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GUIMARAES, SERGIO FOLDES. "PRICE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN VOTING AND NON-VOTING SHARES." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2001. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=1429@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROBANCO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO ECONÔMICO E SOCIAL
Este estudo avaliou o comportamento das diferenças de preços entre ações ordinárias e preferenciais de um conjunto representativo de empresas com ações negociadas na BOVESPA no período 1995-1999, testando o impacto também das mudanças na lei das SAs ocorridas em 1997. Os testes realizados indicaram que no decorrer do período estas mudanças influenciaram as diferenças de preços entre ações ordinárias e preferenciais para a maioria das empresas, passando as ações ordinárias a serem negociadas, em geral, a preços de mercado inferiores às ações preferenciais. A partir da identificação na literatura dos principais fatores que podem causar a diferença de preços entre ações de uma mesma empresa foram realizadas regressões de seção transversa para cada ano do período, assim como para o período como um todo, para testar a capacidade explicativa de modelos contendo variáveis explicativas derivadas da liquidez, da estrutura de capital e da composição acionária de cada empresa, bem como os dividendos pagos a cada classe de ação. Para o período como um todo podemos concluir que os modelos explicam parcialmente as diferenças de preços. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os modelos apresentam resultados satisfatórios a partir de 1996, sendo que a capacidade explicativa e a confiabilidade são maiores a partir de 1998. As variáveis representando a liquidez e o percentual de ações preferenciais com os controladores,bem como os impactos da mudanças na lei das SAs foram as que mostraram melhor significância estatística no período como um todo. Os coeficientes lineares obtidos nas regressões para as variáveis de liquidez foram positivos, conforme era esperado, representando a correlação destas medidas com as diferenças de preços entre ações ordinárias e preferenciais. Os possíveis impactos de novas alterações na lei das SAs na relação de preços entre ações ordinárias e preferenciais e no mercado como um todo podem representar interessante objeto de pesquisa para novos estudos.
This study evaluates the price differences between voting and non-voting shares of a representative set of Brazilian companies traded on the São Paulo Stock Exchange from 1995 to 1999, assessing also the impacts of the amendments in the Brazilian Corporate Law that take place in 1997. The tests showed that, due to these changes, for most companies a downtrend occurred in the price differences, and, as time passed, the voting share was usually trading at a discount to the non-voting share. After identifying in the literature some key variables that influence these prices differences, we used some cross-section regressions for each year of the period to test the model with explicatory variables related to the liquidity, capital structure and shareholder composition of each company, as well as dividends paid to each class of share. The models tested were statistically significants for the whole period, explaining partially these price differences. The results of the regressions for each annual period showed that, after 1996, the models presented satisfactory results, with better results and degrees of confidence after 1998. The liquidity variables and the variable that represents the controller`s ownership of non-voting shares were the ones that showed the better degree of confidence during the period. The linear coefficients of the liquidity variables were positive, as expected, representing the correlation between these measures and the price differences between voting and non-voting shares. New changes in the corporate law are being studied and may affect the price differences between voting and non-voting shares and the valuation of all the stock market, representing an interesting subject to future studies.
Este estudio evalúa el comportamiento de las diferencias de precios entre acciones ordinarias y preferenciales de un conjunto representativo de empresas con acciones negociadas en BOVESPA en el período comprendido entre los años 1995- 1999. Se evalúa también el impacto de los cambios en la ley de las SAs, ocurridos en 1997. Las pruebas realizadas indicaron que, en el transcurso del período mencionado, dichos cambios influyeron en las diferencias de precios entre acciones ordinarias y preferenciales para la mayor parte de las empresas, y las acciones ordinarias pasaron a ser negociadas, en general, a precios de mercado inferiores a las acciones preferenciales. Se llevó a cabo un estudio bibliográfico para identificar los principales factores que pueden causar diferencias en el precio de las acciones de una misma empresa. Con estos factores se realizó una regresión transversa para cada año del período 1995-1999 y también considerando el período completo. Estas regresiones tienen como objetivo, probar la capacidad explicativa de los modelos que contienen variables explicativas derivadas de la líquidez, de la extructura de capital y de la composición de las acciones de cada empresa, así como los dividendos y pagos a cada clase de acción. Considerando el período completo, podemos concluir que los modelos explican parcialmente las diferencias de precios. Los resultados muestran que los modelos presentan resultados satisfactorios a partir de 1996, siendo que la capacidad explicativa y la confiabilidad son mayores a partir de 1998. Al considerar el período completo, las variables que se mostraron estadísticamente significativas fueron: las variables que representan la líquidez, el porcentaje de acciones preferenciales con los controladores y el impacto de los cambios en la ley de las SAs. Los coeficientes lineales obtenidos em las regresiones para las variables de líquidez fueron positivos, tal y como se esperaba, representando la correlación de estas medidas con la diferencia de precio entre acciones ordinarias y preferenciales. El posible impacto de nuevas alteraciones en la ley Sas en relación a los precios entre acciones ordinarias y preferenciales y en el mercado como un todo pueden representar un interesante objeto de investigación para nuevos estudios.
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Fahrenberger, Theresa C. "Minority voting /." Zürich : ETH, 2008. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=18193.
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Hepburn, Christina G. "Voting and abstaining from voting in union representation elections." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/nq22464.pdf.
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Shen, Emily (Emily Huei-Yi). "Pattern matching encryption, strategic equivalence of range voting and approval voting, and statistical robustness of voting rules." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/79224.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2013.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 119-123).
We present new results in the areas of cryptography and voting systems. 1. Pattern matching encryption: We present new, general definitions for queryable encryption schemes - encryption schemes that allow evaluation of private queries on encrypted data without performing full decryption. We construct an efficient queryable encryption scheme supporting pattern matching queries, based on suffix trees. Storage and communication complexity are comparable to those for (unencrypted) suffix trees. The construction is based only on symmetric-key primitives, so it is practical. 2. Strategic equivalence of range voting and approval voting: We study strategic voting in the context of range voting in a formal model. We show that under general conditions, as the number of voters becomes large, strategic range-voting becomes equivalent to approval voting. We propose beta distributions as a new and interesting way to model voter's subjective information about other votes. 3. Statistical robustness of voting rules: We introduce a new notion called "statistical robustness" for voting rules: a voting rule is statistically robust if, for any profile of votes, the most likely winner of a sample of the profile is the winner of the complete profile. We show that plurality is the only interesting voting rule that is statistically robust; approval voting (perhaps surprisingly) and other common voting rules are not statistically robust.
by Emily Shen.
Ph.D.
