Journal articles on the topic 'Vowel-glides'
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1
Kurabe, Keita. "The reflexes of the Proto-Jingpho glides in modern Jingpho dialects." Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 37, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 181–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ltba.37.2.02kur.
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The aim of this paper is two-fold: (i) to investigate the reflexes of the Proto-Jingpho initial glides in modern Jingpho dialects based on sound correspondences between them; and (ii) to discuss vowel developments conditioned by proto-glides. The main findings of this paper can be summarized as follows: (a) the proto-initial *w- has developed into y- in Standard Jingpho and Nkhum before proto-front vowels; (b) the proto-initial *ʔw- before proto-front vowels became ʔy- in Standard Jingpho, Nkhum and Gauri, but disappeared in Duleng, Dingga, Numphuk and Turung; (c) the proto-initial *ʔw- and *ʔy- before non-front vowels have developed into w- and y-, respectively, in Duleng, Dingga, Numphuk and Turung; (d) the proto-bilabial glides, *w- and *ʔw-, sporadically raised the following vowel *-a to -o in Gauri; (e) the proto-palatal glides, *y- and *ʔy-, raised and fronted the following vowel *-a to -e in Gauri and partially in Numphuk and Turung; (f) the proto-medial *-y- raised the following vowel *-e to -i in Dingga.
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Rosenthall, Sam. "Glide Distribution in Classical Arabic Verb Stems." Linguistic Inquiry 37, no. 3 (July 2006): 405–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling.2006.37.3.405.
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The seemingly idiosyncratic distribution of glides in the weak verb stems of Classical Arabic is given a coherent analysis as the consequence of constraint interaction, as defined by Optimality Theory. At the core of the analysis are two constraint rankings that determine the vowels of the verb stem. One ranking, which ensures harmonic parsing of a low vowel over high vowels, is based on input/output faithfulness; the other ranking, which ensures harmonic parsing of high vowels over a low vowel, is based on intercandidate faithfulness, as defined by Sympathy Theory. These constraint rankings interact with generally defined markedness constraints to account for glide distribution in all measure I verb forms without specific reference to morphological contexts. As a result, the complex distribution of glides in Arabic is not typologically anomalous.
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Hansen, Benjamin B., and Scott Myers. "The consonant length contrast in Persian: Production and perception." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 47, no. 2 (July 8, 2016): 183–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100316000244.
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Across languages, there is a tendency to avoid length contrasts in the most vowel-like consonant classes, such as glides or laryngeals. Such gaps could arise from the difficulty of determining where the boundary between vowel and consonant lies when the transition between them is gradual. This claim is tested in Persian (Farsi), which has length contrasts in all classes of consonants, including glides and laryngeals. Persian geminates were compared to singletons in three different speaking rates and seven different consonant classes. Geminates were found to have longer constriction intervals than singletons, and this length effect interacted with both speaking rate and manner of articulation. In one of two perception experiments, Persian speakers identified consonants as geminate or singleton in stimuli in which the constriction duration was systematically varied. The perceptual boundary between geminates and singletons was most sharply defined for obstruents and least so for laryngeals, as reflected by the breadth of the changeover region in the identification curve. In the other perception experiment, subjects identified the length class of glides differing in constriction duration and formant transition duration. Longer formant transitions led to more geminate responses and to a broader changeover interval.
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Chacha, Chacha Nyaigotti, and David Odden. "The phonology of vocalic height in Kikuria." Studies in African Linguistics 27, no. 2 (June 15, 1998): 129–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v27i2.107382.
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Vowel height harmony is common in Bantu languages, but the language Kikuria has a particularly rich system of vowel height alternations, which are described in this paper. Included in the height-related phonology of the language are three regressive height harmonies and one progressive harmony. Certain of these processes are triggered by glides and palatal consonants, while for other processes these consonants are transparent, and stem-initial vowels behave exceptionally for some, but not all, of these processes.
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Echternach, Matthias, Christian T. Herbst, Marie Köberlein, Brad Story, Michael Döllinger, and Donata Gellrich. "Are source-filter interactions detectable in classical singing during vowel glides?" Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 149, no. 6 (June 2021): 4565–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0005432.
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Czerwonka-Wajda, Zuzanna. "De invoeging van de glijklanken [j] en [w] als poging tot spanningimitatie bij de uitspraak van de Nederlandse klinkers [e], [y] en [o] door Poolstalige leerders." Roczniki Humanistyczne 68, no. 5 Zeszyt specjalny (2020): 155–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.18290/rh20685sp-11.
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The paper addresses the problem of the pronunciation of [e], [o] and [y] by Polish learners of Dutch. Next to a simple substitution of the three tense Dutch vowels by (lax) Polish vowels it can frequently be noted that an extra glide [j] or [w] is being added after the Polish vowel. The detailed analysis reveals that frequency of the vowel+glide combination differs and that the epenthesis of glides is correlated with learners’ level of Dutch (it starts around the A2 level). Adding the glide may therefore be seen as an attempt to imitate tension (as tension is not a distinctive feature in Polish) and proof of development of perception and pronunciation skills.
