Journal articles: 'Voting practice'

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Davis, Jennifer K. "Voting as Empowerment Practice." American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation 13, no. 4 (November 17, 2010): 243–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15487768.2010.523352.

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Brams, Steven J., and Jack H. Nagel. "Approval voting in practice." Public Choice 71, no. 1-2 (August 1991): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00138446.

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Hao, Feng, Dylan Clarke, Brian Randell, and Siamak F. Shahandashti. "Verifiable Classroom Voting in Practice." IEEE Security & Privacy 16, no. 1 (January 2018): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/msp.2018.1331032.

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Burton, Craig, Chris Culnane, and Steve Schneider. "vVote: Verifiable Electronic Voting in Practice." IEEE Security & Privacy 14, no. 4 (July 2016): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/msp.2016.69.

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Kleiner, Andreas, and Benny Moldovanu. "Voting Agendas and Preferences on Trees: Theory and Practice." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 14, no. 4 (November 1, 2022): 583–615. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.20200147.

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We study how parliaments and committees select one out of several alternatives when options cannot be ordered along a “left-right” axis. Which voting agendas are used in practice, and how should they be designed? We assume that preferences are single peaked on a tree and study convex agendas where, at each stage in the voting process, the tree of remaining alternatives is divided into two subtrees that are subjected to a Yes-No vote. We show that strategic voting coincides with sincere, unsophisticated voting. Based on inference results and revealed preference arguments, we illustrate the empirical implications for two case studies. (JEL D71, D72, F15, J13, J16)

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Svensson, Jörgen, and Ronald Leenes. "E-voting in Europe: Divergent democratic practice." Information Polity 8, no. 1,2 (December 28, 2003): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ip-2003-0023.

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Carter, Lemuria, and Ronald Campbell. "Internet Voting Usefulness." Journal of Organizational and End User Computing 24, no. 3 (July 2012): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/joeuc.2012070101.

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Opportunities for Internet use in the political process are constantly emerging. The use of the Internet to obtain political news and share political information is gaining momentum. Remote Internet voting initiatives are also growing in popularity. This study presents a model of Internet voting adoption that explores the predictors of the perceived usefulness of Internet voting systems. To test the model a survey is administered to 372 citizens. The results of structural equation modeling indicate that accessibility, convenience, disposition to trust, and Internet trust all have a significant impact on the perceived usefulness of Internet Voting. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

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Bataeva, B. S. "Corporate Governance Development with E-voting Services." Management Science 10, no. 2 (July 13, 2020): 74–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2404-022x-2020-10-2-74-87.

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The paper discribes the method of remote voting at shareholders meetings via the Internet. The methodology of the study is based on the theory of agent costs. It means that costs associated with the exercise of control are important to investors within making investment decisions. The author considers conditions to the digitalization of voting processes: the Russian legislative framework; Internet access in the country; development of digital voting services; the provision of remote voting services by registrars and the Information Disclosure Center of JSC National Settlement Depository. The paper presents results of the analysis of the practice of using electronic voting services in Russian public companies. It has been proved that the creation of the Internet voting infrastructure has contributed to the activity growth of shareholders’ participation in Annual General Meetings. This, in turn, has a positive effect on the quality of corporate governance in these companies. The theoretical and practical significance of the study is to generalize the practice of using electronic voting technology in Russian corporations.

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Kowalska, Monika. "Alternatywne formy głosowania w polskim prawie wyborczym." Przegląd Europejski, no. 2-2020 (June 8, 2020): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/1641-2478pe.2.20.3.

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The crisis of citizens’ participation in the elections is the feature of many European states, and also Poland. The main thesis of the article is that the voting absence is the problem, which could be solved using different solutions, and one of them is the institutional convenience to facilitate the voting process. The analysis of the use of alternative voting procedures in Polish electoral practice demonstrates, however, that they are not very popular. This fact raises questions about the reasons for this state of affairs and the forms of corrective actions in this regard. To clarify the research problems, the Author used the institutional-legal method and analysed the normative acts, which regulate alternative voting procedures. The comparative method allowed to indicate the existing gaps in the adopted institutional solutions and the practice of their application, as well as to find possible ways to achieve the optimal scheme. The application of the system approach gave the opportunity to make a comprehensive overview of the examined institutions and related phenomena, and to draw conclusions regarding necessary actions to increase their effectiveness.

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Kuteynikov, D. L. "Peculiarities of Application of Technologies of Distributed Registers and Blockchain (Blockchain) for the Popular Vote." Actual Problems of Russian Law, no. 9 (October 5, 2019): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2019.106.9.041-052.

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The modernization of democratic institutions has been greatly influenced by the intensive development of technology. Various innovations in the field of digital communications have affected a rather traditional sphere of popular votings. The widespread introduction of the distributed ledger technology has enormously changed approaches to organizing them. Distributed registers gained the widest popularity after the technology of the chain of blocks (blockchain) was introduced. Despite the fact that initially this technology was considered exclusively as an element of the development of information, and later financial technologies, at the present stage it is gradually becoming increasingly common in other areas of human activity due to a high degree of security and confidentiality. The paper deals in detail with the world practice concerning using this technology in popular voting. Also, the author analizes the technical solutions applied in the most actively developing projects aimed at developing a software used to conduct electronic voting with the use of blockchain technology. The article investigates some problems of voting with the use of blockchain technology, such as identification and secrecy of the vote.