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Young, Jill. "Analyzing E-voting (Electronic Voting) Outcomes: A Case Study of E-Voting in the State of Missouri." NSUWorks, 2012. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/gscis_etd/344.
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The Help America Vote Act of 2002 (HAVA) was a response to the controversial presidential election of 2000. In accordance with HAVA requirements for federal elections, states were mandated to replace punch card voting systems and mechanical lever voting machines with more up-to-date systems that use current technology. As replacements, states selected optical scan (OS) and direct record electronic (DRE) voting systems.
Computer scientists questioned the security of OS and DRE voting systems, and politicians questioned their accuracy. Thus, the goals of this research were to analyze the accuracy of election outcomes generated by electronic voting (e-voting) systems and to document whether e-voting machines were trustworthy (i.e., accurately recorded the voters' intent) and secure (i.e., votes were not altered). To achieve these goals, the author developed an embedded case study and incorporated ethnographic and quantitative techniques. The author observed election officials in two Missouri jurisdictions perform pre-election, Election Day, and post-election tasks.
Specifically, the author observed election officials in Cape Girardeau County perform pre-election tasks, such as logic and accuracy (L&A) testing. In the state of Missouri, pre-election L&A testing involved loading the ballot and was considered finished when the e-voting system was ready for voters. The author identified pre-election adversarial strategies and then used a six-step risk analysis process to identify the most important risks. After following the steps, the author identified 11 e-voting components as high-level security risks.
Additionally, the author observed election officials in St. Louis County, Missouri conduct the 2010 midterm election and post-election activities, which included the manual tabulation of ballots. Election Day culminated with unofficial outcomes generated from the e-voting systems, while the post-election activities yielded official outcomes. To analyze the accuracy of e-voting systems, the author computed confidence intervals for the differences between unofficial and official 2010 midterm election outcomes from statewide races in St. Louis County. Based on these confidence intervals, the author concluded that the e-voting systems used in the state of Missouri were between 99.768% and 99.774% accurate.
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Chavez, Jason Nathaniel. "Inconvenient Voting: Native Americans and The Costs of Early Voting." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/98924.
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Proponents claim that the convenience of early voting increases voter turnout by reducing the time and effort to vote through expanded opportunities for participation beyond "traditional" in-person voting at polling places on election day. Yet, anecdotal evidence suggests that reforms intended to make the voting process easier do not have the same effect throughout the electorate. Instead, early voting is likely to exacerbate the lack of ability to meaningfully participate in the electoral process for those particularly vulnerable to the costs of voting. Fundamentally, early voting requires access to postal services to receive and return an early ballot by-mail, as well as the ability to travel to an early in-person voting site. The irregular mail delivery operations and long traveling distances common throughout Indian Country suggests that systems of early voting lack viability on reservation lands. This research asks how the costs of voting for Native Americans affects their participation in systems of early voting. To investigate this relationship, I elucidate the social, economic, cultural, political, and geographic factors that render political participation more difficult for Native Americans. By comparing voter turnout in the 2012 and 2016 presidential elections among reservation voters on the Navajo Nation to non-reservation voters in Apache, Navajo, and Coconino counties in Arizona, I find that reservation voters prefer to vote in-person on election day while non-reservation voters prefer to vote early. I also find that early voting turnout among reservation voters increased between 2012 and 2016, however, further analysis demonstrated that turnout was higher in reservation precincts with greater access to postal services. These findings illuminate our knowledge of the convenience of early voting and add to our specific understanding of the factors that affect Native American political participation.Master of Arts
Early voting has become a popular alternative to the civic tradition of voting in-person at polling places on election day. During the 2016 presidential election, millions of American voters cast their ballots early, either by-mail or at early voting sites. These expanded opportunities for participation allow voters to avoid the hassle of large crowds and restrictive hours at the polls. Proponents claim that by making the voting process easier, early voting also increases voter turnout, yet anecdotal evidence suggests that the convenience of early voting is not enjoyed equally by all voters. Instead, Native American voters are at a likely disadvantage with regard to early voting due to the irregular mail delivery operations and long traveling distances common on reservation lands. Of course, access to mail and transportation are required to vote by-mail and early in-person. This research asks how the costs of voting for Native Americans affects their participation in systems of early voting. To investigate this question, I examine the costs of voting and voter turnout for reservation voters on the Navajo Nation compared to non-reservation voters in Apache, Navajo, and Coconino counties in Arizona. I find that political participation manifests differently for both groups; reservation voters prefer to vote in-person on election day and non-reservation voters prefer to vote early. Although it was significantly higher among non-reservation voters, early voting turnout increased among reservation voters between the 2012 and 2016 presidential elections. However, further analysis demonstrated that turnout is affected by proximity to post offices or other postal service providers. These findings suggest that Native American political participation is made more difficult by social, economic, cultural, political, and geographic barriers and that reforms to make the voting process easier do not reduce these costs of voting.
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Lundmark, Elias, and Jan Niia. "Towards Realizing Digital Voting: Assessing Readiness of Blockchain Enabled Voting." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Digitala tjänster och system, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-81070.
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Voting and general elections serves as a cornerstone of modern democracies as it is through this process that the public makes their political positions heard and collectively elect leaders. While many parts of governments across the world are focusing heavily on digitization, voting is one area that remains offline and analog in many developed countries. Current voting systems continue to be scrutinized, most notably in the US after the 2016 presidential election where integrity of votes was put into question. This calls for innovation in the area of voting and blockchain has proven to be a disruptive technology in other areas to introduce transparency and integrity with an immutable and append-only ledger to store information. While the basic characteristics of blockchain may be desirable for a voting system, there has not yet been an implementation of Blockchain Enabled Voting (BEV). In this thesis, we assess current proposals of BEV in the context of the nine-degree Technology Readiness Level (TRL) scale to get an overview of how mature the technology is in its current state and what needs to be done to reach further maturity. We do this by consolidating necessary requirements to fulfill for a voting system, based on literature review along with guidelines from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). We follow this up with translating the TRL scale to suit BEV, as the scale was originally designed for technology used by NASA, and then we review design artifacts of BEV in light of this scale. This enables us to make an informed argument about the current state of the technology as well as what is needed to advance the technology for further maturity. Based on the review of current proposals, flight-readiness of BEV in its current state is still immature. Our analysis shows that there are two emerging design principles, complete decentralization, and partial decentralization, where the former is structured similarly to the cryptocurrencies Bitcoin and Ethereum, who considers all nodes as equals and only has governance through engineering. The partially decentralized approach on the other hand is built on permissioned blockchain with some centralized authority and considers the blockchain as a ballot box, or storage of votes. The results show that both design principles are far from flight-ready as they either do not meet the basic requirements of a voting system or make assumptions about the holistic voting systems, especially in areas of establishing voter eligibility, ease of use as well as scalability and robustness. Further research of both approaches is necessary to establish systems that are more defined and are ready for experimental testing.