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T., Opoola Bolanle, and Olaide Oladimeji. "Vowel Elision in Ikhin, an Edoid Language in South-south Nigeria." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 12, no. 3 (May 1, 2021): 352–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1203.04.
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In this paper, attention is on the basic factors that come into force in determining whether or not vowel will elide and which of the V1 and V2 in a sequence should disappear in any environment. This paper also examines the phonological, morphological and syntactic reasons behind vowel elision as a syllable structure process in Ikhin language. As in the case of related African languages that have been previously described by various scholars, this paper presents how vowel elision works in Ikhin and the problems arising from its analysis. In this study, the focus is on the explanation and analysis of factors such as boundary, morpheme structure and vowel quality which actually determine whether or not elision should take place in Ikhin. Apart from factors such as vowel quality and boundary, one other factor with respect to elision or glide formation is the syllable structure of the verbs and nouns in Ikhin. Ikhin nouns are either disyllabic i.e. V(C)V or trisyllabic, etc. It is argued that the operation of vowel elision is blocked in disyllabic nouns as /i/, /o/ and /u/ form glides when either of them occurs as V1 whereas vowel elision rather than glide formation takes place in trisyllabic nouns. The study concludes based on data not previously discussed in the language that elision is driven by syllable-based and syntactic-based analyses and that a major strategy of discouraging vowel cluster in Ikhin is vowel elision because the syllable structure of the language prohibits cluster of vowels within word or across word boundary.
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Trecca, Fabio, Dorthe Bleses, Anders Højen, Thomas O. Madsen, and Morten H. Christiansen. "When Too Many Vowels Impede Language Processing: An Eye-Tracking Study of Danish-Learning Children." Language and Speech 63, no. 4 (January 3, 2020): 898–918. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0023830919893390.
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Research has suggested that Danish-learning children lag behind in early language acquisition. The phenomenon has been attributed to the opaque phonetic structure of Danish, which features an unusually large number of non-consonantal sounds (i.e., vowels and semivowels/glides). The large number of vocalic sounds in speech is thought to provide fewer cues to word segmentation and to make language processing harder, thus hindering the acquisition process. In this study, we explored whether the presence of vocalic sounds at word boundaries impedes real-time speech processing in 24-month-old Danish-learning children, compared to word boundaries that are marked by consonantal sounds. Using eye-tracking, we tested children’s real-time comprehension of known consonant-initial and vowel-initial words when presented in either a consonant-final carrier phrase or in a vowel-final carrier phrase, thus resulting in the four boundary types C#C, C#V, V#C, and V#V. Our results showed that the presence of vocalic sounds around a word boundary—especially before—impedes processing of Danish child-directed sentences.
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Lyzenga, J., and R. P. Carlyon. "Detection, direction discrimination, and off-frequency interference of center-frequency modulations and glides for vowel formants." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 117, no. 5 (May 2005): 3042–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.1882943.
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Zlatić, Larisa, Peter F. Macneilage, Christine L. Matyear, and Barbara L. Davis. "Babbling of twins in a bilingual environment." Applied Psycholinguistics 18, no. 4 (October 1997): 453–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400010936.
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ABSTRACTTranscriptions of 17 hours of recordings of babbling by fraternal twins in an English/Serbian language environment (1,454 utterances) were analyzed for basic aspects of articulatory organization, effects of the “twin situation,” and effects of the two ambient languages, English and Serbian. Predictions that babbling would be dominated by a “frame” provided by rhythmic mandibular oscillation were, for the most part, confirmed in the form of consonant-vowel co-occurrence constraints showing little active intersegmental tongue movement (one subject) and a predominance of “vertical” (mandible-induced) intersyllabic variegation (both subjects). A possible effect of the twin situation was observed in the form of unusually high frequencies of the consonants and vowels most frequent in babbling. The only prominent ambient language effect was a relatively high frequency of palatal glides (palatals are common in Serbian).
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Rubach, Jerzy, and Geert Booij. "Syllable structure assignment in Polish." Phonology 7, no. 1 (May 1990): 121–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675700001135.
