Dissertations / Theses: 'Voluntary aids'

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Maja, Lusanda Nobom. "Experiences and feelings of counsellors involved in HIV and AIDS voluntary counselling and testing." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-11262008-142405.

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Maama, Lineo Bernadette. "Factors affecting AIDS orphans' from accessing voluntary counselling and testing (VCT)." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1046.

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The study seeks to explore and identify factors that prevent AIDS orphans in presenting themselves for Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT). Socio-cultural factors, notably, stigma and the resultant discrimination by community members, have been presented by many researchers as the main aetiological factors that hinder the use of VCT by AIDS orphans. It is on the basis of this that this study was conducted to identify factors that hinder AIDS orphans from accessing VCT. The study used a qualitative approach following an explorative and descriptive, contextual research design and was conducted at Ubuntu Education Fund, Port Elizabeth. Purposive sampling was used to determine a sample of AIDS orphans. Participants of the study had to be orphaned as a result of AIDS, isiXhosa-speaking, between 12-17 years, living in the care of a primary care-giver and had not presented themselves for VCT. Data was collected by means of semi-structured interviews. Semi-structured interviews are suitable in cases where the researcher is interested in an issue that is complex or personal (De Vos, Strydom, Fouche and Deloport, 2005). Data was analyzed according to the framework provided by Tesch (1990) as described in Creswell (2003). The major findings of this study were that people are locked in a ‘poverty-of-the mind cycle’, in respect of HIV and AIDS, and this is exacerbated by educational impoverishment and general poverty. The recommendations that emanated from this study are made from policy and service delivery perspectives. It is recommended that in order for AIDS orphans to access VCT they should be developed and empowered through sustainable programmes that enhance their capacities to the outmost realization of their potential. It is also recommended that health and other professionals should encourage AIDS orphans and community members to present themselves for VCT and thus curb the spread of HIV and AIDS.

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More, Pontsho Elizabeth. "The importance of voluntary counselling and confidential testing for HIV in the workplace /." Link to the online version, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/746.

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Lamohr, Clive. "Perceptions and attitudes of employees toward voluntary HIV/AIDS testing: a South African case study." Thesis, University of Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_8115_1184927881.

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The devastation caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus/ Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is having a major impact on both the social and economic environment in South Africa. HIV/AIDS hits at the core of the businesses structure - the bottom line. In the absence of a cure for the disease or an effective vaccine, the challenge for all the stakeholders is how to successfully contain and limit the impact of the disease. Intervention programmes such as awareness, knowledge sharing and sero-prevailance testing have the potential to limit HIV/AIDS infections and reduce high-risk behaviours. Whilst education and awareness programmes have been relatively successful in highlighting the dangers of HIV infection, perception, attitudes and behaviours of employees towards HIV/AIDS have dampened voluntary HIV screening initiatives. Many South African organisations have commendable HIV/AIDS education and awareness programmes, however, a concerning fact is that employees are reluctant to avail themselves to voluntary HIV/AIDS testing. Stigmatising attitudes toward persons living with HIV/AIDS may reduce people&rsquo
s willingness to have themselves tested for the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). This may increase the risk of transmission. It may also lead to increased absenteeism in the workplace, and workdays lost resulting from excessive sick.

The aim of the study was to establish what the perceptions and attitudes are of employees at different levels of the organisation with regard to HIV/AIDS testing. A further aim was to identify possible reasons for the poor employee response to voluntary HIV/AIDS testing. It was thus important for this research to gauge employee knowledge, attitude and behaviour toward HIV/AIDS in order for organisations to develop strategies for effective HIV/AIDS counselling and testing programmes.

The data for this study was collected by means of a self report questionnaire. The questionnaire was administered to a sample of employees across all levels of the organisation using the convenient sample approach to identify the respondents. Two hundred and forty six (246) out of a total of 600 questionnaires distributed were returned, making the response rate a credible 41%.
The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) was used to analyse the data obtained from the questionnaire. Both inferential and descriptive statistical approaches were used to analyse the data. The Analyses Of Variance (ANOVA) was used to determine whether differences exist in the perceptions and attitudes of employees at different levels and groupings in the organisation. Additionally post hoc tests (i.e. the Scheffe test) were applied to all comparisons of means after the analysis of variance.

The findings of this research are important for the role of HIV/AIDS testing and awareness/preventions strategies implemented in South Africa. It provides more insight as to why employees resist HIV/AIDS testing. It can furthermore assist organisations in developing strategies for implementing effective HIV/AIDS awareness and/or prevention programmes. More specifically, the findings identified ways in which organisations can redesign their intervention programmes so as to encourage a greater number of employees to submit to voluntary HIV/AIDS testing.

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Obiajulu, Anthony. "Knowledge ,attitude and practice of voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) for HIV/AIDS amongst the health professionals in Umpumulo Hospital , Mapumulo , Ilembe District , Kwazulu-Natal Province." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Medunsa Campus), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/209.

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Thesis(M Med.(Family Medicine)--University of Limpopo, 2009.
The impact of HIV/AIDS on the health sector and the health professionals that work in it is huge. This impact has contributed to the continuing attrition of health professionals in South Africa. Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) has a central role to play in the response to these problems both at the level of the health sector in general and most especially at the level of the individual health professional. Thus, understanding factors that affect the practice of VCT amongst this group of professionals is crucial in South Africa‟s quest to reverse these negative trends. AIM The aim of this study was to determine the level of knowledge, to access and understand the attitude and practice of VCT for HIV/AIDS amongst the health professionals in a rural district Hospital and to make recommendations in order that appropriate intervention strategies may be instituted. METHODS A descriptive cross-sectional quantitative study design was used in which data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire. The study population included all the health professionals working in the hospital at the time of the study but excluded those who were on leave or absent from duty during the period of data collection. Informed consent was obtained from each participant. Data was captured and analyzed using the SPSS version 15.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, Illinois, USA). vi RESULTS There was a very high level of knowledge, a moderately supportive attitude and a moderately high level of practice of VCT amongst the study participants. Divorced/separated respondents to this study had more supportive attitude towards VCT than their single colleagues. Age was found to have a very weak but positive correlation to attitude score. There was no significant difference in knowledge and attitude scores between those who practiced VCT and those who did not. CONCLUSION Health professionals understand the importance of VCT as an HIV preventive behavior but there remains some VCT knowledge, attitude and practice concerns together with other determinants of VCT behavior that needs to be addressed.

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Kanyemba, Phyllis Changu Bune. "Uptake of Voluntary Counseling and Testing at Ngungu Mini - hospital, Zambia." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_2251_1299558390.

