax = 724 cm-1). Up-conversion luminescence spectra under the 980 nm laser diode excitation have been observed as a result of radiative transitions within the quantum energy level structures of Er3+ and Ho3+ ions. Optimization of rare earth ions content has been conducted, the highest emission intensity in the visible wavelength range has been observed in glass co-doped with molar concentration 0.5 Er2O3 / 0.5 Ho2O3. Full Text: PDF ReferencesF. Zhang, Z. Bi, A. Huang, Z. Xiao, "Visible luminescence properties of Er3+?Pr3+ codoped fluorotellurite glasses", Opt. Materials 41, 112 (2014). CrossRef S. Li, S. Ye, T. Liu, H. Wang, D. Wang, "Enhanced up-conversion emissions in ZnO-LiYbO2:RE3+ (RE = Er or Ho) hybrid phosphors through surface modification", J. All. Comp. 658, 85 (2016). CrossRef J. Fu, X. Zhang, Z. Chao, Z. Li, J. Liao, D. Hou, H. Wen, X. Lu, X. Xie, "Enhanced upconversion luminescence of NaYF4:Yb, Er microprisms via La3+ doping", Opt. Laser Tech. 88, 280 (2017). CrossRef Y. Tian, R. Xu, L. Hu, J. Zhang, "2.7 ?m fluorescence radiative dynamics and energy transfer between Er3+ and Tm3+ ions in fluoride glass under 800 nm and 980 nm excitation", J. Quant. Spec. Rad. Tra. 113, 87 (2012). CrossRef M. Zhang, A. Yang, Y. Peng, B. Zhang, H. Ren, W. Guo, Y. Yang, C. Zhai, Y. Wang, Z. Yang, D. Tang, "Dy3+-doped Ga?Sb?S chalcogenide glasses for mid-infrared lasers", Mat. Res. Bul. 70, 55 (2015). CrossRef G. Yang, T. Li, "Broadband 1.53 ?m emission in Er3+-doped Ga-Bi-Pb-Ge heavy metal oxide glasses", J. Rare Earths 26, 924 (2008). CrossRef Y. Guo, Y. Tian, L. Zhang, L. Hu, J. Zhang, "Erbium doped heavy metal oxide glasses for mid-infrared laser materials", J. Non-Cryst. Solids 377, 119 (2013). CrossRef Z. Hou, Z. Xue, F. Li, M. Wang, X. Hu, S. Wang, "Luminescence and up-conversion mechanism of Er3+/Ho3+ co-doped oxyfluoride tellurite glasses and glass?ceramics", J. All. Comp. 577, 523 (2013). CrossRef X. Li, Q. Nie, S. Dai, T. Xu, L. Lu, X. Zhang, "Energy transfer and frequency upconversion in Ho3+/Yb3+ co-doped bismuth-germanate glasses", J. All. Comp. 454, 510 (2008). CrossRef S.S. Rojas, J.E. De Souza, M.R.B. Andreeta, A.C. Hernandes, "Influence of ceria addition on thermal properties and local structure of bismuth germanate glasses", J. Non-Cryst. Solids 356, 2942 (2010). CrossRef M.S. Ebrahim, Irina, Mid-infrared coherent sources and applications, Springer (2008). CrossRef T. Ragin, J. Zmojda, M. Kochanowicz, P. Miluski, P. Jelen, M. Sitarz, D. Dorosz, "Enhanced mid-infrared 2.7 ?m luminescence in low hydroxide bismuth-germanate glass and optical fiber co-doped with Er3 +/Yb3 + ions", J. Non-Cryst. Solids 457, 169 (2017). CrossRef K. Biswas, A.D. Sontakke, R. Sen, K. Annapurna, "Enhanced 2 ?m broad-band emission and NIR to visible frequency up-conversion from Ho3+/Yb3+ co-doped Bi2O3?GeO2?ZnO glasses", Spectr. Acta. Part A, Mol. Biomol. Spectr. 112, 301-308 (2013). CrossRef R.S. Romaniuk, D. Dorosz, J. Żmojda, M. Kochanowicz, W. Mazerski, "Upconversion luminescence in tellurite glass codoped with Yb3+/Ho3+ ions", Proc. of SPIE 8903, 890307 (2013). CrossRef
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Nachtkamp, Kathrin, Andrea Kuendgen, Barbara Hildebrandt, Norbert Gattermann, Rainer Haas, and Ulrich Germing. "Hematological Characteristics of Patients with Myelodysplastic Syndromes in the Light of WHO 2008 Proposals." Blood 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 1658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.1658.1658.