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Ødegård, Rune Steinsmo. "Electronic voting systems." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Mathematical Sciences, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-9499.
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We present the cryptographic primitives needed in the construction of electronic voting systems based on homomorphic encryptions and on verifiable secret sharing. Then "The theory and implementation of an electronic voting system" by Ivan Damgård, Jens Groth and Gorm Salomonsen is presented as an example of electronic voting systems based on homomorphic encryptions, while "Multi-authority secret-ballot election with linear work" by Ronald Cramer, Matthew Franklin, Berry Schoenmakers and Moti Yung is presented as an example of electronic voting systems based on verifiable secret sharing. Moreover, the mathematical background for these systems are studied with particular emphasis on the security issues of the relevant sub-protocols. Comparing these two examples we find that the presented voting system based on verifiable secret sharing is more secure then the one based on homomorphic encryptions, both in regard to privacy and robustness. On the other hand, we find that the presented voting system based on homomorphic encryptions is more efficient then the one based on verifiable secret sharing.
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UDDHOLM, HJALMARSSON JOAKIM. "Voting Mix-Net." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för datavetenskap och kommunikation (CSC), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-134838.
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In this report I present a partial implementation of the mixnet protocol described by Khazaei, Moran and Wikström in "A Mix-Net From Any CCA2 Secure Cryptosystem" for use in electronic voting. The report goes into detail how the different components of the mix-net work and how the voting system works. The implementation is not complete, but is seen as a good start towards what could become a secure electronic voting system.
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Stewart, Charles. "Voting in Massachussetts." Massachussets Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/18138.
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Gohar, Neelam. "Manipulative voting dynamics." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.569791.
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In AI, multi-agent decision problems are of central importance, in which independent agents aggregate their heterogeneous preference orders among all alternatives and the result of this aggregation can be a single alternative, corresponding to the groups collective decision, or a complete aggregate ranking of all the alternatives. Voting is a general method for aggregating the preferences of multiple agents. An important technical issue that arises is manipulation of voting schemes: a voter may be to make the outcome most favorable to itself (with respect to his own preferences) by report- ing his preferences incorrectly. Unfortunately, the Gibbard-Satterthwaites theorem shows that no reasonable voting rule is completely immune to manipulation, recent literature focussed on making the voting schemes computationally hard to manipulate. In contrast to most prior work Meir et al. [40] have studied this phenomenon as a dynamic process in which voters may repeatedly alter their reported preferences until either no further manipulations are available, or else the system goes into a cycle. We develop this line of enquiry further, showing how potential functions are useful for showing convergence in a more general setting. We focus on dynamics of weighted plurality voting under sequences made up various types of manipulation by the voters. Cases where we have exponential bounds on the length of sequences, we identify conditions under which upper bounds can be improved. In convergence to Nash equilibrium for plurality voting rule, we use lexicographic tie-breaking rule that selects the winner according to a fixed priority ordering on the candidates. We study convergence to pure Nash equilibria in plurality voting games under unweighted setting too. We mainly concerned with polynomial bounds on the length of manipulation sequences, that depends on which types of manipulation are allowed. We also consider other positional scoring rules like Borda, Veto, k-approval voting and non positional scoring rules like Copeland and Bucklin voting system.
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Perry, Kristine. "Heuristic weighted voting /." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2007. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2120.pdf.
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Monteith, Kristine Perry. "Heuristic Weighted Voting." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2007. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/1206.
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Selecting an effective method for combining the votes of classifiers in an ensemble can have a significant impact on the overall classification accuracy an ensemble is able to achieve. With some methods, the ensemble cannot even achieve as high a classification accuracy as the most accurate individual classifying component. To address this issue, we present the strategy of Heuristic Weighted Voting, a technique that uses heuristics to determine the confidence that a classifier has in its predictions on an instance by instance basis. Using these heuristics to weight the votes in an ensemble results in an overall average increase in classification accuracy over when compared to the most accurate classifier in the ensemble. When considering performance over 18 data sets, Heuristic Weighted Voting compares favorably both in terms of average classification accuracy and algorithm-by-algorithm comparisons in accuracy when evaluated against three baseline ensemble creation strategies as well as the methods of stacking and arbitration.
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Rovensky, Jan. "Voting: a citizen's right, or duty? The case against compulsory voting." Doctoral thesis, Luiss Guido Carli, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11385/200771.
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Atkinson, Sue A. "Iowa statewide voting patterns 1891-1912 naturalization does not create voting citizens /." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2010. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3403885.
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Fennö-Sandberg, Joakim, and Juha Andersson. "Proxy voting : Framtidens bolagsstyrning?" Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Business Studies, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-88151.
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Syfte: Studien har två huvudsakliga syften. Det första är att beskriva hur proxy voting sker i Sverige och i hur pass stor omfattning proxy voting förekommer. Det andra är att analysera proxy voting utifrån den teoretiska bild som finns om bolagsstyrning och ägande.
Metod: Vi intervjuade nyckelpersoner i proxy voting-processen och genomförde en enkätundersökning med företag på large cap-listan.
Slutsatser: Svensk bolagsstyrning är i förändring, ägare som visar upp ett nytt beteende. Det ställs krav på bättre informationssystem hos företag för att hantera proxy voting. Delade meningar om proxy voting som metod.
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Giovanniello, Monica Anna. "Three essays on voting." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2016. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/81983/.
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This dissertation consists of three chapters, which aim at exploring respectively: i) how parties’ advertisements and voters’ strategic communication affect the political outcome; ii) whether and under which conditions a “market for votes” is preferable to the “one person, one vote” mechanism; and iii) whether subsidies to private donations may be used as strategical device by policy makers to secure re-election. The first chapter analyses how voters’ interactions affect the parties’ advertisement strategies and shape the political outcome of the election. We develop a two level game that embeds: (i) a model of political competition, where parties compete in campaign advertising, (ii) a model of personal influence, where voters can strategically communicate with each other in order to affect the policy outcome. We show that, first, homophily rises endogenously and individuals value only the information received from like-minded voters, regardless of the distance between the voters’ biases. Second, when the richness of the network or the degree of homophily within the network, or both, are low, then parties are likely to tailor their advertising to voters ideological biased toward their opponent - rather than targeting the closer ideological group of voters. The second chapter of this dissertation is joint work with Herakles Polemarchakis. In this chapter, we construct a simple centralized model of spatial voting where voters can sell/buy political influence by trading their votes for a consumption good. We model the voting game as a representative election game in order to concavify total voters’ payoff. By mimicking a majority rule in the election game we are able to focus on the effect of the distributional and ideological conflicts in the society and how these conflicts affect, in turn, the total welfare under two voting allocation mechanisms: the market and the “one person one vote” principle. We show that a market for votes is desirable with respect the “one-person one vote” principle if the degree of conflict in both income and political preferences is extreme, otherwise the simple “one-person one vote” performs better than the market mechanism, as it maximizes the sum of utilities of voters. The third chapter of the thesis is joint work with Carlo Perroni, Kimberly Scharf and Al Slivinski. In this chapter we study how tax relief on private donations towards the private provision of collective goods can protect minorities from majority-driven outcomes where high taxes are exclusively used to finance publicly provided goods that these minorities do not value. We show that an elected policymaker can use the same instruments as a strategic commitment device aimed at creating and supporting political alliances that would not otherwise be able to coalesce, thus securing majority support for re-election.
