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1

Guimarães, José Wanderley Augusto. "Produção orgânica irrigada e rentabilidade do pimentão amarelo sob diferentes ambientes e dosagens de biofertilizante." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2013. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/10576.

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GUIMARÃES, J. W. A. Produção orgânica irrigada e rentabilidade do pimentão amarelo sob diferentes ambientes e dosagens de biofertilizante. 2013. 135 f. Tese (Doutorado em Engenharia Agrícola) - Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2013.
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The use of biofertilizers in protected environments have been used to reduce the use of pesticides and protecting plants from pests and diseases , especially when weather conditions are adverse during the rainy season in the Northeast. Looking analyze these aspects , two surveys were conducted aiming to verify the behavior of the hybrid yellow peppers, irrigated and organic management under different environments and dosages of biofertilizers. In the first study treatments consisted of using three environments (greenhouse and open field trellis) and five doses of biofertilizer (0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 mL plant-1 week-1) applied through drip irrigation. It were observed temperature, relative humidity and incident solar radiation, and determined the following parameters of plant growth: Plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, average length and diameter, flesh thickness, total soluble solids and yield per plant. In the second study, measurements of other biofertilizer (0, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mL plant-1 week-1), due to the financial analysis of the first study demonstrated RBC < 1.0 and negative NPV for all treatments were used in addition to low productivity. In addition to the determinations of the growth parameters and post-harvest of the first study, were determined in leaves the macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S). The climatic data were compared using linear regression and correlation coefficients. Growth variables, production and post-harvest were subjected to analysis of variance. When significant by F-test, the data regarding the types of environments (qualitative treatment) underwent test of means by Tukey test. Data regarding dosages of biofertilizer (subplot, quantitative) were subjected to regression analysis seeking to adjust equations with biological meanings. In the financial analysis were determined cash flow and profitability following indicators: cost benefit ratio, net present value, and internal rate of return and sensitivity analysis. According to the results, it was concluded: the dosages of biofertilizers adopted by producers of Sierra Ibiapaba are incipient to a first crop of peppers under organic management, the environment greenhouse is the most suitable for the cultivation of sweet pepper even with temperatures more high that the trellis and open fields, the organic cultivation of sweet pepper under biofertilizer doses of between 20 and 80 mL plant-1week-1 is financially unfeasible. The cultivation of sweet pepper in greenhouses with the higher dosage of biofertilizers proved to be the most efficient in most growth variables, production and post-harvest analyzed. The levels of nitrogen, potassium, magnesium and calcium were higher in the leaves of the greenhouse and trellis. On the other hand, the phosphorus content was higher in plants open, while the sulfur showed similar values for the three environments, in spite of a small decrease in the trellis plant environment. As for dosages of biofertilizer , it is found increasing linear trend with increasing dosages for contents of nitrogen, phosphorus , potassium and decreases in the level of calcium and magnesium , with increasing fertilizer. This decrease was also observed in the sulfur content, but a more sharply from 200 mL plant-1week-1. Organic cultivation of sweet pepper under proper Biofertilization is financially viable, especially in the greenhouse environment.
O uso de biofertilizantes em ambientes protegidos tem sido utilizado para reduzir o emprego de agrotóxicos e proteger as plantas das pragas e doenças, principalmente quando as condições climáticas são adversas durante a estação chuvosa do Nordeste. Procurando analisar estes aspectos, foram realizadas duas pesquisas objetivando verificar o comportamento do pimentão híbrido amarelo, irrigado e com manejo orgânico, sob diferentes ambientes e dosagens de biofertilizantes. No primeiro estudo os tratamentos consistiram da utilização de três ambientes (estufa, latada e campo aberto) e de cinco dosagens de biofertilizante (0, 20, 40, 60 e 80 mL planta-1 semana-1) aplicadas via irrigação por gotejamento. Foram observadas temperatura, umidade relativa e incidência de radiação solar e determinados os seguintes parâmetros de crescimento: altura de plantas, diâmetro do caule, área foliar, comprimento médio e diâmetro dos frutos, espessura da polpa, teor de sólidos solúveis e produção por planta. No segundo estudo, foram utilizadas outras dosagens do biofertilizante (0, 250, 500, 750 e 1000 mL planta-1 semana-1), devido a análise financeira do primeiro estudo ter demonstrado RBC < 1,0 e VPL negativo para todos os tratamentos, além de baixas produtividades. Adicionalmente às determinações dos parâmetros de crescimento e de pós-colheita do primeiro estudo, foram determinados nas folhas os teores de macronutrientes (N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S). Os dados microclimáticos coletados foram comparados por meio de regressões lineares e coeficientes de determinação. As variáveis de crescimento, de produção e de pós-colheita foram submetidas à análise de variância. Quando significativos pelo teste F, os dados referentes aos tipos de ambientes (tratamentos qualitativos) foram submetidos a teste de médias pelo teste de Tukey. Os dados referentes às dosagens do biofertilizante (subtratamentos, quantitativos) foram submetidos à análise de regressão buscando-se ajustar equações com significados biológicos. Na análise financeira foram determinados o fluxo de caixa e os seguintes indicadores de rentabilidade: relação benefício custo, valor presente líquido, taxa interna de retorno e análise de sensibilidade. Conforme os resultados obtidos, concluiu-se: as dosagens de biofertilizante adotadas pelos produtores da Serra da Ibiapaba são incipientes para um primeiro cultivo de pimentão, sob manejo orgânico; o ambiente estufa é o mais adequado para o cultivo do pimentão amarelo mesmo apresentando temperaturas mais elevadas que a latada e o campo aberto; o cultivo orgânico do pimentão amarelo sob dosagens de biofertilizante entre 20 e 80 mL planta-1semana-1 é inviável financeiramente. O cultivo do pimentão amarelo em estufa com a mais elevada dosagem de biofertilizante mostrou-se o mais eficiente na maioria das variáveis de crescimento, de produção e de pós-colheita analisadas. Os teores de nitrogênio, de potássio, de magnésio e de cálcio foram maiores nas folhas das plantas da estufa e latada. Por outro lado, o teor de fósforo foi superior nas plantas de campo aberto, enquanto o enxofre apresentou valores similares nos três ambientes, no que pese um pequeno decréscimo nas plantas do ambiente latada. Quanto às dosagens dos biofertilizantes, constataram-se tendências lineares crescentes com o aumento das dosagens para os teores de nitrogênio, do fósforo, do potássio e decréscimos no nível do cálcio e do magnésio, com o aumento do fertilizante. Este decréscimo foi também observado no teor do enxofre, contudo de uma maneira mais acentuada, a partir de 200 mL planta-O cultivo orgânico do pimentão amarelo sob adequada biofertilização é viável financeiramente, principalmente no ambiente estufa
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2

Silva, Marcelle Figueira Marques da. "Caracterização molecular dos genes de VP1, VP2, VP3, VP4 e VP7 de amostras de rotavírus a genótipo G5P[8] circulando no Brasil entre 1986 e 2005." reponame:Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ, 2009. https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/8485.

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Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
Nas décadas de 80 e início de 90 os rotavírus A (RV-A) de genótipo G5, comum em suínos, equinos e bovinos eram detectados com frequência em amostras fecais de crianças brasileiras. Após 1996, deixou de circular em caráter endêmico, tornando-se apenas esporadicamente detectado, enquanto o genótipo G9 começou a ser detectado com frequência. Esta situação leva a crer que houve a substituição do genótipo G5 pelo G9. Tendo em vista a escassez de dados moleculares a respeito de amostras de genótipo G5 de RV-A, no presente estudo foi realizada a análise filogenética para os genes que codificam para as proteínas VP1, VP2, VP3, VP4, e VP7 de vinte e oito amostras de RV-A humano de genótipo G5P[8], coletadas em diferentes estados brasileiros entre 1986 e 2005. A análise filogenética do gene que codifica para a proteína VP7 demonstrou que as mesmas agrupam juntamente com amostras humanas brasileiras de genótipo G5 (IAL28, Br 1054 e Br H8), no entanto a análise do gene que codifica para a proteína VP4 demonstrou que circularam três linhagens do genótipo P[8] (P[8]-1, P[8]-2, e P[8]-3) no Brasil entre 1986 e 2005 em associação com G5. As análises filogenéticas para os genes que codificam para VP1, VP2, e VP3 demonstraram que os mesmos pertencem ao genogrupo Wa-Like, comum a humanos, o que sugere que estas amostras possam ter se originado de uma amostra de RV-A humano. As análises filogenéticas dos genes de VP1, VP2 e Vp3 revelaram que todas as amostras foram classificadas dentro dos genótipos R1, M1 e C1, respectivamente Os resultados do presente estudo enfatizam a importância do monitoramento contínuo e a caracterização molecular das amostras de RV-A circulantes, principalmente para prever a possível emergência e/ou re-emergência de genótipos após a introdução de uma vacina contra RV-A nos diferentes continentes do mundo e para se melhor entender a dinâmica e o padrão de evolução dos RV-A de genótipo G5.
The group A rotavirus (RV-A) genotype G5, which is common in pigs but also detected in horses and cattle was frequently detected in stool samples collected in the 1980s and the early 1990s in Brazil. After 1996, the G5 has disappeared as an endemic/epidemic strain, becoming only sporadically detected. On the other hand the RV-A G9 has showed a broad geographic distribution. Recently, the G5 was reported in children with severe diarrhea in Argentina, Brazil, Cameroon, Paraguay, People’s Republic of China, and Vietnam. It suggests that the G5, although uncommon overall in humans, is found worldwide. Twenty-eight G5P[8] human RV-A strains isolated from a 19-year long sample collection (from 1986 to 2005), representing four different Brazilian states, was analyzed, and the genetic variability for VP1, VP2, VP3, VP4 and VP7 genes was determined. The nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analyses were performed. Based on VP7 gene phylogenetic analysis, all the analyzed sequences were clustered with other Brazilian G5 strains. The VP4 genes analyzes showed that three P[8] genetic lineages (P[8]-1, P[8]-2 and P[8]-3) circulated in Brazil between 1986 and 2005 in association with genotype G5. The analyzed partial sequences of VP1, VP2 and VP3 showed high identity with RV-A Wa-like strains, which suggests that they might have originated from a human RV-A strain. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that all Brazilian strains were classified as genotype R1, M1 and C1 for VP1, VP2 and VP3 genes, respectively. Our results show that the inner RV-A genotype G5 proteins have been adapted in humans for at least 20 years, emphasizing the importance of continuous virological surveillance of circulating RV-A to detect new variants and possible antigenic changes with potential effect on vaccine effectiveness and contribute to a better understanding of the dynamics and pattern of RV-A G5 evolution.
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3

Bellan, Stener. "Aplicação de opções reais em projetos de automação: um estudo de caso na indústria de cerveja." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/14734.

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Industrial automation projects are evaluated financially through the widely used methods of Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). Recent studies show a tendency to use other methods of performing this assessment. This paper explores the alternative method of Real Options for evaluation of these projects seeking to get closer to the real world, considering greater uncertainty and flexibility than the NPV. Initially it will be shown a literature review focusing on the binomial method in Real Options. The proposed methodology is a case study of a project in the beer market in Brazil, using as source a large multinational company supplying this project. Later a financial analysis will be done primarily using only the NPV and later incorporating the binomial method of Real Options, resulting in the extended VPL. The goal is to price the flexibility of Real Options present in the design of the supply contract under consideration that are not normally considered. This is intended to verify that the binomial method of real options makes real difference in the project under study.
Projetos de automação industrial são avaliados financeiramente através dos métodos bastante utilizados de Valor Presente Líquido (VPL) e Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR). Estudos recentes mostram uma tendência para a utilização de outros métodos para realizar esta avaliação. Este trabalho explora o método alternativo de Opções Reais para avaliação desses projetos que busca se aproximar mais do mundo real considerando maior incerteza e flexibilidade do que o VPL. Inicialmente será feita uma revisão de literatura focando o método binomial dentro de Opções Reais. A metodologia proposta é um estudo de caso de um projeto no mercado de cerveja no Brasil, utilizando como fonte uma empresa multinacional de grande porte fornecedora desse projeto. Posteriormente será feita uma análise financeira primeiramente utilizando somente o VPL e posteriormente incorporando o método binomial de Opções Reais, resultando no VPL estendido. O objetivo é precificar a flexibilidade das Opções Reais presentes no contrato de fornecimento do projeto em estudo que normalmente não são consideradas. Com isso pretende-se verificar se o método binomial de Opções Reais faz real diferença no projeto em estudo.
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Silva, Petrônio Pereira da. "Estudo da Habilidade de Sistemas de Cogeração Em Suportar Variações Financeiras." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2012. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/11644.

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Sistemas de cogeração podem gerar energia térmica ou elétrica a partir de uma ou mais fontes de energia. São bastante utilizados nas centrais de utilidades das indústrias e edifícios comerciais, com a finalidade de gerar e distribuir vapor, água gelada ou eletricidade a diversos tipos de processos. Apesar de eficientes, podem se tornar financeiramente arriscados quando submetidos a alterações nos parâmetros originais de projeto. Diminuições na demanda ou aumento de preços dos combustíveis, por exemplo, podem transformar um projeto tecnicamente ótimo em um fracasso econômico. O objetivo do presente trabalho é ilustrar que projetos baseados em sistemas de cogeração, ao contrário do que comumente se acredita, são muito robustos para suportar mudanças financeiras, desde que tenham flexibilidade técnica para se ajustarem às novas condições. Como ilustração da robustez dos sistemas de cogeração, usou-se neste trabalho um sistema composto por: um motor, três tipos de caldeiras e dois tipos de chillers. A principal característica desse sistema é que é possível combinar o uso dos equipamentos de várias maneiras diferentes, gerando inúmeras configurações de operação capazes de atender as demandas. As demandas de água gelada, eletricidade e vapor são variáveis ao longo dos dias. A otimização foi realizada pelo método clássico da Programação Linear, minimizando o VPL (Valor Presente Líquido) nas possíveis configurações de operação. Uma série de estudos de casos foram realizados no intuito de investigar o comportamento do sistema geral otimizado quando submetido a alterações financeiras. As principais conclusões são que o sistema de cogeração proposto pode suportar um aumento de até 374% na tarifa de combustível e um aumento de até 93% na tarifa de energia elétrica. Outra conclusão importante é que os sistemas de cogeração são robustos no que se refere às variações da tarifa de combustível e eletricidade após os primeiros dez anos de operação.
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Frisk, Maxim. "Utvärdering av visuell programmering för mobila enheter i Unreal Engine 4 : ETT ARBETE UTFÖR VID SPELFÖRETAGET STAKKR AB." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-186414.

