Relevant bibliographies by topics / Vulcanizatio

Academic literature on the topic 'Vulcanizatio'

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Published: 9 March 2023
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Vulcanizatio"

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Maciejewska, Magdalena, Anna Sowińska, and Judyta Kucharska. "Organic Zinc Salts as Pro-Ecological Activators for Sulfur Vulcanization of Styrene–Butadiene Rubber." Polymers 11, no. 10 (October 21, 2019): 1723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11101723.

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Organic zinc salts and complexes were applied as activators for sulfur vulcanization of styrene–butadiene elastomer (SBR) in order to reduce the content of zinc ions in rubber compounds as compared with conventionally used zinc oxide. In this article, the effects of different organic zinc activators on the curing characteristics, crosslink densities, and mechanical properties of SBR as well as the aging resistance and thermal behavior of vulcanizates are discussed. Organic zinc salts seem to be good substitutes for zinc oxide as activators for sulfur vulcanization of SBR rubber, without detrimental effects to the vulcanization time and temperature. Moreover, vulcanizates containing organic zinc salts exhibit higher tensile strength and better damping properties than vulcanizate crosslinked with zinc oxide. The application of organic zinc activators allows the amount of zinc ions in SBR compounds to be reduced by 70–90 wt % compared to vulcanizate with zinc oxide. This is very important for ecological reasons, since zinc oxide is classified as being toxic to aquatic species.
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Koenig, Jack L. "Spectroscopic Characterization of the Molecular Structure of Elastomeric Networks." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 73, no. 3 (July 1, 2000): 385–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3547598.

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Abstract In vulcanization, chemical crosslinks are formed across elastomeric polymer chains improving both the strength and elastic properties of the rubber. An understanding of the formation, structure, and stability of vulcanizates is therefore very important. Solid-state NMR and NMR imaging have been effective methods to study many different aspects of vulcanization. In solid-state NMR, several peaks appear in the C-13 spectrum of vulcanized rubber. Through model studies, NMR analysis, and chemical shift additivity calculations, these peaks were assigned to their respective vulcanizate structures. Once this assignment was made, the concentration of each vulcanizate structure formed could be followed with time under a variety of different conditions. In unaccelerated sulfur vulcanization of natural rubber (NR) and polybutadiene rubber (BR), many inefficient (cyclic or intramolecular) structures were formed as compared to intermolecular crosslinks. In accelerated NR and BR sulfur vulcanization, NMR was used to study vulcanizate concentration dependence on (a) type of formulation (efficient, semi-efficient, or conventional), (b) type of accelerator, (c) extent of cure, and (d) different concentration of ingredients (sulfur, activator, etc.). Solid-state NMR was also used to study different parameters in butyl rubber and to identify elastomers in binary blends of chloroprene rubber (CR) and NR, CR and chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSM), NR and CSM, and styrene—butadiene rubber (SBR) and acrylonitrile—butadiene rubber (NBR) as well as the tertiary blend of NR/SBR/BR. In several studies, the effect of filler (carbon black or silica) on vulcanization was studied. Additionally, the thermo-oxidative degradation of sulfur vulcanizates in NR with heating time and temperature was observed using NMR. NMR imaging has been useful in the determination of internal inhomogeneities arising from inadequate mixing, gradients in crosslinking chemistry, filler distribution, blends, and coagents.
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Menon, A. R. R. "Flame-Retardant Characteristics of Natural Rubber Modified with a Bromo Derivative of Phosphorylated Cashew Nut Shell Liquid." Journal of Fire Sciences 15, no. 1 (January 1997): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073490419701500101.

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Natural rubber (NR) in a typical semi-efficient vulcanization system was modified with flame-retardant additives such as bromo derivative of phosphorylated cashew nut shell liquid, antimony trioxide and alumina tri hydrate (ATH). Improvement in the flame retardancy of the vulcanizates was shown by the progressive increase in Limiting Oxygen Index with the concen tration of ATH. Besides, the smoke density and the smoke release rate were reduced substantially in the presence of 100 phr of ATH in the vulcanizate. Thermogravimetric analysis showed higher activation energy for decomposi tion and higher yields of decomposition residue for the ATH-filled NR vulcanizates. Also, the vulcanizate modified with the flame retardants showed improvements in tensile and tear strengths in presence of 50 phr of the filler.
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Wang, Jingyi, and Hongbing Jia. "The Effects of Carbon–Silica Dual-Phase Filler on the Crosslink Structure of Natural Rubber." Polymers 14, no. 18 (September 18, 2022): 3897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14183897.

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Carbon–silica dual-phase filler (CSDPF)/natural rubber (NR) vulcanizate was prepared by mechanical blending, followed by a hot-press vulcanization. The dispersion of CSDPF in the NR matrix and the effects of CSDPF on the filler–rubber interaction and structure of the rubber network were studied. Scanning electron microscope results showed that CSDPF dispersed uniformly; however, there were some aggregates of CSDPF when loading too many fillers. With an increase in CSDPF, the interaction between CSDPF and NR chains increases, which was detected by bound rubber in the CSDPF/NR compound. The spectra of solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance revealed that CSDPF could promote the formation of poly-sulfidic crosslink in the rubber vulcanization network. Further, the molecular chain movement ability of vulcanizates decreases according to the spin–spin relaxation of 1H nuclei in CSDPF/NR compounds. The crosslink density of vulcanizate increases, while the chemical crosslink and physical crosslink in the vulcanization network also increase according to the tube model.
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Mori, Kunio, Kentaro Kanae, Hidetoshi Hirahara, and Yoshiyuki Oishi. "Formation of Surface Structure in Vulcanizates and Surface Structure Changes in Air." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 68, no. 1 (March 1, 1995): 97–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538734.