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In countries like Zambia where HIV prevalence (14.3% in the age group 15-49 years) is one of the highest in sub-Saharan Africa, HIV testing is an important strategy to combat the HIV/AIDS epidemic, because it is a critical step towards HIV/AIDS care, treatment and support. Despite decades of HIV/AIDS information and education campaigns, only 10% of Zambians know their HIV status. This study aimed to describe the uptake of voluntary counseling and testing and factors associated with uptake at Ngungu Mini - hospital in Ngungu Township, Zambia. Methodology: A descriptive, cross-sectional survey was conducted among 100 adult clients accessing health care at Ngungu mini - hospital during the second week of January 2009. Participants were asked to fill in a questionnaire on VCT, knowledge, attitudes towards HIV testing, and factors that promote/hinder HIV testing. Data was captured with Excel and basic descriptive analysis done using SPSS version 16.0 and Epi Info Version 3.3.1.

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Johnstone, Justine. "Knowledge, development and technology : internet use among voluntary-sector AIDS organisations in KwaZulu-Natal." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2005. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/282/.

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Knowledge is frequently invoked as an explanatory factor in the relationship between technology and development, yet seldom with reference to an explicit conception of knowledge and almost never with reference to contemporary epistemology. The result is a multiplicity of different and in some cases contradictory 'knowledge-based' approaches. At the same time, epistemology is undergoing significant developments that suggest promising directions of enquiry and collaboration with the social and natural sciences. Of particular interest are naturalistic and externalist perspectives in analytic epistemology, where an emerging programme can be discerned aimed at bridging the gap between philosophical and empirical study of the way in which we come to know the world. This project can be seen as part of such a programme, applying naturalistic epistemology to the field of development and technology as the basis of a more grounded and general theory with a range of empirical applications. It begins with a discussion of the philosophical position, identifying three core dimensions of knowledge, their normative features and the potential of technology to support and extend functioning on each dimension. This theory is shown to have close affinities with the capability approach developed by Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum, leading to the articulation of a generic theory of 'knowledge capability'. The second half of the project applies the general theory to a case study of Internet use among AIDS NGOs in the province of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa, where HIV prevalence rates of 37.5% have been recorded and where response to the epidemic has been left largely to civil society. The knowledge dimensions of NGO AIDS work are explored and conclusions drawn about the interactions between technology use, existing capabilities and wider environmental factors in determining the degree to which technology can in this case be considered a knowledge tool.

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Henson, Carolyn. "The space within : an interdisciplinary study of voluntary groups engaging with AIDS and HIV." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339606.

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Shangula, Maria N. "Factors affecting voluntary counseling and HIV testing among pregnant women in Tsumeb district, Oshikoto region, Namibia." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_5201_1183462266.

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Increased uptake of VCT services by pregnant women may be attributed to the development of counseling services and increased availability of rapid tests at the study clinics by the Namibian Health and Social Services. A high knowledge and understanding of HIV and VCT services by pregnant women also probably contributed.

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Lane, Hannah. "An exploratory study into the factors that constrain or enable voluntary HIV testing among young adults in Cape Town, South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11591.

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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 73-81).
Despite exceptionally high HIV prevalence rates, South Africa experiences prohibitively low levels of HIV testing. Considered to be a key element in the prevention of HIV transmission and a necessary gateway for providing care and treatment for those who are infected, widespread ignorance of HIV status has become a mounting concern in countries with high prevalence rates. Strategies for increasing testing rates have most commonly focused on testing and treatment services, such as the availability and accessibility of clinics offering voluntary counselling and testing (VCT), the number of trained nurses and health practitioners able to administer HIV tests, the possibility of instituting routine HIV testing to increase coverage, and the provision of highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) in the event of a positive diagnosis. These efforts seek to either increase access to testing through infrastructural improvements or encourage testing by highlighting its function as a gateway to accessing medical services to manage HIV infection and future transmission. In a departure from these strategies, this thesis considers the physical, social, and psychological ramifications of living with HIV - and not simply issues of access, treatment, and prevention - in order to understand HIV testing practices. Qualitative in-depth interviews were conducted with 15 young adults (6 mole and 9 female) living in Cape Town, South Africa. Semi-structured in-depth interviews collected information about: 1) knowledge and sources of knowledge about HIV/AIDS, as well as how this knowledge changes over time; 2) beliefs and attitudes towards HIV and HIV testing, including corresponding health-seeking behaviours; 3) personal stories about HIV testing, including reasons for and reactions to testing; and 4) possible strategies to encourage HIV testing in the future. Study participants identified three broad threats that were perceived to be experienced by HIV positive people and explained how the HIV test served to either mitigate or expose an individual to these threats. Physical threats posed by HIV, such as opportunistic infections or death, encouraged HIV testing as it was only through testing that these potential threats could be mitigated. Conversely, an HIV test exposed an individual to social and psychological threats. The social threats of living with HIV included exclusion, rejection by family and friends, and social shame. Psychological threats included mental destruction, depression, and stress, among others. Where social and psychological threats were perceived to be strong, testing was actively avoided. The findings of this study are that the decision to voluntarily test for HIV can be explained through a balance of the physical, social, and psychological threats that may be managed or catalysed through an HIV test. When study participants perceived physical threats to outweigh perceived social and psychological threats of living with HIV, they were biased towards testing. When they viewed social and psychological threats to outweigh physical threats, they were biased against testing. This focus on the perceived threats of living with HIV highlights the need to have a comprehensive approach to AIDS and HIV, rather than merely focusing on the clinical diagnosis and treatment of symptoms; enhanced infrastructural resources and the opportunity for mitigation of the physical threats alone do not encourage HIV testing.

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Foster, Caron. "An exploration of voluntary counselling and testing : a Port Elizabeth-based study." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1204.