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Abstract Myelodysplastic syndromes have been reclassified by new WHO proposals published in 2008. So far, there are no data on haematological features of the newly composed subtypes. We analyzed 2063 patients with MDS diagnosed according to the WHO 2008 classification. Patients were characterized by their initial haematological features. We especially payed attention towards isolated cytopeniae with regard to the new classification of MDS subcategories. Analyses were performed by the use of the MDS registry Duesseldorf and included hemoglobin level, platelets, leukocytes and karyotype (available in 1091 patients) as well as age, gender, IPSS and WPSS at the time of diagnosis. All items have been assessed in our haematological laboratory and in the department of human genetics, respectively. The table shows characteristic features of MDS patients according to their WHO subtype. The patients’ median age did not differ substantially. There was a preponderance of females in the del(5q), RARS and RC group. Median hemoglobin level ranked lowest in the del(5q) and RAEB II group. Median thrombocyte, leukocyte as well as granulocyte level progressively decreased with more advanced WHO risk groups. Chromosomal aberrations were more frequent with increasing medullary blasts and degree of dysplasia. Likewise, patients with these characteristics were categorized into more advanced WPSS subtypes. About 90% of all patients were anemic, that is patients with a hemoglobin level of under 12 g/dl. Leukocytopenia as well as thrombocytopenia were more severe with increasing medullary blast counts. Of interest, 46% of RC patients showed a leukocytopenia (<4000/μl) and 37% had thrombocytopenia (<150.000/μl). 26% of this group showed an isolated anemia, whereas only 1–3% of the patients presented with an isolated leukocytopenia or thrombocytopenia. The majority of MDS patients presents with bicytopenia, regardless of subtypes. The degree of hematopoietic insufficiency is strongly correlated with the amount of medullary blasts, but as well with the degree of dysplasia in blood and marrow. An inclusion of the number of cytopenia into the WHO classification would lead to an alteration of subcategories and result in a shift towards a higher percentage of multilineage MDS. RC RARS MDS with del(5q) RCMD RAEB I RAEB II Frequency 184 162 68 950 306 393 Age 70 70 64 72 69 67 Gender (%) M 48 48 35 55 58 56 W 52 52 65 45 42 44 Hemoglobin (g/dl) 9,5 9,5 9 9,2 9,2 9 Thrombocytes (1000/μl) 124 293 284 146 96 80 Leukocytes (/μl) 4800 5500 4300 3900 3100 2800 Granulocytes 1950 3200 2400 2200 1400 1200 Chromosomal Low 70 87 96 63 57 51 risk by IPSS Intermediate 19 10 2 18 16 19 (%) High 11 3 2 19 27 30 Initial IPSS (%) 0 48 83 72 34 0 0 1 42 14 26 53 2 7 2 10 3 2 13 55 50 3 0 0 0 0 40 43 Initial WPSS 0 48 73 40 30 0 0 (%) 1 30 27 60 40 0 0 2 22 0 0 30 33 0 3 0 0 0 0 50 59 4 0 0 0 0 18 41 Cytopenia (%) Anemia (<12 g/dl) 85 97 98 89 86 90 Leukopenia 46 18 39 50 64 89 (<4000/μl) Thrombocytopenia 37 3 8 35 52 80 (<150.000/μl) Isolated (%) Anemia 26 78 51 27 14 7 Leukocytopenia 1,5 0 1 1 2 1 Thrombocytopenia 3 0 0 2 3 2 Pancytopenia 22 3 6 24 35 44 (%) Survival (mths.) 561 69 80 36 19 10 AML after 3 3 15 15 32 63 3 yrs. (%)
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Bretherton, C. S., R. Wood, R. C. George, D. Leon, G. Allen, and X. Zheng. "Southeast Pacific stratocumulus clouds, precipitation and boundary layer structure sampled along 20 S during VOCALS-REx." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 6 (June 29, 2010): 15921–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-15921-2010.
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Abstract. Multiplatform airborne, ship-based, and land-based observations from 16 October–15 November 2008 during the VOCALS Regional Experiment (REx) are used to document the typical structure of the Southeast Pacific stratocumulus-topped boundary layer and lower free troposphere on a transect along 20° S between the coast of Northern Chile and a buoy 1500 km offshore. Strong systematic gradients in clouds, precipitation and vertical structure are modulated by synoptically and diurnally-driven variability. The boundary layer is generally capped by a strong (10–12 K), sharp inversion. In the coastal zone, the boundary layer is typically 1 km deep, fairly well mixed, and topped by thin, nondrizzling stratocumulus with haccumulation-mode aerosol and cloud droplet concentrations exceeding 200 cm−3. Far offshore, the boundary layer depth is typically deeper (1600 m) and more variable, and the vertical structure is usually decoupled. The offshore stratocumulus typically have strong mesoscale organization, much higher peak liquid water paths, extensive drizzle, and cloud droplet concentrations below 100 cm−3, sometimes with embedded pockets of open cells with lower droplet concentrations. The lack of drizzle near the coast is not just a microphysical response to high droplet concentrations; smaller cloud depth and liquid water path than further offshore appear comparably important. Moist boundary layer air is heated and mixed up along the Andean slopes, then advected out over the top of the boundary layer above adjacent coastal ocean regions. Well offshore, the lower free troposphere is typically much drier. This promotes strong cloud-top radiative cooling and stronger turbulence in the clouds offshore. In conjunction with a slightly cooler free troposphere, this may promote stronger entrainment that maintains the deeper boundary layer seen offshore. Winds from ECMWF and NCEP operational analyses have an rms difference of only 1 m s−1 from collocated airborne leg-mean observations in the boundary layer and 2 m s−1 above the boundary layer. This supports the use of trajectory analysis for interpreting REx observations. Two-day back-trajectories from the 20° S transect suggest that eastward of 75° W, boundary layer (and often free-tropospheric) air has usually been exposed to Chilean coastal aerosol sources, while at 85° W, neither boundary-layer or free-tropospheric air has typically had such contact.