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This thesis has been carried out at the company Stakkr AB in Stockholm. Stakkr have considered moving their existing C++ code to the visual programming language Blueprints in Unreal Engine 4. The objective of this study was to examine the performance of Blueprint if it’s suitable for mobile games, as well to provide Stakkr a suitability assessment of writing code in Blueprint and examine how well it performs compared with the language programming language C++. The assessment of suitability was performed by implementing a translation of two existing C++ classes to Blueprints and an assessment was made regarding development in Blueprint and performance testing between the existing C ++ and the developed Blueprint classes. The method of execution of the assessment was to work agile in short and structured iterations. The assessment of the suitability of the study showed that it was user-friendly to develop with Blueprint. However the existing C ++ classes outperformed the classes written in Blueprints. The reason why Blueprints perform worse has been identified and recommendations regarding the performance issues have been developed.
Detta examensarbete har genomförts på företaget Stakkr AB i Stockholm. Stakkr har övervägt att flytta över sin befintliga C++ kod till det visuella programmeringsspråk Blueprints i Unreal Engine 4. Målet med detta examensarbete har varit att undersöka om prestandan i Blueprints är lämplig för mobilspel samt att tillhandahålla Stakkr en lämplighetsutvärdering av att skriva kod i Blueprints och undersöka hur bra den presterar jämfört med språkstandarden C++. bedömningen av lämpligheten utfördes genom att genomföra en översättning av två befintliga C++ klasser till Blueprints, en bedömning av att utveckla i Blueprints har gjorts och prestandatester har utförts mellan de befintliga C++ gentemot de utvecklade Blueprintklasserna. Metoden för utförandet av bedömningen var att arbeta agilt i korta och strukturerade iterationer. Bedömningen från lämplighetsundersökningen visade att det var användarvänligt att utveckla i Blueprints. Dock presterade Blueprintklasserna sämre än de befintliga C++ klasser. Anledningen till varför Blueprints presterar sämre har identifierats och rekommendationer gällande detta har tagits fram.
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Valadão, Gabriel Müller. "Aspectos econômicos do extrativismo do baru no Vale do Urucuia, Minas Gerais." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2016. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/20064.

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Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Florestais, 2016.
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O Cerrado é caracterizado por uma grande biodiversidade, no entanto vem sofrendo uma grande perda de sua área original, sendo necessário desenvolver pesquisas para estimular o uso sustentável dos recursos naturais. As vantagens do crescimento do comércio de produtos florestais não madeireiros devem-se, principalmente, à possibilidade de conciliar desenvolvimento à conservação da biodiversidade. A espécie baruzeiro possui características nutricionais e funcionais diferenciadas, nos últimos anos o comércio de suas castanhas vem se destacando como fonte geradora de renda para as famílias agroextrativistas. O objetivo desse estudo foi a análise econômica e financeira da produção de castanha de baru na região do vale do Rio Urucuia, inquirindo sobre a viabilidade econômica e financeira da atividade extrativista, caracterizando seu canal de comercialização, auferindo as margens brutas e mark-ups de comercialização. Foram caracterizados os processos produtivos, as variáveis técnicas, rendimentos operacionais, em especial os custos e receitas da atividade. Foi realizado um estudo acerca do efeito do ganho de escala com os indicadores econômicos utilizados, analisando a viabilidade de diferentes perfis de agroextrativistas. O extrativismo se mostrou viável economicamente em todos indicadores de rentabilidade, com exceção a receita líquida dos agroextrativistas médios na safra de 2014. Ao analisar a viabilidade financeira da atividade na perspectiva da execução um investimento, o extrativismo se mostrou viável somente para o coletivo de agroextrativistas. O beneficiamento dos frutos mostrou-se determinante nos custos de produção e todos os indicadores econômicos responderam positivamente ao aumento de escala. Ao estudar as margens de comercialização, foi constatado que os agroextrativistas se apropriaram pouco das margens do valor final do produto ou em relação ao seu custo de produção, no entanto todos os fatores de produção, assim como seus custos, foram remunerados e geraram valores superiores ao custo de oportunidade. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
The Cerrado (Brazilian savanna) is characterized by large biodiversity and therefore is classified as one of the world's biodiversity hotspots. The benefits of the non timber forest products marketing increase are due to the possibility of joining economic development with biodiversity conservation and settling down of peasants in their rural areas. The species Baruzeiro has multiple uses. In recent years the commercialization of the Baru nuts has stood out as an income source for extractivist family farmers. This study aims to economically analyse the Baru nuts production in the Urucuia River valley area by inquiring on the feasibility of the extractivist activity and Baru nuts commercializtion. Extractivism has shown to be economically feasible for all profitability indicators with exception of the net income of the less productive farmers in the harvest of 2014. By analyzing the feasibility of the activity under the perspective of the implementation of an investment, extractivism has shown to be feasible only for collective and associative enterprises. The study of the trade margins indicated that the farmers is little appropriated the final selling value or the one related to the production costs,what highlights that all production factors as well as their costs were remunerated and generated values above opportunity costs.
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Barillas, Jennys Lourdes Meneses. "Estudo da recupera??o de ?leo por drenagem gravitacional assistida por inje??o de vapor." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2008. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/15877.

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Steam assisted gravity drainage process (SAGD) involves two parallel horizontal wells located in a same vertical plane, where the top well is used as steam injector and the bottom well as producer. The dominant force in this process is gravitational. This improved oil recovery method has been demonstrated to be economically viable in commercial projects of oil recovery for heavy and extra heavy oil, but it is not yet implemented in Brazil. The study of this technology in reservoirs with characteristics of regional basins is necessary in order to analyze if this process can be used, minimizing the steam rate demand and improving the process profitability. In this study, a homogeneous reservoir was modeled with characteristics of Brazilian Northeast reservoirs. Simulations were accomplished with STARS , a commercial software from Computer Modelling Group, which is used to simulate improved oil recovery process in oil reservoirs. In this work, a steam optimization was accomplished in reservoirs with different physical characteristics and in different cases, through a technical-economic analysis. It was also studied a semi-continuous steam injection or with injection stops. Results showed that it is possible to use a simplified equation of the net present value, which incorporates earnings and expenses on oil production and expenses in steam requirement, in order to optimize steam rate and obtaining a higher net present value in the process. It was observed that SAGD process can be or not profitable depending on reservoirs characteristics. It was also obtained that steam demand can still be reduced injecting in a non continuous form, alternating steam injection with stops at several time intervals. The optimization of these intervals allowed to minimize heat losses and to improve oil recovery
O processo de drenagem gravitacional com inje??o cont?nua de vapor (SAGD) envolve dois po?os horizontais paralelos localizados em uma mesma vertical, onde o po?o superior ? usado como injetor de vapor e o inferior como produtor. A for?a dominante neste processo ? a gravitacional. Este m?todo de recupera??o avan?ada tem sido demonstrado ser economicamente vi?vel em projetos comerciais de recupera??o de petr?leo pesado e extra pesado, mas ainda n?o foi implementado no Brasil. O estudo desta tecnologia em reservat?rios com caracter?sticas das bacias regionais ? necess?rio para analisar como se ad?qua o processo para minimizar a demanda de vapor obtendo a maior rentabilidade do processo. Neste estudo foi usado um modelo homog?neo com caracter?sticas de reservat?rios do Nordeste Brasileiro. As simula??es foram realizadas em um programa comercial da Computer Modelling Group , o STARS , m?dulo usado para realizar estudos de m?todos de recupera??o avan?ada de reservat?rios de ?leo. Neste trabalho, foi realizada uma otimiza??o do vapor em reservat?rios com diferentes caracter?sticas f?sicas e em diferentes cen?rios, atrav?s de uma an?lise t?cnico-econ?mica. Tamb?m foi estudada a inje??o de vapor semi-cont?nua ou com paradas. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que ? poss?vel utilizar uma equa??o simplificada do valor presente l?quido, que incorpora os ganhos e gastos na produ??o de ?leo e os gastos na inje??o de vapor, para otimizar a demanda do vapor obtendo um maior valor presente l?quido no processo. Observou-se que o m?todo (SAGD) pode ser ou n?o rent?vel dependendo das caracter?sticas do reservat?rio. Encontrou-se tamb?m que a necessidade de vapor pode ainda ser diminu?da utilizando esquemas de inje??o de vapor com paradas em intervalos de tempo otimizados, e isto permitiu minimizar as perdas de calor e melhorar a recupera??o.
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Evangelista, Mário Luiz Santos. "Estudo comparativo de análise de investimentos em projetos entre o método VPL e o de opções reais." Florianópolis, SC, 2006. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/88720.

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Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Produção
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Oliveira, Mário Henrique da Fonseca. "A avaliação econômico-financeira de investimentos sob condição de incerteza: uma comparação entre o método de Monte Carlo e o VPL fuzzy." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18140/tde-03122009-090723/.

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Os métodos determinísticos utilizados para avaliação econômico-financeira de projetos de investimentos, como o Valor Presente Líquido (VPL) e a Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR), contemplam exatidão do comportamento futuro das variáveis inerentes ao projeto. Porém, as imprevisibilidades futuras acrescidas da alta volatilidade da economia e tecnologia mundial tornam as análises determinísticas frágeis em situações onde existam incertezas, o que pode levar gestores e investidores a tomar decisões equivocadas quanto à alocação de capital. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo geral a comparação entre dois métodos que podem ser utilizados para avaliação de investimentos que abordam a condição de incerteza. O método de Monte Carlo, em seu caráter estatístico, permite que as variáveis presentes sejam consideradas por meio de distribuições de probabilidade, as quais associadas a geração de números aleatórios fornecem uma resposta que considera as incertezas presentes. O Valor Presente Líquido fuzzy constitui-se em um método alternativo para análise, o qual considera as variáveis incertas como números nebulosos, ou seja, concepções matemáticas que não apresentam fronteiras rígidas. Por meio da aplicação dos métodos em uma situação real de investimento, buscou-se realizar uma análise comparativa, que levasse em conta os resultados numéricos obtidos e a conceituação teórica envolvida.
The deterministic methods used for economical and financial evaluation of investments projects, such as Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate Return (IRR) consider the future comportment of the project variables as exact values. Nevertheless, the future unpredictability and the high volatility of world economy and technology make fragile the deterministic analysis under situations that uncertainty is present, what may lead managers and investors to take bad decisions about capital allocation. The main objective of this assignment is two compare two different methods used to evaluate investments under uncertainty. The Monte Carlo method is its statistical character, allows to associate probability distributions with random numbers and this application provides that includes uncertainty. The fuzzy Net Present Value is an alternative method to analyze investments, which consider uncertainty variable as fuzzy numbers, i.e., mathematics conceptions that do not present absolute borders. Two different kinds of comparisons were produced by applications of both methods in a real investment situation: the first was developed based on numeric analysis; the second is based on a theory that involves those methods.
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Holm, Erik, and Johan Lavén. "En studie i läsbarhet av visuella programmeringsspråk." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för informationsteknologi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-16970.

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För att förenkla programmeringsprocessen används ibland visuella programmeringsspråk. Denna studie visar hur snabbt programmeringsstudenter läser och förstår visuella programmeringsspråk i jämförelse mot hur de läser och förstår textbaserade programmeringsspråk. Med ett egenutvecklat visuellt programmeringsspråk undersöker denna studie hur läsbarheten skiljer sig hos visuella programmeringsspråk mot textbaserade. Studien utfördes med två läsmoment på totalt 21 testpersoner med tidigare erfarenhet av programmering. I genomsnitt utfördes läsmomentet med det visuella programmeringsspråket på kortare tid än motsvarande textbaserade läsmoment. Ett framtida arbete kan undersöka hur visuella programmeringsspråk kan förbättras för användare med nedsatt färgseende.
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Lind, Fredrik. "Visual Scripting for AR Board Games in Thrymd." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Datavetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-86071.

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In recent years, the interest in Augmented Reality (AR) applications for entertainment and productivity has grown. One company exploring this technology is LAZER WOLF STUDIOS, the developers behind Thrymd: an AR-driven board games platform powered by the Unity engine.  This paper details the development of a visual scripting framework, meant to provide end users with a means of developing their own games for the platform, without significant programming or background knowledge required. A graph-based visual language was implemented in a custom Unity editor window, in order to maintain a familiar and consistent feel for users. The graph consists of a series of branching, interconnected nodes which pass data in-between each other, and execute in succession. The graph is serialized as a Unity asset, and can easily be interacted with through regular C# scripts.  A small number of nodes were implemented, but for the system to be viable, more are needed. For that reason, extensibility was a core ideal; creating new node types must be fast and painless. As with any script layer, performance is generally worse than compiled code. Further work is needed to improve user experience.
Intresset för användandet av Augmenterad Verklighet (AR) för underhållning och produktivitetssyften har ökat på senare tid. LAZER WOLF STUDIOS är utvecklarna bakom Thrymd, en AR-driven brädspelsplattform byggd i spelmotorn Unity.  Denna rapport dokumenterar utvecklingsprocessen av ett visuellt skriptramverk byggt med avsikt att låta slutanvändare utveckla sina egna spel till plattformen utan större förkunskapskrav. Ett graf-baserat visuellt skriptspråk implementerades i en skräddarsydd editormiljö inuti Unity, för att bibehålla en bekant och konsekvent användarupplevelse. Grafen består av en serie förgrenande, sammankopplade noder som skickar data mellan varann och exekveras i sekvens. Grafen sparas som en resurs på hårddisken och är lätt att interagera med genom traditionella C#-skript i Unity.  Ett mindre antal noder implementerades, men fler krävs för att systemet ska vara brukbart. Av detta skäl designades språket med vidareutveckling i åtanke, då det måste vara enkelt att skapa nya noder. Som med de flesta skriptspråk är prestandan överlag sämre än kompilerad kod. Ytterligare arbete krävs för att förbättra användarupplevelsen.
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Rojas, Oscar Alejandro Ojeda. "Modelo de simulação para análise econômica do uso de biotecnologias reprodutivas em rebanhos leiteiros." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74134/tde-04092015-145159/.

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As biotecnologias reprodutivas têm uma importante relação com os resultados econômicos dos rebanhos leiteiros. Sua adoção implica o investimento de quantidades conhecidas de recursos, porém, há uma clara dificuldade por parte de produtores em avaliarem o retorno desses investimentos. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver um modelo de simulação que permita analisar os impactos do uso de biotecnologias reprodutivas sobre o desempenho econômico de rebanhos leiteiros. Com o auxílio de uma planilha eletrônica do Microsoft® Office Excel®, foi desenvolvido um modelo determinístico, em função de parâmetros produtivos, reprodutivos e econômicos, com o fim de representar a conformação do rebanho em períodos de 21 dias ao longo de 25 anos. Foram realizadas simulações de quatro cenários de aplicação de biotecnologias: inseminação artificial com sêmen convencional (IAC) e com sêmen sexado (IAS), inseminação artificial em tempo fixo com sêmen convencional (IATFC) e com sêmen sexado (IATFS). Finalmente, foram calculados para cada cenário o Payback, o valor presente líquido (VPL) e a taxa interna de retorno (TIR) como indicadores da viabilidade econômica. Sob as condições simuladas, observou-se que o cenário com melhor desempenho econômico foi IATFS (Payback 3 anos; VPL R$ 2.558.490,80; e TIR 42,5% aa), seguido de IATFC (Payback 3 anos; VPL R$ 2.357.639,40; e TIR 42,9% aa). O cenário IAC apresentou valores superiores (Payback 3 anos; VPL de R$ 759.353,90; e TIR 29,3% aa), quando comparado com IAS (Payback 4 anos; VPL R$ 676.870,90; e TIR 23,3% aa). O modelo desenvolvido neste estudo permite auxiliar o processo de tomada de decisão na seleção da estratégia reprodutiva mais adequada com base em parâmetros específicos.
Reproductive biotechnologies have an economic impact on dairy herds. Its implementation requires the investment of known amounts of resources; however, the producers still have a clear difficulty in assessing the profitability of these investments. The aim of this study was to develop a simulation model to analyze how the use of reproductive biotechnologies impact on the economic performance of dairy herds. Using a Microsoft® Office Excel® spreadsheet, a deterministic model was created considering productive, reproductive and economic parameters, in order to represent the herd conformation in 21-day periods over 25 years. Then, four reproductive programs were simulated: artificial insemination using conventional semen (AIC) or sex-sorted semen (AIS) and fixed-time artificial insemination using conventional semen (FTAIC) or sex-sorted semen (FTAIS). Finally, indicators of economic viability: Payback, net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) were calculated for each reproductive program. Under the simulated conditions, it was observed that the program with the best economic performance was FTAIS (Payback 3 years; NPV R$ 2,558,490.80; and IRR 42.5% per annum), followed by FTAIC (Payback 3 years; NPV R$ 2,357,639.40; and IRR 42.9% per annum). The AIC program presented higher economic returns (Payback 3 years, NPV R$ 759,353.90, and IRR 29.3% per annum) when compared with AIS (Payback 4 years; NPV R$ 676,870.90, and IRR 23.3% per annum). The mathematical model developed in this study can assists the decision-making process to select the most appropriate reproductive strategy based on specific parameters.
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Maťátko, Martin. "Programovací prostředí s virtuálními roboty." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-236147.

