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1
Anbalagan, Srivishnupriya, Elyse Cooper, Pat Klumper, Randy R. Simonson, and Ben M. Hause. "Whole genome analysis of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus identified limited genome constellations and preferential reassortment." Journal of General Virology 95, no. 2 (February 1, 2014): 434–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.059659-0.
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Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) is a Culicoides transmitted orbivirus that causes haemorrhagic disease in wild and domestic ruminants. A collection of 44 EHDV isolated from 2008 to 2012 was fully sequenced and analysed phylogenetically. Serotype 2 viruses were the dominant serotype all years except 2012 when serotype 6 viruses represented 63 % of the isolates. High genetic similarity (>94 % identity) between serotype 1 and 2 virus VP1, VP3, VP4, VP6, NS1, NS2 and NS3 segments prevented identification of reassortment events for these segments. Additionally, there was little genetic diversity (>96 % identity) within serotypes for VP2, VP5 and VP7. Preferential reassortment within the homologous serotype was observed for VP2, VP5 and VP7 segments for type 1 and type 2 viruses. In contrast, type 6 viruses were all reassortants containing VP2 and VP5 derived from an exotic type 6 with the remaining segments most similar to type 2 viruses. These results suggest that reassortment between type 1 and type 2 viruses requires conservation of the VP2, VP5 and VP7 segment constellation while type 6 viruses only require VP2 and VP5 and are restricted to type 2-lineage VP7. As type 6 VP2 and VP5 segments were exclusively identified in viruses with type 2-derived VP7, these results suggest functional complementation between type 2 and type 6 VP7 proteins.
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Jaafar, Fauziah Mohd, Houssam Attoui, Peter P. C. Mertens, Philippe de Micco, and Xavier de Lamballerie. "Structural organization of an encephalitic human isolate of Banna virus (genus Seadornavirus, family Reoviridae)." Journal of General Virology 86, no. 4 (April 1, 2005): 1147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.80578-0.
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Banna virus (BAV) is the type species of the genus Seadornavirus within the family Reoviridae. The Chinese BAV isolate (BAV-Ch), which causes encephalitis in humans, was shown to have a structural organization and particle morphology reminiscent of that of rotaviruses, with fibre proteins projecting from the surface of the particle. Intact BAV-Ch virus particles contain seven structural proteins, two of which (VP4 and VP9) form the outer coat. The inner (core) particles contain five additional proteins (VP1, VP2, VP3, VP8 and VP10) and are ‘non-turreted’, with a relatively smooth surface appearance. VP2 is the ‘T=2’ protein that forms the innermost ‘subcore’ layer, whilst VP8 is the ‘T=13’ protein forming the core-surface layer. Sequence comparisons indicate that BAV VP9 and VP10 are equivalent to the VP8* and VP5* domains, respectively, of rotavirus outer-coat protein VP4 (GenBank accession no. P12976). VP9 has also been shown to be responsible for virus attachment to the host-cell surface and may be involved in internalization. These similarities reveal a previously unreported genetic link between the genera Rotavirus and Seadornavirus, although the expression of BAV VP9 and VP10 from two separate genome segments, rather than by the proteolytic cleavage of a single gene product (as seen in rotavirus VP4), suggests a significant evolutionary jump between the members of these two genera.
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Hyatt, A. D. "Exposure of protein VP7 on the surface of bluetongue virus." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 3 (August 12, 1990): 600–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100160558.
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Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the type species os the genus orbivirus in the family Reoviridae. The virus has a fibrillar outer coat containing two major structural proteins VP2 and VP5 which surround an icosahedral core. The core contains two major proteins VP3 and VP7 and three minor proteins VP1, VP4 and VP6. Recent evidence has indicated that the core comprises a neucleoprotein center which is surrounded by two protein layers; VP7, a major constituent of capsomeres comprises the outer and VP3 the inner layer of the core . Antibodies to VP7 are currently used in enzyme-linked immunosorbant assays and immuno-electron microscopical (JEM) tests for the detection of BTV. The tests involve the antibody recognition of VP7 on virus particles. In an attempt to understand how complete viruses can interact with antibodies to VP7 various antibody types and methodologies were utilized to determine the physical accessibility of the core to the external environment.
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Shepherd, Frances, Diana Herrera-Ibata, Elizabeth Porter, Nitipong Homwong, Richard Hesse, Jianfa Bai, and Douglas Marthaler. "Whole Genome Classification and Phylogenetic Analyses of Rotavirus B strains from the United States." Pathogens 7, no. 2 (April 18, 2018): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens7020044.
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Rotaviruses (RVs) are a major etiological agent of acute viral gastroenteritis in humans and young animals, with rotavirus B (RVB) often detected in suckling and weaned pigs. Group A rotavirus classification is currently based on the two outer capsid proteins, VP7 and VP4, and the middle layer protein, VP6. Using RVB strains generated in this study and reference sequences from GenBank, pairwise identity frequency graphs and phylogenetic trees were constructed for the eleven gene segments of RVB to estimate the nucleotide identity cutoff values for different genotypes and determine the genotype diversity per gene segment. Phylogenetic analysis of VP7, VP4, VP6, VP1–VP3, and NSP1–NSP5 identified 26G, 5P, 13I, 5R, 5C, 5M, 8A, 10N, 6T, 4E, and 7H genotypes, respectively. The analysis supports the previously proposed cutoff values for the VP7, VP6, NSP1, and NSP3 gene segments (80%, 81%, 76% and 78%, respectively) and suggests new cutoff values for the VP4, VP1, VP2, VP3, NSP2, NSP4, and NSP5 (80%, 78%, 79%, 77% 83%, 76%, and 79%, respectively). Reassortment events were detected between the porcine RVB strains from our study. This research describes the genome constellations for the complete genome of Group B rotaviruses in different host species.
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Johne, Reimar, and Hermann Müller. "Nuclear Localization of Avian Polyomavirus Structural Protein VP1 Is a Prerequisite for the Formation of Virus-Like Particles." Journal of Virology 78, no. 2 (January 15, 2004): 930–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.78.2.930-937.2004.
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ABSTRACT Virions of polyomaviruses consist of the major structural protein VP1, the minor structural proteins VP2 and VP3, and the viral genome associated with histones. An additional structural protein, VP4, is present in avian polyomavirus (APV) particles. As it had been reported that expression of APV VP1 in insect cells did not result in the formation of virus-like particles (VLP), the prerequisites for particle formation were analyzed. To this end, recombinant influenza viruses were created to (co)express the structural proteins of APV in chicken embryo cells, permissive for APV replication. VP1 expressed individually or coexpressed with VP4 did not result in VLP formation; both proteins (co)localized in the cytoplasm. Transport of VP1, or the VP1-VP4 complex, into the nucleus was facilitated by the coexpression of VP3 and resulted in the formation of VLP. Accordingly, a mutant APV VP1 carrying the N-terminal nuclear localization signal of simian virus 40 VP1 was transported to the nucleus and assembled into VLP. These results support a model of APV capsid assembly in which complexes of the structural proteins VP1, VP3 (or VP2), and VP4, formed within the cytoplasm, are transported to the nucleus using the nuclear localization signal of VP3 (or VP2); there, capsid formation is induced by the nuclear environment.
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Zhang, Weirong, and Paul W. Davenport. "Activation of thalamic ventroposteriolateral neurons by phrenic nerve afferents in cats and rats." Journal of Applied Physiology 94, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 220–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00334.2002.
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It has been demonstrated that phrenic nerve afferents project to somatosensory cortex, yet the sensory pathways are still poorly understood. This study investigated the neural responses in the thalamic ventroposteriolateral (VPL) nucleus after phrenic afferent stimulation in cats and rats. Activation of VPL neurons was observed after electrical stimulation of the contralateral phrenic nerve. Direct mechanical stimulation of the diaphragm also elicited increased activity in the same VPL neurons that were activated by electrical stimulation of the phrenic nerve. Some VPL neurons responded to both phrenic afferent stimulation and shoulder probing. In rats, VPL neurons activated by inspiratory occlusion also responded to stimulation on phrenic afferents. These results demonstrate that phrenic afferents can reach the VPL thalamus under physiological conditions and support the hypothesis that the thalamic VPL nucleus functions as a relay for the conduction of proprioceptive information from the diaphragm to the contralateral somatosensory cortex.
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Francis, Joseph T., Shaohua Xu, and John K. Chapin. "Proprioceptive and Cutaneous Representations in the Rat Ventral Posterolateral Thalamus." Journal of Neurophysiology 99, no. 5 (May 2008): 2291–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01206.2007.
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Determining how and where proprioceptive information is represented in the rat ventral posterolateral (VPL) is important in allowing us to further investigate how this sense is utilized during motor control and learning. Here we demonstrate using electrophysiological techniques that the rostral portion of the rat VPL nucleus (rVPL, −2 to −2.5 mm bregma) carries a large amount of proprioceptive information. Caudal to this region is a zone where the cutaneous receptive fields are focal (mVPL for middle VPL, −2.5 to −3.2 mm bregma) with a fine topographic map of the fore- and hindlimbs. The forepaw is represented with digit 1 medial and each subsequent digit increasingly lateral, all of which are dorsal to the pads. The caudal VPL (cVPL, −3.2 to −4.0 mm bregma) has broad receptive fields and is the target of lamina 1 and lamina 2, as well as the dorsal column nuclei, and may represent the flow of nociceptive information through the VPL. Thus we propose that the VPL may be thought of as three subnuclei—the rostral, middle, and caudal VPL—each carrying preferentially a different modality of information. This pattern of information flow through the rat VPL is similar, although apparently rotated, to that of many primates, indicating that these regions in the rat (rVPL, mVPL, and cVPL) have become further differentiated in primates where they are seen as separate nuclei (VPS, VPL, and VPI/VMpo).