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Picozzi, Vincent J., Flavio G. Rocha, J. Bart Rose, L. William Traverso, Adnan Alseidi, Bruce S. Lin, Thomas A. Biehl, John A. Ryan, Ravi Moonka, and Scott Helton. "Extended neoadjuvant chemotherapy (CT) in borderline resectable pancreas cancer (BRPC): Is preoperative chemoradiation (CRT) essential?" Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 4_suppl (February 1, 2013): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.4_suppl.236.
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236 Background: The optimum approach to maximize R0 resection rate in BRPC is unknown. We evaluated an approach in BRPC using extended duration neoadjuvant CT, typically without neoadjuvant CRT to assess R0 resection rate on an "intent to treat"basis. Methods: Patients (pts) were identified from a prospectively-maintained database from 2008-2012. Pts required (1) BRPC per radiographic staging using NCCN/AHPBA criteria, (2) no prior PC therapy (rx) PC, (3) negative staging laparoscopy prior to rx, and (4) all cancer rx at VMMC prior to decision on "downstaging" surgery (S). Pts were initially treated with gemcitabine/docetaxel CT until (a) disease progression, or (b) 24 weeks (wks), before assessment for local rx. Pts with systemic progression and/or inability to complete 24 wks of CT were excluded from local rx; pts with localized cancer at 24 wks judged unlikely to achieve R0 resection were offered 5FU-based CRT then reassessed; all other pts were offered S. Results: Of 70 identified pts, 12/70 (17%) are on initial CT; 58 are fully evaluable. 51/58 pts (88%) completed 24 wks of CT. Response rates to CT were (a) serologic 42/58 (72%) > 50% decline in baseline CA19.9 (median 85%), and (b) radiographic of 47 pts evaluable by RECIST, PR/SD/PD were 60%/32%/8% respectively. 14/58 pts (24%) did not receive local rx (7 intercurrent illness, 7 disease progression). 44/58 pts (76%) were offered local rx- 12/58 (21%) CRT and 32/58 (55%) S. 2 pts receiving CRT later underwent S. CRT. 29 pts (50% total evaluable pts, 85% pts undergoing S) achieved R0 resection;10/29 pts (35%) via en bloc venous resections. 5 pts were inoperable (3 local - subsequently given CRT, 2 systemic). At median f/u of 16 mo, 21/29 (72%) R0 resection pts remain disease free (range 7+-47+mo) along with 4/12 pts (33%) receiving CRT w/o R0 resection (range 12+ -30 mo). 25/58 (43%) fully evaluable pts remain progression free on an "intent to treat" basis. Median OS for all pts is 27 mo (95% CI 15-39 mo); 25/29 R0 resected pts remain alive ( median OS> 20 mo). Conclusions: (1) extended neaoadjuvant CT is a feasible approach in BRPC. (2) Gemcitabine/docetaxel has significant activity in localized PC. (3) Neoadjuvant CRT may not be essential to R0 resection in BRPC.
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Kebebew, Electron, Jane Fualal, Willieford Moses, Margaret Nalugo, Doruk Ozgediz, and Jessica Gosnell. "Characterizing Thyroid Disease and Identifying Barriers to Care and Treatment in Uganda." World Journal of Endocrine Surgery 4, no. 2 (2012): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10002-1094.
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ABSTRACT Thyroid disease in Uganda continues to be endemic, despite national salt iodinization. This study describes the local characteristics of thyroid disease and identifies potential barriers to surgical access. A prospective database was established for all patients with suspected thyroid disease who presented to the Endocrine Surgery Clinic at Mulago National Referral Hospital in Kampala, Uganda in 2008. A cross-sectional study collected and analyzed for presentation, diagnostics and the surgical plan. A total of 89 patients were included, with an average age of 40 years, and 88% were women. The most common presentation was compressive symptoms (39%, n = 35), signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism (30%, n = 27) and cosmetic concerns (16%, n = 14). Ultrasound, which is subsidized by the hospital, was performed in 85% of patients (n = 76). Thyroid function tests (TFTs), which are less subsidized, were done in 67% (n = 60). Of these, 27% (n = 16) were hyperthyroid and 7% (n = 4) were hypothyroid. Fine needle aspiration was done in 30% (n = 27) and were suspicious for malignancy in 27% of patients (n = 7). The most common diagnosis was multinodular goiter (n = 55) and tracheal compression or deviation and/or retrosternal extension was seen on imaging in 22 of 75 patients (29%). Thyroid disease in Uganda is more advanced, involves a different population than in Western countries and includes high rates of symptomatic multinodular goiter and cancer. Resource constraints limit the care of these clinically challenging conditions. Further evaluation of these potential barriers to surgical care needs to be conducted. How to cite this article Fualal J, Moses W, Jayaraman S, Nalugo M, Ozgediz D, Duh QY, Gosnell J, Kebebew E. Characterizing Thyroid Disease and Identifying Barriers to Care and Treatment in Uganda. World J Endoc Surg 2012;4(2):47-53.