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This study deals with syllable structure in Polish. The central theme is the question of when and how syllabification rules apply in the lexical phonology of Polish. In § i we lay the ground for our subsequent discussion by giving the basic syllable patterns of Polish. We also propose here a first version of the syllabification algorithm for Polish. In §2 we show that syllabification applies cyclically, because certain cyciic phonological rules make crucial use of information about the prosodic structure of their potential inputs. § 3 then shows that the syllabification algorithm has to apply both before and after the application of cyclic phonological rules on one cycle, and that syllabification is therefore a continuous process. In § we argue that the syllabification algorithm proposed in § i must be modified to enable us to predict whether a high [-consonantal] segment will surface as a vowel or as a glide. Since the distinction between vowels and glides is crucial for the application of certain cyclic phonological rules of Polish, this again shows that syllabification has to apply cyclically. § defends the hypothesis that resyllabification is restricted to Coda Erasure (and the subsequent syllabification of the desyllabified consonants). Again, the (un)predictability of the vowel/glide distinction plays a crucial role here. We summarise our conclusions in §6
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Doyle, Philip C., Jeffrey L. Danhauer, and Charles G. Reed. "Listeners' Perceptions of Consonants Produced by Esophageal and Tracheoesophageal Talkers." Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 53, no. 4 (November 1988): 400–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshd.5304.400.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the consonant intelligibility of 3 esophageal (E) and 3 tracheoesophageal(TE) talkers, and 1 dual-mode (DM) talker proficient in both E and TE speech modes. Audio recordings of 24 English consonants produced by each talker in a consonant-vowel-consonant-vowel-consonant (CVCVC) context were presented in the sound field to 15 normal-hearing, naïve, young adult listeners who phonetically transcribed their responses using an open-response paradigm. Listeners' pooled responses were converted to confusion matrices and analyzed for overall intelligibility, voicing and manner features, and consonant omissions. Ratings of speech proficiency were also obtained. Overall, the intelligibility of the TE talkers was significantly better than that of the E talkers. The DM talker was also more intelligible in the TE mode. Voiced consonants, plosives, fricatives, nasals, and liquid-glides were signifieantly more intelligible when produced by TE talkers. Affrieates were also more intelligible for the DM talker in his TE mode. The different patterns of intelligibi!ity observed between the E and TE talkers studied may be due to temporal speech distinctions evolving from the influence of dissimilar driving sources upon the vibratory characteristics of the pharyngoesophageal segment. Clinical implications are presented.
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Blench, Roger. "The phonology and noun morphology of Yi Kitʊlɛ, an Adamawa language of East-Central Nigeria." Language in Africa 1, no. 3 (December 25, 2020): 155–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.37892/2686-8946-2020-1-3-155-180.
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The paper describes the phonology and nominal morphology of KItʊlε, an Adamawa language of the Tula-Waja group, spoken in East-Central Nigeria. KItʊlε has a restricted consonant inventory, marked by a loss of voicing contrast in most consonants. It has a system of ATR vowel harmony, which has begun to erode in many lexical items. There are three level tones plus rising and falling glides. The underlying system of nominal number marking is suffix alternation as with the other languages in the group, but this has undergone numerous alterations, in part due to the addition of prefix alterations, and fossilised suffixes which have been incorporated into the stem. Some of these then appear as infixes, although this is not the underlying system. A note on demonstratives is appended, which shows that these are not directly concordial, but which have a broad semantic logic.
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Stoel-Gammon, Carol, and Kiyoshi Otomo. "Babbling Development of Hearing-Impaired and Normally Hearing Subjects." Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 51, no. 1 (February 1986): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshd.5101.33.
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Phonetic transcriptions of babbling samples from 11 normally hearing subjects, age 4–18 months, were compared with samples from 11 hearing-impaired subjects, age 4–28 months. Longitudinal data were available for all hearing babies and for 8 of the 11 hearing-impaired subjects. The analysis focused on two measures: (a) size of consonantal repertoire over time and (b) proportional occurrence of multisyllabic consonant-vowel utterances. On average, the normally hearing subjects evidenced an increase in size of their consonantal repertoires with age; in contrast, the hearing-impaired subjects in the same age range had smaller repertoires that decreased over time. Comparison of multisyllabic utterances revealed a general tendency for the hearing-impaired subjects to produce fewer multisyllabic utterances containing true consonants and for some of the hearing-impaired children to produce a high proportion of vocalizations with glides or glottal stops. These findings suggest both qualitative and quantitative differences in the babbling of the two groups.
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Bhatta, Dharm Dev. "Adjacent Consonants and the Universality of Sonority Sequencing Principle in Dotyali Dialects: Syllable Contact Analysis." Jadila: Journal of Development and Innovation in Language and Literature Education 1, no. 3 (February 28, 2021): 254–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.52690/jadila.v1i3.118.