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Abstract The formation theory of surface structure during vulcanization was developed on the basis of an interfacial concept. The theory showed the chemical compositions of polar and nonpolar components on the vulcanizate surface to be determined as an excess interfacial free energy between rubber compounds and molds decreases. The surface free energies of molds reflected clearly the corresponding surface free energy of vulcanizates prepared from copolymers and polar polymers. Nonpolar polymers were not influenced by the surface free energies of molds. The surface free energies of vulcanizates decreased slightly with the concentration of network chains owing to the entropy of rubber segments. The surface free energies of molds affected the chemical compositions at the topmost surface region to the upper surface region on vulcanizates. NBR vulcanizates with high surface free energy increased the contact angle of water after standing in dry air. In the dry air environment, topmost surface layer nitrile groups were buried in the bulk of NBR vulcanizates and butadiene units subsequently overturn to the topmost, layer. In this case, the vulcanizate surface chemical composition was influenced only at the topmost surface region. ESCA spectra N1s peak intensities on NBR vulcanizates was consistent with these observation.
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Dikland, H. G., T. Ruardy, L. van der Does, and A. Bantjes. "New Coagents in Peroxide Vulcanization of EPM." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 66, no. 5 (November 1, 1993): 693–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538338.

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Abstract In a previous study, the mechanism of EPM peroxide vulcanization in the presence of various aromatic bis(allyl)esters was elucidated. It was concluded that the elastomer-coagent blend was phase separated and that during vulcanization chemical crosslinks are formed between the elastomer matrix and coagent domains. In this study the effect of the chemical structure of the coagent on the ultimate properties of the vulcanizate is reported. For this purpose a series of new coagents has been synthesized. It was found that bis(allyl) coagents with relatively flexible interlinking segments provide vulcanizates with improved mechanical properties.
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Hayeemasae, Nabil, Kamaruddin Waesateh, Siriwat Soontaranon, and Abdulhakim Masa. "EFFECT OF VULCANIZATION SYSTEMS AND CROSSLINK DENSITY ON TENSILE PROPERTIES AND NETWORK STRUCTURES OF NATURAL RUBBER." Jurnal Teknologi 84, no. 6 (October 3, 2022): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/jurnalteknologi.v84.16467.

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The mechanical properties of natural rubber (NR) vulcanizate depend strongly on several factors, i.e., vulcanization systems and crosslink density. These two parameters are originally from the formulation design of the vulcanizate. To focus more on such details, influences of three different vulcanization systems (sulfur, peroxide, and phenolic resin) with variations in their crosslink densities were studied by focusing on the change of curing properties, crosslink densities, mechanical properties and network structures of the NR vulcanizates. The crosslink density of various vulcanization systems increased with increasing curing promotors, as revealed by temperature scanning stress relaxation measurement. The tensile modulus at 100% strain increased with increasing crosslink density in all systems but the tensile strength varied with the vulcanization systems and degree of crosslink density. At the same crosslink level, the greatest tensile strength was obtained when the sulfur was used as a crosslinker, which was 100% greater than those obtained from peroxide and 200% over phenolic systems. In comparison to the phenolic resin system, sulfur and peroxide crosslink systems had a more uniform distribution of the crosslink network structure. The size of the network structure was found to be independent of the tensile strength. The peroxide system had the most uniform distribution of the crosslink network structure.
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Joseph, Anu Mary, Benny George, K. N. Madhusoodanan, and Rosamma Alex. "CURE CHARACTERISTICS OF DEVULCANIZED RUBBER:THE ISSUE OF LOW SCORCH." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 90, no. 3 (July 1, 2017): 536–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.17.83737.

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ABSTRACT We investigate the reasons behind the observed low scorch during the revulcanization of devulcanized rubber. Mechanically devulcanized carbon black filled natural rubber vulcanizates originally cured by conventional vulcanization (CV), semiefficient vulcanization (semi EV), efficient vulcanization (EV), and peroxide systems as well as buffing dust obtained from pre-cured tread with known formulation were used. Revulcanization of these devulcanized samples using sulfur/sulfonamide system led to the following observations; irrespective of the type of sulfur cure system used for the initial vulcanization of the rubber, (i) the devulcanized samples cured without pre-vulcanization induction time and (ii) devulcanized samples prepared from peroxide vulcanized rubber cured with scorch safety. Based on the earlier reports that solvent extraction of devulcanized rubber did not improve the scorch time during revulcanization, the role of zinc bound non-extractable moieties was investigated using devulcanized rubber prepared from activator-free vulcanizates, which disproved the role of such moieties. This confirmed that the scorch reducing moieties should be attached to the rubber main chain, which can be unreacted crosslink precursors and cyclic sulfides left after the initial accelerated sulfur vulcanization of the original sample. The ability of pre-vulcanization inhibitor to induce scorch safety when devulcanized rubber is revulcanized as such, without adding any virgin rubber, proved that mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) generated from crosslink precursors is the cause of low scorch. Acetone extracted devulcanized rubber samples prepared from tetramethyl thiuramdisulfide (TMTD) cured natural rubber, which does not follow the MBT pathway when revulcanized, cured with scorch safety, which further proved the role of MBT. Based on the previous reports and our results, it is obvious that powdering of rubber vulcanizate and devulcanization processes have no role on the low process safety of these materials, but it is inherent to the initial accelerated sulfur vulcanization chemistry undergone by these materials.
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Mathew, George, P. Viswanathan Pillai, and A. P. Kuriakose. "Studies on a New Binary Accelerator System for the Sulfur Vulcanization of Styrene—Butadiene Rubber." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 65, no. 2 (May 1, 1992): 277–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538611.