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This diploma thesis deals with a theoretical analysis, a design and an implementation of a programming framework in a virtual environment. Robots use sensors to gain information about the environment and they subsequently modify this environment as a result of an instruction code. The instructions are entered in a graphic form using a visual programming language. The analysis and the outline of this language is discussed in detail in this work as well. The last part describes editing and rendering of the virtual world in which the robots are moving, considering sample tasks of following a line and movement inside a maze according to the rules of the Micromouse competition. The thesis includes solution proposals for both tasks regarding the possibilities of the programming environment. The result of the work is a concept of the aforementioned components and their implementation and linking to a functional unit.
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Teitelbaum, Aryeh Roberto, and a_hay@jct ac il. "Arts'Codes: A New Methodology for the Development of Real-Time Embedded Applications for Control Systems." RMIT University. Accounting and Law, 2007. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20071219.094115.

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Embedded real-time applications have to allow interaction between the control computer and the controlled environment. Controlling the environment requires in particular to take into account its time constraints and critical logical conditions. One of the main programmer efforts in real-time application's development is to trace the incoming events, and to perform reactions based on the current system status, according to the application requirements. All this have to be handled, although external events may come in the middle of a critical reaction, which may disturb it. This problem involves two difficulties: „X The cognitive efforts to percept the problem, and consequently to express the solution. „X The correct translation of this solution to code. Two requirements were defined in this research in order to achieve high-quality performance: clearness and robustness, clearness in the design, and robustness in the execution. In this work the author proposes a methodology and a tool for real-time application's development that uses or implies an innovated form of design based on natural-cognitive researches. This design method has clear compilation's rules to produce an Object-Oriented light-code, suitable for embedded platforms. These compilation's rules introduce to the code implicit security and synchronization's elements, to support robust execution. In this methodology, clear development phases were defined, using a high-degree of reuse and even polymorphism, which were emphasized in the research. Several existing ideas were improved/adapted and synthesized together with the author's innovation, creating the Arts'Codes method for real-time application development. The work includes cognitive evaluations, assuring the natural skills of the design. Arts'Codes method proposes a natural VPL (Visual Programming Language) for real-time applications, based on hierarchic components. This VPL is built on a minimum of diagrams: one for the static architecture and one for the dynamic behaviour, with a similar restricted notation at all levels. These two diagrams (static architecture and dynamic behaviour) are interleaved in a unified view. This method was implemented by building a suitable graphic editor, which automatically compiles the applications diagrams in a light and robust Object-Oriented code (based on Parallel Automata FSM), and by building an execution compact software platform. Furthermore, the parallel automata FSM are translated automatically in PTL temporal formula defining the goals and the behaviours of the components, permitting to prove a-priory that the components behaviours are consistent to their goals. The execution platform is based on a restricted implementation of the synchrony hypothesis and on a powerful model of execution: the parallel automata FSM. These Parallel Automata describe the dynamic behaviours of the components and allows implementing run-time exceptions handling too. In addition, the research proposes a tri-processor execution hardware platform, which supports a hybrid synchronous/multi-threading execution. This method will contribute to versatile, clear and robust real-time application's development.
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Rodriguez, Frederich Diaz. "Análise econômica da precocidade na puberdade e do diagnóstico da gestação em fêmeas bovinas da raça Nelore e Angus x Nelore." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10135/tde-02062017-112932/.

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Entre as raças bovinas utilizadas comercialmente para produção de carne no Brasil, a Nelore e o cruzamento Nelore x Angus são de destaque pela adaptação que possuem às condições tropicais. No entanto, é comum que as fêmeas da raça Nelore produzam o primeiro bezerro entre os 44 a 48 meses de idade, fato que reduz a vida útil das matrizes no sistema de produção. Pesquisas desenvolvidas no Laboratório de Nutrição e Reprodução Animal (LNRA) da Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ/USP) e no Laboratório de Fisiologia e Endocrinologia Molecular (LFEM) da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia na (FMVZ/USP), mostram que esta realidade pode ser eventualmente alterada por meio do desenvolvimento de novas técnicas que visam precocidade em alguns eventos da vida produtiva das fêmeas bovinas, como a puberdade e o diagnóstico da gestação. Objetiva-se com a presente pesquisa determinar o efeito na viabilidade econômica de unidades produtivas comerciais dedicadas à produção de bezerros de: i) reduzir o tempo ao qual as fêmeas Nelore e Nelore x Angus chegam à puberdade, oferecendo dois ritmos de crescimento (500 e 1000 g dia-1) em duas fases de crescimento (dos três aos sete meses de idade e dos sete meses de idade até a puberdade); e ii) realizar o diagnóstico da gestação de forma convencional pela ultrassonografia transretal ou de forma precoce a través da quantificação de genes ISGs em células mononucleares do sangue periférico ou utilizando ultrassom com Doppler colorido. Após realizar análise de investimento por período de 16 anos (803 semanas), foram calculados os indicadores econômicos Valor Presente Líquido (VPL), Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR) e o tempo de recuperação do capital (payback). O VPL foi utilizado para determinar a viabilidade econômica dos sistemas, por meio de regressões múltiplas. Em tais regressões, a variável dependente foi o VPL e o conjunto de variáveis explicativas foram a genética, a nutrição, o tipo de diagnóstico da gestação e os níveis de preços relativos de insumos e produtos. O fato de algumas variáveis explicativas serem qualitativas justificou o uso de variáveis do tipo dummy (0 ou 1). De acordo com os resultados obtidos, realizar o diagnóstico da gestação uma semana antes do tempo normalmente utilizado, elevaria o VPL do empreendimento em, aproximadamente, R$ 2,7 milhões. Após confinamento das novilhas Nelore e Nelore x Angus foi observado nos cenários onde foi oferecido Alto GMD nas duas fases do confinamento melhor desempenho econômico. No entanto, entre os dois grupos genéticos, as novilhas Nelore x Angus apresentaram maior VPL. Finalmente, foi realizado um levantamento do histórico de preços pagos e recebidos pelo produtor rural nos últimos 10 anos. Esta análise permitiu observar que são os preços dos insumos os que mais influenciam a viabilidade dos sistemas.
Among the bovine breeds commercially used for meat production in Brazil, the Nelore and Nelore x Angus crosses are prominent for the adaptation that are useful to tropical conditions. However, it is common for Nelore females to produce the first calf between 44 and 48 months of age, to reduce the useful life of the matrices in the production system. (LNRA) of the Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ / USP) and not Laboratory of Physiology and Molecular Endocrinology (LFEM) of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science at (FMVZ / USP)), show that this reality can be altered by Means of developing new techniques aimed at precocity in some events of life produced by females, such as puberty and diagnosis of gestation. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of the Nelore and Nelore x Angus females on the economic viability of vegetable production units dedicated to the production of calves. Growth (500 and 1000 g day-1) in two growth stages (from three to seven months of age and two months of age until puberty); And ii) perform the diagnosis of pregnancy in a conventional manner by transrectal ultrasonography or early by quantifying ISG genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells or using color Doppler ultrasound. After the investment analysis for a period of 16 years (803 weeks), the calculations of economic indicators Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and payback time. The NPV was used to determine the economical viability of the systems, through multiple regressions. In such regressions, a dependent variable for the NPV and the set of explanatory variables for a genetics, a nutrition, a type of pregnancy diagnosis and the price levels of inputs and products. The fact that some explanatory variables are qualitative justified for the use of dummy variables (0 or 1). According to the results obtained, carry out the diagnosis of gestation a week before the time used, raise the NPV ventures in about R $ 2.7 million. After confinement of the Nelore and Nelore news x Observations on the scenarios in which the High GMD in the two phases of the confinement was carried out better economic performance. However, between the two genetic groups, such as Nelore x Angus heifers presented higher NPV. Finally, a survey of the price history paid and received by the rural producer in the last 10 years was carried out. This analysis showed that it is the input prices that most influence the systems viability.
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Possatti, Flávia. "Diversidade dos genes VP6, VP7 e VP4 de cepas de rotavírus C identificadas em rebanhos suínos brasileiros." Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Centro de Ciências Agrárias. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, 2014. http://www.bibliotecadigital.uel.br/document/?code=vtls000192417.

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O rotavírus C (RVC) suíno é uma importante causa de enterite, principalmente em leitões lactentes e elevada incidência desta infecção tem sido demonstrada em rebanhos suínos brasileiros. Para investigar a diversidade genética do RVC suíno em rebanhos de seis estados das três principais regiões brasileiras produtoras de suíno, os genes VP6, VP7 e VP4 de 15 amostras de fezes diarreicas positivas para RVC foram amplificados, sequenciados e a filogenia foi analisada em comparação com outras sequências de RVC disponíveis em bases públicas de dados. A análise do gene VP6 demonstrou heterogeneidade considerável entre as 15 amostras, que apresentaram 83,2-100% de identidade de nucleotídeo (nt) entre elas e 82,6-98% de identidade com outras cepas de RVC suíno. Na árvore filogenética as cepas de campo do RVC suíno agruparam em duas linhagens distintas (Porcine I e Porcine II) do genotipo suíno I1. A análise do gene VP7 revelou que a maioria das amostras (n = 14) pertence ao genotipo G6 e demonstrou alta identidade de nt entre elas (88,2-100%). No entanto, a amostra de RVC BRA57/11 não apresentou alta similaridade (74,5-76,7% de identidade de nt) com as demais amostras e agrupou com a cepa protótipo Cowden, que representa o genotipo G1. Na análise do gene VP4 as 15 amostras de RVC demonstraram grande heterogeneidade genética, com 60,7-100% de identidade de nt entre elas. Com base em um ponto de corte de ≥80%, além do genotipo P[1] representado pela cepa Cowden, outros três genotipos suínos podem ser descritos. Sugerimos nomear como genotipo P[4] as cepas sul-coreanas (CUK-5 e CUK-6) anteriormente identificadas e como genotipo P[5] a cepa norte-americana RV0143/1 recentemente identificada. Na árvore filogenética a amostra brasileira BRA77/11 agrupou no mesmo ramo das cepas P[4], CUK-5 e CUK-6. A amostra BRA57/11 agrupou no mesmo ramo da cepa Cowden, mas apresentou menos de 80% de identidade nt (74,4%), representando um possível novo genotipo, provisoriamente denominado P[6]. As outras 13 amostras agruparam com a cepa RV0143/11, com identidade de nt de 83,3-87,3%, indicando que a maioria das cepas de RVC suíno deste estudo pertence ao genotipo provisoriamente denominado P[5]. Esses resultados evidenciam grande diversidade nos genes VP6, VP7 e VP4 de cepas de campo de RVC suíno no Brasil, incluindo a descrição de um potencial novo genotipo VP4. Esse estudo contribui com informações moleculares para o estabelecimento de um sistema formal de classificação e para obtenção de conhecimento sobre a ecologia e evolução das cepas de RVC circulantes em todo o mundo.
Porcine C rotavirus (RVC) is an important cause of enteritis, mainly in nursing piglets, and a high incidence of this infection has been demonstrated in Brazilian pig herds. To investigate the genetic diversity of porcine RVC in herds from six states from three major Brazilian pig-producing regions, the VP6, VP7, and VP4 genes of 15 RVC-positive diarrheic fecal samples were amplified, sequenced, and the phylogeny was analyzed in comparison with other RVC sequences available in public databases. The VP6 gene analysis demonstrated a considerable heterogeneity between the 15 RVC samples, that showed 83.2 to 100% of nucleotide (nt) identity to each other and 82.6 to 98% nt identity to other porcine RVC strains. In the phylogenetic tree the Brazilian porcine RVC field strains clustered in two distinct lineages (Porcine I and Porcine II), of the porcine genotype I1. Analysis of the VP7 gene, revealed that most samples (n = 14) were G6 genotype and shared high nt identity with each other (88.2-100%). However, the RVC sample BRA57/11 were not closely related (74.5-76.7% nt identity) with the other samples, and clustered with the prototype Cowden strain, which represent the G1 genotype. In the VP4 gene analysis the 15 RVC samples demonstrated a high genetic heterogeneity, with 60.7 to 100% nt identity with each other. Based on a cutoff value of 80%, three porcine genotypes can be described besides of Cowden P[1]. We suggest to nominate the previous identified South Korean strains (CUK-5 and CUK-6) as P[4] genotype and the recently described North American RV0143/11 strain as P[5] genotype. In the phylogenetic tree the Brazilian sample BRA77/11 grouped in the same branch of P[4] CUK-5 and CUK-6 strains. The sample BRA57/11 grouped in the same branch of Cowden strain, but shared less than 80% of nt identity (74.4%), representing a possible new genotype, tentatively named P[6]. The others 13 samples grouped together with RV0143/11 strain, with a nt similarity of 83.3 to 87.3%, indicating that most of porcine RVC strains from this study were from the putative P[5] genotype. The results show the occurrence of the wide diversisity in VP6, VP7, and VP4 genes in porcine RVC Brazilian field strains, including the description of a potencial new VP4 genotype. This study contributes with molecular information to establishment of a formal classification system and to obtain information on ecology and evolution of the RVC strains circulating throughout the world.
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17

GuimarÃes, Josà Wanderley Augusto. "Irrigated organic production and profitability of yellow pepper under different environments and dosages of biofertilizer." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2013. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=11212.