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Carpenter, Daniel, Zachary Popp, Tobias Resch, Benjamin Schneer, and Nicole Topich. "Suffrage Petitioning as Formative Practice: American Women Presage and Prepare for the Vote, 1840–1940." Studies in American Political Development 32, no. 1 (April 2018): 24–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x18000032.

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The American woman suffrage movement remade the U.S. Constitution and effected the broadest expansion of voting eligibility in the nation's history. Yet it did more than change laws and citizenship. It also plausibly shaped participatory patterns before and after the winning of voting rights for women. Drawing upon the idea of formative practice and reporting on a range of historical materials—including an original data set of 2,157 petitions sent to the U.S. Congress from 1874 to 1920 concerning women's voting rights—we focus on woman suffrage petitioning as both presaging the practice of voting and, in a sense, preparing tens of thousands of women for that activity. Our analyses reveal that, before 1920, suffrage petitioning activity was heightened in general and midterm election years (especially among Republican-leaning constituencies), suffrage petitioning both enabled and reflected organization in critical western states, and that post-suffrage women's turnout was immediately and significantly higher in states with greater pre-suffrage petitioning (controlling for a range of political, organizational, and demographic variables). In its claims, symbolism, habits, and temporality, suffrage petitioning differed from other petitioning in American political development and marked a formative practice for women on their way to voting.

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廖秀芯, 廖秀芯. "初探雙層股權結構於我國之運用－－以複數表決權特別股為中心." 中正財經法學 20, no. 20 (January 2020): 71–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/207873752020010020002.

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過去我國實務見解始終否認公司得發行複數表決權特別股，2015年公司法正式引進閉鎖性公司專節後，方承認閉鎖性公司得發行複數表決權特別股，更進一步，2018年修法時放寬至非公開發行之一般股份有限公司均得適用，逐步提供閉鎖性公司及非公開發行公司股權規劃上有更彈性的空間，以符合現今鬆綁管制之國際趨勢，並有利於新創事業籌集資金。本文首先介紹我國特別股規定之演進過程，並討論增訂複數表決權規定後於公司法後將發生之問題，進而介紹美國法相關制度之運作及公司實務之作法作為借鏡，最後歸納數項修正方向建議，以其複數表決制度之適用能更加完備。In the past, the opinions of the courts in Taiwan have always denied that the corporations could issue multiple voting rights shares. Until 2015, the Corporation Law in Taiwan finally amended to include “Close Corporation Section”, it was acknowledged close corporations could issue multiple voting right shares. Moreover, the rules applied to non-public corporations after the amendment of the Corporation Law in 2018, gradually providing more flexible space for the equity planning in close corporations and non-public corporations. The amendment of multiple voting right shares is also in line with the current trend of the world to ease restrictions. The article first introduces the evolution of the rules of preferred stocks, and discussed the problems that may occur after the amendment of multiple voting right shares. Furthermore, it would make a thorough inquiry into the practice of multiple voting right shares in America to conclude some suggestions for the legal system in Taiwan.

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Olusadum, Nnaeto Japhet, and Ndoh Juliet Anulika. "Electronic Voting and Credible Election in Nigeria: A Study of Owerri Senatorial Zone." Journal of Management and Strategy 9, no. 3 (June 20, 2018): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jms.v9n3p30.

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The study is basically to examine electronic-voting in Nigeria elections as an improvement on the traditional paper voting with a focus on Owerri Senatorial Zone, Imo State. Worried by the frequent and debilitating incidences of electoral fraud and disenfranchisement of voters for unsubstantiated reasons, the study tended to sample opinion of respondents in Owerri on the subject as a way of strengthening democracy. Martin Hagen theory of e-democracy was adopted as theoretical framework. Hagen construes e-democracy as a strategic tool to strengthen democratic practices using the information and computer technology (ICT). The study is a survey attempt which made use of structured questionnaire to elicit information from respondents. Simple per centage was used for data analysis. It is our finding among others that e-voting will reduce incidences of election fraud especially in the areas of voting and counting of votes, and also the physically challenged qualified voters and citizens living and working abroad will have opportunity to cast their votes. The study concludes that Nigeria must cash in on flourishing (ICT) to fight endemic electoral irregularities in Nigeria through firm belief in and avowed adoption of e-voting. The study recommended among others institutionalization of legal frameworks and structures that will formidably support the practice of e-voting in Owerri senatorial zone in particular and Nigeria in general.

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Mao, Andrew, Ariel Procaccia, and Yiling Chen. "Better Human Computation Through Principled Voting." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 27, no. 1 (June 29, 2013): 1142–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v27i1.8460.

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Designers of human computation systms often face the need to aggregate noisy information provided by multiple people. While voting is often used for this purpose, the choice of voting method is typically not principled. We conduct extensive experiments on Amazon Mechanical Turk to better understand how different voting rules perform in practice. Our empirical conclusions show that noisy human voting can differ from what popular theoretical models would predict. Our short-term goal is to motivate the design of better human computation systems; our long-term goal is to spark an interaction between researchers in (computational) social choice and human computation.

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Mccorry, Patrick, Maryam Mehrnezhad, Ehsan Toreini, Siamak F. Shahandashti, and Feng Hao. "On Secure E-Voting over Blockchain." Digital Threats: Research and Practice 2, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3461461.