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Lattenkamp, Ella Z., Stephen G. Hörpel, Janine Mengede, and Uwe Firzlaff. "A researcher's guide to the comparative assessment of vocal production learning." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1836 (September 6, 2021): 20200237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0237.
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Vocal production learning (VPL) is the capacity to learn to produce new vocalizations, which is a rare ability in the animal kingdom and thus far has only been identified in a handful of mammalian taxa and three groups of birds. Over the last few decades, approaches to the demonstration of VPL have varied among taxa, sound production systems and functions. These discrepancies strongly impede direct comparisons between studies. In the light of the growing number of experimental studies reporting VPL, the need for comparability is becoming more and more pressing. The comparative evaluation of VPL across studies would be facilitated by unified and generalized reporting standards, which would allow a better positioning of species on any proposed VPL continuum. In this paper, we specifically highlight five factors influencing the comparability of VPL assessments: (i) comparison to an acoustic baseline, (ii) comprehensive reporting of acoustic parameters, (iii) extended reporting of training conditions and durations, (iv) investigating VPL function via behavioural, perception-based experiments and (v) validation of findings on a neuronal level. These guidelines emphasize the importance of comparability between studies in order to unify the field of vocal learning. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Vocal learning in animals and humans’.
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Sanganahalli, Basavaraju G., Peter Herman, Douglas L. Rothman, Hal Blumenfeld, and Fahmeed Hyder. "Metabolic demands of neural-hemodynamic associated and disassociated areas in brain." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 36, no. 10 (August 25, 2016): 1695–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0271678x16664531.
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Interpretation of regional blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) responses in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is contingent on whether local field potential (LFP) and multi-unit activity (MUA) is either dissociated or associated. To examine whether neural-hemodynamic associated and dissociated areas have different metabolic demands, we recorded sensory-evoked responses of BOLD signal, blood flow (CBF), and blood volume (CBV), which with calibrated fMRI provided oxidative metabolism (CMRO2) from rat’s ventral posterolateral thalamic nucleus (VPL) and somatosensory forelimb cortex (S1FL) and compared these neuroimaging signals to neurophysiological recordings. MUA faithfully recorded evoked latency differences between VPL and S1FL because evoked MUA in these regions were similar in magnitude. Since evoked LFP was significantly attenuated in VPL, we extracted the time courses of the weaker thalamic LFP to compare with the stronger cortical LFP using wavelet transform. BOLD and CBV responses were greater in S1FL than in VPL, similar to LFP regional differences. CBF and CMRO2 responses were both comparably larger in S1FL and VPL. Despite different levels of CBF-CMRO2 and LFP-MUA couplings in VPL and S1FL, the CMRO2 was well matched with MUA in both regions. These results suggest that neural-hemodynamic associated and dissociated areas in VPL and S1FL can have similar metabolic demands.
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Craven, Claudia, Hasan Asif, Amna Farrukh, Flavia Somavilla, Ahmed K. Toma, and Laurence Watkins. "Case series of ventriculopleural shunts in adults: a single-center experience." Journal of Neurosurgery 126, no. 6 (July 2016): 2010–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2016.4.jns16641.
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OBJECTIVEThe peritoneal cavity is widely used as the destination of choice for cerebrospinal fluid shunts. Various alternative sites have been used, particularly in the presence of certain contraindications. The pleural cavity has been used; however, a paucity of evidence details ventriculopleural (VPL) shunt survival, complication, and revision rates in adults. The aim of this study was to present a single center's experience with VPL shunts, identifying complication, revision, and survival rates.METHODSA single-center, retrospective case series analysis was conducted for VPL shunt insertions and revisions over a period of 5 years. Demographic as well as clinical data were collected. Ventriculopleural shunt survival was assessed using Kaplan-Meier curves and the log rank (Cox-Mantel) test.RESULTSTwenty-two VPL shunts were inserted in 19 patients. Median survival of the VPL shunts was 14 months. Pathological indication for the VPL shunt did not significantly affect survival. A total of 10 complications was observed: 2 infections, 2 cases of overdrainage, 2 obstructions, 1 distal catheter retraction, 2 symptomatic pleural effusions, and 1 asymptomatic pleural effusion.CONCLUSIONSVentriculopleural shunting is a safe and viable second-line procedure for cases in which ventriculoperitoneal shunts are unsuitable. While VPL shunts have a high revision rate, their complication rate is comparable to that of VP shunts. Ventriculopleural shunt survival can be improved by careful patient selection and the implementation of a combination of valves with antisiphon devices.
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Krasuski, Kamil, and Damian Wierzbicki. "Determination of reliability parameters of HPL and VPL technical safety in the procedure of a non-precision landing approach NPA GNSS with using GPS and GLONASS navigation systems in air transport." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 188, no. 2 (June 30, 2018): 176–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.2504.
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The paper presents the results of determining the HPL and VPL safety parameters used to evaluate the reliability of aircraft positioning in air transport. The HPL and VPL security level parameters were determined using GPS and GLONASS systems for the NPA GNSS non-precision landing approach. The work also compares the HPL and VPL values with the technical standards published by ICAO.
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Jiang, Yiping, and Jinling Wang. "A New Approach to Calculate the Vertical Protection Level in A-RAIM." Journal of Navigation 67, no. 4 (April 9, 2014): 711–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463314000204.
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Four methods to calculate the Vertical Protection Level (VPL) can be used in Advanced Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (A-RAIM), among which the ideal method is the strictest one. To obtain the ideal VPL satisfying the exact required integrity risk, the worst case bias with the maximum integrity risk is searched for. This investigation has found that the correct worst case highly depends on the choice of the input VPL. To gain the correct result, the computation becomes complex and the accuracy of the result is compromised. Therefore, a new procedure is designed with a new search: the maximum VPL is searched to encompass all possible bias sizes. Since VPL is calculated with a given integrity risk for each bias size, the uncertainty of the arbitrary VPL input in the ideal method is avoided. Also, an optimisation algorithm is adopted to improve computational efficiency. It is shown that the new method is more reliable and efficient than the current best method. Simulation results worldwide also show that the new approach has improved A-RAIM availability from 32%–38% to 74% with GPS and from 44%–43% to 85% with Galileo.
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Zhao, Hong-Yan, Ling-Yu Liu, Jie Cai, Yan-Jun Cui, and Guo-Gang Xing. "Electroacupuncture Treatment Alleviates the Remifentanil-Induced Hyperalgesia by Regulating the Activities of the Ventral Posterior Lateral Nucleus of the Thalamus Neurons in Rats." Neural Plasticity 2018 (November 11, 2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6109723.
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Mechanisms underlying remifentanil- (RF-) induced hyperalgesia, a phenomenon that is generally named as opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH), still remain elusive. The ventral posterior lateral nucleus (VPL) of the thalamus, a key relay station for the transmission of nociceptive information to the cerebral cortex, is activated by RF infusion. Electroacupuncture (EA) is an effective method for the treatment of pain. This study aimed to explore the role of VPL in the development of OIH and the effect of EA treatment on OIH in rats. RF was administered to rats via the tail vein for OIH induction. Paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) in response to mechanical stimuli and paw withdrawal latency (PWL) to thermal stimulation were tested in rats for the assessment of mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, respectively. Spontaneous neuronal activity and local field potential (LFP) in VPL were recorded in freely moving rats using the in vivo multichannel recording technique. EA at 2 Hz frequency (pulse width 0.6 ms, 1–3 mA) was applied to the bilateral acupoints “Zusanli” (ST.36) and “Sanyinjiao” (SP.6) in rats. The results showed that both the PWT and PWL were significantly decreased after RF infusion to rats. Meanwhile, both the spontaneous neuronal firing rate and the theta band oscillation in VPL LFP were increased on day 3 post-RF infusion, indicating that the VPL may promote the development of RF-induced hyperalgesia by regulating the pain-related cortical activity. Moreover, 2 Hz-EA reversed the RF-induced decrease both in PWT and PWL of rats and also abrogated the RF-induced augmentation of the spontaneous neuronal activity and the power spectral density (PSD) of the theta band oscillation in VPL LFP. These results suggested that 2 Hz-EA attenuates the remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia via reducing the excitability of VPL neurons and the low-frequency (theta band) oscillation in VPL LFP.
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Tauste Campo, Adrià, Yuriria Vázquez, Manuel Álvarez, Antonio Zainos, Román Rossi-Pool, Gustavo Deco, and Ranulfo Romo. "Feed-forward information and zero-lag synchronization in the sensory thalamocortical circuit are modulated during stimulus perception." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 15 (March 25, 2019): 7513–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1819095116.
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The direction of functional information flow in the sensory thalamocortical circuit may play a role in stimulus perception, but, surprisingly, this process is poorly understood. We addressed this problem by evaluating a directional information measure between simultaneously recorded neurons from somatosensory thalamus (ventral posterolateral nucleus, VPL) and somatosensory cortex (S1) sharing the same cutaneous receptive field while monkeys judged the presence or absence of a tactile stimulus. During stimulus presence, feed-forward information (VPL → S1) increased as a function of the stimulus amplitude, while pure feed-back information (S1 → VPL) was unaffected. In parallel, zero-lag interaction emerged with increasing stimulus amplitude, reflecting externally driven thalamocortical synchronization during stimulus processing. Furthermore, VPL → S1 information decreased during error trials. Also, VPL → S1 and zero-lag interaction decreased when monkeys were not required to report the stimulus presence. These findings provide evidence that both the direction of information flow and the instant synchronization in the sensory thalamocortical circuit play a role in stimulus perception.
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Hains, Bryan C., Carl Y. Saab, and Stephen G. Waxman. "Alterations in Burst Firing of Thalamic VPL Neurons and Reversal by Nav1.3 Antisense After Spinal Cord Injury." Journal of Neurophysiology 95, no. 6 (June 2006): 3343–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01009.2005.