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Empresa de AssistÃncia TÃcnica e ExtensÃo Rural do CearÃ
The use of biofertilizers in protected environments have been used to reduce the use of pesticides and protecting plants from pests and diseases , especially when weather conditions are adverse during the rainy season in the Northeast. Looking analyze these aspects , two surveys were conducted aiming to verify the behavior of the hybrid yellow peppers, irrigated and organic management under different environments and dosages of biofertilizers. In the first study treatments consisted of using three environments (greenhouse and open field trellis) and five doses of biofertilizer (0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 mL plant-1 week-1) applied through drip irrigation. It were observed temperature, relative humidity and incident solar radiation, and determined the following parameters of plant growth: Plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, average length and diameter, flesh thickness, total soluble solids and yield per plant. In the second study, measurements of other biofertilizer (0, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mL plant-1 week-1), due to the financial analysis of the first study demonstrated RBC < 1.0 and negative NPV for all treatments were used in addition to low productivity. In addition to the determinations of the growth parameters and post-harvest of the first study, were determined in leaves the macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S). The climatic data were compared using linear regression and correlation coefficients. Growth variables, production and post-harvest were subjected to analysis of variance. When significant by F-test, the data regarding the types of environments (qualitative treatment) underwent test of means by Tukey test. Data regarding dosages of biofertilizer (subplot, quantitative) were subjected to regression analysis seeking to adjust equations with biological meanings. In the financial analysis were determined cash flow and profitability following indicators: cost benefit ratio, net present value, and internal rate of return and sensitivity analysis. According to the results, it was concluded: the dosages of biofertilizers adopted by producers of Sierra Ibiapaba are incipient to a first crop of peppers under organic management, the environment greenhouse is the most suitable for the cultivation of sweet pepper even with temperatures more high that the trellis and open fields, the organic cultivation of sweet pepper under biofertilizer doses of between 20 and 80 mL plant-1week-1 is financially unfeasible. The cultivation of sweet pepper in greenhouses with the higher dosage of biofertilizers proved to be the most efficient in most growth variables, production and post-harvest analyzed. The levels of nitrogen, potassium, magnesium and calcium were higher in the leaves of the greenhouse and trellis. On the other hand, the phosphorus content was higher in plants open, while the sulfur showed similar values for the three environments, in spite of a small decrease in the trellis plant environment. As for dosages of biofertilizer , it is found increasing linear trend with increasing dosages for contents of nitrogen, phosphorus , potassium and decreases in the level of calcium and magnesium , with increasing fertilizer. This decrease was also observed in the sulfur content, but a more sharply from 200 mL plant-1week-1. Organic cultivation of sweet pepper under proper Biofertilization is financially viable, especially in the greenhouse environment.
O uso de biofertilizantes em ambientes protegidos tem sido utilizado para reduzir o emprego de agrotÃxicos e proteger as plantas das pragas e doenÃas, principalmente quando as condiÃÃes climÃticas sÃo adversas durante a estaÃÃo chuvosa do Nordeste. Procurando analisar estes aspectos, foram realizadas duas pesquisas objetivando verificar o comportamento do pimentÃo hÃbrido amarelo, irrigado e com manejo orgÃnico, sob diferentes ambientes e dosagens de biofertilizantes. No primeiro estudo os tratamentos consistiram da utilizaÃÃo de trÃs ambientes (estufa, latada e campo aberto) e de cinco dosagens de biofertilizante (0, 20, 40, 60 e 80 mL planta-1 semana-1) aplicadas via irrigaÃÃo por gotejamento. Foram observadas temperatura, umidade relativa e incidÃncia de radiaÃÃo solar e determinados os seguintes parÃmetros de crescimento: altura de plantas, diÃmetro do caule, Ãrea foliar, comprimento mÃdio e diÃmetro dos frutos, espessura da polpa, teor de sÃlidos solÃveis e produÃÃo por planta. No segundo estudo, foram utilizadas outras dosagens do biofertilizante (0, 250, 500, 750 e 1000 mL planta-1 semana-1), devido a anÃlise financeira do primeiro estudo ter demonstrado RBC < 1,0 e VPL negativo para todos os tratamentos, alÃm de baixas produtividades. Adicionalmente Ãs determinaÃÃes dos parÃmetros de crescimento e de pÃs-colheita do primeiro estudo, foram determinados nas folhas os teores de macronutrientes (N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S). Os dados microclimÃticos coletados foram comparados por meio de regressÃes lineares e coeficientes de determinaÃÃo. As variÃveis de crescimento, de produÃÃo e de pÃs-colheita foram submetidas à anÃlise de variÃncia. Quando significativos pelo teste F, os dados referentes aos tipos de ambientes (tratamentos qualitativos) foram submetidos a teste de mÃdias pelo teste de Tukey. Os dados referentes Ãs dosagens do biofertilizante (subtratamentos, quantitativos) foram submetidos à anÃlise de regressÃo buscando-se ajustar equaÃÃes com significados biolÃgicos. Na anÃlise financeira foram determinados o fluxo de caixa e os seguintes indicadores de rentabilidade: relaÃÃo benefÃcio custo, valor presente lÃquido, taxa interna de retorno e anÃlise de sensibilidade. Conforme os resultados obtidos, concluiu-se: as dosagens de biofertilizante adotadas pelos produtores da Serra da Ibiapaba sÃo incipientes para um primeiro cultivo de pimentÃo, sob manejo orgÃnico; o ambiente estufa à o mais adequado para o cultivo do pimentÃo amarelo mesmo apresentando temperaturas mais elevadas que a latada e o campo aberto; o cultivo orgÃnico do pimentÃo amarelo sob dosagens de biofertilizante entre 20 e 80 mL planta-1semana-1 à inviÃvel financeiramente. O cultivo do pimentÃo amarelo em estufa com a mais elevada dosagem de biofertilizante mostrou-se o mais eficiente na maioria das variÃveis de crescimento, de produÃÃo e de pÃs-colheita analisadas. Os teores de nitrogÃnio, de potÃssio, de magnÃsio e de cÃlcio foram maiores nas folhas das plantas da estufa e latada. Por outro lado, o teor de fÃsforo foi superior nas plantas de campo aberto, enquanto o enxofre apresentou valores similares nos trÃs ambientes, no que pese um pequeno decrÃscimo nas plantas do ambiente latada. Quanto Ãs dosagens dos biofertilizantes, constataram-se tendÃncias lineares crescentes com o aumento das dosagens para os teores de nitrogÃnio, do fÃsforo, do potÃssio e decrÃscimos no nÃvel do cÃlcio e do magnÃsio, com o aumento do fertilizante. Este decrÃscimo foi tambÃm observado no teor do enxofre, contudo de uma maneira mais acentuada, a partir de 200 mL planta-1. O cultivo orgÃnico do pimentÃo amarelo sob adequada biofertilizaÃÃo à viÃvel financeiramente, principalmente no ambiente estufa
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18

Wall, Karl. "G#, a graphical approach to functional programming." Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, JTH, Datateknik och informatik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-43359.

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The purpose of this bachelor thesis was to present a solution for how a graphical programming language with a functional mindset can be constructed with the help of inspiration from functional programming. An artefact was created by using design science as a research methodology and has in several iterations gone through development and testing to reassure the outcome works as intended. The graphical programming language which has been developed is a language that allows the programmer to code in depth, functions are written as blocks inside blocks and the language is made compact. A code structure in a JSON-format was developed at the same time as G#, allowing it to be presented in a texted data format. The purpose of the JSON-format was to enable execution of G# and the transformation to a text-based programming language. Implications can be made from this study by learning about how a graphical programming language can be built from scratch and what difficulties needs to be tackled to get a result that works as intended. G# was developed to only support a few selected and commonly used functions in programming due to time limitations. The final version of G# in this study can do calculations, handle lists and perform less complex algorithms. Under the development of G#’s graphical functions, the free tool Draw.io was used. Unknowingly from the start, Draw’s limitations made it not perform as expected. Therefore, it is recommended to investigate which available tools are most suited for the construction of the graphical functions before development begins.
Syftet med examensarbetet var att med hjälp av inspiration från funktionell programmering, presentera en lösning på hur ett nytt grafiskt programmeringsspråk med ett funktionellt djup och tänk kan konstrueras. Med hjälp av designbaserad forskning har en artefakt tagits fram som genomgått iterationer av utveckling och testning för att uppnå ett resultat som fungerar som tänkt. Det grafiska språket som tagits fram kallas för G# och är ett språk som tillåter programmeraren att programmera på djupet, funktioner skrivs som block inuti block och språket blir kompakt. Tillhörande G# så konstruerades en struktur i ett JSON-format för hur funktioner i G# kan representeras i ett textat dataformat. Syftet med JSON-formatet var att möjliggöra exekvering av G# och transformering till ett textbaserat programmeringsspråk. Av denna studie kan det dras lärdomar kring hur ett programmeringsspråk kan byggas upp från grunden och vilka svårigheter som måste tacklas för att få ett resultat som fungerar. På grund av begränsning av tid så utvecklades endast vanligt förekommande funktioner inom programmering till G#, språkets slutversion kan göra beräkningar, sköta hantering av listor och utföra enklare algoritmer. Vid utvecklingen av G# användes verktyget Draw.io för att konstruera funktioner. Verktyget var begränsat i funktionalitet och presterade inte enligt förväntan. Därför borde en undersökning som svarar på vilket typ av verktyg som är mest lämpligt för utvecklingen av de grafiska funktionerna göras innan utvecklingen börjar.
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19

Goltz, Victor. "Viabilidade econômica para implantação de cultivo de eucalipto para fins energéticos na Seara Indústria e Comercio de Produtos Agropecuários Ltda." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2012. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br/handle/ri/1422.

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The investment in reforestation with Eucalyptus as a way to ensure the cheap and quality supply of plant biomass to be used as an energy source in grain dryers, is constantly put into evidence in cereal companies and agricultural cooperatives. Like any other economic activity, needs to be assessed from the point of view of their financial return on invested capital, so that it can contribute to support the decisions. Thus, this study aims to analyze the economic feasibility for implementation of reforestation with eucalyptus to supply the needs of firewood in Seara Industria e Comercio de Produtos Agropecuarios Ltda in its three receiving, processing and storage plants installed in northern Parana. The calculation methodology took into consideration the needs of firewood annual production costs during the production cycle of 21 years , with cuts every 7 years, and considering that the price of wood is the one practiced by the regional market. To analyze the feasibility, we considered the assessment criteria for Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) in two scenarios: a) considering the purchase area, b) considering the lease area. Both alternatives took into account areas far more than 150 km of consumer units. The opportunity cost considered was 6.0% per year. It was concluded that, investment in forestry as a source of biomass for energy, are economically feasible and provided the lease area required, being economically unfeasible scenario in purchasing the required area.
O investimento em reflorestamento com eucalipto, como forma de garantir o fornecimento de biomassa vegetal barata e de qualidade a ser utilizada como fonte de energia em fornalhas de secadores de grãos, é constantemente colocado em evidência em empresas cerealistas e cooperativas agrícolas. Assim como qualquer outra atividade econômica precisa ser avaliada do ponto de vista de sua retorno financeiro do capital investido, para que se possa embasar as decisões. Desta forma, este estudo visa analisar a viabilidade econômica para implantação de reflorestamento com eucalipto para suprir as necessidades de lenha da Seara Industria e Comercio de Produtos Agropecuários Ltda, em suas três unidade de recepção, beneficiamento e armazenamento instaladas na região norte do Paraná. A metodologia de calculo levou em consideração as necessidades de lenha anual, os custos de produção durante o ciclo de produção considerado de 21 anos, com cortes a cada 7 anos, e, considerando que o preço da lenha e aquele praticado pelo mercado regional. Para analise da viabilidade, foram considerados os critérios de avaliação pelo Valor Presente Liquido (VPL) e Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR) em dois cenários: a) considerando a compra da área; b) considerando o arrendamento da área. Ambas alternativas levaram em consideração áreas distantes no máximo a 200 km das unidades consumidoras. A taxa mínima de atratividade considerada foi de 6,0% ao ano. Concluiu-se que o investimento em reflorestamento como fonte de biomassa vegetal para energia só e economicamente viável na condição de arrendamento da área necessária, sendo inviável economicamente no cenário de compra da área necessária.
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20

Sabaliauskaitė, Rasa. "Chimerinių pelių poliomos viruso paviršiaus VP1 baltymų, eksponuojančių HCV epitopus, konstravimas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20101125_183215-91788.

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Magistrinio darbo metu sukonstruotos mielių plazmidės, turinčios pelių poliomos viruso pagrindinį kapsidės baltymą VP1 su jame įterptais hepatito C viruso apvalkalo baltymų peptidais. Šiomis plazmidėmis buvo transformuotos S. cerevisiae mielės. Transformuotos mielės sintetina chimerinius baltymus: MPyV-VP1-BC-E2 [384-414], MPyV-VP1-HI-E2 [384-414], MPyV-VP1-BC-E1 [310-329], MPyV-VP1-HI-E1 [310-329], MPyV-VP1-BC-E2 [412-i447], MPyV-VP1-HI-E2 [412-i447], MPyV-VP1-BC-E1 [310-329]-HI-E2 [412-447], MPyV-VP1-BC-E1 [310-329]-HI-E2 [412-i447], MPyV-VP1-BC-E2 [412-447]-HI-E1 [310-329], MPyV-VP1-BC-E2 [412-i447]-HI-E1 [310-329]. Į virusus panašias daleles (VPD) renkasi tik MPyV-VP1-BC-E2 [384-414], MPyV-VP1-HI-E2 [384-414], MPyV-VP1-BC-E1 [310-329] baltymai. Kiti baltymai: MPyV-VP1-BC-E1 [310-329], MPyV-VP1-HI-E1 [310-329], MPyV-VP1-BC-E2 [412-i447], MPyV-VP1-HI-E2 [412-i447], MPyV-VP1-BC-E1 [310-329]-HI-E2 [412-447], MPyV-VP1-BC-E1 [310-329]-HI-E2 [412-i447], MPyV-VP1-BC-E2 [412-447]-HI-E1 [310-329], MPyV-VP1-BC-E2 [412-i447]-HI-E1 [310-329] nesirinko į VPD.
In the present study, plasmids for expression of major capsid proteins VP1 of murine polyomavirus with inserted sequences from Hepatitis C virus envelope proteins in yeast S. cerevisiae were constructed. The plasmids were used to transform yeast cells. The transformed yeast produced proteins: MPyV-VP1-BC-E2 [384-414], MPyV-VP1-HI-E2 [384-414], MPyV-VP1-BC-E1 [310-329], MPyV-VP1-HI-E1 [310-329], MPyV-VP1-BC-E2 [412-i447], MPyV-VP1-HI-E2 [412-i447], MPyV-VP1-BC-E1 [310-329]-HI-E2 [412-447], MPyV-VP1-BC-E1 [310-329]-HI-E2 [412-i447], MPyV-VP1-BC-E2 [412-447]-HI-E1 [310-329], MPyV-VP1-BC-E2 [412-i447]-HI-E1 [310-329]. Virus-like particles (VLPs) composed MPyV-VP1-BC-E2 [384-414], MPyV-VP1-HI-E2 [384-414], MPyV-VP1-BC-E1 [310-329]. Other proteins: MPyV-VP1-BC-E1 [310-329], MPyV-VP1-HI-E1 [310-329], MPyV-VP1-BC-E2 [412-i447], MPyV-VP1-HI-E2 [412-i447], MPyV-VP1-BC-E1 [310-329]-HI-E2 [412-447], MPyV-VP1-BC-E1 [310-329]-HI-E2 [412-i447], MPyV-VP1-BC-E2 [412-447]-HI-E1 [310-329], MPyV-VP1-BC-E2 [412-i447]-HI-E1 [310-329] did not form VLPs.
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21

Ibrahim, Wafa. "Mise au point et évaluation d'une technique de PCR permettant la détection et le typage des entérovirus directement à partir de produits pathologiques ou d'échantillons environnementaux." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STET002T/document.