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This article discusses secure methods to conduct e-voting over a blockchain in three different settings: decentralized voting, centralized remote voting, and centralized polling station voting. These settings cover almost all voting scenarios that occur in practice. A proof-of-concept implementation for decentralized voting over Ethereum’s blockchain is presented. This work demonstrates the suitable use of a blockchain not just as a public bulletin board but, more importantly, as a trustworthy computing platform that enforces the correct execution of the voting protocol in a publicly verifiable manner. We also discuss scaling up a blockchain-based voting application for national elections. We show that for national-scale elections the major verifiability problems can be addressed without having to depend on any blockchain. However, a blockchain remains a viable option to realize a public bulletin board, which has the advantage of being a “preventive” measure to stop retrospective changes on previously published records as opposed to a “detective” measure like the use of mirror websites. CCS Concepts: • Security and privacy ;

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Lempert, Benjamin. "Ranked-Choice Voting as Reprieve from the Court-Ordered Map." Michigan Law Review, no. 119.8 (2021): 1785. http://dx.doi.org/10.36644/mlr.119.8.ranked.

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Thus far, legal debates about the rise of ranked-choice voting have centered on whether legislatures can lawfully adopt the practice. This Note turns attention to the courts and the question of remedies. It proposes that courts impose ranked-choice voting as a redistricting remedy. Ranked-choice voting allows courts to cure redistricting violations without also requiring that they draw copious numbers of districts, a process the Supreme Court has described as a “political thicket.” By keeping courts away from the fact-specific, often arbitrary judgments involved in redistricting, ranked-choice voting makes for the redistricting remedy that best protects the integrity of the judicial role.

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Yu, Jianwei, Zhipeng Chen, and Zhiming Xiong. "A Novel Path Voting Algorithm for Surface Crack Detection." Electronics 11, no. 3 (February 8, 2022): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11030501.

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Path voting is a widely used technique for line structure detection in images. Traditional path voting, based on minimal-path, is performed to track paths based on how seeds grow. The former requires to set a starting point and an end point. Thus, the performance of minimal-path path voting depends on the initialization. However, high-quality initialization often requires human interaction, which limits its applications in practice. In this paper, a fully automatic path voting method has been proposed and applied for crack detection. The proposed path voting is performed to segment images, which partitions an image patch along the potential crack path and integrates the path to form a crack probability map. After path voting, crack seeds are sampled and modeled into a graph, and the edge weights are assigned using an attraction field algorithm. Finally, cracks are extracted by using spanning tree and tree pruning algorithms. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed path voting approach can effectively infer the cracks from 2D optic images and 3D depth images.

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Fedorov, Vladislav. "Public opinion about electronic voting in Europe as illustrated by YouTube." Przegląd Europejski, no. 4-2021 (December 9, 2021): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/1641-2478pe.4.21.8.

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The article presents the results of the analysis of the political news about electronic voting published on YouTube. The purpose of the research is to reveal an attitude towards electronic voting that is formed in YouTube videos, because it is a powerful channel for forming public opinion. In the focus of attention there are four countries that have made the electronic voting a widely used practice (Belgium, Estonia, Switzerland and Russia). The author bases his research on the hypothesis that the decision of a voter to take part or not to take part in elections will be influenced by the information he or she has learnt about electronic voting from the news – especially attitudes towards the voting, expressed by other users of YouTube. The research results demonstrate that in Belgium the electronic voting is treated neutrally, while in Estonia and Switzerland it is positively regarded. As for Russia, the attitude is negative

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Davies, Jessica, Nina Narodytska, and Toby Walsh. "Eliminating the Weakest Link: Making Manipulation Intractable?" Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 26, no. 1 (September 20, 2021): 1333–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v26i1.8254.

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Successive elimination of candidates is often a route to making manipulation intractable to compute. We prove that eliminating candidates does not necessarily increase the computational complexity of manipulation. However, for many voting rules used in practice, the computational complexity increases. For example, it is already known that it is NP-hard to compute how a single voter can manipulate the result of single transferable voting (the elimination version of plurality voting). We show here that it is NP-hard to compute how a single voter can manipulate the result of the elimination version of veto voting, of the closely related Coombs’ rule, and of the elimination versions of a general class of scoring rules.

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Eichhorn, Jan, and Johannes Bergh. "Lowering the Voting Age to 16 in Practice: Processes and Outcomes Compared." Parliamentary Affairs 74, no. 3 (July 1, 2021): 507–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsab019.

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Abstract Research into the possible consequences of lowering the voting age to 16 used to be rather speculative in nature, as there were few countries that had implemented earlier enfranchisement. This has changed over the past decade. We now have a range of countries in different locations, mostly in Europe and South America, where 16- and 17-year-olds can vote in some or all elections. In many of those places empirical research has given us insights into the experiences of young people and the impact of those changes on political discussions. However, so far these studies have largely been conducted individually in each country, which makes comparisons difficult. This article summarises the key insights from empirical research across countries with lower voting ages. It identifies common patterns, but also highlights differences. Overall, the impact appears to not be negative and often positive in terms of political engagement and civic attitudes. However, the comprehensiveness of effects varies. The article offers some possible frameworks to understand differences, in particular by reflecting on the processes that led to voting franchise changes, but also indicates where gaps in knowledge remain, and what sort of research would be required to produce systematically comparable results.

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Angsuchotmetee, Chinnapong, and Pisal Setthawong. "BlockVOTE : An Architecture of a Blockchain-based Electronic Voting System." ECTI Transactions on Computer and Information Technology (ECTI-CIT) 14, no. 2 (July 10, 2020): 174–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.37936/ecti-cit.2020142.227455.