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We recently showed that spinal cord contusion injury (SCI) at the thoracic level induces pain-related behaviors and increased spontaneous discharges, hyperresponsiveness to innocuous and noxious peripheral stimuli, and enlarged receptive fields in neurons in the ventral posterolateral (VPL) nucleus of the thalamus. These changes are linked to the abnormal expression of Nav1.3, a rapidly repriming voltage-gated sodium channel. In this study, we examined the burst firing properties of VPL neurons after SCI. Adult male Sprague–Dawley rats underwent contusion SCI at the T9 level. Four weeks later, when Nav1.3 protein was upregulated within VPL neurons, extracellular unit recordings were made from VPL neurons in intact animals, those with SCI, and in SCI animals after receiving lumbar intrathecal injections of Nav1.3 antisense or mismatch oligodeoxynucleotides for 4 days. After SCI, VPL neurons with identifiable peripheral receptive fields showed rhythmic oscillatory burst firing with changes in discrete burst properties, and alternated among single-spike, burst, silent, and spindle wave firing modes. Nav1.3 antisense, but not mismatch, partially reversed alterations in burst firing after SCI. These results demonstrate several newly characterized changes in spontaneous burst firing properties of VPL neurons after SCI and suggest that abnormal expression of Nav1.3 contributes to these phenomena.
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Liang, Li, and Lorne M. Mendell. "Bilateral transient changes in thalamic nucleus ventroposterior lateralis after thoracic hemisection in the rat." Journal of Neurophysiology 110, no. 4 (August 15, 2013): 942–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00998.2012.
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We made simultaneous bilateral recordings of unit activity in the nucleus ventroposterior lateralis (VPL) in intact rats and after acute and chronic left thoracic hemisection. We observed an immediate bilateral decline in multireceptive units, reflecting a loss of nociceptive input on the lesion side and a loss of low-threshold inputs contralaterally. Unit properties were restored to normal by 6 wk. Mean spontaneous discharge frequency remained unchanged in left VPL at all intervals. Right VPL displayed a substantial increase in spontaneous discharge frequency at 2 and 4 wk, returning to normal by 6 wk. Activity in left VPL driven by Pinch or Brush of the right limb was unchanged except for an immediate decrease in the response to Pinch, which was reversed by 2 wk despite persistent left hemisection. In right VPL, the response to Pinch or Brush of the left hindlimb was enhanced at 2 and 4 wk but returned to normal by 6 wk. Behaviorally, the same rats displayed increased sensitivity to mechanical stimulation of the left hindlimb, but, unlike VPL activity, there was no significant behavioral recovery. Bursting cells were also observed bilaterally in VPL, but this did not match the restriction of scratches to the hindlimb contralateral to the hemisection considered to be evidence for neuropathic pain. The novel findings include recovery of responsiveness to Pinch on the side ipsilateral to the hemisection despite the lack of spinothalamic input as well as failure for the thalamus contralateral to hemisection to maintain its elevated responsiveness.
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Al-Chaer, E. D., N. B. Lawand, K. N. Westlund, and W. D. Willis. "Visceral nociceptive input into the ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus: a new function for the dorsal column pathway." Journal of Neurophysiology 76, no. 4 (October 1, 1996): 2661–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1996.76.4.2661.
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1. Extracellular recordings were made from single neurons in the ventral posterolateral (VPL) nucleus of the thalamus in anesthetized male rats. VPL cells that responded to colorectal distension (CRD) were further tested with cutaneous and visceral stimuli before and after sequential lesions of the dorsal column (DC) and of the ventrolateral column (VLC). 2. A total of 105 VPL viscerosensitive cells was isolated. In this study, we report results from 27 cells that were tested for visceral responses before and after lesions of the DC and the VLC. 3. Ten VPL cells, isolated in 10 different rats, that responded to CRD and to activation of their cutaneous receptive fields with innocuous and noxious stimuli were tested before and after a lesion of the DC and again after a lesion of the VLC. Ten other VPL cells were isolated in 10 different rats. These were also tested for responses to CRD and to cutaneous stimuli spanning the innocuous and the noxious range before and after a lesion of the VLC and again after a lesion of the DC. 4. A lesion of the DC dramatically reduced the responses of VPL cells to CRD as well as to innocuous cutaneous stimuli. A lesion of the VLC reduced and sometimes abolished the responses of VPL cells to noxious cutaneous stimuli; however, its effect on the responses to visceral or innocuous cutaneous stimuli was minor when compared with that of a DC lesion. 5. The activity of seven VPL cells that responded to CRD and to cutaneous stimuli was observed after an injection of a chemical irritant, mustard oil (MO), into the colon. These cells showed an increase in background activity that started approximately 25-30 min after the MO injection. A lesion of the DC reduced the background activity of the cells to levels near initial values. 6. We conclude that the DC in the rat contains a pathway that is more important for transmitting visceral nociceptive signals to the VPL nucleus than are pathways in the VLC, including the spinothalamic tract. Conversely, the VLC is more important for transmitting nociceptive information of cutaneous origin.
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Augustynczik, Alan Lessa Derci, Gilson Luis Kolenez, Ivar Wendling, Romano Timofeiczyk Júnior, Andrey Lessa Derci Augustynczik, and Dagma Kratz. "Viabilidade econômica do plantio de pomar de Araucária para produção de pinhão." Revista Ibero-Americana de Ciências Ambientais 12, no. 5 (March 28, 2021): 597–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.6008/cbpc2179-6858.2021.005.0047.
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O objetivo desta pesquisa foi simular a viabilidade econômica no estabelecimento de pomar de sementes com plantas enxertadas de Araucária angustifolia para produção de pinhão na Região Metropolitana de Curitiba, estado do Paraná. Foram analisados três cenários: com aquisição de terra; com arrendamento de terra e sem aquisição ou arrendamento de terra. Os indicadores utilizados compreenderam a Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR), o Valor Presente Líquido (VPL) e o Valor Esperado da Terra (VET). Utilizaram-se parâmetros de custo caixa e preço alvo de venda. Os resultados apontam que 75% dos VPL das simulações do cenário de compra de terra foram positivos, sendo o VPL médio de R$17.499/ha, TIR 8,6%a.a. e preço alvo de R$3,16/kg. Para arrendamento 71% dos VPL das simulações foram positivos, o VPL foi de R$14.996/ha, a TIR foi de 8,9%a.a. e o preço alvo médio foi de R$3,26/kg. Sem compra de terra, não houve VPL negativo e sua média foi de R$51.025/ha, com TIR de 15,8%a.a. e preço alvo de R$1,79/kg. O VET médio foi de R$51.189/ha produtivo. Encontrou-se grande variação nos indicadores em função do preço da terra, do nível de produção e preço do pinhão. O cenário mais arriscado foi o arrendamento, dado o maior custo fixo.
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Kennedy, Michael J., Robert J. Yancey, Margaret S. Sanchez, Robert A. Rzepkowski, Sandra M. Kelly, and Roy Curtiss. "Attenuation and Immunogenicity of Δcya Δcrp Derivatives of Salmonella choleraesuis in Pigs." Infection and Immunity 67, no. 9 (September 1, 1999): 4628–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.67.9.4628-4636.1999.
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ABSTRACT Six different isogenic Δcya Δcrp derivatives of a strain of Salmonella choleraesuis var. kunzendorf-χ3246 virulent for pigs were constructed by transposon-mediated deletion mutagenesis. These strains were evaluated for virulence and ability to elicit a protective immune response in young weaned pigs after oral administration and were compared to a commercially available vaccine which lacks the 50-kb virulence plasmid (vpl−). These derivatives were Δcya Δcrp vpl+,Δcya Δcrp vpl−, Δcya Δ(crp-cdt) vpl+, Δcya Δ(crp-cdt) vpl−, Δcya Δcrp pmi-3834 vpl+, and Δcya Δ(crp-cdt) pmi-3834. In experiments to evaluate safety, no significant adverse effects of any of the vaccine constructs were observed, except that two of the strains which carried the virulence plasmid (vpl+) caused a small, short-term elevation in maximum temperature compared to pretreatment temperature values. Orally immunized animals, except for those vaccinated with theΔcya Δcrp pmi-3834 vpl+ strain or SC-54, developed significant serum antibody responses 21 days postvaccination as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. No cell-mediated immune responses to heat-killed S. choleraesuis were noted at the same time point as measured with heat-killed bacteria as antigen in a lymphocyte proliferation assay. In an oral challenge exposure model with a highly virulent heterologous strain of S. choleraesuis, the Δcya Δcrp strains with deletions in pmi were not protective. As measured by morbidity scores, the responses to challenge of the pigs vaccinated with the other four Δcya Δcrpderivatives were significantly better than those of the nonvaccinated, challenged group. With the exception of temperature elevation and slight differences in diarrhea scores postchallenge, none of these strains differed significantly from each other in the other clinical parameters analyzed. While the commercial vaccine was protective by most of the parameters measured, it was not fully protective against challenge with virulent S. choleraesuisas judged by diarrhea scores and temperature elevation. Collectively, these data demonstrate that Δcya Δcrpderivatives, with or without the virulence plasmid but not with deletions in the pmi gene, are candidates for vaccines for protection against salmonellosis in pigs.
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Zeng, Carl Q. Y., Mary K. Estes, Annie Charpilienne, and Jean Cohen. "The N Terminus of Rotavirus VP2 Is Necessary for Encapsidation of VP1 and VP3." Journal of Virology 72, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.72.1.201-208.1998.