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Les entérovirus (EV) humains, membres de la famille des Picornaviridae, comprennent plus de 100 génotypes appartenant à 4 espèces : Enterovirus A, B, C et D. Ces virus sont à l’origine de pathologies très variées et occupent une place importante en santé publique. La méthode conventionnelle de typage des EV consiste en une réaction de séroneutralisation avec des antisérums spécifiques à partir de souches isolées en culture cellulaire ; cette technique est longue, coûteuse et limitée par sa capacité à identifier correctement les variants antigéniques et les nouveaux génotypes. De plus, elle est limitée aux génotypes cultivables. De nouvelles méthodologies de typage moléculaire par séquençage partiel du génome ont été récemment développées ; elles consistent à analyser une partie variable de la région codant une des protéines de capside (VP1 ou alternativement VP2 ou VP4). Cependant ces techniques sont le plus souvent réalisées à partir de souches isolées en culture cellulaire. Le but de ce travail a été de développer une technique de typage des EV directement sur des prélèvements cliniques en se basant sur le séquençage partiel de la région VP2 dont le laboratoire avait montré précédemment l’intérêt (Nasri et al., 2007). Pour le dessin des amorces, nous avons utilisé la stratégie CODEHOP (COnsensus DEgenerate Hybrid Oligonucleotide Primer) de manière à améliorer à la fois la spécificité et la sensibilité de la méthode d’amplification. Nous présentons ici un premier article décrivant la nouvelle technique de typage VP2 et rapportons son application au typage d’échantillons cliniques trouvés positifs par une PCR ciblant la région 5’ non codante du génome des EV sur une période de trois ans. Le deuxième article présente pour la première fois l’application d’une technique de typage direct à des échantillons environnementaux d’eaux usées. Le troisième article montre l’intérêt de coupler deux techniques de typage ciblant des régions différentes (VP1 et VP2) pour l’identification de souches d’EV isolées par culture cellulaire en Centre-Afrique. Malgré des problèmes de sensibilité, cette nouvelle technique de typage directement à partir d’échantillons peut rendre de grands services tant en clinique humaine que pour la surveillance environnementale
Human enteroviruses (EV), members of the Picornaviridae family, comprise more than 100 genotypes belonging to four species: Enterovirus A, B, C and D. These viruses are responsible for a wide range of pathologies and play an important role in Public Health. The classic method for typing EVs consists in a seroneutralisation assay with specific antisera using strains isolated by cell culture; this technique is cumbersome, expensive and unable to type currently antigenic variants and new serotypes. In addition, it is limitated to culturable serotypes. New methods of molecular typing by partial sequencing of the genome have been recently developed; they consist in analysing a variable part of the region coding for capsid protein (VP1 or alternatively VP2 or VP4). However, these techniques are usually performed on strains isolated by cell culture. The aim of this work was to develop a typing method able to work from clinical specimens by partial sequencing of the VP2 region, which had been shown to exhibit a good typing performance (Nasri et al., 2007). For the design of primers, we used the CODEHOP (COnsensus DEgenerate Hybrid Oligonucleotide Primer) strategy on order to improve the sensitivity and the specificity of the amplification assay. We present herein a first article that describes in details the new VP2 typing method and requests its use for typing clinical specimens found positive by a PCR assay targeting the 5’ non coding region of EVs over a period of three years. The second paper describes for the first time the direct use of a typing method on environtmental wastewater samples. The third article shows the interest of coupling 2 typing techniques targeting different regions (VP1 and VP2) of the EV genome for the identification of strains isolated by cell culture in Republic of Central Africa. Despite a loss of sensitivity, the new VP2 typing method used directly on specimens was found to be of great help both for human diagnosis and environmental surveillance
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22

Garriga, i. Rigau Damià. "Anàlisi estructural de partícules i proteïnes del virus de la bursitis infecciosa." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7196.

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La malaltia de la bursitis infecciosa, o alaltia de Gumboro, és una patologia aviària d'origen viral que afecta principalment les cries d'aus. En les granges de cria d'aviram, el virus que la origina, l'IBDV, provoca una elevada mortalitat en els pollastres. La determinació de l'estructura tridimensional a alta resolució de la proteïna de la càpside d'aquest virus, la VP2, ha permès caracteritzar alguns dels elements que medien l'assemblatge i l'estabilitat de la càpside viral. També s'han identificat els residus implicats en la formació de cossos d'inclusió, que confereixen resistència a les partícules virals en l'entorn extracel·lular. D'altra banda, la determinació de l'estructura tridimensional de la polimerasa del virus, la VP1, ha aportat noves dades sobre la iniciació de la polimerització i sobre la regulació de la seva activitat per part de la VP3, la proteïna encarregada de la coordinació del cicle viral.
The infectious bursal disease, also known as Gumboro disease, is an avian pathology that affects broilers and chicks. In chicken farms, this virus, called IBDV, is responsible for high mortalities. The tridimensional structure determination at atomic resolution of this virus capsid protein, VP2, allowed us to characterize some of the elements that mediate the capsid assembly and stabilization. Furthermore, the residues implicated in the formation of inclusion bodies, that provide extra resistance to the virus in the extracellular stage, have been identified. Moreover, the tridimensional structure determination of the viral polymerase, VP1 protein, brought some light on the mechanisms involved in polymerization initiation and regulation of the activity mediated by VP3, the viral cycle coordination protein.
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23

Moura, Allene de Lourdes Souto de. "Estudo da dist?ncia entre po?os no processo de inje??o cont?nua de vapor." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2016. http://repositorio.ufrn.br/handle/123456789/21333.

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Grande parte das reservas de hidrocarbonetos atualmente existentes s?o formadas por ?leos pesados e devido a sua alta viscosidade, os m?todos convencionais n?o s?o capazes de desloca-los at? o po?o produtor de maneira satisfat?ria, deixando um grande volume de ?leo retido no reservat?rio. Um dos m?todos utilizados para a recupera??o de ?leo pesado ? o m?todo t?rmico, que tem como caracter?stica principal reduzir a viscosidade do ?leo facilitando assim seu deslocamento at? o po?o produtor. Os m?todos t?rmicos podem utilizar-se da inje??o de energia em forma de calor no reservat?rio, onde faz com que a temperatura do ?leo aumente, diminuindo assim sua viscosidade e consequentemente melhorando a sua mobilidade. O Nordeste Brasileiro possui principalmente muitos reservat?rios de ?leo pesado, onde ? aplicado o m?todo de inje??o de vapor na forma cont?nua. A inje??o cont?nua de vapor atua tanto termicamente como mecanicamente no reservat?rio, al?m do calor latente transmitido ao reservat?rio aquecer o ?leo nele existente, proporcionando assim uma redu??o da sua viscosidade, ele o desloca at? o po?o produtor. O desempenho deste processo pode ser afetado significativamente por determinados par?metros operacionais e geom?tricos do reservat?rio. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi estudar diferentes dist?ncias entre po?os no processo de inje??o de vapor, aplicando-o em um reservat?rio semissint?tico com caracter?sticas semelhantes aos encontrados no Nordeste Brasileiro, al?m disso foi realizada uma an?lise econ?mica dos modelos estudados atrav?s do VPL (Valor Presente L?quido). Para realizar o trabalho foi utilizado um programa de simula??o num?rica de reservat?rios da CMG (Computer Modeling Group), o software STARS (Steam, Thermal and Advanced Processes Reservoir Simulator). Verificou-se que, aumentando-se a vaz?o de vapor at? um determinado valor, h? um incremento na produ??o. Em rela??o ?s dist?ncias entre os po?os, quanto menor, mais r?pido o ?leo atinge o po?o produtor, al?m de atingir sua produ??o m?xima antecipadamente em rela??o ?s maiores. Por?m ? indispens?vel analisar a viabilidade econ?mica do projeto, pois de acordo com os resultados uma maior produ??o n?o necessariamente acarretar? em um melhor retorno financeiro.
Some of the existing hydrocarbon reserves currently are comprised of heavy oils and due to its high viscosity, conventional methods are not able to move it until the well producer satisfactorily, leaving large volume of trapped oil in reservoir. One method for heavy oil recovery is the thermal method, which has a main characteristic reduce the oil viscosity facilitating its displacement to the well producer. The thermal methods heat back on energy injection in the form of heat in the reservoir, where it causes the oil temperature increase, reducing so his viscosity and therefore improving their mobility. The Brazilian Northeast has many mainly heavy oil reservoirs, where are implemented continuous steam injection method. The continuous steam injection acts both thermally as mechanically in the reservoir, beside the latent heat transmitted to heat the oil in the reservoir, thus providing a reduction in viscosity, it pushes up the production well. The performance of this process can be significantly affected by certain operating and geometric parameters of the reservoir. The main objective of this work was to study different distances between wells in the steam injection process, applying it in a semi-synthetic reservoir with characteristics similar to those found in Brazilian Northeast and to complete was realized an economic analysis of the models studied using of the NPV (Net Present Value). To do the work was used a numerical simulation program reservoirs of CMG (Computer Modeling Group), the STARS (Steam, Thermal and Advanced Process Reservoir Simulator) software. It was found that increasing the steam flow to a certain value there is an increase in oil production. About the distances, how smaller, faster the oil reaches the production well. However it is essential to analyze the economic feasibility of the project, because of according to the results the largest production not necessarily will bring in a better return.
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24

Hassan, Sharifah Syed. "Functional analysis of the outer capsid proteins VP2 and VP5 of BTV." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312396.

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25

Samarbaf-Zadeh, Ali Reza. "Studies on the VP7 and VP3 genes of human group C rotavirus." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242344.

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26

Martinez, Gómez Mariela. "Análise filogenética dos genes que codificam as proteínas VP7, VP4, VP6 e NSP4 de Rotavirus-A genótipo G2P[4] detectados no Brasil no período de 1996 a 2009." reponame:Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ, 2009. https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/13340.

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Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
Segundo a OMS, as gastrenterites são, após as infecções respiratorias agudas, os mais importantes agravos à saúde em crianças ≤ anos. Devido à complexidade da epidemiologia dos rotativos do grupo A (RV-A), particularmente em países em desenvolvimento, torna-se fundamental o conhecimento dos genótipos das amostras circulantes, principalmente a partir da introdução da vacina monovalente Rotarix® (G1P[8] pela Programa Nacional de Imunizações no Brasil em março de 2006. Nos estudos de Fase III realizados com a Rotarix® a prevalência do RV-A genótipo G2P[4] foi extremamente baixa e a avaliação de imunização heterotípica contra este genótipo foi realizada através de estudos de metanálises estatísticas. Este genótipo, em geral, está associado às manifestações clínicas mais graves. Diferentes estudos evidenciaram a re-emergência do genótipo G2P[4] no Brasil a partir de 2005, e em outros países, sugerindo que seria um fenômeno continental relacionado à variabilidade temporal da distribuição de genótipos qu ocorre naturalmente. Porém, uma mudança na epidemiologia e distribuição deste genótipo relacionada à introdução da vacina Rotarix® no Brasil não pode ser descartada e necessita ser investigada. Deve-se considerar que o genótipo G2P[4] não compartilha antígenos VP4 ou VP7 com a amostra vacinal Rotarix®. Os dados obtidos neste estudo revelaram a circulação de diferentes variantes de RV-A genótipo G2P[4] no período de 1996 a 2009 no Brasil. Além das variantes genotípicas, também foi possível identificar variantes genéticas do genes VP7, VP4, VP6 e NSP4, mostrando a segregação independente dos mesmos. As análises filogenéticas baseadas nos genes que codificam para as proteínas VP7 e VP4, permitiram inferir a ocorrência de múltiplas introduções do genótipo G2P[4] no Brasil. Evidenciando o fluxo de variantes genéticas que ocorre em nível global para este genótipo. Também foi possível evidenciar a ocorrência de mutações pontuais e reassortment entre amostras humanas, para os quatro genes analisado; e entre amostras humanas e amostra bovinas para o gene que codifica para a proteína NSP4. Os resultados do presente estudo são fundamentais na tentativa de se ter uma melhor entendimento da epidemiologia e a evolução dos RV-A genótipo G2P[4] e demonstra a importância do monitoramento contínuo e a caracterização molecular das amostras de RV-A circulantes, tanto em humanos quanto em animais
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a cute gastroenteritis are the major cause of gastroenteritis in children ≤ 5 years old, after acute respiratory infections. Due to the epidemiology complexity of rotavirus-A (RV-A), especially in developing countries, it is important to determinate which are the genotypes of the circulating strains, principally after the introduction of the monovalent vaccine Rotarix ® (G1P[8]) in Brazil by the National Immunization Program. In Phase III trials with Rotarix®, the prevalence of genotype G2P[4] was extremely low, and therefore, evaluation of heterotypic immunization against this genotype was performed by meta-analysis statistics tests. This genotype, in general, is associated with more severe clinical manifestations. Different studies have showed the re-emergence of genotype G2P[4] in Brazil, since 2005, and in other countries, suggesting that it would be a continental phenomenon related to the temporal variability in the genotypes distribution that occur naturally. However, changes in the epidemiology and distribution of this genotype related to the introduction of the vaccine Rotarix® in Brazil can not be excluded and needs to be investigated. Should be considered that genotype G2P[4] does not share VP4 or VP7 antigens with the Rotarix® vaccine strain. Data obtained in this study revealed the circulation of different variants of RV-A genotype G2P [4] in the period of 1996 to 2009 in Brazil. In addition to genotypic variants, was also possible to identify genetics variants of the genes: VP7, VP4, VP6 and NSP4, showing independent segregation. The phylogenetic analysis based on the genes that code proteins VP7 and VP4, allowed to infer the ccurrence of multiple introductions of genotype G2P[4] in Brazil. It was possible to identify the occurrence of point mutations and reassortment events between human strains for the four genes studied, and between human and bovine strains for NSP4 gen. The results obtained in this study are fundamental in our attempt to gain a better understanding of epidemiology and evolution of RV-A genotype G2P[4] and demonstrates the importance of continuous monitoring and molecular characterization of RV-A strains circulating in human and animal populations.
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27

Kiška, Martin. "Technologie MultiProtocol Label Switching v sítích Ethernet." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-220653.

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In the introduction of this thesis the reasons for transition from older to a new technology called MultiProtocol Label Switching are mentioned – the modern technology enables simple network extension. The theoretical part contains basic principles of this techno- logy and their practical application for supplying private networks to the customers using provider’s network. In practical part packets are analyzed considering the theory. In addi- tion. All the technologies tested on a real network. Experience gained while working on this thesis are assessed during creating laboratory task for class Architecture of Networks intended for students of Bachelor’s study programme.
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28

Mothapo, K. M. "Sequence diversity of HIV-1 subtype C accessory genes VIF, VPR and VPU." Thesis, University of Limpopo ( Medunsa Campus), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/395.