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The purpose of this study was to explore and identify factors that either facilitate or inhibit individuals volunteering for HIV-testing. The target group was comprised of Xhosa first-language construction workers in a company with an HIV/AIDS workplace policy and programme. This programme provides basic education and awareness about HIV/AIDS. This education includes information about where to access voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) services. Interpretive qualitative research was undertaken in order to explore the beliefs, perceptions and intentions of the target group in regard to the utilisation VCT services. Data was collected using an unstructured interview guide. The data was analysed using Tesch’s approach to content analysis. Concerns about validity and reliability were engaged throughout the research process and supported further by using researcher reflexivity and an independent researcher. The independent researcher analysed data separately and only after discussion and consensus being found between the two researchers were final categories and codes agreed upon and data analysis considered complete. Findings revealed that an HIV/AIDS workplace programme has a positive impact on the health-seeking behaviour of workers in the construction company used in this research. Respondents knew how HIV/AIDS is transmitted, how to prevent transmission and where to find HIV-testing treatment and support. In this case HIV-testing services can easily be accessed further facilitating respondents volunteering for HIV-testing. It was also found that family, friends and churches support HIV-testing behaviour by providing education, guidance and support to respondents encouraging behaviour change. On the other hand, respondents held that community members who had not benefited from an HIV/AIDS workplace programme such as theirs are exposed daily to the devastating effects of HIV leading to AIDS deaths and live in fear of the disease. Debilitating illness and eventual death is equated with an HIV-positive diagnosis which causes community members to believe it is better not to volunteer for HIV-testing than to ascertain one’s HIV-status. The HIV/AIDS workplace policy and xv programme on the other hand is seen to have provided respondents with HIV/AIDS knowledge enabling them to overcome their fear of an HIV-positive diagnosis and to volunteer for regular HIV-testing.

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Musemwa, Shingisai. "Factors influencing university students' use of HIV voluntary counselling and testing services : an analysis using the health belief model." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1448.

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Human Immune Virus (HI)V /Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) has emerged as the most devastating epidemic that the world has experienced. Voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) has proven to be an effective way of preventing and controlling HIV. South African universities provide free VCT services on their campuses; however, these facilities are underused. The study’s objectives were to use the components of the health belief model (HBM) to explore and describe the factors that influenced the decision made by university students who have gone for VCT. The sample consisted of five male students. Data was collected through one-on-one in depth interviews, which were recorded. Data was analysed using thematic analysis, and the components of the HBM were used as codes for the data. Themes were generated for each component. The results indicated that perceived severity, perceived benefits and cues to action played a role in influencing the participants’ decision to go for VCT. In addition, results show that perceived susceptibility had little influence on their decision to go for VCT. Even though participants acknowledged barriers to VCT, they reported that the perceived benefits for VCT outweighed the barriers, and the decision to go for VCT was made. Participants suggested that to increase uptake of VCT on their campus, the university could improve current VCT campaigns, introduce rewards for VCT and introduce couples VCT.

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Sefularo, Tebogo Veronica. "A phenomenological study of four students' experiences of voluntary counselling and testing." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-11192008-190129.

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Nzaumvila, Doudou Kunda. "Reasons given by pregnant women for not returning for their results following voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) for the human immunodeficiency virus at Embhuleni Hospital." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Medunsa Campus), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/202.

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Thesis (M Med.(Family Medicine))--University of Limpopo, 2010.
OBJECTIVE: In 2007 36% of the pregnant women tested positive for HIV at Embhuleni Hospital and its satellite clinics. However, only one quarter of those returned to the wellness clinic for their CD4 results so as to begin with Anti-Retrovirus Therapy (ART) if they qualified. The rest would not return to the wellness clinic, and would only present late with opportunistic infections or a subsequent pregnancy. The study aimed at exploring the reasons why women who had been tested for HIV by means of VCT failed to return for their CD4 results, to understand those reasons, to determine what information was given to them before they were tested, to assess the availability of personal support systems (family, friends, etc), and finally to assess the women’s understanding of HIV/AIDS, for which they were tested. METHODS: A descriptive qualitative study was conducted using the free attitude interview technique for data collection. The Ante-natal care (ANC) clinic register of the Embhuleni Hospital was used to trace patients who had consented for voluntary counselling and testing (VCT), but who had since not returned for their results after 30 days of testing. Those patients were visited at their places of residence by the research team (interviewing nurse and the researcher) to request them to participate in the study. The exploratory question was: “May you tell us why you did not come back for your HIV test results?” “Sicela usichazele kutsi yinindzaba ungasetanga kutewuhlola imiphumela yakho yengati? (SiSwati Version). The interviews were audio recorded and field notes taken. The interviewer sought clarification for unclear issues raised, and gave reflective summaries at the conclusion of each idea under discussion. The interviews continued until there was information saturation. In this study, was reached at respondent number nine. The audio-tapes were transcribed verbatim, followed by translation into English. The emerging themes formed the basis for the write-up. RESULTS: The following themes emerged:  Communication between health care workers and patients Poor quality of communication (patients not told to come back)  Knowledge on HIV/AIDS and PMTCT Patients had poor knowledge of HIV/AIDS and PMTCT  Fear of stigma for HIV/AIDS The community associated coming back for the results with being HIV positive  Poor patient support Poor family support system for the patient Limited patient financial resources  Experience at the health facilities Lack of patient privacy Attitude of the health care workers not acceptable to patients CONCLUSION: The factors that resulted in non-return of the pregnant women to the facility for their results were that the women were not made aware that they were to return for their results; poor quality of communication by the hospital staff; unpleasant experiences by patients at the facility; patients feared community stigmatisation; there was lack of patient support, and the patients had poor knowledge of HIV/AIDS and PMTCT

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Toivo, Aini-Kaarin. "Perceptions and experiences of pregnant women towards HIV voluntary antenatal counselling and testing in Oshakati Hospital, Namibia." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&amp.

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This study focused on perceptions and experiences of pregnant women who opted in against those who opted out of voluntary antenatal HIV counseling and testing. The pregnant women's perceptions and experiences were assessed in order to gain insight into their views towards voluntary antenatal counseling and testing.

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Ramuhaheli, Rendani Marcia. "Challenges experienced by community organization in the provision of HIV/AIDS home based care." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_5150_1367481640.

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In many developing countries including South Africa, there is an overwhelming number of people infected with HIV/AIDS in the hospitals, which the health care workers are unable to cope with. Therefore, an urgent need to develop alternative community based activities such as support groups, home based care programs and placement of
orphans, for the provision of social health care services to the HIV client, arises. However, a deeper understanding of the challenges facing community organizations when
providing home based care is crucial and necessary in order to formulate effective and relevant care services. The aim of the study was to explore the challenges faced by Umtha
elanga Community Organization (UWCO) in the provision of HIV/AIDS home based care. The objectives of the study were to assess the current home based care of the UWCO and to explore the challenges that community based organizations have to face when providing care services to people being infected and affected by HIV/AIDS. The research design undertaken was the case study of UWCO. The qualitative approach with in-depth interviews with the
management staff and home based caregivers was utilized. Data analysis began immediately after the interviews by transcribing and translating the audio-taped data. Thematic analysis was used in which data was coded and categorized. The findings of the research
indicated that the home based care programme assists PLWHA clients in their natural home setting. All home based carers work voluntary and get supported by the organization as
ell as by the department of social development and health such as the social workers. Finances appear to be, both for the organization and the home based carers, a huge
hindrance. Research indicated that the organization experiences various challenges to provide the service to their community. It is recommended that Government must ensure that
home based care workers get recognition, credit and support for their valuable contribution. Training for HBC employers needs to be extended to expose and add more skills. This
will ensure that they are equipped for their tasks. Home based care workers must become registered and paid better salaries by the government.