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TNJHA, T. N., M. MOHAPATRA, and B. K. BANDYOPADHYAY. "Estimation of intensity of tropical cyclone over Bay of Bengal using microwave imagery." MAUSAM 64, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v64i1.660.
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caxky dh [kkM+h esa o"kZ 2008&2010 esa ,Q- Mh- ih- vof/k ¼15 vDrwcj ls 30 uoEcj½ ds nkSjku vk, ik¡p pØokrksa ds lw{e rjaxh; es?k fcEckofy;ksa rFkk 85 fxxkgV~tZ vko`fÙk esa izkIr fd, x, mRiknksa dh tk¡p dh xbZ gS ftlls rkieku nhfIr] rkieku nhfIr esa vfu;ferrk] dsUnz dk LFkku] lrg ij vuojr cgus okyk vf/kdre iou ¼,e- ,l- MCY;w-½ rFkk pØokrksa ds fHkUu&fHkUu fLFkfr;ksa esa muds rhozhdj.k ls lacaf/kr djdksa tSls% vonkc ¼Mh-½] xgu vonkc ¼Mh- Mh-½] pØokrh; rwQku ¼lh- ,l-½] rhoz pØokrh; rwQku ¼,l-lh-,l-½] vfr rhoz pØokrh; rwQku ¼oh-,l-lh-,l-½ vkfn dk vkdfyr dsUnzh; nkc ¼bZ- lh- ih-½ dk vkdyu fd;k tk ldsA izf{kr fd, x, nhfIr rkieku vfu;ferrkvksa dh rqyuk lS)kafrd :i ls bZ-lh-ih- ds csLV VªSd vkdyu ij vk/kkfjr nhfIr rkieku vfu;ferrk ,oa bu pØokrksa ds ckgjh nkc ds lkFk Hkh dh xbZ gSA dsUnz ds LFkku] bZ-lh-ih- ,oa lw{erajxh; fcEckoyh ds vk/kkj ij vkdfyr ,e- ,l- MCY;w- dh rqyuk csLV VªSd ,oa Hkkjr ekSle foKku foHkkx ds Mh- oksjkWd ds vkdyu ls dh xbZ gS vkSj mldk fo’ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA
pØokrh; fo{kksHk ¼lh- Mh-½ ds dsUnz ds LFkku esa varZ tSlkfd lw{erjaxh fcEckofy;ksa rFkk csLV VªSd vkdyu ds }kjk vkdfyr fd;k x;k gS] fo{kksHkksa ds rhozhdj.k ds lkFk&lkFk de gksrk tkrk gS vkSj vonkc ¼Mh-½ dh fLFkfr esa yxHkx 25 fd-eh- ls vfr rhoz pØokrh; rwQku ¼oh-,l-lh-,l-½ dh fLFkfr esa 18 fd- eh ds chp cnyrk jgrk gSA tcfd ;g varj Mh oksjkWd ds vkdyu ls dkQh vf/kd gSA lw{erjaxh; vkdyuksa ij vk/kkfjr ,e- ,l- MCY;w- vkdyu oh-,l- lh- ,l- ds nkSjku csLV VªSd vkdyuksa ls yxHkx 28 ukWV~l vf/kd vkdfyr fd;k x;k gS vkSj vonkc ¼Mh-½@pØokrh; rwQku ¼lh-,l-½@rhoz pØokrh; rwQku ¼,l- lh- ,l-½ dh fLFkfr esa ;g 6&8 ukWV~l vkdfyr fd;k x;k gSA csLV VSªd vkdyuksa ls lkisf{kd varj dks ns[kus ls irk pyk gS fd lh-,l- vkSj ,l-lh- dh fLFkfr esa lw{e rajx esa ,e-,l-MCY;w- yxHkx 12&15 izfr’kr vkSj oh-,l-lh-,l- dh fLFkfr esa yxHkx 30 izfr’kr vf/kd vkdfyr gqvk gS tcfd Mh- oksjkWd dk ,e- ,l- MCY;w- vkdyu lh- ,l-] ,l- lh- ,l- vkSj oh- ,l- lh- ,l- dh fLFkfr;ksa esa 15&18 izfr’kr de gks x;k gSA caxky dh [kkM+h ds Åij 230 dsfYou dk nhfIr rkieku vonkc ds cuus ds fy, vuqdwy gksrk gS] 250 dsfYou dk rkieku bldks pØokrh rwQku esa 260 dsfYou rhoz pØokrh rwQku esa vkSj 270 dsfYou vfr izpaM+ pØokrh rwQku esa cny nsrk gSA nhfIr rkieku ds nsgyheku ¼FkszlksYM osY;w½ ds vfHkKku ¼fMVSD’ku½ ls bl iz.kkyh ds rhoz gksus dk iwokZuqeku nsus ds fy, iz;kIr vfxze le; fey ldrk gSA blh izdkj nhfIr rkieku folaxfr 3 dsfYou ls vf/kd gksus ij pØokrh; rwQku rhoz pØokrh; rwQku esa cny tkrk gS vkSj 8 dsfYou dk rkieku bls caxky dh [kkM+h esa vfr izpaM pØokrh; rwQku ds :i esa cny nsrk gSA
Microwave cloud imageries and derived products in the frequency of 85 GHz have been examined for five cyclones that occurred during FDP period (15 October- 30 November) of 2008-2010 over the Bay of Bengal to estimate the brightness temperature, brightness temperature anomaly, location of centre, maximum sustained wind (MSW) at surface level and estimated central pressure (ECP) associated with cyclones in their different stages of intensification like depression (D), deep depression (DD), cyclonic storm (CS), severe cyclonic storm (SCS), very severe cyclonic storm (VSCS), etc. Also the observed brightness temperature anomalies are compared with theoretically derived brightness temperature anomalies based on the best track estimates of ECP and outermost pressure for these cyclones. The location of centre, ECP and MSW based on microwave imagery estimates have been compared with those available from the best track and Dvorak’s estimates of India Meteorological Department and analyzed.