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This paper presents on all the possible adjacent consonant letters in Dotyali, one of the descendant language of Sanskrit, mainly spoken in Shudoor Paschim Nepal [sʊdʊrə-pəssɪmə] (Far-western) and compares the results of their phonological changes in seven local contemporary speech (dialects)：Doteli，Dadeldhuri，Bajhangi，Achhami，Baitadeli，Darchuli and Bajureli. Based on the corpus data from the field survey conducted in between July-September 2017 on a list of 1000 frequently used Dotyali words, this paper comes with a conclusion that even the onset clusters with rising sonority profile (except glides) are broken up by vowel epenthesis or simplify the clusters by deletion. It is revealed that dialects, except from the Achhami and Bajureli, the consonants with different degree of sonority across the syllable boundary tend to be changed due to syllable contact to meet Sonority hierchy, but the sonority distance between two consonants (coda and onset consonants) varies, therefore phonological changes like assimilation, dissimilation, desonorization, contact anaptyxis, contact methasis etc. goes differently. The phonological changes in Bajureli occurs maily due to other separate independent constraints.
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Hitch, Doug. "Contracted Semivowels in Old Khotanese." Indo-Iranian Journal 59, no. 3 (2016): 259–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15728536-05903001.
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This completes a study begun with ‘Contracted Diphthongs in Old Khotanese’ (2015b) of the contractions seen in the secondary declensions. Here are examined the phenomena of diphthong resolution, semivocalization and glide resolution. Metrical patterns in the great Buddhist poem known as The Book of Zambasta are used to reveal word structure not shown by the orthography. The diphthongs revealed in the earlier study, written CyV or CvV may resolve into CiyV (CäyV) or CuvV but keep the same metrical count. Oblique plural is recognized as a distinct grammatical category and it is shown how the oblique plural suffixes induce semivocalization rather than diphthongization. The orthographic sequences containing a semi-vowel, CyV or CvV, are identical to those containing a diphthong. They may also resolve orthographically to CiyV (CäyV) or CuvV, but with these resolved glides an extra mora is added to the metrical count. An explanation is offered for the unusual morphophonological behavior and metrical distribution of the IAP morpheme -yau. Many of the contraction processes may also be seen with verb stems ending in /i/ and /u/.
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Banik, Lodia Amelia. "FONOLOGI BAHASA KANAUMANA KOLANA." RETORIKA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa 3, no. 1 (September 27, 2017): 145–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/jr.3.1.164.145-158.
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This research entitled is Phonology of Kanaumana Kolana Language. The purpose of this study was to describe the system of phonemes and describe the phonological processes found in Kanaumana Kolana language. The method used in this research was descriptive qualitative method. Data collected in the form of the sounds of language Kanaumana Kolana obtained from interviews with native speakers Kanaumana Kolana. Based on the research results Language Kanaumana Kolana had six vowels were vowel /i/, /u/, /e/, /ɛ/, /o/ and /a/, thirteen consonant, the consonant resistor: /p, b, t, d, j, k, g/, consonant fricatives: /s/, consonant nasal: /m, n, ŋ/, consonant liquid or lateral: / l /, consonant trill / r / and two semi-vowels: / y, w /. The existence of the six vowels, twelve consonant and two glides supported by evidence using minimal pairs at the time to identify sounds such phonemes in a language Kanaumana Kolana. Phonological processes found in Kanaumana Kolana language there were two, they were the deletion process syllable structure and deletion processes accompanied by changes in the structure of the syllable form phonemes sound changes. The phonological processes found during the two segments combined into one segment.
Keywords: phoneme, phonological process, ruling
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Adnyani, Ni Luh Putu Sri, and I. Wayan Pastika. "Phonological development in the early speech of an Indonesian-German bilingual child." Research in Language 14, no. 3 (September 30, 2016): 329–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rela-2016-0017.
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Current research in bilingual children’s language development with one language dominant has shown that one linguistic system can affect the other. This is called Crosslinguistic Influence (CLI). This paper explores whether CLI is experienced by a bilingual child raised in two typologically distinct languages in terms of phonological development. It uses data from the study of a child simultaneously acquiring Indonesian and German between the ages of 12 months - 20 months, with Indonesian as the dominant language. The sound segments developed by the child showed universal tendencies, with the appearance of bilabials prior to alveolar sounds, followed by velar sounds. The sounds were produced mostly in the form of stops, nasals and glides. Three phonological processes were displayed by the child: substitution, assimilation and syllable structures. The front rounded vowel [ʏ], which exists in German but not in the Indonesian sound system, was systematically replaced by the palatal approximant [j]. This approximant exists in the Indonesian sound system but not in the German phonemic inventory. This provides evidence that, in terms of phonological development, the child experienced CLI, but only for certain sound transfers.
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Schuh, Russell G. "Aspects of Avatime phonology." Studies in African Linguistics 24, no. 1 (June 1, 1995): 32–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v24i1.107410.