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Bochio, Ieda Maria Siébra. "O voluntariado como valor - perspectiva histórica e percepção de gestores voluntários e contratados de uma organização não governamental - ONG AIDS." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6135/tde-17102014-104716/.

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da cidadania. Estimulado e desenvolvido no contexto de organizações com finalidade publica, o voluntariado pode ser compreendido como um valor organizacional, sendo tema de especial importância para gestores enquanto pessoas estratégicas na preservação ou criação de valores. A Casa de Assistência Filadélfia CAF, objeto deste estudo, é uma ONG AIDS com mais de 20 anos. Formada a partir da iniciativa voluntária, ela é representativa por seu contingente de voluntários, pelo volume de ações voluntárias e pela composição de sua liderança, formada por gestores voluntários e contratados. Objetivos contextualizar o voluntariado como prática social e o valor a ele atribuído em diferentes momentos históricos; caracterizar o voluntariado enquanto valor na perspectiva da gestão organizacional; identificar a percepção de gestores voluntários e contratados na ONG CAF. Procedimentos metodológicos-. Foram realizadas pesquisas bibliográfica, documental e qualitativa com Estudo de Caso, sendo a coleta de dados feita a partir de análise documental e entrevistas com gestores voluntários e contratados. Para a análise de dados, foram utilizadas quatro categorias: relevância histórica, singularidade identitária, evidência nas práticas e legado de liderança. Resultados Considerando que um valor é algo essencial, foi realizado um levantamento das principais bases filosóficas que têm fundamentado a prática do voluntariado dentro da cultura atual. Para entender o voluntariado dentro do contexto organizacional brasileiro, foram apontados cronologicamente exemplos de organizações voluntárias confirmando os fundamentos filosóficos. Realizou-se levantamento da base conceitual que fundamenta o papel do gestor na preservação e construção de valores. Gestores voluntários e contratados responderam a 10 perguntas tendo como enfoque o voluntariado como valor organizacional. Conclusão- O presente estudo aponta para a necessidade de entender o voluntariado como valor, o que pode contribuir para uma participação voluntária consciente e efetiva no engajamento de causas coletivas. O estudo chama a atenção para o papel dos gestores na preservação e criação de valores organizacionais, o que se torna possível pela compreensão do que seja valor e da identificação dos valores essenciais para a continuidade organizacional. Nessa perspectiva, a gestão de valores deixa de ser apenas uma estratégia para se tornar uma competência do gestor e da organização. Para gestores de organizações voluntárias, compreender o voluntariado como valor tem implicações para o fortalecimento da identidade organizacional enquanto espaços de reconhecimento, solidariedade e promoção da cidadania.
citizenship. Stimulated and developed in the context of organizations with a public purpose, volunteering can be understood as an organizational value, and is a subject of special importance to managers as strategic people in the preservation and creation of value. Casa de Assistência Filadélfia CAF, object of this study, is an AIDS NGO with more than 20 years of experience. Founded by voluntary initiative, it is representative as a case study for its number of volunteers, the volume of voluntary actions, and for the composition of its leadership - formed by voluntary and employed managers. Objectives: To put into context volunteering as a social practice and the value given to it in different historical periods; To characterize volunteering as a value in the perspective of organizational management; To identify the perception of voluntary and employed managers of volunteering as value in the NGO CAF. Methodological Procedures A Bibliographical and documental research and qualitative methodology with Case Study was used where data was collected by documental analyses and interviews with voluntary and employed managers. The data was based on documental analyses and interviews with voluntary managers and employed managers. The data was classified within four categories of analysis: historic significance, singularity of identity, evidence of organizational practices and leadership legacy. Results - Starting with the understanding that a value is an essential element, a survey was held of the main philosophical bases that support voluntary practices in current culture. To understand volunteering within the Brazilian context of organizations, this study presented chronologically some examples of voluntary organizations confirming the philosophical bases. The study presents the main concepts that support the role of the manager in the preservation and development of organizational values. Voluntary and employed managers answered 10 questions with a focus on volunteering as an organizational value. Conclusion- The present thesis points to the need for understanding volunteering as a value which contributes to conscious and effective voluntary participation, in the engagement in collective causes. Value Management becomes not only a strategy, but also a managerial and an organizational competence. The study points out the important role of managers in the preservation and development of organizational values that is only possible if they understand the meaning of values, and identify the values that are essential for organizational continuity For managers in voluntary organizations, understanding volunteering as a value has implications for the strengthening of the organizational identity and encourages the awareness of others, solidarity and the promotion of citizenship.

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Sikasote, Janet Precious Banda. "Effect of voluntary counselling and testing and a negative HIV result on risk behaviour : a qualitative longitudinal study in a Zambian mining community." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4441.