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Voting is an essential activity in the modern democracy. To facilitate the voting process, there are several attempts on proposing an electronic voting system such that, the voting and tallying processes can be done efficiently and the results would be accountable to the public. To date, however, an online electronic voting system has been rarely adopted in practice due to the possibility of having the voting result tampered through vote-rigging or cyber-attacking. In 2009, the blockchain algorithm was proposed by Satoshi Nakamoto. Blockchain is a technique for recording transactions between self-auditing ledgers in an open, distributed, permanent, and verifiable manner. Even though blockchain was originally designed for a financial applications, it is possible to apply blockchain to other domains, including in the implementation of an online decentralized-based electronic voting system. In this study, the architecture of a blockchain-based electronic voting system, named \textit{BlockVOTE}, is proposed. The architecture design and all related formal definitions are given. To validate the proposal, two BlockVOTE prototypes were implemented using two different blockchain application frameworks. The performance analysis of both versions of the prototypes are given. The analysis of both technical and management aspects on the possibility of adopting the proposed decentralized voting system in an actual voting scenario is also given at the end of this study.

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PARAMESWARAN, GIRI, CHARLES M. CAMERON, and LEWIS A. KORNHAUSER. "Bargaining and Strategic Voting on Appellate Courts." American Political Science Review 115, no. 3 (March 8, 2021): 835–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055421000083.

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Many appellate courts and regulatory commissions simultaneously produce case dispositions and rules rationalizing the dispositions. We explore the properties of the American practice for doing this. We show that the median judge is pivotal over case dispositions, although she and others may not vote sincerely. Strategic dispositional voting is more likely when the case location is extreme, resulting in majority coalitions that give the appearance of less polarization on the court than is the case. The equilibrium policy created in the majority opinion generically does not coincide with the ideal policy of the median judge in either the dispositional majority or the bench as a whole. Rather, opinions approach a weighted center of the dispositional majority but often reflect the preferences of the opinion author. We discuss some empirical implications of the American practice for jointly producing case dispositions and rules.

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Lane, Shannon, Katharine Hill, Jason Ostrander, Jenna Powers, Tanya Rhodes Smith, and Mary E. Hylton. "Creating a Culture of Voting in Direct and Generalist Practice." Advances in Social Work 19, no. 1 (January 22, 2020): 86–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/22614.

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Social workers have an ethical responsibility to be engaged in policy change, regardless of their practice area or specialization. Voter engagement and the importance of political power through voting is often overlooked in the literature as a valid and important component of social work practice. Creating a culture of nonpartisan voter engagement in practice settings can help empower individuals who have been historically and intentionally disenfranchised from our electoral system. Training for field instructors, faculty, and field staff is a key aspect of voter engagement in social work education. Unfortunately, social work education is unlikely to include substantive content on voter engagement or its connection to social work practice and impact. This article presents one component of a model for integrating voter engagement into social work education: the provision of training for field instructors on nonpartisan voter engagement at two universities over two years. Evaluation findings suggest that pre-existing levels of political efficacy affect the reaction of field instructors to nonpartisan voter engagement training. Furthermore, findings indicate that field instructors who receive voter engagement training are more likely to serve as resources for their students and to consider voter engagement as part of their own practice. We offer evidence on the important role field educators can play in the success of the larger national effort to integrate voter engagement in social work education. Increasing awareness of what social workers, nonprofit, and public agencies are allowed--or even required--to do is a critical first step.

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Herron, Erik S., Brian Fitzpatrick, and Maksym Palamarenko. "The practice and implications of legislative proxy voting in Ukraine." Post-Soviet Affairs 35, no. 1 (October 30, 2018): 41–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1060586x.2018.1513219.

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Hollweg, Brenda. "How voting happens: video-essayistic practice as object-oriented fabulation." Journal of Media Practice 15, no. 3 (September 2, 2014): 157–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14682753.2014.1000039.

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Vassil, Kristjan, and Till Weber. "A bottleneck model of e-voting: Why technology fails to boost turnout." New Media & Society 13, no. 8 (June 23, 2011): 1336–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461444811405807.

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Recent years have seen increasing interest in internet voting in theory and practice. Proponents hope that modernizing the electoral process will boost turnout. Less optimistic scholars object that the new technology merely perpetuates existing patterns of participation. This study aims to arbitrate the controversy. New survey data from the 2007 general election in Estonia allow us to predict the usage of e-voting and its impact on electoral participation. We find that e-voting mostly affects ‘peripheral’ citizens (in a demographic and political sense), but only few of these citizens vote online in the first place. Conversely, the impact on typical e-voters is low. This ‘bottleneck’ effect explains why e-voting has failed to boost turnout but also points to a role in reducing political inequality.

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Johnson, Thomas. "The 2019 Afghan Presidential Election: An Assessment of Problematic Processes and Results." Afghanistan 4, no. 1 (April 2021): 19–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afg.2021.0062.

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This article assesses Afghanistan's Presidential Election of 2019. Analyzing official data from the Afghan Independent Election Commission (IEC), it examines voting patterns at both the national and provincial levels and compares these results with those of past elections. It draws on statistical methods to evaluate Afghan electoral procedures, focusing in particular on the practice of ballot invalidation and voter suppression as well as the role of ethno-linguistic voting blocs. The analysis reveals highly unusual voting patterns and other dynamics that point to significant irregularities and fraud. The article concludes with a number of recommendations for future Afghan elections.

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Grossman, Perry. "The Case For State Attorney General Enforcement of the Voting Rights Act Against Local Governments." University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, no. 50.3 (2017): 565. http://dx.doi.org/10.36646/mjlr.50.3.case.