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Thesis (MSc Virology)--University of Limpopo, 2010.
OBJECTIVES: To date there is no effective and safe vaccine to stop the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and provide cross protection among different subtypes. HIV accessory genes were overlooked for many years and recently they are becoming candidates for development of new anti-HIV drugs and vaccines. This is supported by their ability to elicit cytotoxic T lymphocyte response. To date, there are limited studies on accessory genes (nef, vif, vpr and vpu) on South African HIV strains. This study sought to amplify and analyse the sequences of HIV-1 subtype C accessory genes (vif, vpr and vpu) to assess the genetic diversity as well as the motifs and residues associated with key biological functions of these genes. This study further sought to compare the degree of genetic diversity between the accessory and structural genes. METHODS: The study was an exploratory study using stored (-70ºC) HIV positive plasma samples. The study population comprised of 25 HIV positive plasma samples which were already sequenced in the gag and env genes in another study. The samples were drawn from the neighbouring townships of Pretoria: Ga-Rankuwa, Soshanguve, Mamelodi, Laudium, Kalafong, Jubilee and Mabopane. For the purpose of this study, the same samples were amplified, sequenced and characterised in the pol and accessory (vif, vpr and vpu) genes in order to obtain near full length sequences of the HIV isolates from Pretoria region. Six samples were cloned for accessory genes. Five clones from each sample were selected. Sequence analysis was performed for all the PCR amplicons and clones. Base calling for the sequences generated was performed on Chromas Pro program. Computing of phylogenetic tree was performed with MEGA 4 program. ClustalW software was used for sequence alignment and translation of nucleotides to amino acids was performed with BioEdit. The amino acid alignments were analysed on graphic view. RESULTS: All 25 samples were successfully amplified for accessory genes (vif, vpr and vpu) and pol gene. All the 25 pol PCR amplicons were successfully sequenced, while all but one accessory PCR amplicons were successfully sequenced. A number of conserved motifs and residues were observed in all the four genes (vif, vpr, vpu and pol). Vif and vpr showed to harbour most of these conserved motifs and residues; 144-SLQYLA-149 and H71 respectively. In addition, the R77Q mutation associated with long term non-progressors was observed in the vpr gene of 15 sequences. Drug resistant mutations were evaluated in both protease and RT regions. Nine samples had one or two drug resistant mutations i.e T74S, L10I, V179D, E138A/D, Y318F,Y181C and K108N. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the 25 HIV positive samples to be HIV-1 subtype C in both structural and accessory genes. The genetic diversity of HIV-1 subtype C was compared between accessory (vif, vpr and vpu) and structural (pol, gag and env) genes. The gag and env sequences were available from a previous project (Musyoki, 2009). The gag and vif gene sequences were highly conserved (89% to 96% and 88% to 96%, respectively), as compared to vpr gene (84% to 94%), the pol gene (79% to 95%), the env gene (83% to 93%) and finally the vpu gene (73% to 92%). CONCLUSION: This study found that amplification of clones was more sensitive as compared to direct samples and analysis of clone sequences was more clear than analysis of direct PCR products. Functional motifs and residues observed in all accessory genes were highly conserved. Vif was more conserved, followed by vpr and vpu, respectively. Genetic analysis of pol gene revealed that there were drug resistant strains in circulation. This indicates that the patients were infected with drug resistant viruses; this cannot be verified from the study population. And that most of the strains in this study had mutations associated with long term non-progressors (LTNP’s). However, it is not known whether these patients were indeed LTNP’s. Comparison of genetic diversity between structural and accessory genes demonstrated that, gag, vif and vpr were more conserved than pol, env and vpu.
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Chougui, Ghina. "Antagonism of HUSH restriction by lentiviral Vpx and Vpr proteins HIV-2/SIV viral protein X counteracts HUSH repressor complex." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB080.

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Les rétrovirus VIH-1 et 2 responsables du SIDA, bien que très similaires sur le plan de leur organisation génomique, diffèrent par leurs protéines auxiliaires. Ces dernières inactivent des facteurs cellulaires antiviraux et permettent ainsi l'établissement d'un environnement cellulaire favorable à la réplication virale. Vpx, une protéine auxiliaire spécifique du VIH-2, est connue pour sa capacité à augmenter l'infection virale, une activité longtemps reliée à son unique faculté à contrecarrer SAMHD1, un facteur de restriction actif à l'étape de transcription inverse. Cependant, plusieurs éléments de la littérature suggèrent que Vpx confère un avantage au virus indépendamment de SAMHD1. Nous avons donc étudié la possibilité d'une cible supplémentaire inactivée par Vpx et, à partir d'un crible protéomique, nous avons identifié le complexe HUSH (HUman Silencing Hub). Composé de TASOR, MPP8 et Periphilin, le complexe HUSH est impliqué dans le control épigénétique de transgènes intégrés ainsi que des éléments transposables Line-1. Nous avons montré la capacité de Vpx à lier le complexe HUSH et à induire sa dégradation par le protéasome grâce au détournement de l'adaptateur d'ubiquitine ligase DCAF-1 et ce, de façon indépendante de SAMHD1. De ce fait, Vpx est capable de réactiver des provirus latents du VIH, contrairement à des mutants de Vpx incapables d'induire une dégradation de HUSH. Bien que l'antagonisme du complexe HUSH humain ne soit pas conservé au sein de toutes les lignées lentivirales, y compris le VIH-1, il est une caractéristique de certains Vpr des VIS des singes verts africains ainsi que du VIS divergent du singe de l'Hoest. Le caractère ancien de cette fonction post-intégrative insoupçonnée des gènes vpx/vpr, ainsi que la spécificité d'espèces observée, sont deux critères favorables au statut de facteur de restriction pour le complexe HUSH. Dressant ainsi le contrôle épigénétique comme barrière de l'immunité intrinsèque, nécessaire au maintien de l'intégrité du génome cellulaire
HIV-1 and 2 are both responsible for AIDS, though similar, these two retroviruses harbour different sets of auxiliary proteins. Through the inactivation of cellular antiviral factors, these auxiliary proteins allow the establishment of a favourable environment for viral replication. Vpx, an HIV-2 only auxiliary protein, is known for its ability to increase viral infection, which was long linked to its sole capacity to counteract SAMHD1, a restriction factor active at the reverse transcription step. However, several lines of evidence suggested a SAMHD1-independent advantage of Vpx. We therefore investigated the possibility of an additional Vpx target and through a proteomic screen, we identified the HUman Silencing Hub (HUSH) complex. HUSH complex, including: TASOR, MPP8 and Periphelin, was reported to epigenetically silence integrated transgenes and recently Line-1 transposable elements. Here, we show that Vpx binds the HUSH complex and induces its proteasomal degradation through the hijacking of the DCAF-1 ubiquitin ligase adaptor, independently from SAMHD1-antagonism. As a consequence, Vpx is able to reactivate HIV latent proviruses, unlike Vpx mutants unable to induce HUSH degradation. Although antagonism of human HUSH complex is not conserved among all lentiviral lineages including HIV-1, it is a feature of Vpr from SIVs of African green monkeys and from the divergent SIV of l'Hoest's monkey, arguing in favor of an ancient lentiviral species-specific vpx/vpr gene function. Altogether, our results highlight an unexpected post-integration activity of Vpx and suggest HUSH complex as a restriction factor. They also support the idea of epigenetic control as an intrinsic immunity barrier maintaining the integrity of the cellular genome
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30

Santos, Deborath Macedo dos. "CICERO." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Arquitetura, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/20777.

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Tese de Doutoramento em Arquitetura com a especialização em Design e Computação apresentada na Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Doutor
Ao longo do tempo os arquitetos fizeram uso de métodos gráficos e estudos volumétricos para planejar, projetar e representar os projetos arquitetônicos. Experimentam as possibilidades desde o início do processo criativo até a elaboração do projeto arquitetônico. Atualmente os recursos informáticos permitem estender as capacidades de representação dos projetos para além do universo da mera representação geométrica, associando dados técnicos, quantitativos e descritivos às referidas representações facilitando sua execução e a comunicação das suas complexidades técnicas, onde se destaca o paradigma de representação BIM (building information modelling). O SuperAdobe, também conhecido como “adobe ensacado”, “saco contínuo de terra estabilizada”, “earthbag building”, “Earth-filled bags” ou “domo em adobe”, consiste na técnica construtiva onde as paredes são construídas essencialmente por sacos preenchidos com areia e empilhados, sendo estabilizados com arame farpado entre os sacos. São construções duráveis, fortes, climaticamente eficientes, formalmente flexíveis e são compostas por recursos renováveis e reaproveitáveis favorecendo o desenvolvimento sustentável. Esta investigação responde à questão de como a modelação paramétrica, inserida em ambiente BIM, pode auxiliar na concepção específica de projetos em SuperAdobe. A técnica de construção em SuperAdobe é mais vantajosa do que as demais com terra, pois não é necessário o uso de fôrmas de madeira ou outro material semelhante, é mais resistente às ações sísmicas, exige menos manutenção e tempo de construção, e pode ser autoportante para tipologias de até dois pavimentos. Apesar de a construção em terra ser uma solução reconhecida de baixo impacto ambiental, as ferramentas informáticas existentes ainda são fatores limitantes neste tipo específico de projetos. A tese tem por objetivo, a criação de alternativas informáticas para auxiliar a concepção de projetos em SuperAdobe. Objetivamente na fase de criação de modelos virtuais em 3D com dados técnicos associados. Com relação às metodologias, trata-se de uma pesquisa de cunho experimental dividida em duas fases, modelação paramétrica e estudos em ambiente BIM. Os experimentos foram validados por aplicação de inquéritos (baseado nas dez heurísticas de Nielsen) e simulação em computador respectivamente. A principal contribuição dessa investigação é a introdução da tecnologia de construção com sacos de terra/superAdobe no ambiente BIM. Os resultados mostram que, com o uso destas ferramentas, é possível modelar domos e absides em menos de 5 minutos e depois associá-los a qualquer outra tecnologia construtiva em ambiente BIM com geração automática de dados técnicos.
ABSTRACT: Architects have been using graphic methods of representation, together with volumetric studies, for architectural design since the beginning of the creative process. Nowadays the technology available expands the projects’ representation capabilities beyond the geometric representation, presenting associated technical, quantitative, and descriptive data. The building information modelling (BIM) paradigm facilitates building execution and the communication of technical complexities. The SuperAdobe (also known as earthbag, bagged earth, or earth-filled bags) is a construction technique where the walls are made with interspersed layers of bagged inorganic soil and barbed wire. These constructions are durable, strong, energy efficient, capable of producing organic forms, and composed by renewable and reusable materials, supporting sustainable development. The aim of this research is answering the question: How can generative design, together with BIM, help to improve the design of earthbag building projects? Earthbag building techniques are more advantageous than other earth-building techniques because they don’t require formwork, they are more resistant in earthquake-prone zones, they benefit from both lower maintenance and construction time, and they are self-supporting up to double storey typologies. Although earth construction is recognized as a low environmental impact solution, existing software tools continue to be limiting factors in this specific type of project. This thesis aims to present design computational tools that are suitable for earthbag construction technology, with a focus on generating 3D models with associated technical data. The research methodology is an experiment involving two phases: (1) parametric modelling and (2) studies in BIM environment. The validation of this research encompasses surveys (based on the ten heuristics of Nielsen) and a computational simulation. The main contribution of this research is the implementation of earthbag/superAdobe technology in the BIM environment. The proposed tool allows modelling earthbag/superAdobe domes and clusters in less than five minutes, associating the generated model with any other standard constructive technologies and other variations of earthbag/Superadobe shape walls, generating the technical data automatically.
N/A
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31

Pignac-Kobinger, Gary. "Application des fonctions des protéines Vpu et Vpr du VIH-1 en thérapie génique." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq43026.pdf.

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32

Pignac-Kobinger, Gary. "Application des fonctions des protéines Vpu et Vpr du VIH-1 en thérapie génique /." [Montréal] : Université de Montréal, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ43026.

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Thèse (Ph. D.)--Université de Montréal, 1999.
"Thèse présentée à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Philosophiae Doctor (Ph. D.) en biologie moléculaire." Version électronique également disponible sur Internet.
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33

Rocha, Marcel Ara?jo. "Estudo do processo de drenagem gravitacional assistido por vapor utilizando po?os injetores verticais e horizontais na recupera??o de ?leos pesados." PROGRAMA DE P?S-GRADUA??O EM CI?NCIA E ENGENHARIA DE PETR?LEO, 2016. https://repositorio.ufrn.br/jspui/handle/123456789/21723.

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A explora??o de reservas de hidrocarbonetos pesados e extrapesados ? de interesse primordial para muitas companhias de petr?leo, uma vez que, a magnitude desses recursos representa parte da energia mundial. A produ??o de ?leo pesado, a partir de dep?sitos subterr?neos, ? complexa, at? mesmo sob as melhores circunst?ncias, devido principalmente ? elevada viscosidade do ?leo. Para melhor desenvolver o processo de produ??o, tornando-o eficiente, de maneira que os fluidos que n?o seriam produzidos consigam chegar ? superf?cie, foram desenvolvidos m?todos de recupera??o convencionais e especiais, para obten??o de um maior fator de recupera??o e, consequentemente, uma maior lucratividade na opera??o de explota??o dessas jazidas. Para reduzir a alta viscosidade e as elevadas tens?es interfaciais, foram desenvolvidos os m?todos t?rmicos. Nesse trabalho, simulou-se a inje??o continua de vapor, com po?os injetores verticais e horizontais, para desenvolver um reservat?rio com caracter?sticas do Nordeste brasileiro, de ?leo pesado, atrav?s da condu??o dos fluidos produzidos com po?o horizontal. Foram feitas an?lises t?cnicas e econ?micas dos modelos que diferiam quanto ?s suas restri??es e arranjos estruturais do sistema. Na configura??o horizontal se observou a influ?ncia da vaz?o de inje??o, da dist?ncia vertical e da dist?ncia lateral sobre o fator de recupera??o. Na configura??o vertical se analisou a influ?ncia da vaz?o de inje??o, da completa??o dos injetores, da dist?ncia lateral e da quantidade de po?os injetores sobre o fator de recupera??o. Diante dos modelos proposto, analisou-se a produ??o acumulada de ?leo, o Volume Poroso Injetado, a forma??o das c?maras de vapor e o Valor Presente L?quido. Tecnicamente, os modelos em que se injetou vapor com po?os verticais obtiveram maior fator de recupera??o de ?leo, j? os modelos horizontais se sobressa?ram economicamente.
The reserves exploration of heavy and extra heavy hydrocarbon is of prime interest to many oil companies, since the magnitude of these resources the magnitude of these resources still stands out on the global and Brazilian energy matrix. The production of heavy oil, from the underground deposits is complex, even on the best of circumstances, mainly due to the high viscosity of the oil. To further develop the process of production, making it efficient, so that the fluids that would not be produced get to reach the surface, complementary recovery methods and advanced were developed to obtain a higher recovery factor and, hence, greater profitability in operation exploitation of these deposits. To combat the high viscosity and high interfacial tensions, thermal methods were developed. In this work, the steam injection continues was simulated in vertical and horizontal injection wells, to develop a reservoir with characteristics of the Brazilian Northeast of heavy oil, by conducting fluid produced with horizontal well. Technical and economic analyzes were made of the models that differ in their structural constraints and system arrangements. In horizontal configuration was observed the influence of the injection flow, of the vertical distance and of the lateral distance over the recovery factor. In vertical configuration was analyzed the influence of the injection flow, of the injection wells completion, of the lateral distance and the amount of injection wells over the recovery factor. Faced the proposed models, was analyzed the cumulative oil production, the Pore Volume Injected, the formation of steam chambers and the Net Present Value. Technically, the models in which steam is injected with vertical wells had higher recovery factor of oil, since the horizontal models stood out economically.
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34

Lee, Joong Bok. "Molecular and immunobiological characterization of VP8*, N-terminal trypsin cleavage product of bovine rotavirus VP4." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1996. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq23902.pdf.

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Ahmed, Hussein Aly Hussein. "Genetic diversity of VP4 and VP7 genes of group A rotaviruses field strains from Québec." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0026/NQ35559.pdf.

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36

Lucheses, Giovanni dos Reis. "Estudo de caso acerca da utilização de métricas de gestão baseada em valor na análise da viabilidade econômico financeira de projetos de investimento." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/9902.

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O presente estudo de caso investiga a possibilidade de utilização de métricas de gestão de valor na análise econômica de projetos de investimento e, por consequência, objetiva auxiliar no processo de tomada de decisões acerca de investimentos. Para tal, o arcabouço teórico fundamenta-se na teoria de gestão baseada em valor e análises tradicionais de avaliação de projetos de investimentos. O objetivo é verificar a aderência entre as ferramentas tradicionais (VPL – valor presente líquido) e as novas, baseadas em valor (EVA – valor econômico agregado, CVA - valor adicionado base caixa), amplamente utilizadas para medir o desempenho empresarial.
This case study investigates the possibility of using value management metrics in economic analysis of investment projects and, therefore, aims to assist investment decision making. To this end, the theoretical framework is based on value based management theory and traditional assessment analysis of investment projects. The goal is to check the adhesion between the traditional tools (NPV – net present value) and the new ones, which are value-based (EVA - economic value added, CVA – cash value added) and widely used to measure business performance.
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Pettersson, Kristoffer, and Robert Sales. "Utredning av VPLS i stadsnät." Thesis, Jönköping University, JTH, Computer and Electrical Engineering, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-839.