The difference in location of the centre of cyclonic disturbance (CD) as estimated by microwave imageries and best track estimates decreases with intensification of the disturbances and varies from about 25 km in depression (D) stage to 18 km in VSCS stage whereas the difference is significantly higher in case of Dvorak estimate compared to best track estimate. The MSW based on microwave estimates is higher than that of best track estimates by about 28 knots during VSCS and 6-8 knots during D, CS, SCS stage. Considering relative difference with respect to best track estimates, the MSW is overestimated in microwave by about 12-15% in case of CS and SCS stage and by about 30% in VSCS stage while Dvorak’s MSW overestimation reduced to 15-18% during CS, SCS and VSCS stages. Brightness temperature of the order of 230 K is favourable for genesis (formation of D), 250K for its intensification into CS, 260 K for intensification into SCS and 270K for its further intensification into VSCS stage over the Bay of Bengal. Detection of threshold value of brightness temperature may provide adequate lead time to forecast intensification of the system. Similarly, when brightness temperature anomaly exceeds 3K, CS intensify into SCS and 8K, it intensifies into a VSCS over Bay of Bengal.
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Ojeda-Castaneda, Jorge, Cristina M. Gómez-Sarabia, Miguel Torres-Cisneros, Luis M. Ledesma-Carrillo, Rafael Guzmán-Cabrera, and Cipriano Guzmán-Cano. "Tunable sinusoidal Phase Gratings and sinusoidal Phase Zone Plates." Photonics Letters of Poland 9, no. 2 (July 1, 2017): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v9i2.729.
Full textAbstract:
We disclose the use of a suitable pair of phase-only masks for generating sinusoidal phase gratings, or sinusoidal phase zone plates, with tunable optical path delays. We show that these gratings can have either 1-D structure or a 2-D radial structure. Full Text: PDF ReferencesB. Berge and J. Peseux, "Variable focal lens controlled by an external voltage: An application of electrowetting", Eur. Phys. J. E 3, 159-163 (2000). CrossRef H. W. Ren, Y. H. Fan, S. Gauza, and S. T. Wu, "Tunable-focus flat liquid crystal spherical lens", Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 4789-4791 (2004). CrossRef T. Martinez, D. V. Wick, D. M. Payne, J. T. Baker, and S. R. Restaino, "Non-mechanical zoom system", Proc. SPIE 5234, 375-378 (2004). CrossRef D. Y. Zhang, N. Justis, and Y. H. Lo, "Fluidic adaptive zoom lens with high zoom ratio and widely tunable field of view", Opt. Commun. 249, 175-182 (2005). CrossRef B. H. W. Hendriks, S. Kuiper, M. A. J. Van As, C. A. Renders and T. W. Tukker, "Electrowetting-Based Variable-Focus Lens for Miniature Systems", Opt. Rev. 12, 255-259 (2005). CrossRef M. Duocastella and C. B. Arnold, "Enhanced depth of field laser processing using an ultra-high-speed axial scanner", Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 06113-1--06113-3 (2013). CrossRef Jorge Ojeda-Casta-eda, José Enrique A. Landgrave and Cristina M. Gómez-Sarabia, "Conjugate phase plate use in analysis of the frequency response of imaging systems designed for extended depth of field", Appl. Opt. 47, E99 (2008). CrossRef A.W. Lohmann, British Patent 998, 191 (May 29, 1964).A.W. Lohmann, Republic Française 1, 398, 351 (June 10, 1964).A.W. Lohmann, Italy Patent 727, 848 (June 19, 1964).A.W Lohmann, "A New Class of Varifocal Lenses", Appl. Opt. 9, 1669 (1970). CrossRef L.W. Alvarez, U.S. patent 3,305,294 (21 February 1967).L.W. Alvarez , W. E. Humphrey, U.S. patent 3,507,565 (21 April, 1970).L.W. Alvarez, J. Am. Optometric Assoc. 49, 24 (1978).S. Bernet and M. Ritsch-Marte, U.S. patent application 20100134869 A1 (June 3, 2010).Jorge Ojeda-Castaneda, S. Ledesma, and C. M. Gómez-Sarabia, "Tunable apodizers and tunable focalizers using helical pairs", Phot. Lett. Poland 5, 20 (2013). CrossRef J. Ojeda-Casta-eda, C. M. Gómez-Sarabia, and S. Ledesma, "Novel free-form optical pairs for tunable focalizers", J. Opt. 43, 85 (2014). CrossRef J. Ojeda-Castaneda, A. L. Barragán-Chávez, and C. M. Gómez-Sarabia, "Aberration generators in tandem", Phot. Lett. Poland 7, 8 (2015). CrossRef Adolf W. Lohmann and Donald A. Silva, "An interferometer based on the Talbot effect", Optics Comm. 2, 413 (1971). CrossRef S. Yokozeki and T. Suzuki, "Shearing Interferometer Using the Grating as the Beam Splitter", Appl. Opt. 10, 1575 (1971). CrossRef Jason Geng, "Structured-light 3D surface imaging: a tutorial", Adv. Opt. Phot. 3, 128 (2011). CrossRef Jorge Ibarra and J. Ojeda-Casta-eda, "Talbot interferometry: a new geometry", Opt. Commun. 