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Background: Countries in sub-Saharan Africa are scaling up access to Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) services as a strategy for HIV prevention, treatment, care and support. The international and national push to achieve targets for anti-retroviral therapy scale up has emphasised VCT as an entry point to treatment, with follow-up mostly directed at those who test positive. Yet over 60% of those testing are HIV negative. Limited understanding of how HIV voluntary counselling and testing, and receipt of a negative result impact on sexual behaviour has resulted in underdeveloped support for those testing HIV negative. Aims: To gain the perspective of those who have tested HIV-negative on the following: (1) the decision making process that precedes attendance for voluntary counselling and testing; (2) how voluntary counselling and a negative test result influence sexual behavioural intentions and reported subsequent behaviour; and (3) support systems and networks that would enhance the respondent’s ability to remain HIV negative. Method: Qualitative longitudinal study utilising semi-structured interviews, six months apart, with people who have tested negative and three one-off focus group discussions with counsellors. Participants were purposively sampled from VCT centres in two mining towns in Zambia. Interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically with the aid of the qualitative data analysis software, Nvivo7. Cross-sectional analysis of all data sets was conducted and paired transcripts were analysed longitudinally to assess change over time. Results: Forty-two HIV-negative people were interviewed, with thirty-one returning for the follow-up interview (74% return rate). VCT was perceived as ‚testing for HIV‛. Before attending VCT most participants had gone through a protracted period of angst, resulting in a resolution to reduce number of partners, use condoms or abstain from sex. Counselling affirmed life choices, rather than initiating them. Although perception of the risk of HIV increased, misconceptions about HIV transmission persisted post-counselling. The negative test result provided impetus and resolve to implement or maintain life change. Themes identified were: (1) recognising personal susceptibility to HIV infection; (2) emotional and cognitive engagement with the problem of testing; (3) a driving need to know status (regardless of test result); and (4) empowerment and being in control providing the ability to plan for the future. Analysis of post-test support needs revealed two further themes: (1) reinforcement of behaviour change through additional knowledge, supportive networks, and life-skills training; and (2) access to recreational activities. There was no reported post-test increase in unsafe sexual behaviour among those that returned for the follow-up interview. Focus group findings reinforced those from interviews. Conclusions: This study has shown that in this population of people who tested HIV-negative: 1. the majority made life changes before attending VCT and used VCT to know their status 2. counselling consolidated pre-test decisions about risk behaviour and testing provided motivation to adopt safer behaviour and to maintain previous low- or no-risk behaviour and 3. there is a felt need for post-testing recreational activities, further HIV/AIDS education and participation in HIV prevention activities. Recommendations include: (1) the promotion of community-based interactive one-to-one and group information, education and communication (IEC) (to aid understanding and progression to the point where testing appears to be of optimum benefit) ; (2) referral to post-test support options such as support groups and inclusion on a text messaging list should be made available; and (3) post-test intervention strategies, for example, provision of result-specific IEC materials and active involvement in prevention activities should be developed and evaluated.

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Komanyane, Lorato. "Factors influencing the utilization of voluntary counselling and testing services amongst employees of the Lobatse Town Council in Botswana." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/535.

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In this study both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to find out to what extent the Lobatse Town Council employees used Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) HIV and AIDS services, the reasons for using or not using the services, the preferred service providers reasons for choosing a service provider. Lastly recommendations were made on how the uptake HIV and AIDS VCT services could increased amongst the employees. A sample of 200 respondents was selected from the employees of the Lobatse Town Council, and it was established that 65.5 percent of the respondents had used VCT. Females had a higher testing participation rates than males, white collar respondents had a higher testing participation than the blue collar respondents. There was a higher rate amongst the married than the single respondents and the older ages of 30 and above than the young ages of 29 years and under. In the study it was also established that the majority of the respondents considered voluntary counselling and testing for HIV and AIDS as being important. However there were some groups that were more positive than others regarding the importance of testing. More females than males were positive regarding the importance of testing, and also amongst the employment categories the white collar respondents were more positive than the blue collar respondents regarding the importance of HIV and AIDS testing. Furthermore it was established that the most important reason for testing amongst the employees that did test for HIV and AIDS was that they felt that they needed to undergo testing before they tested. The respondents that did not test for HIV and AIDS indicated that the most important reason for not testing was that they were scared the results could not be kept confidential. The research also showed that the most preferred service provider was Tebelopele. Tebelopele was the most used and preferred service provider amongst both gender and age groups, all marital groups and the blue collar group in the employment categories. However, for the white collar group the most preferred service provider was the private practitioners. The most common reason for choosing a service provider was confidentiality and privacy. Lastly, the research makes recommendations on what needs to be done to increase the uptake of VCT HIV and AIDS testing amongst the Lobatse Town Council employees. One of the recommendations is that there was a need to educate the employees of the Lobatse Town Council and that the education should be specific for each group. For example from the group discussion the participants felt that the reason to why males did not want to utilise HIV and AIDS VCT was because they lacked knowledge on the importance of testing. Also the respondents indicated that there was a need to remove stigma and discrimination through removing confidentiality attached to HIV and AIDS. It was also, recommended that the Lobatse Town Council formulate and implements a workplace policy on HIV and AIDS

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Mutwali, Reem. "Socio-demographic characteristics and HIV testing in Omdurman National Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) in Sudan by Reem Mutwali." Thesis, UWC, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/2874.

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>Magister Scientiae - MSc
The identification of the association between socio-demographic characteristics and HIV was found to be a useful tool in determining the important risk factors in Sudan. In this study, the relationship(s) between HIV test results and the demographic characteristics such as gender, age, residence area, employment, education, marital status and religion in Omdurman, Sudan were investigated. The data were collected from patients visiting Omdurman National Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) Centre from April 2005 to April 2006. The study sample was represented by 320 patients. Tables were used in the data analysis to present the distribution of the participants by the result of HIV test and demographic factors; odds ratios were also obtained from these tables. The Chi-square test was used to test the association between each socio-demographic factor and the result of HIV test; the Pvalue obtained from this test was measured at a significance level of 0.05. Finally, the joint effect of all demographic factors on HIV test results was tested using logistic regression. A significant association between socio-demographic characteristics and HIV test results was observed. It showed a higher incidence rate in females, middle-aged, married, employed and Christian individuals. HIV was also found to be higher in urban areas than in rural areas. The lower incident rate was observed among educated individuals.

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Hara, Rosiana Julia. "Perceptions and attitudes of first year student nurses towards voluntary HIV counselling and testing at the Western Cape College of Nursing." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_6595_1256887789.

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Voluntary HIV counselling and testing (VCT) programmese have been regarded as an important strategy in the management of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. This is in light of having statistics showing only one in five South Africans who know about voluntary counselling and testing also went for testing/ The aim of this study was to get a better understanding of the barriers whoch prevented student nurses from participating in voluntary HIV counselling and testing, explore their knowledge of the VCT process, explore factors which influence their decision to test or not to test and their perception of the VCT programme in their college.

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Williams, Leilanie. "Barriers and enablers to acceptance of voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) services by youth males." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/19894.