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Mendes, Tiago. "Essays on strategic voting." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:195567c9-836b-4c76-8653-669ecac71c95.
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In this thesis we extend the study of strategic voting to two frameworks that are novel to the literature. First, by analysing a four-party competition with purely instrumentally motivated voters (Part I); second, by focusing on a three-party competition where voters have instrumental and expressive motivations (Part II). We aim to explore an existing gap in the literature and, in particular, to investigate the possibility of a voting equilibrium with partial strategic voting and its stability. The three sub-models studied in Part I (including essay 1) and the model in Part II (including essays 2, 3 and 4) focus on the case of large electorates and include public uncertainty. This distinguishes them from Cox (1997), where no real uncertainty exists as the electorate gets large, and Myatt (2006), which includes both public and private information. Essays 2 and 3 present and explore the theoretical framework and implications for the model chosen for Part II and essay 4 applies it to the 1997 UK General Election. From essay 1 we obtain the result that in a single-ballot simple-plurality election there is a tendency towards the Duvergerian equilibrium in a four-party model. Also, an equilibrium with partial strategic voting is never stable. From essays 2 and 3 three main results arise: a Duvergerian equilibrium is never possible; a stable equilibrium always exists; and more information leads to less strategic voting – contrary to Myatt (2006). Both the impossibility of any Duvergerian equilibrium and the possibility of a stable interior equilibrium in multiple cases are central to our theory of voting that includes an expressiveness component. The simulations in essay 4 suggest that a very low level of expressiveness is needed to obtain a level of strategic voting compatible with the findings in Fisher (2004). The theory predicts the impossibility of some constituency results that are in fact frequently observed in British elections. Cox (1997), Making Votes Count. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Fisher (2004), ), Definition and Measurement of Tactical Voting: the Role of Rational Choice, British Journal of Political Science, 34(1), 152-66. Myatt (2006), On the Theory of Strategic Voting, Review of Economics Studies, Blackwell Publishing vol. 74(1), pages 255-281.
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Das, Sreejith. "Class conditional voting probabilities." Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.497794.
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Rivera, Aburto Nicolas Andres. "Voting models on graphs." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2018. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/voting-models-on-graphs(fb68707a-0173-415a-b62a-2e64714e8376).html.
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This thesis deals with voting processes. A Voting process models the exchange of opinions in a population of agents, commonly represented by vertices of a graph. Usually, an opinion represents the current state of the agent, and by interacting with neighbouring agents, such an opinion may change over time. Depending on the context, the set of valid opinions can be, for instance, {0, 1},{+, −}, {agree, disagree}, and {healthy, infected} among others. The main research questions about a voting process are: i) Does the system reach consensus?, that is, if the system reaches a stable configuration where all vertices share the same opinion. ii) Subject to reaching consensus, what is the final opinion of the system? iii) How long does it take to reach consensus? Throughout this thesis, we study three stochastic models of voting. Firstly, we introduce and study the Linear Voting model. The main motivation to introduce this model is to make a step toward unifying certain models of voting on graphs in a common framework. In this regard, our model is proven to be flexible enough to cover several other models as particular instances without compromising tractability. As a particular case, our model subsumes well-known models as the voter model (pull voting) and push voting. Moreover, due to its tractability, we are able to extend several of the well-known techniques used to study pull voting, to properties of this much richer model. Among the studied properties, we include consensus time, winning probabilities, and the construction of a dual process. Secondly, we analyse the Coalescing and Branching random walks (COBRA) pro- cess, which is a model of rumour spreading on a connected graph. Here, we establish a duality relation between the COBRA process and an infection process called BIPS. The BIPS process can be seen as a voting model with bias toward a fix opinion. The advantage of our approach, is that the BIPS process is much more tractable than the original COBRA process. By using this dual process, we obtain several results concerting the cover time of the Cobra process, which corresponds to the first time such that all vertices are informed. Finally, we study three versions of discordant voting processes on graphs. In discordant voting, only vertices with different opinions are allowed to interact. In first place, we study discordant voting processes on several classes of graphs, showing that the expected consensus time can be polynomial in the number of vertices of the graph, or exponential, depending on the graph topology. Later, we define a general discordant process, parametrised in β ∈ [0, 1], and study it on the complete graph. We compute the expected consensus time for all values of β, showing that several phase transitions occur as β moves from 0 to 1. Indeed, the expected consensus time is Θ(n log n) when β = 0, Θ(n2) when β = 1/2, and Θ(2n) when β = 1.
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Grewal, Gurchetan S. "Voting on the internet." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2015. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6414/.
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We address some of the challenges in achieving internet voting for real world elections. One challenge is that home-based computers are likely to be infected by malware, threatening both the integrity and privacy of the vote. Another concern is the possibility that a voter may be coerced to vote in a particular way, for example by a family member or organised crime ring. Moreover, any voting system intended to be used on a large scale should not require complex operations by voters whose purpose is hard to understand. We introduce a series of novel proposals for internet voting, presented across three parts. First we examine how the problem of malware-infected computers in internet voting could be solved. We propose to use a dedicated hardware token (which is not required to be trustworthy) that helps remove the need to trust the voting computer and the server. Second we examine how the outcome verification methods provided by internet voting can be made more intuitive. We show how using trial votes help voters achieve more intuitive verifiability. Third we examine how the tension between verifiability and incoercibility can be reconciled while maintaining the usability of the voting systems. We propose a new property which we call “coercion-evidence” that helps improve usability, reduce trust assumptions, while maintaining the security of the system.
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Dimitriadou, Evgenia, Andreas Weingessel, and Kurt Hornik. "Fuzzy voting in clustering." SFB Adaptive Information Systems and Modelling in Economics and Management Science, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 1999. http://epub.wu.ac.at/742/1/document.pdf.