96, 294 (1993). CrossRef J. Ojeda-Castaneda, C.M. Gómez-Sarabia, S. Ledesma, "Novel zoom systems using a vortex pair", Asian J. Phys. 23, 415 (2014). DirectLink J. Ojeda-Castaneda, C.M. Gómez-Sarabia, S. Ledesma, Asian J. Phys. 23, 535 (2014). DirectLink J. Ojeda-Casta-eda and Cristina M. Gómez-Sarabia, "Nonconventional optical systems using varifocal lenses", Phot. Lett. Poland 7, 14 (2015). CrossRef
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Allen, G., H. Coe, A. Clarke, C. Bretherton, R. Wood, S. J. Abel, P. Barrett, et al. "South East Pacific atmospheric composition and variability sampled along 20° S during VOCALS-REx." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, no. 11 (June 1, 2011): 5237–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-5237-2011.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The VAMOS Ocean-Cloud-Atmosphere-Land Regional Experiment (VOCALS-REx) was conducted from 15 October to 15 November 2008 in the South East Pacific (SEP) region to investigate interactions between land, sea and atmosphere in this unique tropical eastern ocean environment and to improve the skill of global and regional models in representing the region. This study synthesises selected aircraft, ship and surface site observations from VOCALS-REx to statistically summarise and characterise the atmospheric composition and variability of the Marine Boundary Layer (MBL) and Free Troposphere (FT) along the 20° S parallel between 70° W and 85° W. Significant zonal gradients in mean MBL sub-micron aerosol particle size and composition, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide and ozone were seen over the campaign, with a generally more variable and polluted coastal environment and a less variable, more pristine remote maritime regime. Gradients in aerosol and trace gas concentrations were observed to be associated with strong gradients in cloud droplet number. The FT was often more polluted in terms of trace gases than the MBL in the mean; however increased variability in the FT composition suggests an episodic nature to elevated concentrations. This is consistent with a complex vertical interleaving of airmasses with diverse sources and hence pollutant concentrations as seen by generalised back trajectory analysis, which suggests contributions from both local and long-range sources. Furthermore, back trajectory analysis demonstrates that the observed zonal gradients both in the boundary layer and the free troposphere are characteristic of marked changes in airmass history with distance offshore – coastal boundary layer airmasses having been in recent contact with the local land surface and remote maritime airmasses having resided over ocean for in excess of ten days. Boundary layer composition to the east of 75° W was observed to be dominated by coastal emissions from sources to the west of the Andes, with evidence for diurnal pumping of the Andean boundary layer above the height of the marine capping inversion. Analysis of intra-campaign variability in atmospheric composition was not found to be significantly correlated with observed low-frequency variability in the large scale flow pattern; campaign-average interquartile ranges of CO, SO2 and O3 concentrations at all longitudes were observed to dominate over much smaller differences in median concentrations calculated between periods of different flow regimes. The campaign climatology presented here aims to provide a valuable dataset to inform model simulation and future process studies, particularly in the context of aerosol-cloud interaction and further evaluation of dynamical processes in the SEP region for conditions analogous to those during VOCALS-REx. To this end, our results are discussed in terms of coastal, transitional and remote spatial regimes in the MBL and FT and a gridded dataset are provided as a resource.