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Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) is considered an important component of the South African government’s response to the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Despite of this, the numbers of South Africans who have accessed VCT remains low. Pregnant women in antenatal clinics remain the primary recipients of HIV testing since it is routinely offered to them at antenatal clinics. Figures from antenatal clinics constitute the most important source of HIV/AIDS statistics in South Africa. Targeting women at antenatal clinics perpetuate the stereotypes that women are solely responsible for reproductive health issues or, that they are to be blame for the mounting HIV infections. These beliefs exacerbate the culminating violence against women. According to observation, active involvement of male youth in reproductive health at the Rosedale Clinic situated in Uitenhage, a town in the Eastern Cape, appears to be very limited. This might be as a result of traditional beliefs declaring reproductive health a primarily female domain. Active involvement of males in reproductive health is considered to have positive health outcomes both for themselves, and their partners. The purpose of this study is thus to encourage males served by the Rosedale clinic to become more actively involved in one aspect of reproductive health, namely voluntary counseling and testing (VCT). The study aims to find out which factors constitute barriers and enablers to VCT acceptance by male youth. Semi-structured, face-to- face interviews were conducted in September 2006 with eighteen males, 18 to 25 years, to determine from their perspective what constitute barriers and enablers to HIV test acceptance by males. These participants were recruited from two well-known rugby clubs in Uitenhage, located in the Eastern Cape. In addition, a focus group discussion was conducted with four males recruited at a graduate development programme hosted in Uitenhage in order to explore common themes emerging from interviews and the discussion. A pervasive, psychologically rooted fear; and possible low perception of risk emerge from this study as main barriers to HIV testing. Negative perceptions regarding service delivery in the public health sector constitute another barrier to HIV testing. The possibility of teasing, a common phenomenon amongst rugby players but not exclusive to them, exacerbates peer pressure thus possibly contributing to low levels of HIV test acceptance among these males. Increased HIV test acceptance is associated with increased opportunities of exposure to HIV testing opportunities, for example at awareness campaigns. Access to medical aid and income is also associated with an increased likelihood of HIV testing since most males prefer accessing HIV testing services in the private sector. Convenience and ease of access to HIV testing services are important when these males consider going for HIV testing.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Vrywillige Berading en MIV Toetsing, een aspek van reproduktiewe gesondheid, word beskou as ‘n belangrike komponent van die Suid-Afrikaanse regering se strategie teen MIV/VIGS. Ongeag van hierdie feit is ‘n groot aantal Suid-Afrikaners nog nie getoets vir MIV nie. Swanger vrouens word op ‘n daaglikse basis hierdie toets aangebied as deel van roetine ondersoeke. Syfers vanaf pre-natale klinieke vorm die hoofbron van Suid- Afrika se HIV/VIGS statistieke. Die feit dat swanger vrouens die hoofteikengroep is vir MIV toetsing dra by tot stereotipes wat daartoe lei dat vrouens primêr verantwoordelik is vir die behoud van reproduktiewe gesondheid; en dat hulle beskou word as die hoofverdagtes in die toenemende oordrag van MIV. Laasgenoemde beskuldiging vererger geweld teen vrouens. Volgens waarneming by Rosedale publieke kliniek geleë in Uitenhage, ‘n dorp in die Oos-kaap, is veral jeugdige mans se betrokkenheid in reproduktiewe gesondheid uiters minimaal. Dit kan moontlik wees omdat reproduktiewe gesondheid tradisioneel as ‘n vroulike domein beskou word. Aktiewe betrokkenheid van beide mans en vrouens in reproduktiewe gesondheid het positiewe gesondheidsuitkomste vir beide partye tot gevolg. Die doel van hierdie studie is dus om jongmans wie deur die Rosedale kliniek bedien word aan te moedig om meer sigbaar te word in reproduktiewe gesondheidskwessies; met die oog op een aspek daarvan naamlik, vrywillige berading en MIV toetsing. Die studie poog dus om uit te vind watter struikelblokke jeugdige mans weerhou van MIV toetsing en; watter faktore mans aanmoedig om vir die toets te gaan. Semi-gestruktureerde, aangesig-tot- aangesig onderhoude is in September 2006 met 18 mans, vanaf die ouderdomme 18 tot 25 jaar, gevoer. Hierdie mans was tydens die studie rugbyspelers vanuit twee welbekende rugbyklubs op die dorp. ‘n Addisionele fokus groep is verder gevoer met manlike studente wie ten tye van die studie aan ‘n ontwikkelingsprogram vir gradueerders deelgeneem het op die dorp. Hierdie fokusgroep is geloods om soortgelyke temas vanuit die onderhoude en die bespreking te ondersoek. Die studie toon dat ‘n diepgewortelde, sielkundige vrees; en moontlike lae bewustheid van persoonlike risiko die twee vernaamste struikelblokke is vir MIV toetsing. Negatiewe sienings rakende die publieke gesondheidssektor kan moontlik bydrae tot weerstand teen MIV toetsingsdienste. Tergery, ‘n bekende verskynsel onder rugbymans, maar nie slegs beperk tot diè groep nie, dra by tot groepsdruk en weerhou moontlik menige mans van MIV toetsing. Diegene in die studie wie alreeds vir MIV getoets is geniet toenemende blootstelling aan MIV toetsingsgeleenthede; bv tydens bewusmakingsveldtogte geloods òf by die werk òf tersiêre instellings. Toegang tot ‘n mediese fonds; en ‘n inkomste is moontlike bepalende faktore sienende dat meeste respondente gesondheidsdienste in die privaatsektor verkies. Gerieflike toegang tot MIV toetsingsdienste word deur sommige mans as belangrike beskou wanneer hulle MIV toetsing oorweeg.

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Akpabio, Alma. "Attitude, perceptions and behaviour towards family planning amongst women attending PMTCT services at Oshakati Intermediate Hospital, Namibia." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_9300_1362391815.

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Background: About 22.4 million people were living with HIV/AIDS in 2008 out of which women constitute approximately 57%. Namibia is one of the highly affected countries with a national HIV prevalence of 17.8% among women attending antenatal clinics. Antiretroviral medications have become available in Namibia since 2002 and presently all district hospitals and some health centres provide ARVs to those in need. Namibia is rated as one of the few countries in sub-Sahara Africa with a high coverage of ART, with 80% of those in need of ART receiving the treatment. An increasing trend has been observed whereby HIV+ women on ARV are becoming pregnant. Little is known about the attitude, knowledge and behavior of these women towards family planning and use of contraceptives and what barriers they may be facing in accessing these services.Aim: To determine the factors affecting the utilization of family planning services by HIV+ pregnant women receiving PMTCT services. Methodology: The study was a cross sectional study using both quantitative and qualitative methods to assess the critical elements of knowledge, attitude and perceptions of the study participants towards family planning services. The study also assessed the health system and other factors that impact on the use of contraceptives by HIV+ women. It was conducted in northern Namibia at Oshakati Health centre among randomly selected pregnant HIV+ women attending for PMTCT services.Results: Among the 113 respondents, who participated in the study, 97.3% knew at least one method of family planning but only 53.6% actually used any method of contraception prior to current pregnancy. Among the 46.4% who did not use any contraception, the reasons often cited for non-use were because they wanted a baby (52%), spouse objection (10%), being afraid of the effects (14%) and other reasons such as belief, culture and distance to travel to the health facility. 88% of the respondents indicated a willingness to use contraceptives after current pregnancy and expressed general satisfaction with services at the health centre while asking for more information on family planning services.Conclusion: HIV+ women have high awareness on some contraceptives but use of contraceptives is not as high as many of them have a desire to have children for self esteem and leave a legacy for the future. Knowledge of the risks of pregnancy on HIV+ woman may be limited and there is a need to improve educational intervention in this regard as well as integrate family planning services into all HIV/AIDS services.