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Avatime is one of 14 Central-Togo languages (formerly known as "Togo Remnant Languages") spoken in the Volta Region of Ghana and contiguous areas of Togo. The most striking typological feature of these languages compared to their closest Kwa relatives is the fact that they have active noun class systems. The present paper is a description of Avatime phonology, with emphasis on certain features which have been poorly described and/or are of general linguistic interest. Within the consonant system, Avatime has bilabial fricatives and a full series of labiovelar obstruents, including fricatives. Consonants with following glides are considered to be segment sequences rather than consonants with secondary articulations. The vowel system has nine vowels with [ATR] harmony. Continguous vowels undergo a variety of coalescence processes, which differ depending on morphological context and the specific vowels involved. Modem Avatime requires an analysis with four contrasting level tones. However, many instances of two of these tones (the highest level and the lower mid level) are derived through still active processes. One feature of the tone system not previously described is the presence of glottal stop following a syllable bearing non-low tone when that syllable falls at a phonological phrase boundary.
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Ahn, Sang-Cheol, and Kyunney Egorova. "Lowercase Writing in Loanword Transliteration in Japanese." Manuscripta Orientalia. International Journal for Oriental Manuscript Research 27, no. 1 (2021): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31250/1238-5018-2021-27-1-36-44.
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This paper shows how the so-called lower case katakana writing is utilized for the transliteration of loanwords in Japanese, avoiding unpermitted phonological sequences. In order to adapt the foreign ti, di, tu, du, hu sequences, Japanese orthography employs lowercase writing (i. e., written in “small letters”) to preserve the phonological entity of the target words in the transliteration, e. g., disko “disco” → <deisko>, feis “face” → <ɸue:su>. That is, the diphthongal representations have to depend on special symbols, i. e., lowercase glides. Due to many complexities, Japanese writing system, especially the Romanization, is regarded as one of the most complicated systems which cannot be accounted for in a simple way. In order to provide a unified account on this issue, we employ the framework of Optimality Theory and show what kinds of constraints and their ranking relations are required the Japanese lowercase writing. We here claim that vowel correspondence is ranked higher than consonantal correspondence in Japanese lowercase writing. Moreover, the preservation of mora is another important factor in loan adaptation. Furthermore, the constraint ranking is different, depending on the period of adaptation; the new and old loanwords are realized differently from each other, although they have the same phonemic inputs.
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Tampas, Joanna W., Ashley W. Harkrider, and Mark S. Hedrick. "Neurophysiological Indices of Speech and Nonspeech Stimulus Processing." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 48, no. 5 (October 2005): 1147–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2005/081).
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Auditory event-related potentials (mismatch negativity and P300) and behavioral discrimination were measured to synthetically generated consonant-vowel (CV) speech and nonspeech contrasts in 10 young adults with normal auditory systems. Previous research has demonstrated that behavioral and P300 responses reflect a phonetic, categorical level of processing. The aims of the current investigation were (a) to examine whether the mismatch negativity (MMN) response is also influenced by the phonetic characteristics of a stimulus or if it reflects purely an acoustic level of processing and (b) to expand our understanding of the neurophysiology underlying categorical perception, a phenomenon crucial in the processing of speech. The CVs were 2 within-category stimuli and the nonspeech stimuli were 2 glides whose frequency ramps matched the formant transitions of the CV stimuli. Listeners exhibited better behavioral discrimination to the nonspeech versus speech stimuli in same/different and oddball behavioral paradigms. MMN responses were elicited by the nonspeech stimuli, but absent to CV speech stimuli. Larger amplitude and earlier P300s were elicited by the nonspeech stimuli, while smaller and longer latency P300s were elicited by the speech stimulus contrast. Results suggest that the 2 types of stimuli were processed differently when measured behaviorally, with MMN, or P300. The better discrimination and clearer neurophysiological representation of the frequency glide, nonspeech stimuli versus the CV speech stimuli of analogous acoustic content support (a) categorical perception representation at the level of the MMN generators and (b) parallel processing of acoustic (sensory) and phonetic (categorical) information at the level of the MMN generators.
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Mohd Rusli, Nur Farahkhanna, and Adi Yasran Abdul Aziz. "The Syllabification of High Vowels in the Kerinci Language: An Autosegmental Phonological Analysis." Jurnal Bahasa 22, no. 2 (October 29, 2022): 223–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.37052/jb22(2)no3.
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The aim of this article is to explain the syllabification of high vowels /i/ and /u/ at the nucleus position in the Kerinci language. In this language, the high vowels /i/ and /u/ at the nucleus position will undergo changes - for example, /i/, /u/, /is/ and /us/ will be realized as [aj], [aw], [ajh] and [awh]. In order to explain the phonological processes, each problem was analyzed using the theory of autosegmental phonology (Goldsmith, 1976, 1990). There are three processes involved in the theory, namely linking, delinking and features spreading. The phonological modifications involving the high vowels can be adequately explained based on the process of syllabification that is couched in the CV skeletal model of McCarthy (1981). The data for this study were obtained through three different methods, namely library research, observation and interviews. The instruments used in this study were a recorder, questionnaires and notebooks. The informants selected for this study comprised five men and women who are aged 50 years and above, who are native speakers of Kerinci Semerap dialect, and were born in Kabupaten Kerinci, West Sumatera, Indonesia. However, they have been living in Kampung Batu 21 Sungai Lui, Hulu Langat, Selangor, for more than 30 years. The finding showed that the high vowels /i/ and /u/ at the nucleus of word final syllable are linked to the coda nodes and surfaces as the glides [j] and [w]. Thus, the analysis of the syllabification of high vowels at the coda position explains the application of vowel [a] in the output of words such as [mã.taj] “dead”, [sa.taw] “one”, [tu.lajh] “write” and [lu.rawh] “straight” based on the CV skeletal model of McCarthy (1981).