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ABSTRACT The innermost core of rotavirus is composed of VP2, which forms a protein layer that surrounds the two minor proteins VP1 and VP3, and the genome of 11 segments of double-stranded RNA. This inner core layer surrounded by VP6, the major capsid protein, constitutes double-layered particles that are transcriptionally active. Each gene encoding a structural protein of double-layered particles has been cloned into baculovirus recombinants and expressed in insect cells. Previously, we showed that coexpression of different combinations of the structural proteins of rotavirus double-layered particles results in the formation of virus-like particles (VLPs), and each VLP containing VP1, the presumed RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, possesses replicase activity as assayed in an in vitro template-dependent assay system (C. Q.-Y. Zeng, M. J. Wentz, J. Cohen, M. E. Estes, and R. F. Ramig, J. Virol. 70:2736–2742, 1996). This work reports construction and characterization of VLPs containing a truncated VP2 (VPΔ2, containing amino acids [aa] Met-93 to 880). Expression of VPΔ2 alone resulted in the formation of single-layered Δ2-VLPs. Coexpression of VPΔ2 with VP6 produced double-layered Δ2/6-VLPs. VLPs formed by coexpression of VPΔ2 and VP1 or VP3, or both VP1 and VP3, resulted in the formation of VLPs lacking both VP1 and VP3. The presence of VP6 with VPΔ2 did not result in encapsidation of VP1 and VP3. To determine the domain of VP2 required for binding VP1, far-Western blot analyses using a series of truncated VP2 constructs were performed to test their ability to bind VP1. These analyses showed that (i) full-length VP2 (aa 1 to 880) binds to VP1, (ii) any N-terminal truncation lacking aa 1 to 25 fails to bind VP1, and (iii) a C-terminal 296-aa truncated VP2 construct (aa 1 to 583) maintains the ability to bind VP1. These analyses indicate that the N terminus of rotavirus VP2 is necessary for the encapsidation of VP1 and VP3.
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Barros, Silvana, Rafael Martins Noriller, Allison Manoel De Sousa, and António Carlos Vaz Lopes. "Análisis de inversión en la producción de maíz y soya de 2015/2016, viabilidad económica en el municipio de Dorados-MS." Contaduría Universidad de Antioquia, no. 70 (February 18, 2018): 213–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.rc.331303.
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El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la viabilidad económica en la producción de soya y maíz en tres propiedades de diferentes tamaños (pequeño, mediano, grande) en el municipio de Dorados/MS. Todos los costos se obtuvieron en las tres etapas de producción de cada cultivo (preparación del suelo, cuidados de cultivo y cosecha), resultando el costo total por hectárea (CTH), además de considerar la productividad media para medir el valor de los ingresos. Con ello, los datos fueron sometidos para el cálculo del Valor Presente Líquido (VPL) y Tasa Interna de Retorno (TIR) para verificar la viabilidad de cada sistema analizado. La propiedad de tamaño pequeño presentó los mejores resultados en las dos producciones analizadas en las cuales la producción de soya tuvo una TIR y un VPL de 23,85% y R$1.776,66 respectivamente, con CTH de R$ 2.982,16. La producción de maíz presentó una TIR de 12,21% y un VPL de R$737,55, además de CTH de R$1.806,90. Igualmente, la propiedad mediana presentó viabilidad en las dos producciones, la producción de soya presentó una TIR de 10,02%; un VPL de R$858,08, por hectárea y CTH de R$2.982,16; la producción de maíz tuvo una TIR, un VPL, CTH de 0,71%, R$42,36; R$2.594,65, respectivamente. Por otro lado, la propiedad de tamaño grande presentó viabilidad, solo en la producción de soya, con TIR de 4,56% y VPL de R$369,12 y CTH de R$3.477,69. Mientras que la producción de maíz presentó una TIR y un VPL de -2,86% y R$374,02, respectivamente, además de un CTH de R$2.937,55, excediendo los ingresos, deducidos del flete, obtenidos por hectárea. Esos resultados pueden servir como parámetro de estudios referente al costo y viabilidad de la soya y maíz en el estado de Mato Grosso do Sul.
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Al-Chaer, Elie D., Karin N. Westlund, and William D. Willis. "Nucleus Gracilis: An Integrator for Visceral and Somatic Information." Journal of Neurophysiology 78, no. 1 (July 1, 1997): 521–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1997.78.1.521.
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Al-Chaer, Elie D., Karin N. Westlund, and William D. Willis. Nucleus gracilis: an integrator for visceral and somatic information. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 521–527, 1997. The nucleus gracilis (NG) receives an abundance of visceral input from various abdominal organs and is proposed to play an important role in visceral pain processing. The purpose of this study was to investigate the necessity of the NG for colorectal input into the ventral posterolateral (VPL) nucleus of the thalamus. Single-cell recordings were made from nine VPL cells isolated in nine different male Sprague Dawley rats anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. Responses of the VPL cells to colorectal distension (CRD) and to cutaneous stimuli were obtained before and after lesioning of the NG. Electrolytic ( n = 5) and chemical ( n = 4) lesions of the NG were made in different preparations. The chemical lesions were made by injecting a solution of kainic acid into the NG. Kainic acid presumably kills neuronal cell bodies and spares axons of passage. The results indicate that a lesion of the NG, regardless of its type, reduces dramatically the responses of VPL neurons to innocuous cutaneous stimuli, and, to a lesser extent, the responses to CRD. Attenuation of VPL neuronal responses to CRD as well as to innocuous cutaneous stimuli by the NG lesions emphasizes the role of the dorsal column in visceral nociception and suggests that the NG is an integration center for visceral and cutaneous information flowing into the VPL nucleus.
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Katayama, Yoichi, Takashi Tsubokawa, Teruyasu Hirayama, Goro Kido, Takashi Tsukiyama, and Masaaki Iio. "Response of Regional Cerebral Blood Flow and Oxygen Metabolism to Thalamic Stimulation in Humans as Revealed by Positron Emission Tomography." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 6, no. 6 (December 1986): 637–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1986.118.
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To clarify functional neural pathways originating from the thalamic nucleus ventralis posterolateralis (VPL) in humans, the responses of regional CBF (rCBF) and regional CMRO2 (rCMRO2) to VPL stimulation were investigated by positron emission tomography in five patients who had undergone chronic implantation of electrodes into the VPL for therapeutic purposes. Measurement of rCBF and rCMRO2 under continuous inhalation of C15O2 and 15O2 by steady-state methods revealed significant increases of rCBF and rCMRO2 in the frontal, postcentral, and thalamic regions. The increases in rCBF and rCMRO2 of the postcentral regions were clearly predominant in the stimulated hemisphere insofar as the stimulation produced moderate paresthesia in restricted areas of the body. These results indicate that the VPL relays peripheral somatosensory information, which has previously been demonstrated to be transmitted to the frontal as well as postcentral regions.
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Mota, Cléo Gomes da, Daniela Pauletto, Helinara Lais Vieira Capucho, Saulo Ubiratan Pinheiro da Silva, and Marcos Ximenes Ponte. "O cultivo do cumaru como alternativa econômica para agricultores familiares: estudo de caso na região oeste do Pará." Research, Society and Development 11, no. 3 (March 3, 2022): e46511326732. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i3.26732.
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O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a viabilidade econômica (VE), entre sistemas de cultivo tradicional (coivara) e sistemas agroflorestais (SAF), com o cumaru (Dipteryx spp.) como componente principal em áreas de agricultores familiares (AF) do PDS Terra Nossa (Novo Progresso-PA) e indígenas Kayapó da Terra Indígena (TI) Baú (Altamira-PA). Para tanto, foram realizados diagnósticos participativos e entrevistas semiestruturadas, realizadas entre 2015 e 2018. A análise dos dados teve como referencial o horizonte temporal de 4 anos e 8 anos. A VE foi medida pelo Valor presente líquido (VPL), Taxa interna de retorno (TIR) e da relação benefício/custo (B/C). Os cultivos mais frequentes nas roças de AF do PDS Terra Nossa (Novo Progresso) e indígenas Kayapó, da Terra Indígena (TI) Baú, foram o cultivo de banana e da mandioca. A análise econômica observou que o sistema de monocultivo de banana (SMB) foi o que obteve os melhores resultados aos 4 anos, com VLP de R$ 26.810,16, TIR de 32,62%, B/C de 2,56, com o plantio de banana e cumaru (SAF2) com o segundo melhor resultado (VPL R$ 32.809,05, TIR de 29,39% e B/C de 3,18), e o sistema de monocultivo de mandioca (SMM) com o pior desempenho. Por outro lado, ao considerar o horizonte temporal de oito anos, o sistema SAF3 apresentou melhor desempenho econômico com VLP de R$ 36.655,88, TIR de 25,76% e B/C de 3,15, e a segunda alternativa mais rentável foi o SAF cumaru e banana (SAF2) (VPL R$ 32.809,05, TIR de 29,39% e B/C de 3,18).
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MEANEY, M., J. SAVAGE, G. P. BRENNAN, E. HOEY, A. TRUDGETT, and I. FAIRWEATHER. "Increased susceptibility of a triclabendazole (TCBZ)-resistant isolate of Fasciola hepatica to TCBZ following co-incubation in vitro with the P-glycoprotein inhibitor, R(+)-verapamil." Parasitology 140, no. 10 (June 12, 2013): 1287–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182013000759.