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Abstract The chemical reactions involved when a binary accelerator system is used in rubber vulcanization varies with the systems used. The exact mechanism of these reactions is not fully understood even now. Accelerators in which sulfur is combined as S—S, C—S—C, or S—N are generally inactive at low vulcanization temperatures because of the high thermal stability of their sulfur bonds. But sulfur-containing nucleophiles such as thiourea or its derivatives enable accelerators like TMTD or CBS to operate at lower vulcanization temperature, indicating a nucleophilic reaction mechanism in these vulcanization reactions. But, no conclusive evidence is given for such a postulate. In the present study, 1-phenyl-2,4-dithiobiuret and 1,5-diphenyl-2,4-dithiobiuret, which are more nucleophilic than thiourea but which vary in their nucleophilic reactivity, were tried as secondary accelerators in binary systems containing TMTD or CBS in sulfur vulcanization of SBR. Both the above dithiobiurets were found to reduce the optimum cure time considerably compared to the reference mixes. 1-phenyl-2,4-dithiobiuret, which is more nucleophilic than 1,5-diphenyl-2,4-dithiobiuret, is found to reduce the optimum cure time more, showing a nucleophilic reaction mechanism in the systems under review. In both cases, the optimum dosage of the secondary accelerator required has been established. The vulcanizates obtained with these new systems showed definite increase in tensile properties and good retention of these properties after aging. In the evaluation of other physical properties, these vulcanizates gave promising results. In order to correlate these physical properties to the type of chemical crosslinks formed, chemical characterization of the vulcanizates was also carried out. Also, to study the effect of these nucleophiles on the temperature of vulcanization, these mixes were cured and evaluated at two different temperatures, viz., 120°C and 150°C. To overcome the lower green strength and gum tensile strength in SBR, incorporation of fine reinforcing fillers and the use of special combinations of accelerators is required. In this context, the study was extended to evaluate the effect of fillers—carbon black, precipitated silica, and china clay—on the cure characteristics and vulcanizate properties.
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Liu, Qingqing, Kai Zhang, Xingshuo Zhang, and Zhaobo Wang. "Strengthening effect of Mullins effect of high- density polyethylene/ethylene–propylene–diene terpolymer thermoplastic vulcanizates under compression mode." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 31, no. 10 (October 30, 2017): 1310–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705717738288.

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Thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) based on high-density polyethylene (HDPE)/ethylene–propylene–diene terpolymer (EPDM) were prepared via dynamic vulcanization. The mechanical properties and strengthening effect of Mullins effect under compression mode were investigated systematically. Experimental results indicated that the compression strength of TPVs was enhanced greatly compared with that of EPDM vulcanizate. Mullins effect could be observed obviously in the compression stress–strain curves of the TPVs while it was hardly to obverse in that of EPDM vulcanizate during the uniaxial loading–unloading cycles. The maximum compression stress and internal friction loss at specific strain were decreased after the first loading–unloading while only decreased slightly at the later loading–unloading cycles; however, the residual deformation increased with the increasing of the cycle times of compression. Mullins effect could be significantly enhanced with increasing compression strain and HDPE content in TPV.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Vulcanizatio"

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SUSANNA, ANTONIO. "Highly Efficient MeO Nanoparticles as Curing Activator for Rubber Composites." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/129620.

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The vulcanization of rubber by sulfur is a large-scale industrial process that improves the mechanical properties of unsaturated rubber by the cross-linking of polymer chains. Microcrystalline ZnO particles are currently used as activator to enhance the efficiency of the crosslinking. Due to their not easy dispersion in the rubber matrix and to the relatively small fraction of ZnO which actually reacts with the other curative compounds, a large amount of oxide is required for the process. This leads to a not homogeneous vulcanization with inefficient polymer network structure and a possible release of the metal in the environment with potentially negative effects. Thus, a possible improvement of ZnO efficiency as activator requires an enhancement of its availability, distribution and capability to release Zn2+ ions in the rubber matrix. Aim of this thesis, is the enhancement of the curing efficiency by employing ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) grown on silica filler particles. A simple low-temperature sol-gel procedure was exploited to grow amorphous spherical ZnO NPs directly on silica surface and linked by Si-O-Zn covalent bonds (ZnO/SiO2) which simultaneously behave as curing agent and reinforcing filler. The morphology and crystal structure of ZnO/SiO2 NPs were investigated by XRD and TEM. The nanometric size was assessed by UV reflectance measure, while the Si-O-Zn bond interaction was studied by NMR, ATR-FTIR and XPS and discussed in relation to the NPs dimensions. The ZnO/SiO2 NPs were used to prepare cured polyisoprene nanocomposites loaded with silica. Moreover, the curing efficiency and dynamic mechanical properties of vulcanized ZnO/SiO2 nanocomposites were compared to those obtained by using microcrystalline ZnO as activator in conventional curing processes. In the case of nanocomposite cured with ZnO/SiO2 NPs showed better curing efficiency, higher cross-linking density and improved mechanical properties than the same composites treated by conventional ZnO particles. In order to explain the better efficiency of ZnO/SiO2 NPs in the vulcanization, the pseudo activation energies of the different stages of the process were evaluated by performing DSC measurements on the nanocomposites. The presence of ZnO/SiO2 NPs induces lower activation energies and, therefore, faster kinetics compared to microcrystalline ZnO, particularly in the first steps of the reactions. This is in agreement with the highest ability of zinc in ZnO/SiO2 to react with curatives, thus improving the cross-linking density. The role of ZnO/SiO2 NPs in the crosslinking reaction was further studied by a model compound vulcanization (MCV) approach, using tetramethylethylene as model monomer and analyzing the cured products by LC-MS chromatography and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The results evidence a higher crosslinking for ZnO/SiO2 due to the larger amount of more stable mono- and di-sulphide crosslinking chains than for conventional ZnO. The comparison between the two catalysts have been also discussed on the basis of FTIR investigation which evidence in ZnO/SiO2 the formation of highly reactive stearate bridged bidentate zinc complex as possible intermediate in accelerating the cross-linking reaction. These results suggest that the proposed material could be considered as promising system for curing industrial application with reduce zinc loading. Finally, similar activator/filler NPs loaded with CaO and MgO were also prepared and tested to replace the Zn in curing process. Nanosized dimension and high dispersion of the oxides improve the efficiency of this activators with respect to system with unsupported crystalline oxides even if their catalityc activity is confirmed to be much lower than ZnO.
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Boonkerd, Kanoktip. "EFFECT OF EFFICIENCY OF SULFUR VULCANIZATION ON PROPERTIES OF GUM AND BLACK-FILLED NATURAL RUBBER VULCANIZATES." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1144259529.