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Mwang'eka, Imani, Chrispina Alphonce, and Adronis Selestino. "Morphosyntactic Analysis of Relative Clause Markers in Chindali." Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 11, no. 2 (December 12, 2022): 47–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.56279/jhss.v11i2.4.
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This article analyses the basic morphosyntactic features of relative clause markers (RMs) in Chindali, spoken in Tanzania. A qualitative approach was employed with a descriptive research design in the process of generating, analysing data, as well as reporting the findings. The data for the study were collected through text collection. The researcher gathered sentences with relative clauses (RCs) from 10 informants by recording them with their consent, and three (3) written Chindali storybooks. Informants were sampled through the snowball technique. The study revealed that Chindali RCs are marked by free-standing relative pronouns that are bound by agreement. These RMs are classified based on the noun class system of the language. It further revealed that RMs can be formed morphologically with or without class agreement marker (CAM). Chindali RMs with CAM have the morphological structure of ‘CAM + stem-o’, whereas RMs without CAM have the morphological structure ‘stem (C/CC+O)’. RMs without CAM results from deletion process. RMs are distinguished phonologically by the reduplication of the consonants of the CAM(s), followed by a clitic ‘o’ which is the root of the marker. It is also distinguished by the affixation of the glides (G) ‘w’ and ‘y’ in some consonants, as well as the change of the vowel to clitic ‘o’. CAM has the phonological shape CVC (G) V. The relative clauses are introduced syntactically by the language’s relative markers placed at the beginning of a clause linking the RC and a head noun; thus, making the RC an NP syntactic modifier. In Chindali, relative clauses are externally headed postnominal relatives introduced by RMs with a NRC pattern expressing class agreement with the head noun. Semantically, relative markers influence the types of RCs that exist, whether they are restrictive or appositive relatives; and modify things, persons, animals or ideas. The study suggests further research into other aspects of Chindali’s relativization.
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Lei, Zhengdong, Lisa Martignetti, Chelsea Ridgway, Simon Peacock, Jon T. Sakata, and Nicole Y. K. Li-Jessen. "Wearable Neck Surface Accelerometers for Occupational Vocal Health Monitoring: Instrument and Analysis Validation Study." JMIR Formative Research 6, no. 8 (August 5, 2022): e39789. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/39789.
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Background Neck surface accelerometer (NSA) wearable devices have been developed for voice and upper airway health monitoring. As opposed to acoustic sounds, NSA senses mechanical vibrations propagated from the vocal tract to neck skin, which are indicative of a person’s voice and airway conditions. NSA signals do not carry identifiable speech information and a speaker’s privacy is thus protected, which is important and necessary for continuous wearable monitoring. Our device was already tested for its durable endurance and signal processing algorithms in controlled laboratory conditions. Objective This study aims to further evaluate both instrument and analysis validity in a group of occupational vocal users, namely, voice actors, who use their voices extensively at work in an ecologically valid setting. Methods A total of 16 professional voice actors (age range 21-50 years; 11 females and 5 males) participated in this study. All participants were mounted with an NSA on their sternal notches during the voice acting and voice assessment sessions. The voice acting session was 4-hour long, directed by a voice director in a professional sound studio. Voice assessment sessions were conducted before, during, and 48 hours after the acting session. The assessment included phonation tasks of passage reading, sustained vowels, maximum vowel phonation, and pitch glides. Clinical acoustic metrics (eg, fundamental frequency, cepstral measures) and a vocal dose measure (ie, accumulated distance dose from acting) were computed from NSA signals. A commonly used online questionnaire (Self-Administered Voice Rating questionnaire) was also implemented to track participants’ perception of vocal fatigue. Results The NSA wearables stayed in place for all participants despite active body movements during the acting. The ensued body noise did not interfere with the NSA signal quality. All planned acoustic metrics were successfully derived from NSA signals and their numerical values were comparable with literature data. For a 4-hour long voice acting, the averaged distance dose was about 8354 m with no gender differences. Participants perceived vocal fatigue as early as 2 hours after the start of voice acting, with recovery 24-48 hours after the acting session. Among all acoustic metrics across phonation tasks, cepstral peak prominence and spectral tilt from the passage reading most closely mirrored trends in perceived fatigue. Conclusions The ecological validity of an in-house NSA wearable was vetted in a workplace setting. One key application of this wearable is to prompt occupational voice users when their vocal safety limits are reached for duly protection. Signal processing algorithms can thus be further developed for near real-time estimation of clinically relevant metrics, such as accumulated distance dose, cepstral peak prominence, and spectral tilt. This functionality will enable continuous self-awareness of vocal behavior and protection of vocal safety in occupational voice users.