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SUMMARYA study was carried out to investigate whether the action of triclabendazole sulphoxide (TCBZ.SO) against the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica is altered by inhibition of P-glycoprotein (Pgp)-linked drug efflux pumps. The Oberon TCBZ-resistant and Cullompton TCBZ-susceptible fluke isolates were used for this in vitro study and the Pgp inhibitor selected was R(+)-verapamil [R(+)-VPL]. For experiments with the Oberon isolate, flukes were incubated for 24 h with either R(+)-VPL (1×10−4m) on its own, TCBZ.SO (15 μg mL−1) alone, a combination of R(+)-VPL (1×10−4m) plus TCBZ.SO (15 μg mL−1), TCBZ.SO (50 μg mL−1) on its own, or a combination of TCBZ.SO (50 μg mL−1) plus R(+)-VPL (1×10−4m). They were also incubated in TCBZ.SO (50 μg mL−1) alone or in combination with R(+)-VPL (1×10−4m) until they became inactive; and in TCBZ.SO (50 μg mL−1) alone for a time to match that of the combination inactivity time. Flukes from the Cullompton isolate were treated with either TCBZ.SO (50 μg mL−1) alone or in combination with R(+)-VPL (1×10−4m) until they became inactive, or with TCBZ.SO (50 μg mL−1) alone time-matched to the combination inactivity time. Morphological changes resulting from drug treatment and following Pgp inhibition were assessed by means of scanning electron microscopy. Incubation in R(+)-VPL alone had a minimal effect on either isolate. TCBZ.SO treatment had a relatively greater impact on the TCBZ-susceptible Cullompton isolate. When R(+)-VPL was combined with TCBZ.SO in the incubation medium, however, the surface disruption to both isolates was more severe than that seen after TCBZ.SO treatment alone; also, the time taken to reach inactivity was shorter. More significantly, though, the potentiation of drug activity was greater in the Oberon isolate; also, it was more distinct at the higher concentration of TCBZ.SO. So, the Oberon isolate appears to be particularly sensitive to efflux pump inhibition. The results of this study suggest that enhanced drug efflux in the Oberon isolate may be involved in the mechanism of resistance to TCBZ.
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Park, Sun Young, Jong Sook Jin, Dohyun Kim, Jae Young Kim, Sang Hyun Park, Jong-Hyeon Park, Choi-Kyu Park, and Young-Joon Ko. "Development of Monoclonal Antibody to Specifically Recognize VP0 but Not VP4 and VP2 of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus." Pathogens 11, no. 12 (December 8, 2022): 1493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11121493.
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Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious vesicular disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals and often causes enormous economic loss in the livestock industry. The capsid of FMD virus (FMDV) consists of four structural proteins. Initially, one copy each of the proteins VP0, VP3, and VP1 are folded together into a protomer, and five copies of the protomer compose a pentamer. Finally, 12 pentamers are assembled into an icosahedral capsid. At the maturation stage during RNA encapsidation, VP0 is cleaved into VP4 and VP2. The mechanism underlying VP0 maturation remains unclear. While monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against VP2 have been developed in previous studies, a mAb specific to VP0 has not yet been reported. In this study, we generated VP0-specific mAbs by immunizing mice with peptides spanning the C-terminal amino acids of VP4 and N-terminal amino acids of VP2. We verified that these mAbs displayed specificity to VP0 with no reactivity to VP4 or VP2. Therefore, these mAbs could prove useful in identifying the role of VP0 in FMDV replication and elucidating the mechanism underlying VP0 cleavage into VP4 and VP2.
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Cordeiro, Sidney Araujo, and Márcio Lopes da Silva. "Rentabilidade e risco de investimento na produção de palmito de pupunha (Bactris gasipaes Kunth.)." CERNE 16, no. 1 (March 2010): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-77602010000100006.
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Neste estudo, objetivou-se realizar a análise financeira e uma simulação de risco de investimento em um projeto de produção de palmito de pupunha (Bactris gasipaes Kunth.). A análise financeira foi realizada mediante a aplicação dos métodos de avaliação de projetos: VPL, VAE, TIR e B/C; e para a análise de risco utilizou-se a técnica de simulação de Monte Carlo, mediante o programa @RISK. Concluiu-se que o projeto de produção de palmito de pupunha é viável, com VPL de R$ 3.549,08; TIR de 19%; B/C maior que 1; e o VAE obtido foi de R$ 1.049,12. A análise de risco de investimento mostrou que o projeto apresenta uma probabilidade de 5% de se obter um valor negativo para o VPL. As variáveis que afetaram o VPL, na sua ordem de importância, foram: preço de venda do palmito, produtividade e taxa de juros.
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Tamaki, Masako, Aaron V. Berard, Tyler Barnes-Diana, Jesse Siegel, Takeo Watanabe, and Yuka Sasaki. "Reward does not facilitate visual perceptual learning until sleep occurs." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 959–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1913079117.
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A growing body of evidence indicates that visual perceptual learning (VPL) is enhanced by reward provided during training. Another line of studies has shown that sleep following training also plays a role in facilitating VPL, an effect known as the offline performance gain of VPL. However, whether the effects of reward and sleep interact on VPL remains unclear. Here, we show that reward interacts with sleep to facilitate offline performance gains of VPL. First, we demonstrated a significantly larger offline performance gain over a 12-h interval including sleep in a reward group than that in a no-reward group. However, the offline performance gains over the 12-h interval without sleep were not significantly different with or without reward during training, indicating a crucial interaction between reward and sleep in VPL. Next, we tested whether neural activations during posttraining sleep were modulated after reward was provided during training. Reward provided during training enhanced rapid eye movement (REM) sleep time, increased oscillatory activities for reward processing in the prefrontal region during REM sleep, and inhibited neural activation in the untrained region in early visual areas in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and REM sleep. The offline performance gains were significantly correlated with oscillatory activities of visual processing during NREM sleep and reward processing during REM sleep in the reward group but not in the no-reward group. These results suggest that reward provided during training becomes effective during sleep, with excited reward processing sending inhibitory signals to suppress noise in visual processing, resulting in larger offline performance gains over sleep.
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Olivya, Meylanie, Zawiyah Saharuna, and Iin Karmila Yusri. "Evaluasi Implementasi Virtual Programming Lab Pada E-Learning." Jurnal Teknologi Elekterika 5, no. 2 (November 30, 2021): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31963/elekterika.v5i2.3022.
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Penyebaran penyakit yang disebabkan oleh Virus Corona (COVID-19), menyebabkan perubahan terhadap pelaksanaan kegiatan belajar mengajar yang secara menyeluruh dituntut untuk dilaksanakan secara on-line (daring). Namun, pelaksanaan perkuliahan di perguruan tinggi vokasi cukup berbeda termasuk pada Politeknik Negeri Ujung Pandang, karena perkuliahan lebih banyak dilaksanakan secara praktek. Oleh karena itu, cukup sulit melaksanakan seluruh kegiatan perkuliahan secara daring. Meskipun demikian, hal ini dapat diatasi dengan menggunakan virtual reality, simulator, dan lain sebagainya. Salah satu simulator pemrograman yang dapat diimplementasikan pada e-Learning adalah Virtual Programming Lab (VPL). Simulator ini menyediakan suatu lingkungan pemrograman yang terdiri atas editor, compiler, asesmen, dan pengecek plagiat. Asesmen otomatis pada VPL membutuhkan test cases yang perlu dibuat sesuai dengan soal tugas pemrograman yang diberikan. Test cases ini akan menguji kebenaran program yang dibuat, sekaligus menilai program tersebut berdasarkan test cases yang berhasil dipenuhi. Mahasiswa dapat mengetahui nilainya berdasarkan hasil dari test cases, sehingga mereka dapat melakukan improvisasi terhadap program sehingga program dapat berhasil dijalankan dan memenuhi semua test cases-nya. Hasil evaluasi terhadap implementasi VPL pada e-learning menunjukkan bahwa fitur-fitur VPL dapat berfungsi dengan baik dalam mengevaluasi tugas-tugas mahasiswa. Kemudian, pada hasil evaluasi berdasarkan user acceptance, menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar mahasiswa dapat menerima penggunaan VPL pada e-learning
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Olivya, Meylanie, Zawiyah Saharuna, and Iin Karmila Yusri. "Evaluasi Implementasi Virtual Programming Lab Pada E-Learning." Jurnal Teknologi Elekterika 18, no. 2 (November 30, 2022): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31963/elekterika.v18i2.3022.
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Penyebaran penyakit yang disebabkan oleh Virus Corona (COVID-19), menyebabkan perubahan terhadap pelaksanaan kegiatan belajar mengajar yang secara menyeluruh dituntut untuk dilaksanakan secara on-line (daring). Namun, pelaksanaan perkuliahan di perguruan tinggi vokasi cukup berbeda termasuk pada Politeknik Negeri Ujung Pandang, karena perkuliahan lebih banyak dilaksanakan secara praktek. Oleh karena itu, cukup sulit melaksanakan seluruh kegiatan perkuliahan secara daring. Meskipun demikian, hal ini dapat diatasi dengan menggunakan virtual reality, simulator, dan lain sebagainya. Salah satu simulator pemrograman yang dapat diimplementasikan pada e-Learning adalah Virtual Programming Lab (VPL). Simulator ini menyediakan suatu lingkungan pemrograman yang terdiri atas editor, compiler, asesmen, dan pengecek plagiat. Asesmen otomatis pada VPL membutuhkan test cases yang perlu dibuat sesuai dengan soal tugas pemrograman yang diberikan. Test cases ini akan menguji kebenaran program yang dibuat, sekaligus menilai program tersebut berdasarkan test cases yang berhasil dipenuhi. Mahasiswa dapat mengetahui nilainya berdasarkan hasil dari test cases, sehingga mereka dapat melakukan improvisasi terhadap program sehingga program dapat berhasil dijalankan dan memenuhi semua test cases-nya. Hasil evaluasi terhadap implementasi VPL pada e-learning menunjukkan bahwa fitur-fitur VPL dapat berfungsi dengan baik dalam mengevaluasi tugas-tugas mahasiswa. Kemudian, pada hasil evaluasi berdasarkan user acceptance, menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar mahasiswa dapat menerima penggunaan VPL pada e-learning
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Shigematsu, Sakuji, Shuji Ishida, Dean C. Gute, and Ronald J. Korthuis. "Bradykinin-induced proinflammatory signaling mechanisms." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 283, no. 6 (December 1, 2002): H2676—H2686. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00538.2002.