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Reis, Elton Aparecido Prado dos [UNESP]. "Preparação e caracterização de compósitos obtidos a partir de borracha natural com raspa de couro visando aplicações industriais." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99697.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-06-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:47:10Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 reis_eap_me_bauru.pdf: 5393371 bytes, checksum: 16962b43c55e24ca2edab26b06201e8e (MD5)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Neste trabalho é apresentado o método de preparação dos compósitos obtidos a partir da mistura de borracha natural (BN) com raspa de couro, gerada em uma das etapas do tratamento do couro nos cortumes. Os compósitos foram obtidos utilizando o método de prensagem e quente, em diferentes proporções em massa (m%). Também será apresentada a proporção calculada a partir da quantidade de BN utilizada (phr) e a técnica usada para a incorporação dos agentes de vulcanização, realizadas para vulcanizar a BN presente na mistura. Os compósitos, que no presente trabalho serão denominados BN/Couro, foram caracterizados utilizando as técnicas de análises de propriedades mecânicas, análises morfológicas, análises estruturais e análises térmicas. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados em função das propriedades físicas dos compósitos com as do couro utilizado comercialmente, com objetivo de se efetuar um direcionamento para uma possível aplicação industrial e comercial dos compósitos. De acordo com os resultados constatou-se que o material apresenta baixa capacidade de deformação, causada pela vulcanização realizada na BN e também pelas partículas de couro. Notou-se também que os compósitos apresentam bom grau de impermeabilidade e desgaste, quando comparado ao couro sola utilizado comercialmente, sendo averiguado que esta propriedades são relacionadas à proporção de BN presente na mistura, que por sua vez atua como agente encapsulador do couro, tornando-se predominante no material produzido. O que investigou o desenvolvimento deste trabalho foi a pretensão de obter um material de baixo custo, pois será produzido a partir de um resíduo gerado às toneladas
This work presents the method of preparation of composites from a mixture of natural rubber (NR) with leather waste, generated in one step in the treatment of leather in tanneries. The composites were obtained using the method of hot pressing, in different proportions by mass (wt%). Also presented the ratio calculated from the amount of NR used (phr) and the technique used for incorporation of curing agents, taken to vulcanize the NR in the mixture. The composites, which in this work will be called NR/Leather, were characterized using the techniques of analysis of mechanical properties, morphological analysis, structural analysis and thermal analysis. The results were compared on the basis of the physical properties of the composities with the leather used commercially, with the objective to make a direction for a possible industrial application and commercial composites. According to the results found that the material has a low capacity for deformation caused by vulcanization perfomed in NR and also by the particles of leather. It was also noted that the composites exihibit a good degree of impermeability and wear when compared to leather soles used commercially, and ascertained that these properties are related to the proportion of BN in the mixture, which in turn acts as an agent wrapper of leather making is predominant in the material produced. What prompted the development of this work was the intention of obtaining a low cost material, which be produced from a waste generated by the ton
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Reis, Elton Aparecido Prado dos. "Preparação e caracterização de compósitos obtidos a partir de borracha natural com raspa de couro visando aplicações industriais /." Presidente Prudente, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99697.