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Shelton, Michael, Chip Gerfen, and Nicolás Gutiérrez Palma. "The Syllabification of the Spanish On-Glide: A Behavioral Study." Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics 5, no. 2 (January 1, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/shll-2012-1132.
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AbstractThis paper reports the findings of an experiment designed to test the syllabification of on-glides in Spanish by means of a behavioral task. Traditional approaches to Spanish syllabification assume that on-glides are syllabified with the vowel in the nucleus. However, findings from the developmental literature suggest that at least during early stages of acquisition an alternative onset syllabification is possible. The results of the present study reveal general support for the traditional nuclear approach to Spanish on-glides but also suggest the possibility of gradient syllabification patterns.
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Aslem, Omoghie Ikphemhosimhe, and Odoemenam Temple Chibueze. "Vowel Glides in Etsako: A Multilinear Phonological Approach." International Journal of Innovative Research and Development 7, no. 7 (July 31, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.24940/ijird/2018/v7/i7/jul18107.
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Chalise, Krishna Prasad. "Acoustic Analysis of the Baram Phonemes." Nepalese Linguistics, July 11, 2022, 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nl.v35i01.46555.
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Baram is a critically endangered Tibeto-Burman language spoken in the Gorkha District of central Nepal. This work carries out a preliminary acoustic study of the language. Baram plosives are acoustically characterized by VOT, the fricatives by the peak value and the affricates by the rise time and friction duration. Similarly, the nasals, lateral, trill and glides are characterized by formant structure. Similarly, the distribution of the F1 and F2 reveals the height of the tongue and frontness/backness of the vowels. The height of the vowels is also depicted by their intrinsic F0 as it increases as the height of the vowel increases. Baram has five diphthongs which are close diphthongs and the second target is always [i].
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Vanormelingen, Liesbeth, Jolien Faes, and Steven Gillis. "Language development in children from different SES backgrounds." Dutch Journal of Applied Linguistics, October 16, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dujal.19032.van.
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Abstract The aim of the study is to analyze prelexical speech development in young children with a different socio-economic status (SES): children from low SES backgrounds (lowSES) are compared with mid-to-high SES (mhSES) children. Timing of the onset of babbling and the consonantal development in consonant-vowel (cv) syllables are investigated. Result show that lowSES children reach the babbling onset milestone significantly later than mhSES children. In addition, they use different consonant types in their cv-syllables: they use more glides, but fewer stops, nasals, fricatives, and liquids. These early differences between children of different backgrounds seem to be in line with the literature on SES differences later on in life.
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Lin, Yu-Leng. "What Matters in Artificial Learning, Sonority Hierarchy or Natural Classes?" Proceedings of the Annual Meetings on Phonology 3 (June 21, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/amp.v3i0.3674.
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My research examines one proposed universal, the implicational nasal hierarchy scale, testing whether this scale is found with speakers of a language with no clear evidence for a nasal hierarchy.Walker (2011) proposes a universal implicational nasalized segment scale based on evidence from typological frequency, Vowels > Glides > Liquids > Fricatives > Stops. She argues that if a more marked blocker class blocks harmony (vowels are least marked targets, so least likely to be blockers, and most likely to be targets), so do the less marked blocker classes (stops are most marked targets, so most likely to be blockers, and least likely to be targets). I address whether a pattern that is predicted by this implicational universal is easier to learn than one that is not. In particular, I investigate if it is easier to make a generalization when a more marked blocker (vowel)/target (stop) is presented during training and a less marked blocker (stop)/target (vowel) in testing rather than vice versa. In sum, individual and grouped results show evidence that both natural classes and a hierarchy play an important role in phonological artificial grammar learning.
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Swann, Zoe, Ayoub Daliri, and Claire F. Honeycutt. "Impact of Startling Acoustic Stimuli on Word Repetition in Individuals With Aphasia and Apraxia of Speech Following Stroke." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, April 4, 2022, 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2022_jslhr-21-00486.