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Bretherton, C. S., R. Wood, R. C. George, D. Leon, G. Allen, and X. Zheng. "Southeast Pacific stratocumulus clouds, precipitation and boundary layer structure sampled along 20° S during VOCALS-REx." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 21 (November 12, 2010): 10639–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-10639-2010.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Multiplatform airborne, ship-based, and land-based observations from 16 October–15 November 2008 during the VOCALS Regional Experiment (REx) are used to document the typical structure of the Southeast Pacific stratocumulus-topped boundary layer and lower free troposphere on a~transect along 20° S between the coast of Northern Chile and a buoy 1500 km offshore. Strong systematic gradients in clouds, precipitation and vertical structure are modulated by synoptically and diurnally-driven variability. The boundary layer is generally capped by a strong (10–12 K), sharp inversion. In the coastal zone, the boundary layer is typically 1 km deep, fairly well mixed, and topped by thin, nondrizzling stratocumulus with accumulation-mode aerosol and cloud droplet concentrations exceeding 200 cm−3. Far offshore, the boundary layer depth is typically deeper (1600 m) and more variable, and the vertical structure is usually decoupled. The offshore stratocumulus typically have strong mesoscale organization, much higher peak liquid water paths, extensive drizzle, and cloud droplet concentrations below 100 cm−3, sometimes with embedded pockets of open cells with lower droplet concentrations. The lack of drizzle near the coast is not just a microphysical response to high droplet concentrations; smaller cloud depth and liquid water path than further offshore appear comparably important. Moist boundary layer air is heated and mixed up along the Andean slopes, then advected out over the top of the boundary layer above adjacent coastal ocean regions. Well offshore, the lower free troposphere is typically much drier. This promotes strong cloud-top radiative cooling and stronger turbulence in the clouds offshore. In conjunction with a slightly cooler free troposphere, this may promote stronger entrainment that maintains the deeper boundary layer seen offshore. Winds from ECMWF and NCEP operational analyses have an rms difference of only 1 m s−1 from collocated airborne leg-mean observations in the boundary layer and 2 m s−1 above the boundary layer. This supports the use of trajectory analysis for interpreting REx observations. Two-day back-trajectories from the 20° S transect suggest that eastward of 75° W, boundary layer (and often free-tropospheric) air has usually been exposed to South American coastal aerosol sources, while at 85° W, neither boundary-layer or free-tropospheric air has typically had such contact.
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Walton, David W. H. "THE PRINCE EDWARD ISLANDS: LAND-SEA INTERACTIONS IN A CHANGING ECOSYSTEM. Steven L. Chown and Pierre W. Froneman (Editors). 2008. Stellenbosch: Sun Press. xvi + 470 p, illustrated, hardcover. ISBN 978-1-920109-85-1. 300 Rand; £20.00; US$37.00." Polar Record 45, no. 2 (April 2009): 189–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247408008139.
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Thompson, D., A. Varga, H. De Costa, C. Birch, M. Glasa, and D. James. "First Report of Plum pox virus Recombinant Strain on Prunus spp. in Canada." Plant Disease 93, no. 6 (June 2009): 674. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-6-0674a.
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In July of 2008, during the Canadian Plum pox virus (PPV) eradication survey, three Prunus spp. trees (B-5, B-6, and C-1) in a home owner's yard in Grimsby, ON, Canada were found to be infected with PPV by triple antibody sandwich (TAS)-ELISA using the 5B generic monoclonal detecting antibody (1) and reverse transcription (RT)-PCR using the well-validated universal primer set P1/P2. All three trees were grafted on an unknown plum rootstock cultivar. Tree B-5 contained grafts of unknown peach (P. persica) and plum (P. domestica) cultivars, tree B-6 contained the same peach graft as tree B-5 and an unknown apricot (P. armeniaca) cultivar, and tree C-1 was grafted with the same plum cultivar as tree B-5. Strain typing was done by TAS-ELISA using strain-specific monoclonal antibodies for D, M, C, and EA strains. Positive results were obtained with the M-specific test. Strain typing by RT-PCR also was done using primers specific for D, M, W, and recombinant (Rec) strains. Positive results were obtained with the M and Rec primers (4). The 605-bp fragment generated by the PPV Rec primers, which spans the recombination site, was cloned and sequenced. The nucleotide sequences obtained from B-5, B-6, and C-1 are 99% identical to each other and approximately 98 and 99% identical to the PPV Rec isolates BOR-3 and J4c, respectively. Correspondingly, percentage identities are approximately 90% for PPV M, 84% for PPV isolate D-Fan (a typical Canadian D isolate), and 69% for PPV W. The deduced amino acid sequence of B-5, B-6, and C-1 are 98 to 99% identical to each other, 99% identical to the PPV Rec isolates BOR-3 and J4c, 92% identical to isolates of PPV M, and only 84% identical to the typical Canadian D isolate PPV Fan. The P3-6K1 genomic region was amplified using primers that generate a 836-bp fragment (2). This region was 97 to 98% identical to the PPV Rec isolates BOR-3 and J4c, 96 to 97% identical to isolates of PPV D, but only 86% identical to isolates of PPV M. The data above confirm that the PPV isolates B-5, B-6, and C-1 belong to the strain PPV Rec (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of PPV Rec in North America, and together with PPV D and W, it represents the third PPV strain found on this continent. An intensive survey of all Prunus spp. within a 1.5-km radius area surrounding the home owner's property failed to reveal any additional PPV-positive plants. The three positive plants were removed. References: (1) M. Cambra et al. EPPO Bull. 24:569, 1994. (2) M. Glasa et al. Arch. Virol. 147:563, 2002. (3) M. Glasa et al. J. Gen. Virol. 85:2671, 2004. (4) A. Šubr et al. Acta Virol. 48:173, 2004.