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Intravital microscopic techniques were used to examine the mechanisms underlying bradykinin-induced leukocyte/endothelial cell adhesive interactions (LECA) and venular protein leakage (VPL) in single postcapillary venules of the rat mesentery. The effects of bradykinin superfusion to increase LECA and VPL were prevented by coincident topical application of either a bradykinin-B2 receptor antagonist, a cell-permeant superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic or antioxidant, or inhibitors of cytochrome P-450 epoxygenase (CYPE) or protein kinase C (PKC) but not by concomitant treatment with either SOD, a mast cell stabilizer, or inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase, xanthine oxidase, NADPH oxidase, or platelet-activating factor. Immunoneutralizing P-selectin or intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) completely prevented bradykinin-induced leukocyte adhesion and emigration but did not affect VPL. On the other hand, stabilization of F-actin with phalloidin prevented bradykinin-induced leukocyte emigration and VPL but did not alter leukocyte adhesion. These data indicate that bradykinin induces LECA in rat mesenteric venules via a B2-receptor-initiated, CYPE-, oxidant- and PKC-mediated, P-selectin- and ICAM-1-dependent mechanism. Bradykinin also produced VPL, an effect that was initiated by stimulation of B2receptors and involved CYPE and PKC activation, oxidant generation, and cytoskeletal reorganization but was independent of leukocyte adherence and emigration.
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Zulpo, Alisson Perin, and Thiago Bernardino de Carvalho. "Análise econômica de dois sistemas de produção de leite no meio oeste catarinense." Agropecuária Catarinense 33, no. 2 (September 1, 2020): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.52945/rac.v33i2.546.
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O estudo avaliou a viabilidade econômica de dois sistemas, comparando-os entre si: o sistema compost barn (CB) e o sistema a base de pastos (BP), por meio de simulação, considerando uma superfície agrícola útil idêntica. Os dados foram coletados em Lindóia do Sul (SC), entre setembro de 2018 a maio de 2019, em oito propriedades. Os indicadores elencados na análise foram: valor presente líquido (VPL), taxa interna de retorno (TIR), pay-back e preço de nivelamento (PN). O sistema CB apresentou VPL de - R$ 1.391.486,68, e TIR inconclusiva, enquanto o sistema BP gerou um VPL de R$ 599.516,04, com TIR de 26,8%. A principal variável para essa discrepância foi o preço do litro do leite, em razão de seu significativo impacto no VPL. Concluiu-se que o sistema CB não apresenta viabilidade econômica para o cenário econômico considerado, ao passo que o sistema BP possui menor risco de investimento e demonstra viabilidade mesmo em cenários econômicos depreciados.
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Chevalier, Christophe, Jean Lepault, Bruno Da Costa, and Bernard Delmas. "The Last C-Terminal Residue of VP3, Glutamic Acid 257, Controls Capsid Assembly of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus." Journal of Virology 78, no. 7 (April 1, 2004): 3296–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.78.7.3296-3303.2004.
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ABSTRACT Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is a nonenveloped virus with an icosahedral capsid composed of two proteins, VP2 and VP3, that derive from the processing of the polyprotein NH2-pVP2-VP4-VP3-COOH. The virion contains VP1, the viral polymerase, which is both free and covalently linked to the two double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) genomic segments. In this study, the virus assembly process was studied further with the baculovirus expression system. While expression of the wild-type polyprotein was not found to be self-sufficient to give rise to virus-like particles (VLPs), deletion or replacement of the five C-terminal residues of VP3 was observed to promote capsid assembly. Indeed, the single deletion of the C-terminal glutamic acid was sufficient to induce VLP formation. Moreover, fusion of various peptides or small proteins (a green fluorescent protein or a truncated form of ovalbumin) at the C terminus of VP3 also promoted capsid assembly, suggesting that assembly required screening of the negative charges at the C terminus of VP3. The fused polypeptides mimicked the effect of VP1, which interacts with VP3 to promote VLP assembly. The C-terminal segment of VP3 was found to contain two functional domains. While the very last five residues of VP3 mainly controlled both assembly and capsid architecture, the five preceding residues constituted the VP1 (and possibly the pVP2/VP2) binding domain. Finally, we showed that capsid formation is associated with VP2 maturation, demonstrating that the protease VP4 is involved in the virus assembly process.
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Rong, Pei-Jing, Jing-Jun Zhao, Ling-Ling Yu, Liang Li, Hui Ben, Shao-Yuan Li, and Bing Zhu. "Function of Nucleus Ventralis Posterior Lateralis Thalami in Acupoint Sensitization Phenomena." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/516851.
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To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on nucleus ventralis posterior lateralis (VPL) thalami activated by visceral noxious stimulation and to explore the impact of EA on the mechanism of acupoint sensitization under a pathological state of the viscera, EA was applied at bilateral “Zusanli-Shangjuxu” acupoints. The discharge of VPL neurons was response to EA increased after colorectal distension (CRD). The stimulation at “Zusanli-Shangjuxu” acupoints enhanced discharge activity of VPL neurons under CRD-induced visceral pain. The frequency of neuronal discharge was associated with the pressure gradient of CRD which showed that visceral noxious stimulation may intensify the body’s functional response to stimulation at acupoints.
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Jaafar, Fauziah Mohd, Houssam Attoui, Peter P. C. Mertens, Philippe de Micco, and Xavier de Lamballerie. "Identification and functional analysis of VP3, the guanylyltransferase of Banna virus (genus Seadornavirus, family Reoviridae)." Journal of General Virology 86, no. 4 (April 1, 2005): 1141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.80579-0.
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Banna virus (BAV) particles contain seven structural proteins: VP4 and VP9 form an outer-capsid layer, whilst the virus core contains three major proteins (VP2, VP8 and VP10) and two minor proteins (VP1 and VP3). Sequence analysis showed that VP3 contains motifs [Kx(I/V/L)S] and (Hx n H) that have previously been identified in the guanylyltransferases of other reoviruses. Incubation of purified BAV-Ch core particles with [α-32P]GTP resulted in exclusive covalent labelling of VP3, demonstrating autoguanylation activity (which is considered indicative of guanylyltransferase activity). Recombinant VP3 prepared in a cell-free expression system was also guanylated under similar reaction conditions, and products were synthesized (in the presence of non-radiolabelled GDP) that co-migrated with GMP, GDP and GpppG during TLC. This reaction, which required magnesium ions for optimum activity, demonstrates that VP3 possesses nucleoside triphosphatase (GTPase) activity and is the BAV guanylyltransferase (RNA ‘capping’ enzyme).
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Silva, Flávio Cunha Laureano da, and Jorge Antonio de Farias. "Análise econômica da produção de Acacia mearnsii De Wild e carvão vegetal no Vale do Caí e Taquari, Rio Grande do Sul." Ciência Rural 45, no. 5 (May 2015): 927–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20140114.
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O estudo objetivou analisar a viabilidade econômica da produção de acácia-negra e carvão vegetal em Brochier, Maratá, Paverama e Poço das Antas. Os subsídios foram obtidos com aplicação de questionários in loco. Os critérios econômicos utilizados foram: Valor Presente Líquido (VPL), Valor Presente Líquido Infinito (VPL inf.). Valor Anual Equivalente (VAE), Valor Esperado da Terra (VET), Relação Benefício Custo (B/C), Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR) e Custo Médio de Produção (CMPr). A taxa média de atratividade utilizada foi de 6,8% a.a. Os dados de produção de madeira foram oriundos de SCHNEIDER et al. (2000). Assim, o plantio de acácia-negra consorciada com milho mostrou-se viável, apresentando maior atratividade no Índice de Sítio 18: VPL de R$ 2529,22 ha-1, VET de R$ 384,91 ha-1, VPL infinito de R$ 506,37 ha-1, TIR de 18,91% e CMPr de R$ 36,44 m-3. A produção de carvão vegetal mostrou-se mais viável nos fornos Brochier (CMPr de R$ 0,32 m-3 e B/C de 1,94).
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Rodrigues Queiroz, Kaio Expedito, Janderson Damaceno dos Reis, and André Rozemberg Peixoto Simões. "Análise da viabilidade econômica, em condições de riscos, do sistema de confinamento utilizado para a terminação de bovinos no estado de São Paulo, Brasil." REVISTA AMBIENTE CONTÁBIL - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte - ISSN 2176-9036 14, no. 1 (January 6, 2022): 216–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21680/2176-9036.2022v14n1id23517.
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Objetivo: Avaliar a sensibilidade e a viabilidade econômica do sistema de confinamento utilizado para a engorda de bovinos tomando como referência uma propriedade localizada no norte do estado de São Paulo, Brasil.
Metodologia: Utilizou-se a abordagem multidimensional para avaliar a sensibilidade, o resultado econômico foi analisado através do fluxo de caixa sendo o valor presente líquido (VPL) o indicador de viabilidade, os riscos foram incorporados com a simulação de Monte Carlo para os preços de alimentação, aquisição e venda dos animais que foram as variáveis aleatórias discretas, já a medida de valor foi o VPL, calculado com a taxa mínima de atratividade de 7,55% ao semestre e as probabilidades foram estimadas pela frequência relativa.
Resultados: A probabilidade de o confinamento ser uma atividade atrativa economicamente foi de 30,2%, consequentemente o sistema foi inviável em 69,8%. No âmbito da sensibilidade, o confinamento foi mais vulnerável à oscilações no preço de venda, o aumento de 1% no valor do boi gordo gerou o acréscimo de 46% no VPL, sendo seguido pelo preço de reposição, o aumento de 1% no valor do boi magro levou a uma redução de 29% no VPL, e pelo preço da alimentação, o aumento de 1% no valor da tonelada de matéria seca diminuiu o VPL em 12%.
Contribuições do Estudo: Os resultados encontrados nesta pesquisa poderão subsidiar novas avaliações em amostras representativas, incorporar os estudos sobre essa temática e auxiliar os tomadores de decisão.
