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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Voting – Behavior – Great Britain

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Academic literature on the topic 'Voting – Behavior – Great Britain'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

Last updated: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Voting – Behavior – Great Britain"

1

Johnston, R. J., and C. J. Pattie. "A Dividing Nation? An Initial Exploration of the Changing Electoral Geography of Great Britain, 1979–1987." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 19, no. 8 (August 1987): 1001–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a191001.

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Commentators have suggested an increased spatial polarisation in voting behaviour within Great Britain over recent decades. Analyses designed to evaluate this suggestion for the period 1979–87 are reported. Entropy-maximising procedures were used to produce estimates of voting by occupational class at the 1979, 1983, and 1987 general elections; they show very clear patterns of increased polarisation over the period.

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Whitten, Guy D., and Harvey D. Palmer. "Heightening Comparativists' Concern for Model Choice: Voting Behavior in Great Britain and the Netherlands." American Journal of Political Science 40, no. 1 (February 1996): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2111701.

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Johnston, Ron, Danny Dorling, Helena Tunstall, David Rossiter, Iain MacAllister, and Charles Pattie. "Locating the Altruistic Voter: Context, Egocentric Voting, and Support for the Conservative Party at the 1997 General Election in England and Wales." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 32, no. 4 (April 2000): 673–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a3294.

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Egocentric economic voting models are widely used in studies of voting behaviour in Great Britain: they suggest that people whose standard of living has risen recently as a perceived consequence of government policies are more likely to vote for the government's return to office than are those who blame government policies for a decline in their living standards. But many people whose living standards have increased vote against the government. Analyses reported here, using specially constructed bespoke neighbourhoods around the homes of respondents to the 1997 British Election Study, show that the latter group mainly live in areas of high local unemployment. This suggests a pattern of altruistic voting, of people who are prospering personally, but whose neighbours are not, voting against the incumbent government—a pattern confirmed by statistical analyses of both egocentric and sociotropic voting.

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Johnston, R. J., and C. J. Pattie. "Is the Seesaw Tipping Back? The End of Thatcherism and Changing Voting Patterns in Great Britain 1979–92." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 24, no. 10 (October 1992): 1491–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a241491.

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Accounts of British voting behaviour in the 1980s stressed the development of growing spatial divides within the country, especially a north-south divide which reflected economic success in the increasingly Conservative-dominated south and depression in the Labour-supporting north. A new geography of recession was emerging in the early 1990s, however, and the first general election since (in April 1992) suggests that the period of divergence has ended, to be replaced by convergence in the electoral geography of Britain though at spatially varying rates and at a pace insufficient to close the political divides entirely and lead to the government's demise.

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Jones, K., R. J. Johnston, and C. J. Pattie. "People, Places and Regions: Exploring the Use of Multi-Level Modelling in the Analysis of Electoral Data." British Journal of Political Science 22, no. 3 (July 1992): 343–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123400006426.

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There has been considerable recent debate about the importance of local context as an influence on political attitudes and voting behaviour in Great Britain. Resolution of that debate has been difficult, because analytical methods have not been available with which to evaluate the relative importance of both individual voter characteristics and the characteristics of their milieux as independent correlates of attitudes and behaviour. The technique of multi-level modelling has been developed by educational researchers to do just that. It is introduced here and illustrated using data for the 1987 British general election. The preliminary results suggest that place clearly does matter as a component of the processes that influence voters' choices.

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Malet, Giorgio. "Una nuova frattura in Europa?" Quaderni dell'Osservatorio elettorale. QOE - IJES 74, no. 2 (December 30, 2015): 57–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/qoe-9257.

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In the enduring debate regarding the structure of political competition, substantial evidence has been accumulated on the emergence of a new European dimension and on its relevance in some national elections. Yet, there have been few attempts to match the supply side with the demand side of electoral politics through cross-national studies. To fill the gap, this article adopts a two-step procedure. On the one hand, it investigates the political potential of Euroscepticism tracing back the fault lines of a new cleavage to processes of economic competition, cultural diversity and political integration. On the other, it showcases the uneven process of politicization of the EU issues in Italy, France, and United Kingdom. In these countries the growing difficulties of mainstream parties to deal with issues that crosscut the traditional left-right dimension have paved the way to the success of new anti-establishment parties. These challengers have exploited conflicts and issues generated by the integration process thus undermining the conventional dynamics of party competition. Nonetheless, preferences on the integration process affect voting behaviour only in Great Britain and, partially, in France, while in the Italian case there is still little evidence of EU issue voting.