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Orientador: Aldo Eloizo Job
Banca: Celia Regina Granhen Tavares
Banca: Silvio Rainho Teixeira
Resumo: Neste trabalho é apresentado o método de preparação dos compósitos obtidos a partir da mistura de borracha natural (BN) com raspa de couro, gerada em uma das etapas do tratamento do couro nos cortumes. Os compósitos foram obtidos utilizando o método de prensagem e quente, em diferentes proporções em massa (m%). Também será apresentada a proporção calculada a partir da quantidade de BN utilizada (phr) e a técnica usada para a incorporação dos agentes de vulcanização, realizadas para vulcanizar a BN presente na mistura. Os compósitos, que no presente trabalho serão denominados BN/Couro, foram caracterizados utilizando as técnicas de análises de propriedades mecânicas, análises morfológicas, análises estruturais e análises térmicas. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados em função das propriedades físicas dos compósitos com as do couro utilizado comercialmente, com objetivo de se efetuar um direcionamento para uma possível aplicação industrial e comercial dos compósitos. De acordo com os resultados constatou-se que o material apresenta baixa capacidade de deformação, causada pela vulcanização realizada na BN e também pelas partículas de couro. Notou-se também que os compósitos apresentam bom grau de impermeabilidade e desgaste, quando comparado ao couro sola utilizado comercialmente, sendo averiguado que esta propriedades são relacionadas à proporção de BN presente na mistura, que por sua vez atua como agente encapsulador do couro, tornando-se predominante no material produzido. O que investigou o desenvolvimento deste trabalho foi a pretensão de obter um material de baixo custo, pois será produzido a partir de um resíduo gerado às toneladas
Abstract: This work presents the method of preparation of composites from a mixture of natural rubber (NR) with leather waste, generated in one step in the treatment of leather in tanneries. The composites were obtained using the method of hot pressing, in different proportions by mass (wt%). Also presented the ratio calculated from the amount of NR used (phr) and the technique used for incorporation of curing agents, taken to vulcanize the NR in the mixture. The composites, which in this work will be called NR/Leather, were characterized using the techniques of analysis of mechanical properties, morphological analysis, structural analysis and thermal analysis. The results were compared on the basis of the physical properties of the composities with the leather used commercially, with the objective to make a direction for a possible industrial application and commercial composites. According to the results found that the material has a low capacity for deformation caused by vulcanization perfomed in NR and also by the particles of leather. It was also noted that the composites exihibit a good degree of impermeability and wear when compared to leather soles used commercially, and ascertained that these properties are related to the proportion of BN in the mixture, which in turn acts as an agent wrapper of leather making is predominant in the material produced. What prompted the development of this work was the intention of obtaining a low cost material, which be produced from a waste generated by the ton
Mestre
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Pinheiro, Eduardo Gonçalves. "Modelos numéricos aplicados à vulcanização de pneus." Universidade de São Paulo, 2001. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3132/tde-25082003-090611/.

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A vulcanização é um processo termo-químico aplicado aos polímeros elastoméricos, também chamados de borrachas. Devido à vulcanização, as borrachas adquirem propriedades físicas que as tornam adequadas a várias aplicações mecânicas, entre estas, se destaca aquela desempenhada pelo componente automotivo pneu. Durante a vulcanização as moléculas do elastômero são unidas em vários pontos através de ligações cruzadas. Isso ocorre através do aquecimento da borracha adicionada de enxofre. O correto dimensionamento do tempo que o calor deve ser transferido ao composto de borracha a ser vulcanizado é crucial para definir as características finais deste composto. Em condições extremas, se o tempo de exposição ao calor for insuficiente, o composto continuará com comportamento de baixa resistência às deformações. Por outro lado se o tempo de exposição ao calor for excessivo, além do desperdício energético e econômico, o composto de borracha entra numa fase de reversão, que significa diminuição das propriedades já alcançadas. O dimensionamento da vulcanização de um pneu necessita basicamente de dois suportes fundamentais de engenharia: a) um modelo numérico para a reação termo-química que leve em conta a cinética de cura de cada composto de borracha do pneu; b) um modelo numérico de transmissão de calor, capaz de calcular para qualquer ponto do pneu a sua evolução térmica durante a vulcanização. Esta dissertação apresenta uma revisão da literatura sobre vulcanização de pneus, os modelos utilizados, e um modelo proposto pelo autor. Nesse, questões como reologia da borracha em regime de temperatura variável e reversão do composto recebem um tratamento numérico específico. Através da validação experimental verifica-se que o modelo proposto é altamente eficaz para aplicações industriais.
Vulcanization is a thermochemical process applied to the elastomeric polymers also called rubbers. Due to the vulcanization, rubbers acquire physical properties that make them capable to support mechanical applications, such as pneumatic tire. During the vulcanization, the elastomer molecules are tied together in many points due to the crosslinking process. This process is made possible due to the heating of the mixing of rubber and sulfur. It is very important to define the right time under the heat a rubber requires to be vulcanized. This vulcanizing period will define the future rubber characteristics. If an insufficient curing time is used for vulcanization, the rubber compound will maintain the poor characteristics of a raw rubber. In the other extreme, if a very extensive cure time is used, besides the energetic and economic losses, it will provoke reversion on the rubber, that means the reduction of the desired cured rubber properties. In order to produce a precise dimensioning of the cure cycle two fundamental engineering supports are necessary: a) a numerical model for the thermochemical reaction, dealing with the curing kinetics of each rubber compound involved in a tire; b) a numerical model for the heat transfer process, capable to determine during the vulcanization period, the temperature evolution in any point of a single tire. This work presents a discussion of previous literature on the tire vulcanization area, their cure models, and a new model proposed by the author. This model treats questions like the rubber rheology in non isothermal condition, and the compound reversion, applying to them specific numerical treatments. The use of experimental validation showed the model to be very efficient for industrial applications.
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Torani, Daiane. "Sistemas alternativos de ativadores de vulcanização em comparação ao sistema tradicionalmente utilizado em compostos elastoméricos de borracha natural." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2017. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/3381.

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7

Bellander, Martin. "High pressure vulcanization : crosslinking of diene rubbers without vulcanization agents." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Polymer Technology, 1998. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-2713.

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High pressure vulcanization (HPV) is defined in this thesisas crosslinking of rubber materialsat elevated pressure andtemperature, without the use of any vulcanization agents. Thisis atotally new vulcanization technique, not used in theindustry today. The HPV technique,however, has an interestingpotential since no hazardous chemicals need to be handled,thematerial does not contain any additives. The phenomenon thatcertain rubber materials can be crosslinked in this way wasobserved already in the 1960s, but there has been a lack ofknowledge of the underlying reaction mechanisms, kinetics, theresulting network structure and also the correlation betweenthe molecular structure and the physical properties ofthesematerials. The purpose of this thesis is to increase theknowledge of high pressurevulcanization, with respect toreaction kinetics and mechanisms, network structure andphysical properties.