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Ronque, Edson Roberto Vaz, Maurício Ursi Ventura, Dimas Soares Júnior, Rogério Barbosa Macedo, and Bruce Roberto Scheidl Campos. "Viabilidade da cultura do morangueiro no Paraná - BR." Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura 35, no. 4 (December 2013): 1032–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-29452013000400014.
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Avaliou-se a viabilidade da exploração do morangueiro, no Paraná, em duas áreas, 0,3 ha (área média cultivada pela agricultura familiar) e 1 ha, por um ano. Elaborou-se uma planilha de fluxo de caixa a partir da qual se calcularam: Período de Recuperação do Capital (PRC), Retorno sobre Investimento (RI), Valor Presente Líquido (VPL) e Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR). Todos para Custo Operacional Efetivo (COE), Custo Operacional Total (COT) e Custo Total de Produção (CTP). Para uma situação considerada normal, os indicadores de rentabilidade calculados foram (Tipo de custo: VPL área-padrão (TIR área- padrão) / VPL área efetiva (TIR área efetiva)) COE: US$ 17.856,55 (42%) / US$ 4.795,85 (39%); COT: US$ 5.182,40 (11%) / - US$ 1.691,97 (-13%); CPT: US$ 4.846,26 (10%) / -US$ 1.792,80 (-14%). Fez-se a análise de cenários para os fatores produtividade, preço de venda e mão de obra, analisando o VPL e a TIR. Verificou-se que o tamanho da área influenciou na viabilidade econômica, mostrando a importância de se determinar anualmente a área mínima viável para a agricultura familiar. Os resultados indicaram que a cultura é viável em curto prazo, quando considerado o COE como parâmetro de análise, mas pode não se sustentar em prazos maiores quando se consideram o COT, o CTP e a variação de alguns fatores de produção. Pela análise de cenários definidos pelos fatores de produção analisados, o VPL e a TIR alteram-se para níveis que oferecem risco à exploração.
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Cahill, Kay. "Building a virtual branch at Vancouver Public Library using Web 2.0 tools." Program 43, no. 2 (April 24, 2009): 140–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00330330910954361.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the work undertaken by Vancouver Public Library (VPL) in an effort to convert its website into a true virtual branch, both through the functionality of the website itself and by extending its web presence on to external social networking sites.Design/methodology/approachVPL worked with its development partners to conduct a thorough community consultation to ensure that the new VPL website would be truly user‐focused. Since the site's launch, VPL has made strategic management of both its internal and external web presence a key organisational priority, reflected in its creation of two new professional positions which include co‐ordination of VPL's internal and external web presence as part of their job specification.FindingsVPL has demonstrated that it is possible to take a systematic, integrated, thoughtful approach to the adoption of Web 2.0 tools and technologies in order to enhance web services without sacrificing quality or control.Originality/valueAs many public libraries consider their options with regard to the integration of Web 2.0 tools and technologies, VPL offers an example of good practice in strategic selection and management of these tools to optimise the delivery of web‐based library services.
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Dota Janoselli, Helder Roberto, and Renata Maria Christofoleti Furlan. "Viabilidade econômica de uma clínica veterinária no interior de São Paulo." Revista IPecege 2, no. 3 (July 14, 2016): 86–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.22167/r.ipecege.2016.3.86.
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Os animais domésticos estão assumindo grande importância no convívio com as pessoas, sendo cada vez mais considerados como membros da família. Com o crescente número desses animais nos lares brasileiros se faz necessário profissionais e clínicas especializadas para atender a demanda de cuidados e bem estar animal. Diante destes fatos, o objetivo do trabalho foi levantar os custos e analisar a viabilidade econômica da instalação de uma clínica veterinária completa, nos moldes de um hospital veterinário, que realize desde procedimentos básicos até os mais complexos em um mesmo local, na cidade de São João da Boa Vista, São Paulo. Para essa análise realizou-se o levantamento dos investimentos necessários para a instalação da clínica, bem como os custos fixos e variáveis, e receitas obtidas com os atendimentos. Elaborou-se um fluxo de caixa, considerando período de 5 anos de vida útil do projeto e realizou-se a análise de viabilidade econômica utilizando-se os indicadores Valor Presente Líquido [VPL], Taxa Interna de Retorno [TIR], payback simples e descontado, além de análise de sensibilidade para avaliar o efeito da variação do investimento, receita e taxa de juros sobre o VPL. Pelos resultados verificou-se que o projeto de instalação da clínica veterinária é economicamente viável, apresentando VPL de R$ 152.049,33, TIR de 12,68%, payback simples de 4,13 e payback descontado de 4,38 anos. O VPL mostrou-se bastante sensível à variação da receita, seguido pelo investimento, cujo aumento interferiu negativamente no VPL. Menor sensibilidade foi observada em relação à variação da taxa de juros.
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Travieso Torres, Juan Carlos, Daniel Galdámez González, Roberto Rodríguez Travieso, and Arturo Rodríguez García. "Use of a Visual Programming Language and Mobile Devices to Improves Students' Understanding of Process Control Systems." Revista Gestión de las Personas y Tecnología 13, no. 37 (April 1, 2020): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.35588/revistagpt.v13i37.4420.
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Nuestra principal contribución es la aplicación del lenguaje de programación visual (VPL, de sus siglas en inglés “Visual Programming Language”) y los dispositivos móviles (MD, de sus siglas en inglés “Mobile Devices”) para el aprendizaje de los sistemas de control, lo cual mejoró la comprensión de estudiantes regulares considerados dentro de un diseño cuasiexperimental. El empleo de un ambiente de enseñanza que emplea VPL y MD para abordar los sistemas de control de procesos fue la clave para resolver las dificultades de aprendizaje que tenían el estudiante con el método de enseñanza tradicional, y que perduraban a pesar de ya que se estaba considerando la alineación constructiva entre instrucción, aprendizaje y evaluación, actividades auténticas y un enfoque de aprendizaje basado en el diseño. Los elementos gráficos utilizados por VPL, tomados de una biblioteca hecha de bloques reutilizables, con diferentes formas y colores, facilitan la comprensión de los sistemas de control de procesos. También VPL muestra todo el sistema de control de procesos de un vistazo a través de los diferentes MD utilizados, que fueron computadoras portátiles, tabletas y teléfonos inteligentes. Ayudó que todos estos MD son bien conocidos y fáciles de usar para los estudiantes. La evaluación comparativa del rendimiento de aprendizaje de los estudiantes, con y sin el uso de VPL y MD, mostró la efectividad del rediseño en el modo de enseñanza. Se facilitó el aprendizaje de los sistemas de control de procesos, reduciendo las dificultades de la enseñanza tradicional y mejorando la comprensión de los estudiantes. Además, la autoeficacia de los estudiantes se vio afectada positivamente.
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Hutchison, W. D., M. A. Luhn, and R. F. Schmidt. "Knee joint input into the peripheral region of the ventral posterior lateral nucleus of cat thalamus." Journal of Neurophysiology 67, no. 5 (May 1, 1992): 1092–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1992.67.5.1092.
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1. Experiments were carried out in chloralose-anesthetized cats to study the responses of neurons in the lateral thalamus to excitation of afferent fibres from the knee joint. 2. Single- and multi-unit recordings were made with tungsten electrodes in dorsoventral penetrations through the ventral posterior lateral nucleus (VPL) during electrical stimulation of the medial articular nerve (MAN) of the cat's knee joint at an intensity sufficient to excite slowly conducting unmyelinated fibers. The locations of the recording sites were verified by recovering electrolytic lesion sites in histological sections (Nissl and cytochrome oxidase staining). 3. The average earliest latency for excitation of thalamic responses was 19.1 +/- 8.5 (SD) ms (n = 50). The threshold for excitation of most thalamic units was found to correspond to peripheral joint afferent fibers of the A-delta group. 4. The majority of neurons responding to MAN stimulation were found to be dorsal or ventral to the low-threshold cutaneous hindlimb region of the lateral division of the VPL (stereotaxic coordinates: AP 9.0-11.5; ML 7.0-9.5). In the ventral periphery of the VPL, most neurons responding to MAN stimulation (11/14) were wide dynamic range (WDR) with a discrete cutaneous receptive field on the hindpaw digits. Six WDR neurons were found dorsal to the hindlimb VPL with a convergent receptive field on the hindlimb (but not hindpaw digits). No nociceptive-specific knee joint units were found. 5. Other neurons were found dorsal to the hindlimb VPL with large receptive fields often encompassing the whole contralateral leg, including skin and deep hindlimb structures, possibly in a region described as the dorsal portion of the posterior complex (POd). Some neurons were found with no receptive field. 6. This study provides the first observations on the responses of lateral thalamic neurons to stimulation of the MAN of the cat knee joint. These results demonstrate a central pathway conveying impulses from specific deep joint afferents of the MAN to the peripheral region of the VPL and overlying region known as the POd, regions implicated in the transmission of nociceptive information.
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Leal, Gustavo, Danilo Sampaio, and Lupércio França Bessegato. "AVALIAÇÃO ECONÔMICO-FINANCEIRA DE PRODUÇÃO DE LEITE CAPRINO NA ZONA DA MATA MINEIRA." Revista Vianna Sapiens 9, no. 1 (August 10, 2018): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31994/rvs.v9i1.269.
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Este artigo procura analisar a viabilidade econômico-financeira de sistemas de produção de leite de cabra na Zona da Mata Mineira, levando em consideração a atual conjuntura econômica do Brasil. Foram estimados Fluxos de Caixa para dois sistemas de produção com raças de cabras distintas: a Saanen (Sistema 1) e a Toggenburg (Sistema 2). Considerando os distintos coeficientes técnicos de produção, e os coeficientes financeiros estimados, apenas o Sistema 1 foi classificado como viável, apresentando um VPL de R$28.191,77, contra um VPL de (R$21.608,89) do Sistema 2. A fim de se analisar os riscos inerentes ao negócio, foi aplicada uma Simulação de Monte Carlo, que mostrou que o Sistema 1 de Produção possui 66,40% de chances de apresentar um VPL positivo, contra 39,5% do Sistema 2.