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Barrie, David G. "‘Epoch-Making’ Beginnings to Lingering Death: The Struggle for Control of the Glasgow Police Commission, 1833–46." Scottish Historical Review 86, no. 2 (October 2007): 253–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/shr.2007.86.2.253.

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Established in 1800, the Glasgow Police Commission is of great importance in the context of municipal history. As a specialist authority responsible for public services, the Commission was among the most advanced in Britain. Its wide-ranging achievements in law and order and public amenity provision helped create a new range of essential services in a rapidly expanding city. Moreover, the method of electing its representatives on a rotational ward basis provided a model for municipal reform later in the century. Yet, by the 1840s the Commission's incorporation into local government was keenly and successfully sought by those in influential circles after a bitter and prolonged conflict with commissioners and many lower-middle class/skilled working-class ratepayers. This article will analyse the political and social struggle behind the Commission's demise. Of principal benefit to those interested in police control and municipal governance, the study also uncovers a great deal about political and social representation by examining public attitudes, voting behaviour and electoral trends at annual police elections.

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Palamarchuk, Olha. "Effective management of the universities with the role of academic staff (practices of Ukraine)." International Scientific Journal of Universities and Leadership, no. 8 (November 20, 2019): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31874/2520-6702-2019-8-2-49-62.

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The article deals with the participation of scientific and pedagogical workers in the management of Ukrainian universities. The statutes, regulations, codes of the five leading universities of Ukraine are analyzed. It is revealed that higher education management in Ukraine is carried out by the Academic Council of higher education institutions and self-government bodies. It is noted that in accordance with the statute of the universities, the direct management of the activities of the university is carried out by the rector. Scientific and pedagogical workers take part in university management and rector's elections. It is established that in the universities of Ukraine there are constantly functioning commissions (organizational, attestation, budget, commissions on ethics, education, science), which include scientific and pedagogical workers, and who deal there with questions in accordance to their expert issues. The codes of values of the universities of Ukraine that are consistent with the moral principles and norms of ethical behavior in the system of governance of the universities of Great Britain are analyzed. It is established that the main functions of scientific and pedagogical workers are participation in financial, administrative decisions, approval of educational programs and curricula, decision making on the organization of educational process, in determining the terms of training at the appropriate levels, adopting the main directions of conducting research and innovation activities, participate in the assessment of the scientific and pedagogical activities of structural units, consider many other issues related to the activities of a higher institution of higher education the bottom of his statute. The main functions of the Election Commission and the Organizing Committee are the organization, preparation, conduct of the voting, and the establishment of the voting results of the rector of the University.

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Lau, Richard R. "Voting Behavior in Britain." Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 32, no. 10 (October 1987): 884. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/026437.

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Owens, John R., and Larry L. Wade. "Economic Conditions and Constituency Voting in Great Britain." Political Studies 36, no. 1 (March 1988): 30–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.1988.tb00215.x.

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The extent to which levels and trends in local unemployment and income influenced the Conservative vote in 633 separate British constituency elections in 1983 is estimated in several regression models. Long-term influences on voting are controlled by the endogenous variables of social class and territoriality. It is argued that this research design is superior to previous ones that have treated general elections as national elections in exploring the economic theory of voting. Sensitivity analysis (the use of several models to illuminate the research problem posed) suggests that, unlike America congressional elections, current rates and trends in local unemployment and income exerted a substantial and systematic influence on constituency voting.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Voting – Behavior – Great Britain"

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Galatas, Steven E. "Political issues and leadership : voting behavior in Canada and Great Britain /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9988661.

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Walker, Nancy J. "Gender and politics : political attitudes and voting in contemporary Great Britain and the United States." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235723.

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Dean, Dianne. "Consumption of politics : it's not always a rational choice : the electoral decision-making of young voters." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/198.

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The aim of this thesis was to explore the efficacy of the rational choice model in the electoral decision making of young people. The initial view was that this was too narrow a concept to apply to a real world situation. Therefore, consumer behaviour theory was reviewed in order to find out how marketers understand consumer decision making and explore if this could add anything to electoral decision making. Using an ideographic approach, this research revealed a number of different groups that did not conform to the rational choice model. Moreover, it was interesting to discover that many voter and non-voter groups exhibit what can be described as irrational behaviour. Using education as a key variable and the Elaboration Likelihood Model as an analytical framework, it was possible to identify the different ways in which the groups built up their political knowledge and what effect this had upon the extent of their engagement with the electoral process. Two models were developed that described the various groups and their electoral behaviour. The thesis concludes by suggesting that engagement is limited to a small number of groups and the level of engagement is determined by a complex mix of education, life stage and the notion of risk.

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Brown, Joseph Andrew. "The sociology of first-time voting in Great Britain, (1964-1987)." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316954.