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Purpose: The StartReact effect, whereby movements are elicited by loud, startling acoustic stimuli (SAS), allows the evaluation of movements when initiated through involuntary circuitry, before auditory feedback. When StartReact is applied during poststroke upper extremity movements, individuals exhibit increased muscle recruitment, reaction times, and reaching distances. StartReact releases unimpaired speech with similar increases in muscle recruitment and reaction time. However, as poststroke communication disorders have divergent neural circuitry from upper extremity tasks, it is unclear if StartReact will enhance speech poststroke. Our objective is to determine if (a) StartReact is present in individuals with poststroke aphasia and apraxia and (b) SAS exposure enhances speech intelligibility. Method: We remotely delivered startling, 105-dB white noise bursts (SAS) and quiet, non-SAS cues to 15 individuals with poststroke aphasia and apraxia during repetition of six words. We evaluated average word intensity, pitch, pitch trajectories, vowel formants F1 and F2 (first and second formants), phonemic error rate, and percent incidence of each SAS versus non–SAS-elicited phoneme produced under each cue type. Results: For SAS trials compared to non-SAS, speech intensity increased (∆ + 0.6 dB), speech pitch increased (∆ + 22.7 Hz), and formants (F1 and F2) changed, resulting in a smaller vowel space after SAS. SAS affected pitch trajectories for some, but not all, words. Non-SAS trials had more stops (∆ + 4.7 utterances) while SAS trials had more sustained phonemes (fricatives, glides, affricates, liquids; ∆ + 5.4 utterances). SAS trials had fewer distortion errors but no change in substitution errors or overall error rate compared to non-SAS trials. Conclusions: We show that stroke-impaired speech is susceptible to StartReact, evidenced by decreased intelligibility due to altered formants, pitch trajectories, and articulation, including increased incidence of sounds that could not be produced without SAS. Future studies should examine the impact of SAS on voluntary speech intelligibility and clinical measures of aphasia and apraxia.
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Karim, Shuan O. "Akkadian [e]." Journal of the American Oriental Society 142, no. 1 (April 8, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.7817/jaos.142.1.2022.ar010.
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There are several features of Akkadian that set it apart from other Semitic languages. One such feature is the assumption of seven alefs that descended from Proto-Semitic phonemes, *ʔ, *h, *ʕ, *ɣ, *ħ, and sometimes *w and *j. The standard account is that they merged before being lost in nearly every environment. Additionally, ʔ3-5 interact with the low-back vowel, [a], producing [e]. Two other issues regarding the shift from [a] to [e] is which environments [e] surfaces in to be reanalyzed, and the fact that there are several roots that have [e] and no apparent conditioning environment. In this article I provide a solution to these issues clarifying the conditioning environments obscured by Akkadian orthography and Semitic derivational morphology. I show that voicing assimilation alone is responsible for the different outcomes of *ħ and *ʕ, which have the same distribution. This assimilation has parallels in non-guttural roots such as *√ntn, which becomes √ndn in Akkadian. Whether *ʕ and *ħ surface as <∅> or <ḫ> depends less on the underlying form than on assimilation to the voicing value of the adjacent consonant radical. With this analysis, there is no reason left to reject Kowenburg’s theory (2006) that gutturals became glides which cause raising to [e], with the slight amendment that it is the voiced variant *ʕ alone which becomes a glide.
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Chang, Seung-Eun, and Samuel Weiss-Cowie. "Hyper-articulation effects in Korean glides by heritage language learners." International Journal of Bilingualism, June 26, 2020, 136700692093551. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006920935512.
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Aims and objectives: Hyper-articulation effects in glide sounds and heritage production are unexplored areas. Thus, this study examines how the Korean glide /we/ is phonetically implemented in hyper-articulated speech by English-speaking heritage learners of Korean. Language-specific fundamental frequency (F0) patterns and methodological issues involving inconsistent data in heritage research are also addressed. Methodology: Korean-American students enrolled in an intermediate-low Korean language course for Korean heritage students at a university in the US read four isolated sentences, once in casual speech and once in hyper-articulated (or clear) speech. They repeated this sequence five times. Data and analysis: The syllable duration of the glide more than doubled and the upward transitional feature of /w/ was significantly expanded with a steeper slope in clear speech compared to casual speech. The expansion of vowel space of /e/ in clear speech was also attested for second formant (F2). Although pitch did not vary between the two speaking styles at syllable onset or vowel midpoint, it exhibited a significant increase at syllable offset in clear speech. The strong intra- and inter-speaker variations frequently observed in heritage language research were not found in this study. Conclusions: The results generally echo the hyper-articulated speech changes observed in native Korean speakers. The pitch pattern outcomes suggest that heritage learners’ enhancement corresponds more to that of their heritage language than their dominant language. Although the data generally supports the idea that heritage learners’ enhancement strategies emulate those of native speakers in terms of exaggerated acoustic features, the same is not true regarding absolute acoustic values; their acoustic values are more exaggerated than native speakers’ in clear speech. Originality and implications: The findings present new hyper-articulation effects regarding glide sounds and an additional enhancement strategy of end-of-syllable pitch raising in hyper-articulated speech. This study also suggests that controlling for confounding population variables mitigates the methodological challenges of heritage language research.