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The summer of 2016 showed that racial discrimination in voting is alive and well, as federal courts across the country struck down state statutes that disproportionately disenfranchise minority voters, including voter ID laws, restrictions on early voting, and racially gerrymandered legislative districts. However, at the local level, discriminatory practices in the nation’s approximately 89,000 political subdivisions have gone largely uninvestigated and challenged. Recent conflicts between communities of color and law enforcement have highlighted the failure of local governments in places like Ferguson, Missouri to adequately represent the interests of minority voters. These failures of representation, which occur in progressive states like California as well as in more conservative states, are due in part to local election laws and practices that dilute minority voting strength. Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act provides a cause of action against vote dilution, but such cases are unusually complicated, expensive, and time-consuming with no promise of damages and highly uncertain recovery of attorneys’ fees to a prevailing plaintiff. As a result, few plaintiffs outside the federal Department of Justice and major civil rights groups have mustered the resources to prosecute cases under the federal Voting Rights Act. Although states could pass their own laws against vote dilution that would encourage more private plaintiffs to investigate and prosecute offending local governments, only California has passed such a law. The California Voting Rights Act (CVRA) addresses only a single discriminatory practice—the pervasive use of at-large methods of election in jurisdictions where racially polarized voting systematically defeats minority candidates. The CVRA has revealed that (1) vote dilution is widespread; (2) case-by-case litigation can have a deterrent effect under conditions that encourage private enforcement; and (3) more enforcement is needed to prevent local governments from evading scrutiny or backsliding. But, because the CVRA’s effectiveness is limited to only one class of practices in only one state, to increase the level of enforcement there is a need for new voting rights plaintiffs with the resources both to bring cases under Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act and to monitor compliance with judgments and settlements. State attorneys general can fill this need, and possess some advantages relative to both the United States Department of Justice (e.g., a narrower geographic focus and the ability to collect attorneys’ fees under the Voting Rights Act) and private plaintiffs (e.g., an imprimatur of law enforcement, in-house investigatory resources, and a “bully pulpit”). With the election of Donald Trump and the confirmation of Jeff Sessions as Attorney General, the need to find more resources to combat discrimination in voting is imperative as the Department of Justice appears poised to abandon Obama Administration’s enforcement efforts in favor of investigating groundless allegations of voter fraud. To date, no state attorney general has ever brought a Section 2 claim against a political subdivision, but this Article makes the case that state attorneys general can, and should, enforce the federal Voting Rights Act against local governments to protect minority voters.

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Sadowski, Daniel C., Charles N. Bernstein, Alain Bitton, Ken Croitoru, Richard N. Fedorak, Anne Griffiths, and the CAG Crohn’s Consensus Group. "Canadian Association of Gastroenterology Clinical Practice Guidelines: The Use of Tumour Necrosis Factor-Alpha Antagonist Therapy in Crohn’s Disease." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 23, no. 3 (2009): 185–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/201430.

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BACKGROUND: Guidelines regarding the use of infliximab in Crohn’s disease were previously published by the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology in 2004. However, recent clinical findings and drug developments warrant a review and update of these guidelines.OBJECTIVE: To review and update Canadian guidelines regarding the use of tumour necrosis factor-alpha antibody therapy in both luminal and fistulizing Crohn’s disease.METHODS: A consensus group of 25 voting participants developed a series of recommendation statements that addressed pertinent clinical questions and gaps in existing knowledge. An iterative voting and feedback process was used in advance of the consensus meeting in conjunction with a systematic literature review to refine the voting statements. These statements were brought to a formal consensus meeting held in Montreal, Quebec (March 2008), wherein each statement underwent discussion, reformulation, voting and subsequent revision until group consensus was obtained (at least 80% agreement).OUTCOME: The 47 voting statements addressed three themes: induction therapy, maintenance therapy and safety issues. As a result of the iterative process, 23 statements achieved consensus and were submitted for publication.CONCLUSION: In the past five years, tumour necrosis factor-alpha antagonist therapy has become a cornerstone in the management of moderate-to-severe Crohn’s disease refractory to conventional treatment algorithms. The evidentiary base supporting the use of these drugs in Crohn’s disease is substantial and strengthened by results from long-term clinical and molecular studies. However, significant gaps in knowledge exist, particularly with regard to treatment failure. Confidence in the safety of these drugs is increasing, provided that therapy is administered in a clinical setting in which potential complications can be readily recognized and treated.

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Dossa, Fahima, Catherine Dubé, Jill Tinmouth, Anne Sorvari, Linda Rabeneck, Bronwen R. McCurdy, Jason A. Dominitz, and Nancy N. Baxter. "Practice recommendations for the use of sedation in routine hospital-based colonoscopy." BMJ Open Gastroenterology 7, no. 1 (February 2020): e000348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgast-2019-000348.

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ObjectiveAlthough sedation improves patient experience during colonoscopy, there is great jurisdictional variability in sedative practices. The objective of this study was to develop practice recommendations for the use of moderate and deep sedation in routine hospital-based colonoscopy to facilitate standardisation of practice.DesignWe recruited 32 multidisciplinary panellists to participate in a modified Delphi process to establish consensus-based recommendations for the use of sedation in colonoscopy. Panel members participated in a values assessment survey followed by two rounds of anonymous online voting on preliminary practice recommendations. An inperson meeting was held between voting rounds to facilitate consensus-building. Consensus was defined as >60% agreement/disagreement with recommendation statements; >80% agreement/disagreement was considered indicative of strong consensus.ResultsTwenty-nine panellists participated in the values assessment survey. Panellists ranked all factors presented as important to the development of practice recommendations. The factor considered most important was patient safety. Patient satisfaction, procedural efficiency, and cost were considered less important. Strong consensus was achieved for all nine practice recommendations presented to the panel. These recommendations included that all endoscopists be able to perform colonoscopy with moderate sedation, that an endoscopist and a single trained nurse are sufficient for performing colonoscopy with moderate sedation, and that anaesthesia-provided deep sedation be used for select patients.ConclusionThe recommendations presented in this study were agreed on by a multidisciplinary group and provide guidance for the use of sedation in routine hospital-based colonoscopy. Standardised sedation practices will promote safe, effective, and efficient colonoscopy for all patients.