A low cis-polybutadiene was used as a model material forcrosslinking at high pressure (10-290 MPa) and temperature(240-250°C), and comparisons were made withperoxidevulcanizates. Both unfilled and carbon black filledsamples were studied. Nitrile- and styrene-butadienerubber werealso crosslinked successfully. Crosslink density is a centralconcept inthis thesis and was evaluated by swellingmeasurements. The microstructural changesoccurring duringvulcanization were studied by Fourier Transform InfraredSpectroscopy(FTIR) and 13 C solid state nuclear magneticresonance (NMR). The mechanical propertieswere investigated bydynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), tensile testing,and permanent set and stress relaxation measurements.Theprogress of the reaction proved to be well controlled by thetreatment time, temperature and pressure, resulting inmaterials with widely different properties within onesinglecompound due to the possibility of controlling thecrosslink density during the vulcanizationprocess. The reactionmechanism was shown to be of a radical type, and vinylunsaturations inthe polybutadiene are consumed concurrentlywith the crosslink formation. The effect ofpressure on thereaction is a decrease in molecular mobility, which results inhighercrosslinking reaction rate due to a decrease intermination reactions. When a carbon black filleris introduced,the number of polymer-filler interactions is increased due tothe ability of thepolymer to penetrate the carbon blackstructure under pressure. The mechanical properties areas goodas those of peroxide vulcanizates, and especially theresistance to deformation inservice-use at elevatedtemperatures suggests that the resulting material may be usedin gasketand seal applications. In spite of the difficulties ofmould sealing that arise at elevatedpressures, it was possibleto obtain vulcanized samples by common injection mouldingwithproperties comparable to those obtained by traditionalvulcanization.

Keywords:High Pressure Vulcanization, Vulcanization,Crosslinking, Pressure, Elevated Temperature, Polybutadiene,Carbon Black, Rubber-Carbon Black Interactions, CrosslinkDensity, Peroxide Vulcanization, Injection Moulding,Nitrile-Butadiene Rubber.

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Weijh, André. "Metodologia para simulação de elastômeros considerando estratificação das propriedades de cura." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/178774.

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Esse trabalho tem por objetivo desenvolver uma ferramenta para previsão das características da cura em borrachas, através da análise numérica de modelos fenomenológicos de vulcanização correlacionados às análises térmicas via método dos elemento finitos. A metodologia é baseada em simular o processo de vulcanização no molde, estimando-se a energia de ativação e simulando o histórico de temperaturas dentro do molde, estratificando o volume do componente por faixas de vulcanização. A partir da caracterização mecânica da borracha nos seus diversos estados de cura, as propriedades constitutivas são especificadas de forma segregada para cada diferente região do componente, que então é simulado em situação de operação. Desta forma, é possível analisar as consequências sobre o comportamento mecânico de componentes parcialmente curados ou melhorar o processo de moldagem a fim de minimizar as diferenças decorrentes do processo. Usam-se como objeto de estudo apoios elastoméricos de pontes não fretados, comparando alterações na resposta do componente perfeitamente curado com situações industriais onde isso não é possível. Como resultado, obtém-se uma estratificação de cura com erros de aproximadamente 2% para percentuais de cura superiores a 50% e diferenças consideráveis para o estado de tensões do modelo com cura homogênea e estratificada.
This work develops a tool to predict vulcanization properties in rubber, based on numerical analysis of phenomenological model correlated with the thermal history of rubber in mold vulcanization. This methodology simulates mold cure process by finite element method, estimating the activation energy and dividing the component into different cure regions. After the mechanical characterization of the rubber with different cure percentages, the constitutive properties are specified in a segregate form in each different cure region of the component, emulating the mechanical behavior of the component in operation. This way it is possible to analyze stresses and strains in components with 100% of cure and in components with incomplete cure. The methodology is applied to a thick rubber piece used to support the track in road bridges. As result, the mean error is about 2% for cure level above 50% and the stratified model present different state of stress in comparison with the homogeneous cure model.
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Sun, Yu. "VULCANIZATION AND DEVULCANIZATION OF RUBBER." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1594830138675509.

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Van, Rooyen Jason Leigh. "A comparison of the vulcanisation of Polyisoprene by a range of Thiuram Diulfides." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/733.