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Storer, Timothy W. "Practical pollsterless remote electronic voting." Thesis, St Andrews, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/223.

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Kersting, Norbert. "Electronic voting : globaler Trend oder Utopie?" Universität Potsdam, 2005. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/texte_eingeschraenkt_welttrends/2010/4800/.

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The author discusses the issue whether the internet and other electronic sources should be used for elections. Online-elections can make the electoral process not only less complex but also cheaper, thus the analysis faster and more reliable. The lower costs could, in turn, lead to a new impulse on direct-democracy-instruments. Comparing the USA, Great Britain, Germany and Switzerland the article provides information about national strategies, discourses and problems, and shows the different political and cultural settings.

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Ho, Karl Ka-yiu. "Dealignment Decades on: Partisanship and Party Support in Great Britain, 1979-1996." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1996. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278532/.

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This dissertation surveys electoral change in Great Britain during the period between 1979 and 1996. It analyzes the long-term factors and the short-term dynamics underlying the evolution of three aspects of the electorate: party identification, voting intentions and party support in inter-election periods. Drawing on cross-sectional and panel data from the British Election Studies and public opinion polls, I investigate the impacts of long-term socialization and short-term perceptions on voters' political decisions. I hypothesize that, over the last four elections, perceptual factors such as evaluations of party leaders and issues, particularly economic concerns, emerged as the major forces that account for the volatility in electoral behavior in Britain. Accordingly, this study is divided into three sections: Part I probes into the evolution in party identification across age cohorts and social classes as illustrated in trends in partisanship. Part II focuses on changes in voting intentions as affected by perceptual factors and party identification. Part III investigates the public's support for governing parties by analyzing the dynamics of aggregate party support during inter-election periods.

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Smart, Matthew James. "Anonymity vs. traceability : revocable anonymity in remote electronic voting protocols." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3386/.

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Remote electronic voting has long been considered a panacea for many of the problems with existing, paper-based election mechanisms: assurance that one’s vote has been counted as cast; ability to vote without fear of coercion; fast and reliable tallying; improvement in voter turnout. Despite these promised improvements, take-up of remote electronic voting schemes has been very poor, particularly when considering country-wide general elections. In this thesis, we explore a new class of remote electronic voting protocols: specfically, those which fit with the United Kingdom’s requirement that it should be possible to link a ballot to a voter in the case of personation. We address the issue of revocable anonymity in electronic voting. Our contributions are threefold. We begin with the introduction of a new remote electronic voting protocol, providing revocable anonymity for any voter with access to an Internet-connected computer of their choice. We provide a formal analysis for the security properties of this protocol. Next, we are among the first to consider client-side security in remote electronic voting, providing a protocol which uses trusted computing to assure the voter and authorities of the state of the voter’s machine. Finally, we address revocable anonymity more generally: should a user have the right to know when their anonymity has been revoked? We provide a protocol which uses trusted computing to achieve this. Ultimately, the work in this thesis can be seen as a sound starting point for the deployment of remote electronic voting in the United Kingdom.

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Kuchciak, Christopher. "The behavior of prices under changing monetary regimes: The United States and Great Britain." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/4464.

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This paper is an empirical investigation of the behaviour of prices in the United States (U.S.) and Great Britain (U.K.) over the last two and a half centuries. The objective is to determine if price stability was attained during the classical gold standard regime, Bretton Woods system and a flexible exchange rate regime using unit root testing procedures. This paper explores some of the theory and techniques involved in unit root testing. These tests are then utilized to determine if the price level was stationary during and after the gold standard period.

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Owen, D. A. L. "Factors affecting the status of the chough in Britain, with observations on its behaviour." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c39f4a68-aa89-45dc-a50e-412f7c234ff4.

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This thesis aims to fill gaps unfilled by the recent upsurge in Chough studies. These are: the classification and functional analysis of aspects of their behaviour, examining feeding preferences in relation to land management, finding how literary attitudes towards them developed and obtaining quantitative insights into their past distribution to apply to possible explanations for their status changes. Three pairs near Llangranog, Dyfed were observed and findings were complemented with analysis of RSPB film offcuts. All observed behaviours were defined and classified according to social context and frequency of use. Of 45 behaviours seen, 21 had not previously been recorded. Single-link cluster diagrams were presented to illustrate observed postures and comparable corvid postures. Three aspects of their social behaviour were further examined: Food-begging by juveniles and females was related to time since fledging and copulation date respectively. Begging success depended on technique repertoire, which increased with time; increased foraging group size decreased the individual's vigilance time spent, with an earlier detection of potential tourist disturbance; wing-flicking did not occur with short flights nor after flights due to disturbance. It was frequent after landing while as frequent before take-off as during foraging excepting tourist disturbed flights. Ritualised forms of wing-flicking and bill-wiping formed the basis of Chough communication. Flow diagrams and canal models describing the functional organisation of these behaviours are presented. Choughs feed on short, mainly grass swards maintained by grazing, exposure and occasionally, cutting. When given the Jackdaw's old name, Choughs acquired their thieving reputation and were also regarded as fire-raisers until the 1830's. Distribution and abundance from 1750 to 1982 were estimated at county and national level. Their status was not significantly affected by climate. Grazing artificially boosted their numbers, agricultural changes and persecution from 1750 until 1940 caused their decline.