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Reire, Gunda. "China’s Voting Practice at the UN Security Council, Its Legal and Political Interpretation: Case of Syria." SOCRATES. Rīgas Stradiņa universitātes Juridiskās fakultātes elektroniskais juridisko zinātnisko rakstu žurnāls / SOCRATES. Rīga Stradiņš University Faculty of Law Electronic Scientific Journal of Law 2, no. 20 (2021): 99–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.25143/socr.20.2021.2.099-114.

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This article examines intersection of three contemporary issues that occupy academic thought intensively: China’s global politics, its changing voting practice at the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), and the international response to the civil war in Syria. The aim of the article is to provide quantitative and qualitative analysis of China’s voting practice in the UNSC regarding the civil war in Syria, to outline a legal and political interpretation of its voting patterns and to conceptualise China’s politics in the UNSC regarding this issue. The article argues that reasons behind China’s rapidly growing use of the veto in the UNSC regarding Syria are vaguely related to the case of Syria itself, but directly reflect the primacy of China’s domestic politics and its strategic aspirations to reshape global governance. Growing concern within the international community about the human rights abuses taking place on a mass scale against Uighurs in Xinjiang is the most prominent catalyst that enables and provokes China’s systemic reaction. Therefore, although China has neither geopolitical nor strategic interests in Syria, Syria’s case serves as a battleground for China’s attempts to transform the collectively accepted interpretation of multilateralism, democratic values, and norms. This aspect underlines the necessity to observe China’s politics from the perspective of social constructivism. Methodologically, this article draws on political discourse analysis theory, examines China’s arguments in the UNSC and argues that China’s voting behaviour in the UNSC regarding Syria focused on reinterpretation of two grand concepts of international law: state sovereignty and non-interference.

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Obraztsova, Svetlana, and Edith Elkind. "Optimal Manipulation of Voting Rules." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 26, no. 1 (September 20, 2021): 2141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v26i1.8441.

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Complexity of voting manipulation is a prominent research topic in computational social choice. The voting manipulation literature usually assumes that the manipulator is only concerned with improving the outcome of the election from her perspective. However, in practice, the manipulator may also be reluctant to lie, i.e., she may have a preference for submitting a vote that does not deviate too much from her true ranking of the candidates. In this paper, we study the complexity of finding a manipulative vote that achieves the manipulator's goal yet is as close as possible to her true preference order. We analyze this problem for three natural notions of closeness, namely, swap distance, footrule distance, and maximum displacement distance, and a variety of voting rules, such as scoring rules, Bucklin, Copeland, and Maximin. For all three distances, we obtain polynomial-time algorithms for all scoring rules and Bucklin and hardness results for Copeland and Maximin.

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Amirzhanova, A. "INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR NEW VOTING TECHNOLOGIES IN THE ELECTORAL PROCESS." Qogam jane Dauir 74, no. 2 (June 15, 2022): 38–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.52536/2788-5860.2022-2.03.

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The main condition for the formation of the Republic of Kazakhstan as an independent, sovereign state is the formation of a democratic society. The democratic processes taking place in the country require further improvement of the electoral system, which is one of the most important institutions for the formation and development of democracy. The formation of government bodies by popular vote is the basis of a democratic political system. The process of its passage depends on the use of new electoral technologies. Therefore, ensuring the impartiality and purity of the voting results is a task of great political importance. One of the main features of the electoral processes of the 21st century is the technological nature, consisting of new terms - digital and mobile revolutions, digitalization, virtual space, electronic democracy, electronic government, electronic governance, electronic voting. At the present stage of the development of electoral law, a rather promising direction is the introduction of electronic voting tools and complexes using digital technologies into the practice of conducting elections. An erroneous opinion is the understanding of digital technologies used at the stages and phases of the electoral process as electronic voting, with the exception of the voting process. Electronic voting is a term denoting various types of voting, including electronic means of voting, as well as technical electronic means of counting votes.

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Larin, I. G. "Problem of election validity in remote electronic voting." Juridical Journal of Samara University 8, no. 1 (June 5, 2022): 104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2542-047x-2022-8-1-104-109.

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The article analyzes the features of using the institute of remote voting in the electoral process, including the problem of invalidation of elections associated with the use of this institute. The article reveals the features of implementation of the remote electronic voting procedure in practice, identifies the problems associated with the use of software in elections using remote voting methods, and also indicates the presence of gaps in modern legislation in terms of regulating the invalidity of the described elections, uncertainty in liability for violations in this sphere of electoral law. The article concludes about the shortcomings of the existing legal regulation and identifies possible solutions to the identified problems.

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Soc, Andrija. "From deliberation to participation: Democratic commitments and the paradox of voting." Filozofija i drustvo 33, no. 1 (2022): 98–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fid2201098s.