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Jönköping Energi AB (JEAB) is a local energy supplier for the county of Jönköping. JEAB also maintain the local Metropolitan Area Network (MAN). They have recently installed GPON in a portion of their network and have connected it to the MAN via an Extreme switch.

However JEAB would prefer to use Cisco equipment instead of Extreme since the MAN comprises of Cisco hardware. They require a solution to connect GPON to the MAN with a recently purchased line card (Cisco 7600 ES20) which can be installed in a Cisco 6500 Catalyst switch. There is also a possible solution with an Alcatel-Lucent 7450 ESS-1 switch. The proposed solution is to use Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS), though the exact implementation required is unknown. Additionally JEAB have asked for research into GPON and VPLS in order to improve their understanding of both techniques. This would be of benefit to them both now and in the future.

In order to achieve the stated objectives the following questions are raised:

• How does GPON work?

• How does VPLS work?

• How can GPON be connected to the MAN via Cisco Systems 6500 Catalyst switch/7600 Router?

• How can GPON be connected to the MAN via Alcatel-Lucents 7450 ESS-1?

The research into GPON and VPLS provides the required background knowledge in order to investigate how GPON can be connected to the MAN. The main body of the work is to analyse the requirements of the company and build a configuration which satisfies them. The desired implementation via Cisco Systems solution was deemed unsuitable due to a feature of DHCP option 82 which did not function as required. The focus then turned to Alcatel-Lucents solution.

The resulting solution uses a part of VPLS via Alcatel-Lucents 7450 ESS-1. All the key elements are included, including hiding customer VLANs from the ISP and per-service QoS bandwidth management.

The conclusion is that whilst using Alcatel-Lucents solution means a deviation from the all-Cisco implementation that had been planned; the benefit of including all the desired functionality outweighs the mixing of manufacturers.

The techniques of GPON and VPLS are extremely versatile and can be used in a variety of networks. Therefore there is scope for further research into how these two techniques can be used together in other types of MAN.

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Thor, Kim, and Sofie Allared. "LAN-refresh och WAN-migrering." Thesis, Mälardalen University, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-9827.

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This work has been carried out at a company in the region which has about 30000 employeeswith about 400 sites all over the world. The company outsources their network including theLAN refresh and the WAN migration. They needed help with an upgrade of their LAN at theirScandinavian headquarters and to find a new solution for their WAN. The reason why the upgradeof the LAN was needed was that the equipment was too old and did not pass the securityrequirements. They also required a solution to segment their LAN, which consisted of a singlelarge VLAN with 1,300 employees. their WAN solution was made up of tunnels between all officesand the headquarter were used as the central point. They wanted to get away from beingdependent on a central point while redundancy was not always working as it should.The solution to the WAN problem was to use the ISPs backbone based on MPLS. There are two mainsolutions, layer 2 (Ethernet) VPN or layer 3 (IP) VPN. In the case of IP VPN, there are a couple of differentconnectivity options such as a static route, or use a routing protocol (eg OSPF or BGP). The final solutionwas IP VPN with OSPF as routing protocol to the ISP. With regard to the configuration of the OSPF solutionwas that every office became an own OSPF domain, configured with area 0. The report also includesthe implementation of the WAN migration with its problems.The upgrade of the LAN was a lot of planning, documentation and security. The solution for the segmentationwas to create a VLAN per floor. Because of the new software they can have the required securityfeatures.

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Charbonneau, Sylvain. "Rôles des protéines virales VP2 et VP3 dans la recombinaison de l'ADN du virus du polyome." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0017/MQ56879.pdf.

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40

Charbonneau, Sylvain. "Rôles des protéines virales VP2 et VP3 dans la recombinaison de l'ADN du virus du polyome." Sherbrooke : Université de Sherbrooke, 2000.

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41

Hallqvist, Sofia, and Maria Nyström. "Vägen till väl underbyggda val - om studie- och yrkesvägledning som tar sin början i de tidiga skolåren." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för pedagogik och didaktik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-78668.

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Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva betydelsen av studie- och yrkesvägledande aktiviteter med barn i åldrarna sju till tolv år. Kvalitativa intervjuer genomfördes med sex examinerade studie- och yrkesvägledare som bedriver studie- och yrkesvägledningsverksamhet med barn i grundskolans år 1-6 eller fungerar som stöd till pedagoger som arbetar med studie- och yrkesorienterande verksamhet med barn i dessa åldrar. Resultatet visade att intervjupersonerna anser att arbetet måste påbörjas tidigt, helst redan i grundskolans första år, för att målen så som de skrivs fram i de nationella styrdokumenten ska kunna uppnås. De förutsättningar intervjupersonerna menade krävs för att tidig vägledning ska kunna bedrivas är av såväl strukturell som av individuell art. Slutsatsen som drogs var att studie- och yrkesvägledande aktiviteter som påbörjas i grundskolans tidigare år och som följer elevernas kognitiva utveckling kan medverka till att eleverna ökar sina förutsättningar att göra väl underbyggda val i framtiden.
The main purpose of this study was to describe the importance of educational and vocational guidance activities for children, seven to twelve years old. Qualitative interviews were conducted with six guidance counselors engaged in this type of activities or counselors that provides support to educators working with these matters. The result showed that the respondents believe that the work must be started early preferably already the first year in primary school to achieve the objectives of the national steering documents. The conditions interviewees felt necessary for the early guidance to be conducted are both individual and structural, such as economical factors. Conclusion drawn was that educational and vocational guidance activities that start in primary school and follows students' cognitive development can help the students increase their ability to make informed choices in the future.
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Chen, Chih-Hsiung. "The differential apoptotic effects of Vpr and Vpx of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses in mammalian cells." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ28926.pdf.

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43

Galvão, Leidiane Amorim Soares. "Desenvolvimento de ferramentas de detecção das proteínas VP4 e VP6 para imunodiagnósticos de rotavírus do Tipo A." Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 2014. http://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/5365.

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CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Due to rising rates of morbidity and mortality caused by human rotavirus, detection methods have been used routinely in clinical and epidemiological studies. The diagnosis of rotavirus infections is based on the detection of particles, antigens or viral RNA from the fecal material. This study aimed to develop the VP4 and VP6 protein detection tools for immunodiagnostic of Rotavirus group A. Rabbit and mice anti-VP4 and anti-VP6 IgGs were obtained from immunizations made with VP4 and VP6 recombinant proteins of Rotavirus A, both built in this study, and tested by flow cytometry and Western blot against the recombinant antigen and the native antigen. The region of the VP4 protein, selected for the generation of mice and rabbit anti-VP4 IgGs, was efficient to recognize native antigen in denatured form, as observed in western blot assays. The cytometry analysis demonstrated that generated anti-VP4 antibodies were not specific enough to be used in techniques where the VP4 protein is in its native form. Selected regions for production of VP6 protein have been efficient for the generation of anti-VP6 antibodies, able to recognize the native protein in its denatured and non-denatured form. Future studies will aim to increase the specificity of the antibodies obtained to allow their use in a greater number of immunoassays.
Devido as crescentes taxas de morbidade e mortalidade causada por Rotavírus humanos, métodos de detecção têm sido empregados rotineiramente em estudos clínicos epidemiológicos. O diagnóstico das infecções por Rotavírus baseia-se na detecção das partículas, antígenos ou RNA virais a partir de material fecal. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver ferramentas de detecção das proteínas VP4 e VP6 para imunodiagnósticos de Rotavírus do tipo A. IgG de coelho e camundongos anti-VP4 e anti-VP6 foram obtidos a partir de imunizações feitas com as proteínas recombinantes VP4 e VP6 de Rotavírus A (ambas construídas neste estudo) e testados através de citometria de fluxo e western blot contra o antígeno recombinante e o antígeno nativo. A região da proteína VP4 selecionada para a geração de IgG de camundongo e coelho anti-VP4 foi eficiente para o reconhecimento do antígeno nativo em sua forma desnaturada, como foi possível observar nos ensaios de western blot. As análises de citometria demonstraram que os mesmos anti-VP4 gerados não foram específicos o suficiente para serem utilizados em técnicas onde a proteína VP4 está em sua forma nativa. As regiões selecionadas para a produção da proteína VP6 foram eficientes para a geração de anticorpos anti-VP6 capazes de reconhecer a proteína nativa em sua forma desnaturada e não desnaturada. Futuros trabalhos terão como objetivo o aumento da especificidade dos anticorpos obtidos de modo a permitir sua aplicação em um maior número de imunoensaios.
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Fernandes, Maria Judite Bittencourt. "Análise molecular parcial dos genes VP1 e VP2 do vírus da doença infecciosa da bursa isolados no Brasil." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/317443.

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Orientadores: Clarice Weis Arns, Isabela Cristina Simoni
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: A doença infecciosa da bursa (IBD), denominada também doença de Gumboro, é uma doença aguda, imunossupressora, altamente contagiosa de aves jovens e de grande importância econômica para a avicultura. O vírus da doença infecciosa da bursa (IBDV), sorotipo 1, pode ser classificado de acordo com sua antigenicidade e patogenicidade em amostras clássicas virulentas (cv), atenuadas, variantes antigênicas ou muito virulentas (vv). Estas diferenças antigênicas são encontradas na região hipervariável do gene VP2, que é responsável pela indução de anticorpos neutralizantes e também dos possíveis marcadores de virulência que ainda não estão bem estabelecidos. O gene VP1 parece também apresentar um papel na virulência do vírus. Primeiramente, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi a identificação e caracterização molecular de 66 amostras brasileiras de IBDV através da RT-PCR de um fragmento do gene VP2 seguida pela digestão por enzimas de restrição (RE) e posterior confirmação pelo sequenciamento. A análise da RT-PCR/RE classificou 25 isolados como cepas vv e 16 como cepas cv além da classificação de 6 grupo moleculares. O sequenciamento também confirmou esta classificação com a presnça dos aminoácidos (aa) típicos das amostras vv (222A, 242I, 256I e 294I). Em 3 destes amostras vv também se observou mutações únicas que mostram pequenas, mas contínuas alterações dos vvIBDV circulantes nas granjas brasileiras. A arvore filogenética confirmou a origem comum das nossas amostras vv com os isolados de outros países assim como a origem monofilética destas amostras. Posteriormente foi feito a RT-PCR de um fragmento representativo do gene VP1 das amostras positivas para IBDV e a análise das sequências e filogenética. Quatorze amostras vv e três cv tiveram êxito nas sequências analisadas. Treze amostras vv apresentaram as substituições de aa comuns para as amostras vv (145T, 146D, 147N e 242E), exceto um que apresentou a sequência das amostras cv e na filogenia agrupou-se com estas amostras. A árvore a partir da VP1 pressupõe um rearranjo genético deste gene. Esta amostra com perfil do segmento A de amostra vv e do segmento B de cv seria o primeiro relato no Brasil de um rearranjo genético natural. Estes rearranjos de segmentos que também foram observados em amostras de outros países ou que podem ser produzidos em laboratório (quimeras) mostram que o segmento B pode estar contribuindo para a patogênese deste vírus. A origem destes rearranjos pode ser de troca genética com o uso de vacinas vivas ou se aceita a hipótese de que o segmento VP1 dos vvIBDV se originaram de um rearranjo genético de fonte desconhecida, estes rearranjos com segmento vvVP2 e cvVP1, seriam descendentes dos ancentrais dos vvVP1. Apenas um seqüenciamento completo das duas sequências e estudos in vivo poderão caracterizar o papel da VP1 na virulência desta amostra. Assim, o monitoramento contínuo das amostras de IBDV através da caracterização molecular pela análise das sequências dos genes e a detecção de alterações genéticas que possam influenciar a patogenicidade do vírus são de extrema importância, pois geram informações fundamentais que possibilitam e subsidiam o controle desta doença no Brasil
Abstract: Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) causes a disease among young chickens of great economic importance to the poultry industry worldwide both for the both mortality as the immunosuppression. Two distinct serotypes, 1 and 2, of IBDV are recognized. Only the serotype 1 is pathogenic for chickens and classified according to the antigenicity and/or pathogenicity in classical virulent (cv) strains, very virulent (vv) strains, antigenic variant strains, and attenuated strains. This classification has been based mainly on the VP2 gene sequence, more specifically on the hypervariable region corresponding to the induction of neutralizing antibodies and the serotype specificity. However, the fundamental molecular basis for pathogenicity is not yet clear. Studies with the VP1 gene have also shown its possible role in this virulence and pathogenicity. Firstly, the aim of the present paper was the molecular characterization of sixty-six Brazilian IBDV isolates from broiler and layers flocks during the period from 1997 to 2005 by RT-PCR followed by restriction enzyme analysis of a fragment from VP2 gene variable region. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the positive isolates were also carried out. Twenty-five of the isolates were identified as very virulent (vv) and sixteen as classic virulent (cv). All of vv isolates had the typical amino acid (aa) residues and clustered in a phylogenetic tree with the vvIBDV strains. Three vv isolates presented four common aa substitutions and differed from other vv strains indicating that the vvIBDVs circulating on Brazilian farms are undergoing slight but continuous exchanges. Furthermore, the Brazilian IBDV isolates characterized by the VP2 sequence in cv and vv strains were analyzed by the sequence and phylogeny of the VP1 gene fragment. Our vv isolates maintained clustered with the other vvIBDVs in phylogenetic tree obtained from the VP1 gene and presented the common aa too. The same occurred with the cv isolates. However, one isolate vv showed both characters, cv and vv into VP1 sequence and clustered with the ours and other cv isolates in the tree. This isolate has similar type of a reassortment
Doutorado
Microbiologia
Doutor em Genetica e Biologia Molecular
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45

Réa-Boutrois, Angela. "Lentivirus et apoptose : rôle des protéines accessoires et régulatrices Nef, Vpr, Vpx et Tat dans la mort cellulaire." Lyon 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LYO10110.