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This study was initiated in an attempt to investigate dithiocarbamic acid accelerated sulfur vulcanisation. This was, however, found impossible due to the innate instability of dithiocarbamic acids. The focus of the study was then shifted toward thiuram disulfide accelerated sulfur vulcanisation, with emphasis being placed on a rate comparison. Three groups of accelerators were investigated, namely the aromatic, linear aliphatic and cyclic aliphatic thiuram disulfide adducts. The analysis methods that were employed were conventional rubber (cis-1,4-polyisoprene) techniques coupled to model (squalene) compound investigations. The data that was collected consisted of rheometrical torque vs. time data in the rubber system while the data obtained in the model compound study consisted of sulfur and accelerator concentration data as determined by means of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The aromatic accelerators were synthesised in our labs by means of an addition reaction between the aromatic amine and CS2 in basic medium and subsequent oxidation with K3Fe(CN)6, all in a 1:1 molar ratio. The reaction yield was low due to the instability of the dithiocarbamate intermediates and a sluggish oxidation reaction. In the rate constant determination a first order mathematical approach was used for the rubber system as crosslinking is considered to roughly obey first order kinetics. The model compound data was also found to more accurately fit the first order rate law, with an initial slopes method also being applied to the system to determine secondary rate constants and relative rates for the system. The determination of vulcanisation rate constants in the cis-1,4-polyisoprene system was a success, while the rate data determined by means of the squalene model was more related to the rate of accelerator and sulfur consumption as opposed to the rate of crosslinking as is the case with the rubber rate data. The sulfur first order rate data mirrored the rate data derived from the rubber system more closely than the corresponding accelerator rate data, the relative rate data determined by means of initial slopes method, proved that the homolytic cleavage of thiuram disulfides and the subsequent formation of accelerator polysulfides were not limiting steps. This is seen in the similar relative rate data derived from both the raw sulfur and accelerator data in systems that exhibit vastly different vulcanisation rates. Squalene was deemed a suitable model for the cis-1,4-polyisoprene system, although one should consider the extent of charring and solution effects in the individual systems to account for possible incongruities that may be observed between the rubber and simulated system. The lack of agreement between the rubber and model compound rate constant data lies in the fact that the rate of crosslinking is not simplistically related to the rate at which accelerator and sulfur is consumed, this being especially true for the rate at which the accelerator is consumed. Thus the discussion over the acceleratory rates in the various accelerator systems was limited to observations made in the rubber system, with the model compound data was used exclusively to elucidate mechanistic processes. It was discovered that the groups of accelerators examined, namely linear, cyclic and aromatic thiuram disulfide adducts, produced vastly varied rate data. The aromatic thiuram disulfide adducts had only a slight acceleratory effect on the rate of vulcanisation as compared to the unaccelerated sulfur system. The morpholine adduct had a moderately larger rate of acceleration followed by tetramethyl and tetrethylthiuram disulfide, with N’N-dicyclopentamethylenethiuram disulfide having the fastest rate of acceleration.
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Books on the topic "Vulcanizatio"

1

Wood, P. R. Mixing of vulcanisable rubbers and thermoplastic elastomers. Shawbury, U.K: Rapra Technology Ltd., 2004.

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Eyre, R. Characterisation of rubber vulcanizates for bridge bearings. Crowthorne, Berks: Transport and Road Research Laboratory, Structures Group, Bridges Division, 1991.

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International, Seminar on Elastomers (4th 1990 Kurume-shi Japan). International Seminar on Elastomers: Papers presented at the International Seminar on Elastomers, held at the Kurume Research Center Building, October 7-9, 1990. New York: Wiley, 1992.

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Akron), International Seminar on Elastomers (3rd 1988 University of. International Seminar on Elastomers: Papers presented at the International Seminar on Elastomers, held at the Gardner Center of the University of Akron, 26-28 October 1988. New York: Wiley, 1989.

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International Seminar on Elastomers (5th 1993 University of Akron). International Seminar on Elastomers: Papers presented at the International Seminar on Elastomers, held at the University of Akron, July 14-16, 1993. Edited by White James Lindsay 1938- and Inoue Takashi 1943-. New York: Wiley, 1994.

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International Seminar on Elastomers (4th 1990 Kurume-shi, Japan). InternationalSeminar on Elastomers: Papers presented at the International Seminar on Elastomers, held at the Kurume Research Center Building, October 7-9, 1990. Edited by White J. L and Murakami Kenkichi. New York: Wiley, 1992.

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Buus, Henriette. Gummivulkanisering og sundhedsskader: Toksikologisk vurdering af kemiske stoffer udviklet ved vulkanisering af gummi. København: Arbejdsmiljøfondet, 1986.

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Willoughby, B. G. Nitrosamines in rubber. Shrewsbury, U.K: RAPRA Technology, 1997.

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Willoughby, B. G. Rubber fume: Ingredient/emission relationships. Shawbury, Shropshire, [England]: Rapra Technology, 1994.

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H, Yasuda, and American Chemical Society Meeting, eds. Plasma polymerization and plasma interactions with polymeric materials: Proceedings of the Symposium on Plasma Polymerization and Plasma Interactions with Polymeric Materials, held at the ACS 199th National Meeting in Boston, Massachusetts, April 1990. New York, NY: Wiley, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Vulcanizatio"

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Noordermeer, Jacques W. M. "Vulcanization." In Encyclopedia of Polymeric Nanomaterials, 1–16. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36199-9_311-1.

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Noordermeer, Jacques W. M. "Vulcanization." In Encyclopedia of Polymeric Nanomaterials, 2577–90. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29648-2_311.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Vulcanization." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 802. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_12651.

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Donskoi, A. A., M. A. Shashkina, and G. E. Zaikov. "Vulcanization." In Fire Resistant and Thermally Stable Materials Derived from Chlorinated Polyethylene, 67–88. London: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429070723-5.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Sulfur Vulcanization." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 712. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_11409.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Premature Vulcanization." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 585. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_9394.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Vulcanizate." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 802. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_12649.

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Rajesh Babu, R., G. S. Shibulal, Arup K. Chandra, and Kinsuk Naskar. "Compounding and Vulcanization." In Advanced Structured Materials, 83–135. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20925-3_4.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Vulcanizate Crosslinks." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 802. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_12650.

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Li, Yongjin, and Yanchun Tang. "Thermoplastic Vulcanizates (TPVs) by the Dynamic Vulcanization of Miscible or Highly Compatible Plastic/Rubber Blends." In Reactive Extrusion, 331–44. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527801541.ch12.

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Conference papers on the topic "Vulcanizatio"

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Seenawat, Mongkol, Asa Prateepasen, and Cherdpong Jomdecha. "Ultrasonic Testing for Vulcanization Inspection of Natural Rubber." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-41782.