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In this paper we present a fuzzy voting scheme for cluster algorithms. This fuzzy voting method allows us to combine several runs of cluster algorithms resulting in a common fuzzy partition. This helps us to overcome instabilities of the cluster algorithms and results in a better clustering.Series: Report Series SFB "Adaptive Information Systems and Modelling in Economics and Management Science"
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seri, Pavan reddy. "Blockchain Based E-voting." OpenSIUC, 2021. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2861.
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There have been many approaches where Blockchain was used to implement an E- voting scenario. Some used smart contracts, some used different Consensus algorithms like Proof of work, proof of stake, etc. Every implementation had some problems and some of them are the throughput of transactions, the feasibility, the cost of transactions, consensus mechanisms and so on. Consensus mechanisms play an important role in performance of a blockchain system and thus we outline the use of Proof of Authority -Authority Round implementation for a private blockchain based E-voting system and try to figure out what the system can yield in terms of performance.
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Blevins, Laura Lynn Lee. "Collectively Voting One's Culture." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/92700.
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This thesis considers theoretically the institutional nature of culture and its strength as a determinant of political behavior in Southwest Virginia. Beginning with a description of the geography of Southwest Virginia and the demographics of the region's inhabitants, the thesis proceeds to outline the cultural nuances of the region that make it ripe for misunderstanding by the outside world when attempting to explain the cognitive dissonance between voting behavior and regional needs. Then the thesis explores how the culture of the region serves as its own institution that protects itself from outside forces. This phenomenon is explained through an outline of the man-made institutions which have been forged to ensure long-term political power that itself protects the institution of regional culture. Further evidence is presented through voting and demographic data that solidifies the role of culture in determining political behavior.MA
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Callander, Steven Banks Jeffrey S. Banks Jeffrey S. McKelvey Richard. "Voting and electoral competition /." Diss., Pasadena, Calif. : California Institute of Technology, 2002. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-01252008-133155.
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Hansen, Andrew Emmert. "Nonpartisan prompting and the measurement of party identification in cross-national research /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1418027.
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Lui, Kwok-man Richard. "Construction and testing of causal models in voting behaviour with reference to Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17311524.
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McClendon, Jerome Gilbert Juan E. "A new approach to voting an accessible voter verifiable paper ballot /." Auburn, Ala, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1813.
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Storer, Timothy W. "Practical pollsterless remote electronic voting." Thesis, St Andrews, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/223.
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Lockhart, Mackenzie. "Voting fast and voting slow : a dynamic dual processes account of voter decision-making." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/62827.
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This thesis builds on previous work in dual process theory. Dual process theory argues that decisions are made based on two systems: one that is fast and one that is automatic. Based on evidence from psychological research, I argue that contextual cues such as the way voting is framed and the information available to voters should affect the way these two systems are used. When voters have more developed affective feelings or are manipulated to feel as if vote choice is an affective decision, they should be less likely to engage in cognitive reasoning.
Using experimental and observational data from an experimental dataset, I demonstrate that the nature of online tallies (as proposed by Lodge, Stroh, and McGraw 1989) has a strong effect on how rational strategies are employed and that the framing of a decision as affective causes voters to make their vote choice more quickly.
This work contributes two main pieces to the literature. First, using a novel design to demonstrate the two processes acting concurrently adds weight to the generalizability of dual process theory as previous research has been criticized for it’s lack of realism. Second, it demonstrates that the dual processes are dynamic and their role in vote choice depends on contextual clues.Arts, Faculty of
Political Science, Department of
Graduate
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Kesselman, Andor. "Open Source and Electronic Voting: A New Strategy Toward Technical Procurement for Voting Systems." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/919.
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Direct Recording Electronic Voting Systems (DRE) are some of the most popular forms of electronic voting and yet they are riddled with problems. Current voting systems are poorly designed and migration to newer software can be costly. Inadequate software solutions in voting systems have led to security flaws, bad tabulation, and partisan software design. As government proceeds into an increasingly sophisticated era of voting technology, it needs to consider a better platform. This thesis explores the government procurement strategy associated with modern Direct Recording Electronic Voting Systems. The thesis argues that governments should adopt an open source solution (OSS) for future IT acquisition of voting systems. Adopting an open source solution not only provides practical advantages such as better software design, cheaper implementation, and avoidance of vendor lock-in, but also proposes that OSS provides a strong foundation for future IT policy. Open source’s strength in transparency provides a key factor in voting system design. The thesis recommends that governments adopt a four part strategy for future OSS adoption with voting system.
1) Approve an independent, pro-OSS certification organization that works closely with the U.S Election Assistance Commission, National Institute of Standards and Technology, and other system organizations to create the optimal voting systems guidelines.
2) Update FAR requirements to greater accommodate open source procurement policy.
3) Assist local and state jurisdictions to acquire OSS for DRE machines.
4) Promote open source business strategy by hiring vendors for system integration and analysis
This thesis contends that these four policies will improve the electronic voting experience and allow for better future innovation and adoption IT strategies.
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Karlsson, Saga. "Populist Voting in Europe : A Cross-National Study on Economic Factors on Populist Voting." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-411568.
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This study looks at the effects of different elements of economic well-being on populist voting in nine European countries, primarily comparing the effect of past and current economic well-being to the effect of economic well-being regarding the future. With an hypothesis that economic well-being regarding the future will have a larger effect on populist voting than past and current economic well-being, the results are inconclusive and suggest the opposite, although statistically significant effects can be found for both having an influence on populist voting; primarily regarding household income, individual economic fairness, wealth distribution fairness and actively improving knowledge/skills for work.
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Fraser, Jeannette L. "The effects of voting systems on voter participation : punch card voting systems in Ohio /." The Ohio State University, 1985. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487260135358552.
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CAMATARRI, STEFANO. "VOTING AGAINST? TOWARD A COMPREHENSIVE FRAMEWORK FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF PROTEST VOTING IN EUROPE." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/498518.