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L’apoptose des lymphocytes T CD4+ infectés et non infectés est un des mécanismes majeurs connus pour être impliqués dans le développement du SIDA au cours des infections par les virus de l’immunodéficience humaine (HIV) et simienne (SIV). Pour étudier, l’influence des protéines accessoires Nef, Vpr et Vpx du SIV dans la mort des lymphocytes T CD4+ non infectés, nous avons développé un système de culture de cellules non infectées au contact des cellules caprines infectées par des virus recombinants CAEVvpxvpr ou CAEVnef, construits à partir du virus caprin CAEV et exprimant les gènes accessoires du SIV. Préalablement, nous avons mis en évidence que le virus parental CAEV induit seulement l’apoptose des cellules infectées par la voie intrinsèque et que la protéine virale Tat est impliquée dans cette apoptose. Dans un second temps, l’utilisation des virus recombinants nous a permis de mettre en évidence que 1) que les protéines Vpr/Vpx du SIV induisent l’apoptose des lymphocytes T CD4+ non infectés via la voie intrinsèque et extrinsèque, et activent la voie de signalisation de la réponse au stress du RE (UPR) et 2) que la protéine Nef du SIV induit l’apoptose des lymphocytes T CD4+ non infectés via des médiateurs solubles. Ce travail de thèse contribue à la démonstration du rôle important que jouent les protéines accessoires dans la déplétion des lymphocytes T CD4+ au cours du SIDA
Apoptosis of uninfected CD4+ T cells is the hallmark AIDS progression during HIV and SIV infection. To study the role of Nef, Vpx and Vpr proteins in cell death of uninfected T CD4+ cells, we used recombinant of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) which express vpr/vpx or nef genes from SIV virus. We demonstrate that recombinant viruses can replicate in caprine cells but do not infect human or caprine T cells. In addition, we showed that the parental CAEV virus induced only apoptosis in caprine infected cells through the intrinsic pathway and that the viral Tat protein was involved in this apoptosis induction. Using chimera viruses, we demonstrated that SIV Vpr/Vpx proteins induce apoptosis of uninfected T CD4+ cells through both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways and can activate the unfolded protein response (UPR) in these cells. Moreover; SIV Nef protein expression in infected caprine cells activates the expression of soluble factor(s) that can promote apoptosis of uninfected bystander T CD4+ cells. Taken together, these results contribute to demonstrate the major role of SIV accessory proteins in the depletion of T CD4 cells
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Patricia, de Sousa Barbosa Karla. "Mapeamento de epítopos das proteínas estruturais VP1 e VP4 do vírus da hepatite A reconhecidos por células T." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2009. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/1600.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
A infecção por hepatite A é encontrada em todas as partes do mundo, e a alta prevalência está associada com pobres condições socioeconômicas a diversos padrões epidemiológicos. O mapeamento de epítopos do virus da hepatite A (HAV) pode contribuir com o desenvolvimento de uma vacina potencialmente segura contra o HAV e a identificação de moléculas que se ligam ao HLA é importante para compreensão da função molecular do sistema imune e para o desenvolvimento de vacinas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi identificar epítopos de células T nas proteínas estruturais VP1 e VP4 do vírus da hepatite A utilizando amostras de voluntários do grupo de vacinado ou do grupo de infectados naturalmente pelo HAV. Para mapear os epítopos imunodominantes, setenta peptídeos (15 aminoácidos cada, sobreposição de 11) foram sintetizados, cobrindo os 345 aminoácidos (aa) da proteína VP1 e os 23 aa da proteína VP4, da cepa HM-175. Esses peptídeos foram testados por ELISPOT com PBMCs de voluntários dos dois grupos. Nossos resultados revelaram que 18 peptídeos de VP1 foram reativos nos dois grupos, entretanto, no grupo vacinado os peptídeos mais imunogênicos foram distribuídos nas posições de aminoácidos 33-47, 45-59, 49-63, 73-87 e 153-167, enquanto no grupo infectado, os peptídeos mais imunogênicos foram 1-15, 49-63, 69-83 e 149-163. Os três peptídeos que formam a proteína VP4 inteira também foram imunoreativos, porém com baixa frequência na população de estudo. Nos resultados do HLA, nós encontramos alelos que mostram alta frequência nos grupos estudados: HLA A2, HLA B40, HLA Cw7, HLA DR11 and HLA DQ6. Nossos resultados foram comparados com os da coorte do LaViTE e mostraram correlação nos alelos HLA A2 e Cw7, e ainda poucas semelhanças nos HLA DR11 e DQ6. Assim, nosso estudo identificou vários epítopos de célula T reativos nas proteínas VP1 e VP4 do HAV. Estas informações podem ser significativamente relevantes para o desenvolvimento de uma vacina potencial baseada em epítopos reconhecidos por células T e restritos a alelos HLA humanos
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47

MARSELLA, CLAUDIA. "Functional characterization of the interaction between the HIV accessory proteins VPU and VPR and the proautophagic protein AMBRA1." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/202093.

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HIV-1 has evolved effective strategies to evade the host immune response, most of which are mediated by a set of viral “accessory” proteins: VIF, VPR, VPU and NEF. The majority of these proteins interfere with multiple intracellular pathways by usurping the cellular Cullin Ring Ubiquitin Ligase systems (CRLs) and by promoting the ubiquitination and the degradation of host antiviral factors. The HIV-1 accessory protein VPU interacts with the Cullin1 complex to enhance the degradation of the transmembrane protein BST2, a factor involved in the retention of viral particles and the inhibition of viral spread. On the other hand, VPR associates to the Cullin4 Complex to stimulate the degradation of the Uracyl DNA Glycosylase UNG2, a protein that, in addition to its role in the progression from S to G2 phase, is able to cause mutations in the viral genome. Recent findings demonstrate that the proautophagic protein AMBRA1 interacts with multiple Cullin RING complexes and regulates their activity (Antonioli et al., 2014), including both Cullin 4 and Cullin 1 adaptors. Moreover, AMBRA1 was identified among VIF interactors in a HIV proteomic study, suggesting the possible involvement of AMBRA1 in the activity of different HIV-1 accessory proteins. In this work, we found that AMBRA1, in addition to VIF, it also interacts with other two HIV-1 accessory proteins: VPR and VPU. Moreover, we show that the HIV-1 accessory proteins VPR and VPU promote the interaction of AMBRA1 with Cul4 and Cullin1 complexes, respectively. Importantly, AMBRA1 silencing impairs HIV-induced degradation of both UNG2 and BST2. Finally, we show that VPU expression results in increased basal and starvation-induced autophagy, and induces the colocalization of BST2 with LC3 positive vesicles, which mediate its delivery to the lysosomes. Altogether, these data provide new insights about the role of the proautophagic protein AMBRA1 and on how HIV-1 exploits the autophagy process for its life cycle, further highlighting the complex interplay between autophagy and the innate immune response.
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48

Hotter, Dominik [Verfasser]. "Modulation of viral gene expression and cellular immune responses by primate lentiviral proteins Vpu, Vpr and Nef / Dominik Hotter." Ulm : Universität Ulm, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1119242509/34.

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49

Russo, Marcelo Moreira. "Are real options a real option for real-world finance professionals? Case study: the application of real options to evaluate investment projects in the latin american oil and gas field services industry." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/10375.

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Brazil and other emerging markets will continue to present many investment opportunities in the coming years. Finance professionals who manage the company’s capital budgeting processes will face challenges. Specific characteristics of these projects as commodity-linked prices (e.g., the case of oil and gas and agricultural projects) and the customary uncertainties related to emerging markets are additional challenges. In this scenario, a more sophisticated capital budgeting framework, Real Options, offers a more robust theory to deal with uncertainty, managerial flexibility, and volatile outcomes imbedded in these opportunities. Real Options theory assumes that the managers’ involvement in the project generates value so they might capitalize on good outcomes or reduce losses by abandoning projects with bad results. The primary objective of this research was to apply Real Options valuation analysis for an investment project valuation and discuss the process and the results of such methodology. The case study retroactively analyzed an investment project in Colombia and compared the results under traditional NPV methodology and Real Options. The valuation techniques were performed as if they had been applied at the time the project was approved and then compared with the project's actual performance. The case study evaluated two types of real options: first, the effect of an option to cancel a contract that is assessed from the perspective of the client; and second, the option to abandon and defer from the perspective of the company that will perform the investment.
Brasil e outros mercados emergentes continuarão a apresentar muitas oportunidades de investimento nos próximos anos. Profissionais financeiros que gerenciam os processos de orçamento de capital nas empresas terão grandes desafios a enfrentar. Características específicas destes projetos como preços ligados a commodities (por exemplo: petróleo e gás e projetos agrícolas) e as incertezas habituais relacionadas com os mercados emergentes são desafios adicionais. Neste cenário, ferramentas mais sofisticadas de orçamento de capital como Opções Reais, oferece uma teoria mais robusta para lidar com incerteza, flexibilidade gerencial, e os resultados voláteis embutidas nestas oportunidades. A teoria de Opções Reais assume que o envolvimento dos gestores nos projetos gera valor à medida que potencializam os bons resultados ou reduzem as perdas por abandonar projetos com maus resultados. O objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi aplicar a análise de Opções Reais para um projeto de investimento e discutir o processo e os resultados da metodologia. O estudo de caso analisa retroativamente um projeto de investimento na Colômbia e compara os resultados sob o tradicional VPL e Opções Reais. As técnicas de avaliação foram realizadas como se estivessem sendo aplicadas no momento em que o projeto foi aprovado, e depois comparadas com o desempenho real do projeto. O estudo de caso avaliado possui dois tipos de Opções Reais: primeiro, o efeito de uma opção para cancelar um contrato que é analisado a partir da perspectiva do cliente que pode exercer essa opção, e o segundo, a opção de abandonar e adiar a partir da perspectiva da empresa que irá executar a investimento.
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50

Medeiros, Thais Neris da Silva. "Diarreia neonatal bovina : epidemiologia e caracterização molecular dos genotipos G (VP7) e P (VP4) de rotavírus A, Brasil, 2006-2015." Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Centro de Ciências Agrárias. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, 2016. http://www.bibliotecadigital.uel.br/document/?code=vtls000214319.

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O rotavírus bovino A (RVA) é uma das principais causas de diarreia neonatal em bezerros de todo o mundo. Os genes VP7 e VP4 de RVA determinam a classificação binária em genotipos G e P, respectivamente. As principais combinações de genotipos G e P descritas em bovinos são: G6P[1], G6P[5], G6P[11], G8P[1] e G10P[11]. A presente pesquisa originou dois estudos temporais, em que foram coletadas amostras de fezes diarreicas de bezerros de corte e de leite de rebanhos brasileiros durante o período de 2006 a 2015. O objetivo do primeiro estudo foi descrever a frequência de RVA presente nas fezes diarreicas avaliadas e o objetivo do segundo estudo foi descrever os genotipos G e P de cepas de RVA circulantes nos rebanhos bovinos brasileiros. No primeiro estudo foram avaliadas 1498 amostras de fezes diarreicas pela técnica de eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida (ss-PAGE) seguida da coloração pelo nitrato de prata, de 124 rebanhos de corte e 56 rebanhos leiteiros das três principais regiões produtoras de bovinos do Brasil. O RVA foi identificado em 27,4% (410/1498) das amostras fecais avaliadas e a frequência de amostras positivas para RVA em bezerros de corte (31,9%; 328/1.027) foi significativamente maior (p≤0,05) que a frequência verificada em bezerros leiteiros (17,4%; 82/471). A infecção pelo RVA foi verificada nas três regiões produtoras brasileiras avaliadas, no entanto, a frequência de bezerros com diarreia positivos para RVA na região Centro-Oeste (39,4%), foi significativamente maior (p≤0,05) que as regiões Sul (19,4%) e Sudeste (17,6%). No segundo estudo, as amostras foram selecionadas a partir de um conjunto que consistia de 1589 amostras fecais previamente avaliadas para a presença de RVA pela técnica de ss-PAGE de cinco regiões geográficas brasileiras e destas, 417 (26,2%) foram positivas para RVA. Foram selecionadas por rebanho bovino uma ou duas amostras fecais positivas para RVA em ss-PAGE, sendo 155 cepas de RVA, 70 pertencentes a rebanhos de corte e 30 de rebanhos leiteiros. Os genes G e P das cepas de RVA foram amplificados por RT-PCR e sequenciados para análise filogenética. Os genotipos G6, G10, P[5] e P[11] foram detectados nas amostras de RVA avaliadas. Uma distribuição diferente de combinações de genotipos G e P foi encontrada de acordo com o tipo de aptidão, sendo o genotipo G6P[5] mais prevalente (68,5%) em rebanhos de corte e os genotipos G10P[11] (40,5%) e G6P[11] (32,4%) mais prevalentes em rebanhos leiteiros (p<0,05). Com relação às regiões geográficas analisadas, o maior número de cepas de RVA genotipadas pertenceu à região Centro-Oeste, sendo o genotipo G6 foi único identificado nesta região. As regiões Sul e Sudeste apresentaram maior diversidade de genotipos G e P. A combinação de genotipos G6(IV)P[5](IX) foi predominante em bovinos de corte, e as combinações G6(III)P[11](III) e G10(V)P[11](III) foram prevalentes em bovinos leiteiros. A linhagem P5(II) foi descrita pela primeira vez no Brasil, em rebanho de corte do Rio Grande do Sul. Com os resultados apresentados, conclui-se que o RVA continua sendo um dos principais agentes etiológicos de diarreia neonatal em bezerros nos rebanhos bovinos brasileiros. Em outras regiões do mundo, a diversidade de genotipos G e P é consideravelmente maior do que a encontrada no presente estudo, mesmo utilizando as mesmas metodologias diagnósticas que pode ser devido a eficácia das medidas de controle e profilaxia utilizadas. A importância dos estudos de genotipagem, particularmente com análises retrospectivas realizadas em diferentes regiões geográficas ou tipos de aptidão (corte e leite), contribui para a compreensão da evolução viral e da epidemiologia da infecção de RVA.
Bovine rotavirus A (RVA) is one of the main causes of neonatal diarrhea in calves around the world. The VP7 and VP4 genes of RVA determine the binary classification in G and P genotypes, respectively. The main combinations of G and P genotypes described in cattle are: G6P[1], G6P[5] G6P[11] G8P[1], and G10P[11]. The present research originated two temporal studies, in which diarrheic fecal samples were collected from beef and dairy calves from Brazilian herds during the period from 2006 to 2015. The objective of the first study was to describe the frequency of RVA present in the evaluated diarrheic fecal samples while objective of the second study was to describe the G and P genotypes of RVA strains circulating in Brazilian cattle herds. In the first study, were evaluated 1498 diarrheic fecal samples by silver staining electrophoresis polyacrylamide gel (ss-PAGE), from 124 cattle herds and 56 of dairy herds of the three main cattle producing regions of Brazil. The RVA was identified in 27.4% (410/1498) of the evaluated fecal samples and the frequency of RVA positive samples in beef calves (31.9%; 328 / 1,027) was significantly higher (p <0.05) than the frequency observed in dairy calves (17.4%; 82/471). The RVA infection was verified in the three Brazilian geographic regions evaluated, however, the frequency of calves with diarrhea positive for RVA in the Midwest region (39.4%) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than for South (19.4%) and Southeast (17.6%) regions. In the second study, the samples were selected from a collection consisting of 1589 fecal samples previously evaluated for the presence of RVA by ss-PAGE technique from the five Brazilian geographic regions, in wich, 417 (26.2%) were positive for RVA. One or two fecal samples by bovine herd positive for RVA on ss-PAGE were selected, being 155 strains of RVA, which 70 belonged to cattle herds and 30 to dairy herds. The G and P genes of RVA strains were amplified by RT-PCR and sequenced for phylogenetic analysis. The G6, G10, P[5] and P[11] genotypes were detected in the evaluated RVA strains. A different distribution of combinations of G and P genotypes was found according to the type of exploitation, with the G6P [5] genotype being more prevalent (68.5%) in cattle herds and G10P[11] (40.5 %) and G6P[11] (32.4%) genotypes more prevalent in dairy herds (p <0.05). Regarding the geographic regions analyzed, the largest number of genotyped RVA strains belonged to the Central-West region, but only the G6 genotype was identified in this region. The Southern and Southeastern regions presented greater diversity of G and P genotypes. The combination of G6(IV)P[5](IX) genotypes was predominant in beef cattle herds, and the G6(III)P[11](III) and G10(V)P[11](III) were prevalent in dairy herds. The P5 (II) lineage was described for the first time in Brazil, in a herd of Rio Grande do Sul. With the results presented, it is concluded that RVA remains one of the main etiological agents of neonatal diarrhea in calves in Brazilian herds. Across the world, the diversity of G and P genotypes is considerably greater than that found in the present study, even using the same diagnostic methodologies. The importance of genotyping studies particularly with retrospective analyzes carried out in different geographical regions or types of exploitation (beef and dairy) contributes to the understanding of viral evolution and epidemiology of RVA infection.
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