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Mulaudzi, Makondelele Sarah. "The perceptions of teachers regarding HIV/AIDS in the Thoyoyandou area." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-01272006-161731.

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Kumwenda, Andrew. "Evaluation of the quality of counselling for prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV offered to pregnant women in the copperbelt province of Zambia." University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5095.

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Magister Public Health - MPH
Background: One study on estimating rates of mother to child transmission of HIV (MTCT) in program settings in Zambia showed significant reduction in the MTCT rate with some specific prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) interventions. Prolonged breastfeeding and mixed feeding practices by HIV positive mothers increased the MTCT rate by more than double by the time the infant reached 6 to12 months of age. Although the study did not assess the quality of PMTCT counselling in antenatal care settings, literature shows that poor quality of counselling on PMTCT reduces the effectiveness of PMTCT interventions. Study aim: To evaluate the quality of PMTCT counselling offered to pregnant women attending antenatal care (ANC) services in four public health facilities in Kitwe, Copperbelt province of Zambia. Study design and data collection: This was a cross sectional descriptive study. Data was generated using qualitative research methods including document analysis and individual interviews with 22 participants using non-participant observations, client exit interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs) to collect data. The study participants were ANC attendees and PMTCT providers. Two FGDs were conducted with a total of 98 counselling observations done and 16 ANC client exit interviews. Client exit interviews were done immediately after the mothers had undergone PMTCT counselling. Results: Content for group health education (GHE) varied across the facilities. Individual pre-test, post-test and follow up counselling sessions were very short and lacked depth. A total of 41 (83.7%) pre-test observations took between 1 and 5 minutes to be conducted. In addition, several key topics including major modes of HIV transmission, MTCT and the "window period" were omitted. The counsellors' interpersonal skills were generally good but they did not consistently summarize the main issues. The 16 mothers interviewed had limited knowledge of PMTCT with only one client knowing all the MTCT modes correctly. Discussion: Quality of PMTCT counselling did not meet expectations. With a lot of key topics omitted, outcomes of PMTCT interventions may not be as good as expected. Facilities are faced with serious staff shortages and limitations with space. The few members of staff available are overworked and are not able to provide quality PMTCT counselling. Conclusion: While the PMTCT uptake was good and clients felt satisfied, the quality of PMTCT counselling is compromised. There is need to improve it and ensure optimal effectiveness of PMTCT services.

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Chhea, Chhorvann. "Couples in conflict in the context of HIV/AIDS discordant risk behaviors, experiences with voluntary counseling and testing and disclosure of HIV status in Cambodia /." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1835449121&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Chiv, Nget Santhat Sermsri. "Illness suffering experience, stigma and discrimination against people living with HIV/AIDS : a case study of plwas using voluntary counseling confidentiality and testing in Kirivong Referral Hospital, Takeo province, Cambodia /." Abstract, 2008. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2551/cd415/4938049.pdf.

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Ngodji, Terthu Kutupu. "Knowledge, attitudes and practices of male circumcision for HIV prevention among voluntary counseling and testing clients in Onandjokwe District Hospital, Namibia." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_6195_1307446077.

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This study assessed the knowledge, attitudes and practices about MC as an HIV prevention intervention among adult males presenting for HIV Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) services at Onandjokwe District Hospital in northern Namibia. A high level of knowledge of MC, particularly its potential to reduce the risk of HIV infection, STIs and enhance penile hygiene exists among VCT attendees in Onandjokwe District Hospital. MC will most likely to be accepted in this study area, especially when it is implemented to reduce the risk of HIV infection. The study recommends a comprehensive education and information program targeting males and their partners and a training for traditional and medical circumcisers to ensure a high quality of MC services.

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Bucyana, Allan. "The influence of specialised HIV/AIDS sites on first time clients' initiative to seek VCT services : a case of Nkumba University students, Uganda." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6869.