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Spesso l’esistenza di un cosiddetto ‘voto di protesta’ viene inferita dal verificarsi di particolari dinamiche a livello aggregato, quali inattesi mutamenti elettorali e/o shock nella morfologia dei sistemi dei partiti. Questo è avvenuto ad esempio all’alba del Ventunesimo secolo, quando un crescente successo di partiti di estrema destra in Europa è stato diffusamente interpretato come il segnale di una crescente alienazione politica e disagio all’interno di particolari settori della società. Sempre a livello europeo, un ulteriore caso è anche la recente affermazione elettorale di partiti nuovi e/o euroscettici, da alcuni interpretata come il segno di una reazione dei cittadini alla inefficienza dei loro sistemi politici e delle istituzioni sovra-nazionali nel reagire alle sfide della crisi economica. Eppure il fatto che uno di questi partiti veda accrescere il proprio consenso può non essere necessariamente dovuto a una sottostante motivazione di protesta da parte dei suoi elettori. Questi ultimi, infatti, potrebbero anche decidere di sostenerlo anche perché in accordo con le sue posizioni di policy o per via di un sentimento di vicinanza (ideologica e/o psicologica) nei suoi confronti. Tali situazioni sarebbero in ogni caso ben lontane da ciò che in letteratura viene normalmente definito come voto di protesta, ovvero una decisione elettorale realizzata sulla base di un mero intento punitivo nei confronti dell’élite di un paese o del suo sistema politico. Diversi studiosi si sono già occupati di questa presunta modalità di voto in passato. Ciò nonostante, un’analisi onnicomprensiva e a livello paneuropeo della questione non è ancora stata prodotta fino ad oggi. Tale è la direzione in cui intende porsi il presente elaborato. Quest’ultimo mira infatti ad indagare il ruolo che presunte motivazioni di protesta avrebbero tanto nello strutturare i processi di scelta individuali quanto nell’influenzare i risultati complessivi di una competizione elettorale.
Il primo aspetto, in particolare, viene qui analizzato attraverso una serie di regressioni multi-livello su dati dell’European Election Study del 2014 (EES), rielaborati in formato stacked. Il secondo, invece, pur rimanendo nell’alveo dell’analisi multivariata, si basa sull’elaborazione di una serie di scenari controfattuali, nell’ambito dei quali le preferenze degli elettori per ciascun partito (PTVs) vengono stimate e poi aggregate entro diversi scenari ipotetici, definiti da diversi livelli di importanza assunti da considerazioni di protesta nel motivare il voto.Often the effectiveness of an electoral protest is inferred by specific dynamics at the macro level, such as the occurrence electoral earthquakes and/or shocks in the morphology of the existing party systems. This was true, for example, in the first 2000s, when a substantive growth of radical right parties in Europe was interpreted by some as the expression of increasing political alienation and unease within specific sectors of society. The same applies to the recent rise of new and/or eurosceptic parties, described by some as the outcome of citizens’ reaction to the bad performances of their political systems and élites under the economic crisis. Yet sudden increases in the electoral outcomes of these parties are not necessarily related to an underlying intention to protest. Indeed, one could well contribute to their success because (s)he likes their policy platform or because feels ideologically and/or psychologically closed to them. However, this would scarcely fit to protest voting as it is usually intended in the literature, i.e. casting a vote with the main aim to frighten or punish the whole political system and/or an èlite. Several scholars have tried to deal with this topic in the past. Nevertheless, their analyses have been mainly aimed at assessing whether voting for a specific party - or type of party - was characterized by a protest motivation or not. Thus, a comprehensive and cross-country analysis of the role of protest motivations in electoral processes still lacks in empirical research. This is exactly what the present contribution is intended to deal with. Its aim, in fact, is to realize a EU-wide assessment of how protest considerations affect both the structure of individual choice, i.e. the individual calculus of voting, and the overall outcomes of an election. The first element, in particular, is analyzed by a series of multi-level regressions on data from the 2014 European Election Voter Study (EES) reshaped in the so-called stacked form. The second, on the other hand, is assessed on the base of several counterfactual models, in which voters’ expected preferences (PTVs) for each party are estimated under various scenarios in which everything is the same except for the relevance of protest motivations in individual decision-making.
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Brockington, David Patrick. "The determinants and ramifications of low information voting /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10707.
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Guasch, Castelló Sandra. "Individual verifiability in electronic voting." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/387119.
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This PhD Thesis is the fruit of the job of the author as a researcher at Scytl Secure Electronic Voting, as well as the collaboration with Paz Morillo, from the Department of Applied Mathematics at UPC and Alex Escala, PhD student.
In her job at Scytl, the author has participated in several electronic voting projects for national-level binding elections in different countries. The participation of the author covered from the protocol design phase, to the implementation phase by providing support to the development teams.
The thesis focuses on studying the mechanisms that can be provided to the voters, in order to examine and verify the processes executed in a remote electronic voting system. This work has been done as part of the tasks of the author at the electronic voting company Scytl. Although this thesis does not talk about system implementations, which are interesting by themselves, it is indeed focused on protocols which have had, or may have, an application in the real world. Therefore, it may surprise the reader by not using state of the art cryptography such as pairings or lattices, which still, although providing very interesting properties, cannot be efficiently implemented and used in a real system. Otherwise, the protocols presented in this thesis use standard and well-known cryptographic primitives, while providing new functionalities that can be applied in nowadays electronic voting systems.