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Books on the topic "Voting – Behavior – Great Britain"

1

Jaconelli, Joseph. Voting rules in collegiate legal bodies. Manchester: University of Manchester, Faculty ofLaw, 1990.

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Jaconelli, Joseph. Voting rules in collegiate legal bodies. Manchester, U.K: University of Manchester, Faculty of Law, 1990.

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Revolts and rebellions: Parliamentary voting under Blair. London: Politico's, 2002.

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Snelling, Jonathan. Stranger than the bullet: The wild and wonderful world of the vote. London: Robson Books, 2002.

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Hostettler, John. Voting in Britain: A history of the Parliamentary Franchise. Chichester: Barry Rose, 2001.

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Richard, Rose. Tactical versus expressive voting in Britain: Testing Schumpeter's theory. Glasgow, Scotland: Centre for the Study of Public Policy, University of Strathclyde, 1989.

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Rallings, Colin. Explaining election turnout: A secondary analysis of local election statistics. London: HMSO, 1994.

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J, Carman Christopher, and Johns Robert 1975-, eds. Elections and voters in Britain. 3rd ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.

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Roger, Jowell, and Curtice John, eds. How Britain votes. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Pergamon Press, 1985.

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Heath, Anthony. How Britain votes. Oxford: Pergamon, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Voting – Behavior – Great Britain"

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Flint Ashery, Shlomit. "Introduction." In Spatial Behavior in Haredi Jewish Communities in Great Britain, 1–5. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25858-0_1.

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Flint Ashery, Shlomit. "Canvey Island: The Effects of Group Action of Satmar Community." In Spatial Behavior in Haredi Jewish Communities in Great Britain, 123–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25858-0_10.

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Flint Ashery, Shlomit. "The Hasidic Communities of Stamford Hill and Canvey Island." In Spatial Behavior in Haredi Jewish Communities in Great Britain, 143–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25858-0_11.

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Flint Ashery, Shlomit. "Summary and Conclusion." In Spatial Behavior in Haredi Jewish Communities in Great Britain, 147–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25858-0_12.

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Flint Ashery, Shlomit. "The Haredi Jews in the UK." In Spatial Behavior in Haredi Jewish Communities in Great Britain, 7–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25858-0_2.

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Flint Ashery, Shlomit. "Measurement of the Jewish Population in the UK." In Spatial Behavior in Haredi Jewish Communities in Great Britain, 25–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25858-0_3.

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Flint Ashery, Shlomit. "The Litvish World." In Spatial Behavior in Haredi Jewish Communities in Great Britain, 31–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25858-0_4.

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Flint Ashery, Shlomit. "The Litvish Community of Golders Green: The Formation of Nested Residential Patterns." In Spatial Behavior in Haredi Jewish Communities in Great Britain, 35–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25858-0_5.

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Flint Ashery, Shlomit. "The Litvish Community of Gateshead: Reshaping the Territoriality of the Neighbourhood." In Spatial Behavior in Haredi Jewish Communities in Great Britain, 59–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25858-0_6.

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Flint Ashery, Shlomit. "The Litvish Communities of Golders Green and Gateshead." In Spatial Behavior in Haredi Jewish Communities in Great Britain, 85–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-25858-0_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Voting – Behavior – Great Britain"

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Nishikawa, Alyssa, and Aly M. Tawfik. "An Exploratory Comparison of International Travel Behavior Differences: Travel Activity, Travel Time, and Travel Distance in Great Britain, New Zealand, and the United States." In International Conference on Transportation and Development 2022. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784484340.011.

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Rutsinskaya, Irina, and Galina Smirnova. "VISUALIZATION OF EVERYDAY SOCIAL AND CULTURAL PRACTICES: VICTORIAN PAINTING AS A MIRROR OF THE ENGLISH TEA PARTY TRADITION." In NORDSCI Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/nordsci2021/b1/v4/37.