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Ghosh, Souvik, Shyamal Kumar Paul, Mohammad Akram Hossain, Mohammed Mahbub Alam, Muzahed Uddin Ahmed, and Nobumichi Kobayashi. "Full genomic analyses of two human G2P[4] rotavirus strains detected in 2005: identification of a caprine-like VP3 gene." Journal of General Virology 92, no. 5 (May 1, 2011): 1222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.029868-0.
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Although G2P[4] rotaviruses are common causes of infantile diarrhoea, to date only the full genomes of the prototype (strain DS-1) and another old strain, TB-Chen, have been analysed. We report here the full genomic analyses of two Bangladeshi G2P[4] strains, MMC6 and MMC88, detected in 2005. Both the strains exhibited a DS-1-like genotype constellation. Excluding the VP4 and VP7 genes, and except for VP3 of MMC88, the MMC strains were genetically more closely related to the contemporary G2P[4] and several non-G2P[4] human strains than the prototype G2P[4] strain. However, by phylogenetic analyses, the VP2, VP3 (except MMC88), NSP1 and NSP3–5 genes of these strains appeared to share a common origin with those of the prototype strain, whilst their VP1, VP6 and NSP2 genes clustered near a caprine strain. The VP3 gene of MMC88 exhibited maximum relatedness to a local caprine strain, representing the first reported human G2P[4] strain with a gene of animal origin.
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SAVAGE, J., M. MEANEY, G. P. BRENNAN, E. HOEY, A. TRUDGETT, and I. FAIRWEATHER. "Disruption of vitellogenesis and spermatogenesis by triclabendazole (TCBZ) in a TCBZ-resistant isolate of Fasciola hepatica following incubation in vitro with a P-glycoprotein inhibitor." Parasitology 141, no. 8 (April 24, 2014): 1064–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182014000377.
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SUMMARYA study has been carried out to investigate whether the action of triclabendazole (TCBZ) against Fasciola hepatica is altered by inhibition of P-glycoprotein (Pgp)-linked drug efflux pumps. The Sligo TCBZ-resistant fluke isolate was used for these experiments and the Pgp inhibitor selected was R(+)-verapamil [R(+)-VPL]. In the first experiment, flukes were initially incubated for 2 h in R(+)-VPL (100 μm), then incubated in R(+)-VPL+triclabendazole sulphoxide (TCBZ.SO) (50 μg mL−1, or 133·1 μm) until flukes ceased movement (at 9 h post-treatment). In a second experiment, flukes were incubated in TCBZ.SO alone and removed from the incubation medium following cessation of motility (after 15 h). In the third experiment, flukes were incubated for 24 h in R(+)-VPL on its own. Changes to the testis tubules and vitelline follicles following drug treatment and following Pgp inhibition were assessed by means of light microscope histology and transmission electron microscopy. Incubation of the Sligo isolate in either R(+)-VPL or TCBZ.SO on their own had a limited impact on the morphology of the two tissues. Greater disruption was observed when the drugs were combined, in terms of the block in development of the spermatogenic and vitelline cells and the apoptotic breakdown of the remaining cells. Sperm formation was severely affected and abnormal. Large spaces appeared in the vitelline follicles and synthesis of shell protein was disrupted. The results of this study support the concept of altered drug efflux in TCBZ-resistant flukes and indicate that drug transporters may play a role in the development of drug resistance.
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Sakata, Shuji, Fumio Shima, Motohiro Kato, and Masashi Fukui. "Dissociated mesencephalic responses to medial and ventral thalamic nuclei stimulation in rats." Journal of Neurosurgery 70, no. 3 (March 1989): 446–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1989.70.3.0446.
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✓ To investigate the mechanism of analgesia noted with electrical stimulation of the thalamic sensory relay nucleus and medial thalamus, modulations of neuronal activities in the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) were studied in response to electrical stimulations of the ventroposterolateral nucleus (VPL) and parafascicular nucleus (Pf) and to peripheral noxious stimulations in rats. Extracellular single-unit activities were recorded from 102 neurons in the PAG and the adjacent area in animals under halothane anesthesia. A large population (83%) of the PAG neurons reacted to Pf stimulations with a predominantly excitatory response, whereas smaller numbers (43%) responded to VPL stimulations. There was a significant correlation between the response characteristics of Pf and noxious stimulations, whereas no correlation was found between VPL and noxious stimulations. The PAG neurons that were verified antidromically to project to the nucleus raphe magnus showed a similar pattern of response. The excitatory response to the Pf stimulation was partially attenuated by systemic administration of naloxone, whereas that to the VPL stimulation was not affected. These results suggest that part of the analgesic mechanism of medial thalamus stimulation involves activation of the descending pain suppression system by exciting the PAG neurons through the opioid system, while the analgesia produced by sensory relay nucleus stimulation does not involve the PAG neurons or the opioid system.
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Calvano, Michele, Letizia Martinelli, Filippo Calcerano, and Elena Gigliarelli. "Parametric Processes for the Implementation of HBIM—Visual Programming Language for the Digitisation of the Index of Masonry Quality." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 11, no. 2 (January 27, 2022): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11020093.
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The heterogeneity and historical complexity of interventions on built heritage are testified by the constant development of the conservation discipline. The purpose of the research is the development of a digital workflow of parametric modelling for the analysis and conservation of historical buildings, by applying visual programming language (VPL) to support the Heritage Building Information Modelling (HBIM) methodology. VPL represents a tool for explicit parametric modelling that can be used to enhance geometric and information enrichment of HBIM models. The paper describes the integration, within an HBIM-VPL process, of the Index of Masonry Quality, widely used for seismic structural analysis, and its application to a case study in Cornillo Nuovo, a village damaged by the earthquake of Amatrice in 2016. Similar approaches could enhance HBIM modelling to support different knowledge domains associated with built heritage.
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Virgens, Aline Pereira das, Luis Carlos de Freitas, and Márcio Lopes da Silva. "Avaliação financeira e gerenciamento de risco para diferentes distâncias de transporte de madeira pelo modal rodoviário." Ciência Florestal 31, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 880–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509835470.
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Entre os inúmeros elos da cadeia produtiva do setor florestal, o transporte apresenta-se como um componente relevante na gestão econômica das empresas, podendo representar mais de 30 % dos custos da madeira posto fábrica. Mediante a expressividade econômica e as incertezas relacionadas à atividade, objetivou-se com este trabalho proceder uma análise econômica e de risco no segmento de transporte florestal terceirizado. As receitas foram oriundas do valor pago pelo frete à empresa terceirizada, para os três raios de transporte analisados (US$/m³), bem como pelo volume de madeira transportado pelo biminhão (50 m³). Foi determinado o custo operacional por hora efetiva de trabalho, considerando os custos fixos, variáveis e administrativos. A pesquisa foi conduzida em uma empresa situada no litoral norte da Bahia, responsável pelo transporte terceirizado de madeira, das margens das estradas até a bateria de fornos, com uso do biminhão. A empresa detentora dos fornos pertence ao segmento de siderurgia e utiliza como fonte de matéria-prima madeira de eucalipto oriundo do próprio plantio. Foram avaliados três raios de transporte, sendo estes: 10 km, 14 km e 20 km. Adotaram-se os critérios VPL, TIR, VAE, RB/C e CMP para análise econômica, sendo VPL empregado ainda na simulação de cenários de risco da atividade. Os resultados mostraram viabilidade para todos os critérios analisados: US$ 5.657,58 (VPL); 8,23% (TIR); US$ 824,23 (VAE); 1,004 (RB/C) e US$ 2,24 (CMP), para o raio de transporte de 10 km; US$ 72.563,96 (VPL); 18,34% (TIR); US$ 10.571,55 (VAE); 1,05 (RB/C) e US$ 2,38 (CMP), para o raio de transporte de 14 km; US$ 251.807,75 (VPL); 27,3 % (TIR); US$ 36.684,85 (VAE); 1,15 (RB/C) e US$ 2,62 (CMP), para o raio de transporte de 20 km. Na análise de risco foi observado 49,0%, 30,9% e 7,4% de probabilidades dos valores de VPL apresentarem negativos, para os raios de transporte de 10, 14 e 20 km, respectivamente, considerando a distribuição triangular uniforme com 10.000 iterações. O trabalho mostrou maior cenário de risco para o raio de transporte de 10 e 14 km, sendo a variável de maior influência, o valor de aquisição do veículo. O maior raio de distância de transporte condicionou cenários de menores riscos e maior atratividade para a empresa terceirizada de transporte florestal.
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Eldridge, William. "VPL HookUp! For Apple Macintosh Computers." Computer Music Journal 15, no. 2 (1991): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3680929.
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Anupama, Pandrangi. "In Silico Studies on Development of Novel Virostatic Agents against Bluetongue Virus." ISRN Virology 2014 (March 4, 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/450361.
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The core of BTV is organized into three concentric structures of which VP7 protein forms the major core protein. The subcore consists of VP3 protein and the innermost part of the core is made of three minor proteins: VP1, VP4, and VP6. Earlier it was reported that core-like particles (CLPs) composed of viral VP7 and VP3 proteins were produced in order to study role of VP7 protein in intermolecular interactions in the BTV assembly process. Site specific mutational studies revealed that substitution of the single lysine residue of VP7 (Lys-255) by leucine abrogated CLP formation, indicating a critical role for this lysine. In the present study, homology modeling, mutagenesis, and docking studies were carried out in order to design potent leads in modulation of VP7 protein in abrogating CLP formation.