The thesis has the following contents: A survey on electronic voting systems which provide voter verification functionalities. Among these systems we can find the one used in the Municipal and Parliamentary Norwegian elections of 2011 and 2013, and the system used in the Australian State of New South Wales for the General State Elections in 2015, in which the author has had an active participation in the design of their electronic voting protocols. A syntax which can be used for modeling electronic voting systems providing voter verifiability. This syntax is focused on systems characterized by the voter confirming the casting of her vote, after verifying some evidences provided by the protocol. Along with this syntax, definitions for the security properties required for such schemes are provided. A description of the electronic voting protocol and system which has been used in 2014 and 2015 elections in the Swiss Canton of Neuchâtel, which has individual verification functionalities, is also provided in this thesis, together with a formal analysis of the security properties of the scheme and further extensions of the protocol. Finally, two new protocols which provide new functionalities respect to those from the state of the art are proposed: A new protocol providing individual verifiability which allows voters to defend against coertion by generating fake proofs, and a protocol which makes a twist to individual verifiability by ensuring that all the processes executed by the voting device and the remote server are correct, without requiring an active verification from the voter. A formal analysis of the security properties of both protocols is provided, together with examples of implementation in real systems.Aquesta tesi és fruit de la feina de l'autora com a personal de recerca a la empresa Scytl Secure Electtronic Voting, així com de la col·laboració amb la Paz Morillo, del departament de matemàtica aplicada a la UPC, i el Alex Escala, estudiant de doctorat. A la feina a Scytl, l'autora ha participat a varis projectes de vot electrònic per a eleccions vinculants a nivell nacional, que s'han efectuat a varis països. La participació de la autora ha cobert tant la fase de disseny del protocol, com la fase de implementació, on ha proveït suport als equips de desenvolupament. La tesi estudia els mecanismes que es poden proporcionar als votants per a poder examinar i verificar els processos que s'executen en sistemes de vot electrònic. Tot i que la tesi no parla de la implementació dels sistemes de vot electrònic, sí que s'enfoca en protocols que han tingut, o poden tenir, una aplicació pràctica actualment. La tesi té els continguts següents: Un estudi en sistemes de vot electrònic que proporcionen funcionalitats per a que els votants verifiquin els processos. Entre aquests sistemes, trobem el que es va utilitzar a les eleccions municipals i parlamentàries a Noruega als anys 2011 i 2013, així com el sistema utilitzat a l'estat Australià de New South Wales, per a les eleccions generals de 2015, sistemes en els que l'autora ha participat directament en el diseny dels seus protocols criptogràfics. La tesi també conté una sintaxi que es pot utilizar per modelar sistemes de vot electrònic que proporcionen verificabilitat individual (on verifica el votant). Aquesta sintaxi s'enfoca en sistemes caracteritzats pel fet de que el votant confirma la emissió del seu vot un cop ha verificat unes evidències sobre ell, proporcionades pel protocol. A més de la sintaxi, es proporcionen definicions de les propietats de seguretat d'aquestts sistemes. La tesi també conté una descripció del sistema i protocol de vot electrònic que s'utilitza al cantó Suís de Neuchâtel a partir del 2014, el qual té funcionalitats per a que els votants verifiquin certs processos del sistema. La tesi a més conté un anàlisi de la seguretat de l'esquema, així com possibles extensions del protocol. Finalment, la tesi inclou dos protocols nous que proporcionen noves característiques i funcionalitats respecte als existents a l'estat de l'art de la tècnica. El primer permet a un votant defendre's de un coaccionador generant proves falses, i el segon fa un canvi de paradigma de la verificabilitat individual, de forma que el votant no ha de verificar certs processos per a saber que s'han efectuant correctament. La tesi inclou un anàlisi formal de les propietats de seguretat dels dos protocols, així com exemples de com podrien ser implementats en un escenari real.
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Lindsey, David 1969. "Conscience voting In New Zealand." Thesis, University of Auckland, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/6835.
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In New Zealand, political colleagues agreeing to disagree during legislative voting is called conscience voting. It is applied to some of the most contentious issues to come before parliament, and the legislation that results often has far-reaching implications on all citizens. This combination of contention and disagreement within a party has, over time, resulted in a parliamentary voting procedure with identifiable causes, patterns and protocols. Although conscience voting is rooted in the Westminster style of parliament and also exists in other countries, New Zealand has developed its own style that reflects the uniqueness of its culture and the hybrid nature of its political system. This thesis unpacks the concept of conscience voting by investigating its role in New Zealand's parliamentary democracy: how and why it developed, the reasons it is used, the procedural framework within which it exists in New Zealand, and the specific issues faced by both parties and politicians when confronted with conscience matters. In a departure from most previous studies on this subject that have analysed the patterns of conscience votes themselves, this thesis is an exploration of conscience voting as a parliamentary concept. In particular, it does not view conscience voting as a series of unrelated events but as the result of a mechanism that has become institutionalised - formally and informally - after long practice. Conscience voting became increasingly common after World War Two, and the expectations of MPs that intra-party dissent would be handled with a conscience vote grew along with it. Despite constituting just 5% of all bills, by the 1980s the expectations surrounding the practice had grown sufficiently powerful that, as a concept, conscience voting had taken on a life of its own. Parties no longer solely determined whether a conscience vote would be held. Remarkably, the conventions and protocols that govern conscience voting are largely unwritten, with their understanding being passed from one set of parliamentarians to the next through a process of enculturation. Untangling this process and its implications is the purpose of this thesis.
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Lund, Anders Smedstuen. "Refining the Internet Voting Protocol." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for matematiske fag, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-13177.
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We make two improvements to the Internet voting protocol written by Gjøsteen. The first improvement improves the performance of the protocol, by changing the encryption of the votes. The second improvement improves the security of the protocol, by removing a private key used in the original protocol. The second improvement is done to the protocol after the first improvement has been implemented, so we end up with a protocol where both improvements are implemented.
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Rinkevics, Kaspars. "An Analysis of Cumulative Voting." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för datavetenskap och kommunikation, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-3337.
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Context. Prioritization is essential part of requirements engineering, software release planning and many other software engineering disciplines. Cumulative Voting (CV) is known as relatively simple method for prioritizing requirements on a ratio scale. Historically, CV has been applied in decision making in government elections, corporate governance, and forestry. CV prioritization results are special type of data - compositional data. Any analysis of CV results must take into account the compositional nature of the CV results. Objectives. The purpose of this study is to aid decision making by collecting knowledge on the empirical use of CV and developing a method for detecting prioritization items with equal priority. Methods. We present a systematic literature review of CV and CV result analysis methods. The review is based on search in electronic databases and snowball sampling of the primary studies. Relevant studies are selected based on titles, abstracts, and full text inspection. Additionally, we propose Equality of Cumulative Votes (ECV) { a CV result analysis method that identifies prioritization items with equal priority. Results. CV has been used in not only in requirements prioritization and release planning but also in software process improvement, change impact analysis, model drive software development, etc. The review has resulted in a collection of state of the practice studies and CV result analysis methods. CV results can be analysed to detect stakeholder satisfaction and disagreement, see how the priorities differ among prioritization perspectives and stakeholder groups. ECV has been applied to 27 prioritization cases from 14 studies and has identified nine groups of equal items in three studies. Conclusions. We believe that collected studies and CV result analysis methods can help the adoption of CV prioritization method. The evaluation of ECV indicates that it is able to detect prioritization items with equal priority.
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Seib, Jerod Drew. "Unclear ideology heuristics and voting /." Available to subscribers only, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1240706151&sid=4&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Staal, Klaas. "Voting, public goods and violence." [Amsterdam : Rotterdam : Thela Thesis] ; Erasmus University [Host], 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1765/6775.
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Hickey, Michelle Charmaine. "Aboriginal voting rights in Australia /." Title page, table of contents and introduction only, 2004. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09arh6282.pdf.
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Hortala-Vallve, Rafael. "Strategic agents in voting games." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2005. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1775/.