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"Throughout the second half of the seventeen and the eighteenth centuries, tea remained an expensive exotic drink for Britain that “preserved” its overseas nature. It was only in the Victorian era (1837-1903) that tea became the English national drink. The process attracts the attention of academics from various humanities. Despite an impressive amount of research in the UK, in Russia for a long time (in the Soviet years) the English tradition of tea drinking was considered a philistine curiosity unworthy of academic analysis. Accordingly, the English tea party in Russia has become a leader in the number of stereotypes. The issue became important for academics only at the turn of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Currently, we can observe significant growth of interest in this area in Russia and an expansion of research into tea drinking with regard to the history of society, philosophy and culture. Despite this fact, there are still serious lacunas in the research of English tea parties in the Victorian era. One of them is related to the analysis of visualization of this practice in Victorian painting. It is a proven fact that tea parties are one of the most popular topics in English arts of the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries. No other art school in the world referred to the topic so frequently: painting formed the visual image of the English tea party, consolidated, propagandized and spread ideas of the national tea tradition. However, this aspect has been reflected neither in British nor Russian studies. Being descriptive and analytical, the present research refers to the principles of historicism, academic reliability and objectivity, helping to determine the principal trends and social and cultural features and models in Britain during the period. The present research is based on the analysis of more than one hundred genre paintings by British artists of the period. The paintings reflect the process of creating a special “truly English” material and visual context of tea drinking, which displaced all “oriental allusions” from this ceremony, to create a specific entourage and etiquette of tea consumption, and set nationally determined patterns of behavior at the tea table. The analysis shows the presence of English traditions of tea drinking visualization. The canvases of British artists, unlike the Russian ones, never reflect social problems: tea parties take place against the background of either well-furnished interiors or beautiful landscapes, being a visual embodiment of Great Britain as a “paradise of the prosperous bourgeoisie”, manifesting the bourgeois virtues. Special attention is paid to the role of the women in this ritual, the theme of the relationship between mothers and children. A unique English painting theme, which has not been manifested in any other art school in the world, is a children’s tea party. Victorian paintings reflect the processes of democratization of society: representatives of the lower classes appear on canvases. Paintings do not only reflect the norms and ideals that existed in the society, but also provide the set patterns for it."

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Zhuo, Chen, Zhao Bo, Yang Jian, and Sun Jin-long. "Research on the Reliability of Digital Instrumentation and Control System of Nuclear Power Plant Based on Dynamic Flowgraph Methodology." In 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-67719.

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With the development of information and computer technology, the Digital Instrumentation and Control (I&C) System has been widely used in nuclear power plants, which leads the tendency of NPPS’ construction and rebuilding on digital I&C system. As an approximate approach, conventional fault tree approach has been used quite often in the analysis of nuclear power plants’ Probability Safety Assessment (PSA), which combine with system components’ failure modes in order to modeling the digital system’s failure. However, for the reason that conventional fault tree approach has a great disadvantage on analyzing the reliability of digital I&C system, which may not be able to fully describe the dynamic behavior of digital I&C system with significant hardware/software/human action process interaction, multi-failure modes and logic loops, it cannot carry on effective modeling and evaluation of digital I&C system. Therefore it is necessary to establish some dynamic approaches to modeling digital I&C system. As a new probability safety analysis method, Dynamic Flowgraph Methodology (DFM) can model the relationship between time sequence and system variables because of its dynamic property. Therefore, DFM can be used to analyze the impact of software failure, hardware failure and external environment, which are closely related to the reliability of the whole system. In the first place, this paper introduces the theoretical basis, model elements and the modeling procedures of DFM and demonstrates how Dynamic Flowgraph Methodology (DFM) can be applied to Reactor Protection System with interactions between hardware/software and physical properties of a controlled process. Meanwhile, in this case, DFM and fault tree methodologies are both used to conduct the PSA for the same top event by calculating the probability of it and finding out the prime implicants of DFM and minimal cutsets of conventional fault tree. During the process of analysis, we mainly evaluate the reliability of reactor trip function of Reactor Protection System (RPS) by using DFM and conventional fault tree approach and mainly focus on modeling the four-way-redundant voting logic and the reactor trip breaker logic. Finally, through the comparison of this two methods and model results, it is concluded that there is a distinct advantage of DFM over conventional fault tree approach by using multi-logic to fully display the fault mode and utilizing decision table to describe the interaction between software and hardware. In general, conclusion can be drawn that, as a dynamic approach, Dynamic Flowgraph Methodology could be more accuracy and effective than conventional fault tree approach in analysis, ensuring the reliability and safety of the whole digital I&C system.

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