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This paper presents a novel method to inspect the levels of vulcanization of natural rubber by ultrasonic testing. In the research, test specimens are natural rubbers of type ‘cis-1,4-polyisoprene’ vulcanized at different durations. Piezoelectric contact transducers were used to transmit and receive ultrasonic to/from each sample. Longitudinal waves at nominal frequency of 2, 2.25 and 5 MHz were used to investigate the samples. Experiments were conducted using two techniques: pulse echo and through transmission. The pulse echo technique was applied to inspect the ultrasonic attenuation and the velocity of longitudinal wave of natural rubber. The through transmission technique was implemented to identify the shape and amplitude of the frequency spectrum. The results from both time and frequency domains can be employed to classify the levels of the vulcanization. From the experiments, this ultrasonic testing provides an effective way to inspect the vulcanization of natural rubber with repeatability and allows faster inspection rate than other methods.
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Sakai, Shintarou, Toru Shigemitsu, Junichiro Fukutomi, and Tsukasa Matsuoka. "The Flow Phenomena and the Non-Uniform Filling of the Unvulcanized Rubber in Process of Filling." In ASME 2009 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2009-78336.

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Rubber products like oil seal are produced by vulcanization molding and the vulcanization molding of rubber product is performed by past experience, trial and error. It is important issues to decrease the product cost, reduce defective products and solve the environmental problems by saving natural resources. If the vulcanization moldings of rubber products are reappeared by computer simulation, it is very useful and it could contribute to solve the above problems. In order to reduce surplus rubber and defective products, numerical analysis of flow phenomena of unvulcanized rubber was performed using commercial software FIDAP. In several types of rubber mold model, the numerical analysis was conducted taken the characteristic of visco-elasticity fluid obtained by an experiment without considering the effect of heat. And experiments were conducted for the comparison of numerical results and actual phenomena. In the experiment, vulcanization process was stopped by arbitrary interval. Then the filling state and the shape of the rubber at each interval are observed in numerical and experiment results. The results showed that the filling state of numerical results represented good agreement with the experimental results. And it was clarified from the numerical analysis that shear stress increased when the unvulcanized rubber flowed in a narrow channel and there was the relation between pressure and velocity. In the present paper, the flow phenomena under the condition of the compression molding are shown and the optimum flow conditions are discussed from the numerical results. Furthermore mechanism of occurrence of defective products is considered with the experimental and the numerical results.
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Garnier, B., F. Danes, and D. Delaunay. "COUPLING BETWEEN HEAT TRANSFER AND RUBBER VULCANIZATION." In International Heat Transfer Conference 9. Connecticut: Begellhouse, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/ihtc9.1470.

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Borcosi, Ilie. "NUMERICAL�SYSTEM�FOR�MEASURING�OF�VULCANIZATION�TIME." In SGEM2012 12th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference and EXPO. Stef92 Technology, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2012/s10.v3024.

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Ikeda, Y., K. Miyaji, T. Ohashi, T. Nakajima, and P. Junkong. "Insights into Vulcanization for Reinforcement of Rubber." In 200th Fall Technical Meeting of the Rubber Division, American Chemical Society 2021. Akron, Ohio, USA: Rubber Division, American Chemical Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52202/064426-0002.

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Xiaodong Zhang, Xiujuan Li, and Ke Lu. "Automation system for optimization of vulcanization accelerator production." In 2010 IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Systems and Knowledge Engineering (ISKE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iske.2010.5680757.

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Yu, Shengping, Diancai Yang, Xiuying Wang, Kehui Zhu, and Binglin Zheng. "A two-stage heuristic method for vulcanization production scheduling." In 2011 23rd Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccdc.2011.5968846.

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Stojanov, Sonja, Mirjana Jovičić, Ilija Bobinac, Olga Govedarica, Jelena Pavličević, Julijana Blagojević, Dragan Govedarica, and Oskar Bera. "RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF RUBBER COMPOSITES BASED ON NATURAL RUBBER LOADED WITH MINERAL OILS AND PYROLYTIC CARBON BLACK." In 1st INTERNATIONAL Conference on Chemo and BioInformatics. Institute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/iccbi21.173s.

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This paper aims to investigate the effect of the addition of mineral oil and pyrolytic carbon black on crosslinking the natural rubber and the mechanical properties of the crosslinked products. A rheometer determined curing characteristics at a temperature of 150 °C. The mechanical properties of prepared vulcanized composites were determined. By adding mineral oil to rubber compounds, the vulcanization reaction starts later, and it takes slightly more time to achieve the optimal vulcanization time. The addition of mineral oil to the rubber mixture achieves better dispersion of pyrolytic carbon blacks in the matrix and thus increases the physical interaction between the filler and rubber. Pyrolytic carbon black (pCB) is obtained by recycling waste products and contains a higher proportion of impurities. Due to impurities, PCB has a smaller surface area for the physical adsorption of rubber molecules than standard carbon black, and it can be assumed that this has led to a decrease in the crosslinking density. The addition of mineral oil to rubber compounds results in a slight reduction in mechanical properties. The type of carbon black has a much more significant influence on the mechanical properties of vulcanized composites based on natural rubber.
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Hong, Sun, Liu Xiaogang, Chen Zhifeng, and Qin Ke. "Post-vulcanization Solid-liquid Separation Device for Medical Latex Gloves." In 2020 5th International Conference on Mechanical, Control and Computer Engineering (ICMCCE). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmcce51767.2020.00020.

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Milani, Gabriele, and Federico Milani. "Interactive GUI Software for Natural Rubber Vulcanization Degree Numerical Prediction." In 6th International Conference on Simulation and Modeling Methodologies, Technologies and Applications. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0005958401570164.

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Reports on the topic "Vulcanizatio"

1

Deome, Alfred J., Christopher J. Kulig, and Jacob Patt. Serial Chromatopyrography-Mass Spectrometry of Natural Rubber Vulcanizates. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada167559.

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