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The first part of this Thesis asks whether we can devise voting rules that allow strategic voters to express the intensity of their preferences. As opposed to the classical voting system (one person - one decision - one vote), we first propose a new voting system where agents are endowed with a fixed number of votes that can be distributed freely between a predetermined number of issues that have to be approved or dismissed. Its novelty, and appeal, relies on allowing voters to express the intensity of their preferences in a simple manner. This voting system is optimal in a well-defined sense: in a setting with two voters, two issues and uniform independent priors, Qualitative Voting Pareto dominates Majority Rule and, moreover, achieves the only ex-ante (incentive compatible) optimal allocation. The result also holds true with three voters as long as the valuations towards the issues differ sufficiently. Experimental evidence is provided supporting equilibrium predictions and showing that Qualitative Voting is better able to replicate the efficient outcome than Majority Rule. More generally in a setting with an arbitrary number of voters and issues, we show: (1) that a mechanism is implementable only if it does not undertake interpersonal comparisons of utility; (2) the impossibility of implementing strategy-proof mechanisms that are sensitive to the voters' intensities of preferences and satisfy the unanimity property. The second part of the Thesis studies the interaction between politicians' strategic behaveiour and voters' turnout decision: politicians diverge to motivate citizens to vote and they adapt their policies to the most sensitive voters -thus less sensitive voters abstain on the grounds of perceiving politicians being too similar. Moreover, citizens in central/moderate positions abstain. We find support for our predictions using NES data: (1) a perceived low difference between the Democratic and Republican parties tends to decrease a citizen's probability to vote and (2) moderate citizens vote less.
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LoÌpez, Varas Miguel Angel. "Chilean voting patterns, 1964-2000." Thesis, University of Essex, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.397369.
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Adida, Benjamin (Benjamin Michael) 1977. "Advances in cryptographic voting systems." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/38302.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2006.Includes bibliographical references (p. 241-254).
Democracy depends on the proper administration of popular elections. Voters should receive assurance that their intent was correctly captured and that all eligible votes were correctly tallied. The election system as a whole should ensure that voter coercion is unlikely, even when voters are willing to be influenced. These conflicting requirements present a significant challenge: how can voters receive enough assurance to trust the election result, but not so much that they can prove to a potential coercer how they voted? This dissertation explores cryptographic techniques for implementing verifiable, secret-ballot elections. We present the power of cryptographic voting, in particular its ability to successfully achieve both verifiability and ballot secrecy, a combination that cannot be achieved by other means. We review a large portion of the literature on cryptographic voting. We propose three novel technical ideas: 1. a simple and inexpensive paper-base cryptographic voting system with some interesting advantages over existing techniques, 2. a theoretical model of incoercibility for human voters with their inherent limited computational ability, and a new ballot casting system that fits the new definition, and 3. a new theoretical construct for shuffling encrypted votes in full view of public observers.
by Ben Adida.
Ph.D.
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Brandsma, Nils, and Olle Krönby. "Economic Inequality and Voting Participation." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Nationalekonomi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-32054.
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The following paper assesses a statistical relationship between Economic Inequality and Voting Participation among a sizable amount of nations across the world representing all continents. With an deductive approach, three theoretical standpoints of interest are presented: one that describes a negative, another inconclusive, and one with a positive relationship between the variables of interest. Through panel data analysis the study finds support in favour of a negative relationship in that as economic inequality rises, voting participation in parliamentary elections decreases.
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Dimitriadou, Evgenia, Andreas Weingessel, and Kurt Hornik. "A voting-merging clustering algorithm." SFB Adaptive Information Systems and Modelling in Economics and Management Science, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 1999. http://epub.wu.ac.at/94/1/document.pdf.
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In this paper we propose an unsupervised voting-merging scheme that is capable of clustering data sets, and also of finding the number of clusters existing in them. The voting part of the algorithm allows us to combine several runs of clustering algorithms resulting in a common partition. This helps us to overcome instabilities of the clustering algorithms and to improve the ability to find structures in a data set. Moreover, we develop a strategy to understand, analyze and interpret these results. In the second part of the scheme, a merging procedure starts on the clusters resulting by voting, in order to find the number of clusters in the data set.Series: Working Papers SFB "Adaptive Information Systems and Modelling in Economics and Management Science"
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Cornejo, Ramírez Mario Sergei. "An elastic electronic voting system." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2015. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/136271.
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Magíster en Ciencias, Mención ComputaciónEn los últimos años, organizaciones y movimientos sociales han aparecido demandando más participación en políticas públicas. En éstas organizaciones, los miembros demandan ser parte del proceso de toma de decisiones el cual generalmente se realiza mediante iniciativas de voto directo entre los miembros. Además utilizan Internet intensamente como la plataforma principal de comunicación y tienden a confundir sistemas de encuestas con herramientas de votación electrónica. Por otra parte, no es claro que software se debe utilizar, y la debilidad de la mayoría de éstos que tienen con respecto a la robustez (capacidad de computar bien el resultado) más que con la privacidad del voto, además de la facilidad de uso. Como una forma de mejorar la participación, nosotros proponemos un sistema de votación electrónica para ese segmento, que incluye organizaciones sociales, federaciones de estudiantes, colegios, sindicatos, sociedades profesionales, etc. El problema de votación electrónica ha sido ampliamente estudiado por criptógrafos, y hoy en día, existen varios protocolos para resolver problemas específicos a votación electrónica. Nosotros proponemos una solución que toma en consideración esas soluciones existentes combinadas con protocolos de sistemas distribuidos para introducir un sistema de votación electrónica remota elástica. El sistema utiliza la tecnología elastic computing de Amazon que permite escalar en términos de capacidad de computación y alta disponibilidad junto al anonimato de los votantes y la garantía que el voto fue correctamente contado. Concretamente, el sistema está pensado sobre cinco principios: i) Computación elástica, ii) Internet iii) Facilidad de uso, iv) Anonimato y computación verificable, v) Cliente liviano. El objetivo de esta tesis no es solamente resolver el problema abierto descrito anteriormente, sino también establecer una base sólida para plataformas de votación electrónicas a través de Internet. De este modo, nosotros creamos un nuevo sistema de votación electrónica en donde el votante no realiza ninguna computación grande, sino que la trasladamos al servidor, que idealmente está en una plataforma de Cloud Computing como Amazon Web Services. Esta técnica previene ataques de denegación de servicio, robo de identidad y accesos no autorizados, al mismo tiempo preserva la privacidad y la verificabilidad. La plataforma se probó en un caso real, concretamente en una experiencia de votación electrónica en donde los chilenos demandando su derecho a voto en el extranjero, pudieron votar en una elección simbólica. Se presenta la experiencia, los problemas y las soluciones que encontramos utilizando un sistema de identificación simple. Esta proyecto nos permitió estudiar de forma técnica, política y práctica aplicaciones de votación electrónica en América Latina.
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Kelly, Paige. "Rurality, Region, and Republican Voting." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1492602954178696.
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Miller, Laura E. "Voting in ballot initiative elections /." May be available electronically:, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.
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