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Rahn, D. A., and R. D. Garreaud. "Marine boundary layer over the subtropical southeast Pacific during VOCALS-REx – Part 2: Synoptic variability." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, no. 6 (December 7, 2009): 26063–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-26063-2009.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. In the second part of this work we study the day-to-day variability of the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MBL) over the subtropical southeast Pacific using primarily results from a numerical simulation that covered the whole VOCALS-REx period (October–November 2008). In situ and satellite-derived observations of the MBL height in the offshore region indicate rapid, significant variations (from 500 m to 1700 m a.s.l. over a few days) during October. These MBL changes are connected with the passage of midlatitude troughs that altered the large-scale environment over the VOCALS-REx region. In contrast, the synoptic forcing and MBL changes were less prominent during November. Modelled and observed MBL depth at Point Omega (20° S, 85° W) compare quite well during October (but the simulation is on average 200 m lower) while in November the simulation does not perform as well. Each term in the prognostic local MBL height equation (horizontal MBL height advection, large scale vertical velocity at MBL top, and entrainment velocity) is calculated explicitly from the simulation except the entrainment velocity which is calculated as the residual of the other terms in the equation. While the vertical velocity and residual terms are opposing and generally have the largest magnitude on average, it is the variability in the advection that explains most of the large changes in the MBL depth. Examination of several cases during VOCALS-REx suggests that the advective term is in turn largely controlled by changes in wind direction, driven by midlatitude activity, acting on a MBL that generally slopes down toward the coast. In one phase, the subtropical anticyclone is reinforced and extends toward the Chilean coast, leading to easterly wind that advects low MBL heights from the coast as far as Point Omega. The opposite phase occurs after the passage of an extratropical cyclone over southern Chile, leading to southwesterly wind that advects a deeper MBL towards subtropical latitudes.
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Rahn, D. A., and R. Garreaud. "Marine boundary layer over the subtropical southeast Pacific during VOCALS-REx – Part 2: Synoptic variability." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 10 (May 18, 2010): 4507–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-4507-2010.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. In the second part of this work we study the day-to-day variability of the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MBL) over the subtropical southeast Pacific using primarily results from a numerical simulation that covered the whole VOCALS-REx period (October–November 2008). In situ and satellite-derived observations of the MBL height in the offshore region indicate rapid, significant variations (from 500 m to 1700 m a.s.l. over a few days) during October. These MBL changes are connected with the passage of midlatitude troughs that altered the large-scale environment over the VOCALS-REx region. In contrast, the synoptic forcing and MBL changes were less prominent during November. Modelled and observed MBL depth at Point Omega (20° S, 85° W) compare quite well during October (but the simulation is on average 200 m lower) while in November the simulation does not perform as well. In the prognostic local MBL height equation the height change, the horizontal MBL height advection, and the large scale vertical velocity at MBL top are calculated explicitly from the simulation. The entrainment velocity is calculated as the residual of the other terms in the equation. While the vertical velocity and residual terms are opposing and generally have the largest magnitude on average, it is the variability in the advection that explains most of the large changes in the MBL depth. Examination of several cases during VOCALS-REx suggests that the advective term is in turn largely controlled by changes in wind direction, driven by midlatitude activity, acting on a MBL that generally slopes down toward the coast. In one phase, the subtropical anticyclone is reinforced and extends toward the Chilean coast, leading to easterly wind that advects low MBL heights from the coast as far as Point Omega. The opposite phase occurs after the passage of an extratropical cyclone over southern Chile, leading to southwesterly wind that advects a deeper MBL towards subtropical latitudes.
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Anastakis, Dimitry. "Japan’s Motorcycle Wars: An Industry History. By Jeffrey W. Alexander. (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2008. xii + 276 p., ill., tab., notes, bibl., index. ISBN 978-0-7748-1453-9 85 $ hc. ISBN 978-0-7748-1454-6 29.95$ pb.)." Scientia Canadensis: Canadian Journal of the History of Science, Technology and Medicine 33, no. 2 (2010): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1006158ar.
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