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In this paper, I examine the view that, surprisingly, the more citizens deliberate about politics, the less likely they are to participate in the realm of the political, and vice versa. In the first part of the paper, I approach the problem from the perspective of the paradox of voting, the claim that voting itself is instrumentally irrational because of the very low probability that a single vote will make any difference at the elections. In the second part of the paper, I argue that rather than analyzing voting instrumentally, it is better to view it as part of the civic commitments that constitute what it means to be a citizen in a democratic society. The act of voting is not primarily an individual?s attempt to decisively influence any particular outcome, but an affirmation of the key practice that upholds the democratic society in which citizens play a part. This reveals a meta-paradox of voting. Namely, to not vote is to exhibit a type of behavior that implies acceptance of democracy simultaneously with rejecting its defining component. Because of that, I will claim, not voting is itself irrational. In light of that conclusion, in the third part of the paper, I explore the extant divide between deliberation and participation by referring back to the analysis of civic commitments. Whereas participation without deliberating reveals ideological bias, deliberation without participation expresses a lack of understanding of what it means to be a citizen. The way to connect them is to engage in a process of attaining reflective equilibrium between the two, starting from the practice of deliberation that would be fully informed by the awareness of our democratic commitments and disconnected from ideologically motivated participation.

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Chekharina, Valentina Ivanovna. "On specificity of organization and conduct of elections during the COVID-19 pandemic (certain aspects)." Политика и Общество, no. 4 (April 2020): 19–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0684.2020.4.34371.

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The COVID-19 pandemic significantly undermined the democratic values around the globe, which also pertains to elections. The subject of this research is some aspects of organization and conduct of elections of different level that were affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, based on the change of usual course of the electoral process and its separate stages. Relevance of the selected topic is evident, as the COVID-19 pandemic called into question the timely conduct of elections. The author set the task to examine the specificity of organization and conduct of elections at the time of pandemic in reference to the separate stages of electoral process that appeared to be significantly affected by the pandemic. Special attention is turned to postponement of the elections, which is directly related to the initial stage of electoral process – calling of the election. Emphasis is also place on the implementation of special regimes during pandemic. Another important legal issue is the question of voting – the primary stage of the electoral process. The article discusses special methods of voting applied at the time of pandemic, such as remote voting, postal voting, early voting, etc. Postponement of the elections during COVID-19 pandemic should be viewed as a new legal phenomenon in the practice of elections that is of massive scale and has direct impact upon the electoral process, its separate stages, guarantees of electoral rights, voting method, voting turnout, and election results. There is a need for development of detailed mechanism that would regulate postponement of the elections, namely in emergency situations, as well as include the corresponding provisions into the existing national electoral legislation in order to ensure genuine guarantees of conducting free and periodic elections. The acquired results can be valuable in improvement of electoral legislation, development of rules for conducting elections at the time of pandemic. Most effective foreign experience should be also taken into account in electoral practice of the Russian Federation.

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Wrzalik, Magdalena. "Some Comments on Voting by Post in the Pandemic Era – Law and Practice." Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego 70, no. 6 (2022): 399–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/ppk.2022.06.29.

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The spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in Poland and, consequently, the introduction of the epidemic on March 20, 2020, influenced the decision not to hold the election of the President of the Republic of Poland scheduled for May 10, 2020. Therefore, in the face of objective difficulties in the organization of elections, a new voting deadline was set on June 28, 2020. Due to the prevailing global pandemic, the elections for the President of the Republic of Poland, ordered in 2020 with the possibility of postal voting, were conducted and prepared in exceptional circumstances. With this in mind, this article presents a number of various problems, and even limitations, of the electoral rights granted to each voter, which have become a consequence of the legal solutions introduced without in-depth analysis, often in a hurry. 1

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Baranov, Nikolay A. "From Distrust to Legitimization: The Difficult Path of Digital Electoral Technologies, an Evidence from Russia." RUDN Journal of Political Science 24, no. 3 (September 7, 2022): 433–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-1438-2022-24-3-433-446.

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There are numerous issues surrounding digital technologies in elections: from ensuring the secrecy of voting to controlling the process of vote counting. The technology of the electoral blockchain, according to experts, does not solve the problem of achieving transparency and anonymity of online voting, therefore, existing technologies do not yet allow us to guarantee the indisputability of elections and avoid manipulation. At the same time, the advantages and opportunities brought by digital technologies are so obvious that, despite the existing problems, they are increasingly being used in elections. The author uses the comparative, normative and functional methods to analyze the usage of digital technologies in the electoral process, emphasizing the practice of electronic voting and remote electronic voting in the Russian Federation. The use of digital technologies, according to the author, entails legal, psychological and technical problems. However, the author concludes that it is possible to legitimize the use of digital technologies in elections if voters recognize the advantages of remote electronic voting and other digital innovations in the electoral process, and provided technological problems are solved.

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Hill, Lisa. "Compulsory Voting in Australia: A Basis for a ‘Best Practice’ Regime." Federal Law Review 32, no. 3 (September 2004): 479–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.22145/flr.32.3.7.

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Ohlin and Hällgren. "Internet Voting in Practice: The Case of the Umeå Student Union." e-Service Journal 2, no. 1 (2002): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/esj.2002.2.1.35.

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BRACE, KIMBALL, BERNARD N. GROFMAN, LISA R. HANDLEY, and RICHARD G. NIEMI. "Minority Voting Equality: The 65 Percent Rule in Theory and Practice." Law & Policy 10, no. 1 (January 1988): 43–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9930.1988.tb00004.x.

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Ryan, Peter Y. A., Steve Schneider, and Vanessa Teague. "End-to-End Verifiability in Voting Systems, from Theory to Practice." IEEE Security & Privacy 13, no. 3 (May 2015): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/msp.2015.54.

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Endersby, James W., and Michael J. Towle. "Making wasted votes count: Turnout, transfers, and preferential voting in practice." Electoral Studies 33 (March 2014): 144–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2013.07.001.

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Brams, Steven J., and Peter C. Fishburn. "Going from theory to practice: the mixed success of approval voting." Social Choice and Welfare 25, no. 2-3 (November 25, 2005): 457–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00355-005-0013-y.

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Hill, Lisa. "Compulsory Voting in Australia: A Basis for a ‘Best Practice’ Regime." Federal Law Review 32, no. 3 (September 2004): 479–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0067205x0403200307.

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Ohlin, Tomas, and Markus Hallgren. "Internet Voting in Practice: The Case of the Umea Student Union." e-Service Journal 2, no. 1 (2002): 35–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/esj.2003.0005.

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Argote, Pablo. "Does Voluntary Voting Enhance Partisan Bias? Evidence from Chile." Journal of Latin American Studies 53, no. 3 (June 28, 2021): 547–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x21000481.

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AbstractAlthough partisan bias – when an authority transfers discretionary public resources to a politically aligned receiver − has been extensively studied, less is known about how this practice is affected by the voting regime − compulsory or voluntary voting. In this article, I study partisan bias in Chile, using administrative data of transfers from the central authority to local governments, highlighting two relevant scope conditions: the electoral cycle, and electoral uncertainty caused by the adoption of voluntary voting. I found strong evidence of partisan bias, especially in election years and in electorally riskier municipalities. This suggests that the uncertainty introduced by this electoral reform induced politicians to allocate a large share of resources to risky municipalities, because such resources would play a more significant role in the electoral outcome. Overall, these results imply that voluntary voting has a large impact on the way that resources are allocated across subnational units.

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Gorbatsevich, V. S. "FACIAL FEATURES DETECTION USING TEXTURE HOUGH TRANSFORM." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-5/W6 (May 18, 2015): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-5-w6-107-2015.

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The paper presents an original method for object detection. The “texture” Hough transform is used as the main tool in the search. Unlike classical generalized Hough transform, this variation uses texture LBP descriptor as a primitive for voting. The voting weight of each primitive is assumed by learning at a training set. This paper gives an overview of an original method for weights learning, and a number of ways to get the maximum searching algorithm speed on practice.

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Rubagumya, Fidel, Gunita Mitera, Sidy Ka, Achille Manirakiza, Philippa Decuir, Susan C. Msadabwe, Solange Adani Ifè, et al. "Choosing Wisely Africa: Ten Low-Value or Harmful Practices That Should Be Avoided in Cancer Care." JCO Global Oncology, no. 6 (September 2020): 1192–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/go.20.00255.

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PURPOSE Choosing Wisely Africa (CWA) builds on Choosing Wisely (CW) in the United States, Canada, and India and aims to identify low-value, unnecessary, or harmful cancer practices that are frequently used on the African continent. The aim of this work was to use physicians and patient advocates to identify a short list of low-value practices that are frequently used in African low- and middle-income countries. METHODS The CWA Task Force was convened by the African Organization for Research and Training in Cancer and included representatives from surgical, medical, and radiation oncology, the private and public sectors, and patient advocacy groups. Consensus was built through a modified Delphi process, shortening a long list of practices to a short list, and then to a final list. A voting threshold of ≥ 60% was used to include an individual practice on the short list. A consensus was reached after a series of teleconferences and voting processes. RESULTS Of the 10 practices on the final list, one is a new suggestion and 9 are revisions or adaptations of practices from previous CW campaign lists. One item relates to palliative care, 8 concern treatment, and one relates to surveillance. CONCLUSION The CWA initiative has identified 10 low-value, common interventions in Africa’s cancer practice. The success of this campaign will be measured by how the recommendations are implemented across sub-Saharan Africa and whether this improves the delivery of high-quality cancer care.

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Rybin, Aleksey V. "Trends in the Constitutional and Legal Regulation of the Voters’ Will Results Protection in the Russian Federation." Russian Journal of Legal Studies (Moscow) 9, no. 4 (January 27, 2023): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/rjls112110.

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The purpose of the article is to explore the main trends in regulating the voters' will results protection in the Russian Federation. To achieve this goal, the following tasks are performed: Formulating the basic concepts in the field of legal voters will results protection; studying the various voting procedures and summarising them; studying the dynamics of constitutional and legislative regulation on the research subject; exploring jurisprudence and doctrinal sources; identify key regulatory trends; and giving them a scientific assessment and proposing measures to improve legislation. Definitions of the study concepts are given including: the voters will and form of voting in elections. It is proposed that voting procedures be classified into basic and derivative forms. According to the criterion of voting observation, the classification should be into: 1) observed; 2) unobservable forms. As a result of a comparative analysis of Russian and foreign constitutions, it was found that the absence of special rules on elections and voting in the constitution is one of the reasons for the instability of electoral legislation. The study made it possible to identify some trends in the subject of study. First, there is a deficit of constitutional regulations around voting issues and a shift in their focus to the level of federal laws. Secondly, there has been a significant increase in the number of derivative voting forms, which is not offset by a commensurate increase in the ability to observe them. Thirdly, a reduction in the number of observation subjects, a decrease in the quality of observation "channels" has been noted, which worsened legal guarantees for the protection of voting results. Fourth, there is a significant increase in the volume of by-law regulations issued by voting organisations. Finally, the analysis of judicial practice showed an undifferentiated approach of the courts when considering disputes related to different voting forms.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Voting practice'

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