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Thesis (MPhil (Industrial Psychology. Africa Centre for HIV/AIDS Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Although VCT has been recognized for its importance in HIV prevention and control, there are several matters of concern surrounding it that potentially limit its uptake. Clients' selective behavior in tandem with service provider and operating environment factors determine uptake of VCT service. This study sought to contribute knowledge on the influence that specialized HIV/AIDS sites have on first time clients' initiative to seek VCT services in comparison with the general health care sites. The study also analyzed factors that determine clients' preference of VCT access point. The study was done within a student population of Nkumba University in Entebbe municipality, Uganda. A sample of students to fill the study questionnaire was selected using a simple random sampling method from a population frame established from a class identified haphazardly. Four focus group discussions were done: two of the groups participants were stratified as students' male and female groups and were selected using convenient sampling from the sampling frame. The other FGDs were done with two groups of nurse counselors – one from a general health care site while the other was from a specialized VCT site, selected purposively. Specialized VCT sites had a higher frequency of first student clients than general health care sites. Results however indicated that though the perception of service providers' attitude and availability of trained councilors affected their choice, there was no significant difference between specialized and general VCT sites in terms of first time clients' preference. Reasons for preference of site differed. Specialized sites were preferred because they are perceived to offer better quality service owing to their concentration on VCT services, but shunned by others for lack disguise. Conversely, respondents revealed that there is disguise at general health j sites which enhances confidentiality and anonymity thereby curbing clients fears of being identified making it easier for first time clients to go to these sites for VCT.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Alhoewel vrywillige raadgewing en toetsing (VRT) erken is vir sy belangrikheid met betrekking tot MIV voorkoming en beheer, is daar verskeie kwessies daaraan verbonde wat die gebruik daarvan kan beperk. Kliënte se selektiewe gedrag saam met diensverskaffers en omgewingsfaktore bepaal die gebruik van VRT dienste. Hierdie studie het gepoog om kennis by te dra oor die invloed wat gespesialiseerde MIV/Vigs toetsingsterreine het op eerstelinge se inisiatief om VRT dienste te soek in vergelyking met algemene gesondheidssorgterreine. Die studie het ook faktore geanaliseer wat kliënte se voorkeur van VRT terreine bepaal. Die studie is binne 'n studente populasie van Nkumba Universiteit in Entebbe Munisipaliteit, Uganda, uitgevoer. 'n Steekproef van studente om die vraelyste in te vul is geselekteer deur die eenvoudige toevalmonster metode te gebruik van 'n populasie raam geskep van 'n klas was lukraak geidentifiseer is. Vier fokusgroepe het plaasgevind: twee waar deelnemers as manlike en vroulike studentegroepe gestratifiseerd was en geselekteer deur gerieflike steekproeneming van die steekproefraam. Die ander fokusgroepe was twee groepe van verpleegster beraders – een van 'n algemene gesondheidssorgterrein en die ander van 'n gespesialiseerde VRT terrein, doelbewus geselekteer. Gespesialiseerde VRT terreine het 'n hoër frekwensie van eersteling student-kliente as algemene gesondheidssorgterreine. Uitslae het aangedui dat hoewel die persepsie van diensverskaffers se houdings en beskikbaarheid van opgeleide beraders hul keuse geaffekteer het, dat daar geen betekenisvolle verskil was tussen gespesialiseerde en algemene VRT terreine in terme van eerstelinge se voorkeur. Redes vir voorkeur van terrein het verskil. Gepesialiseerde terreine is verkies weens die persepise dat hulle 'n beter kwaliteit diens lewer weens hul konsentrasie op VRT dienste, maar deur ander vermy was weens gebrek aan vermomming. Omgekeerd het respondente aan die lig gebring dat daar wel vemomming by algemene gesondheidssorg terreine is wat vertroulikheid en anonimiteit verhoog en kliënte se vrese verminder wat dit makliker maak vir eerstelinge om na hierdie terreine vir VRT te gaan.

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Ndugulile, Faustine Engelbert. "Assessment of blood transfusion services in six remote regions in Tanzania." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_1901_1318836585.

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Most of the blood transfusion facilities had adequate space, but lacked some of the basic equipment. Blood collected in these facilities was not adequate to meet the blood needs of the regions. These facilities lacked specialised personnel and some of those practicing blood transfusion were not conversant with blood groups, transfusion reactions and the measures to be taken if a reaction occurs. The findings of this study will be used to strengthen blood transfusion services in these hard to reach regions.

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Tadesse, Mizanie Abate. "HIV testing from an African Human Rights System perspective : an analysis of the legal and policy framework of Botswana, Ethiopia and Uganda." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_5928_1210839992.

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The HIV/AIDS pandemic poses the greatest threat to Africa's efforts to achieve its full potential in the social, economical and political spheres. Cognizant of its devastating consequences, various mechanisms have been designed to address the issue of HIV/AIDS in Africa. This thesis addressed the question: 'Are the legislations and policies of Ethiopia, Botswana and Uganda providing for various modalities of HIV testing consistent with human rights as enshrined under African Human Rights system?' The author of this dissertation critically analyzed the African human rights instruments and the relevant domestic legislation and policies of the three countries.

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Awi, Jane Pumai. "Creating new folk opera forms of applied theatre for HIV and AIDS education in Papua New Guinea." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2014. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/81643/1/Jane%20Awi%20Thesis.pdf.

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This research investigated the potential of folk opera as a tool for HIV and AIDS education in Papua New Guinea. It began with an investigation on the indigenous performativities and theatricalities of Papua New Guineans, conducting an audit of eight selected performance traditions in Papua New Guinea. These traditions were analysed, and five cultural forms and twenty performance elements were drawn out for further exploration. These elements were fused and combined with theatre techniques from western theatre traditions, through a script development process involving Australians, Papua New Guineans and international collaborators. The resulting folk opera, entitled Kumul, demonstrates what Murphy (2010) has termed story force, picture force, and feeling force, in the service of a story designed to educate Papua New Guinean audiences about HIV and the need to adopt safer sexual practices. Kumul is the story of a young man faced with decisions on whether or not to engage in risky sexual behaviours. Kumul's narrative is carefully framed within selected Papua New Guinean beliefs drawn from the audit to deliver HIV and AIDS messages using symbolic and metaphoric communication techniques without offending people. The folk opera Kumul was trialled in two communities in Papua New Guinea: a village community and an urban settlement area. Kumul is recognisable to Papua New Guinean audiences because it reflects their lifestyle and a worldview, which connects them to their beliefs and spirituality, and the larger cosmological order. Feedback from audience members indicated that the performance facilitated HIV and AIDS communication, increased people's awareness of HIV and AIDS, and encouraged behaviour change. Tellingly, in one performance venue, forty people queued for Voluntary Testing and Counseling immediately after the performance. Twenty of these people were tested on that night and the other twenty were tested the following day. Many of the volunteers were young men – a demographic historically difficult to engage in HIV testing. This encouraging result indicates that the Kumul folk opera form of applied theatre could be useful for facilitating communication and education regarding sexual health and safer sexual behaviours in Papua New Guinea. Feedback from participants, audience members and other research stakeholders suggests that the form might also be adapted to address other social and development issues, particularly in the areas of health and social justice.

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Gerrits, Ilza. "Die swanger vrou se keuse tot MIV-toetsing / I. Gerrits." Thesis, North-West University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/758.

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The prevalence of HIV infection in pregnant women is still on the rise despite existing preventive programmes aimed at reducing HIV-transmission. Voluntary counselling and testing during pregnancy is the key entry point in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (Department of Health, 2000:16; Birdsall et al. 2004:3). Women are often diagnosed as being HIV-positive for the first time when they attend antenatal clinics and consent to HIV testing (UNAIDS, 1997). The objective of this study was to determine the pregnant women's experiences of voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) and to explore and describe the impeding and facilitating factors that played a role in their choice whether or not to consent to HIV testing after having received pre-test counselling. By understanding the impeding and facilitating factors that play a role in the pregnant woman's choice to undergo HIV testing, recommendations could be made to possibly improve the uptake of HIV testing among pregnant women. The population studied in this research consisted of pregnant women making use of antenatal clinics in the Potchefstroom sub-district. Purposive sampling was used to select participants with the assistance of mediators who were working in the local clinics and the hospital. The sample size was determined by data saturation, which was reached after 10 interviews. A qualitative design was used and data was collected by means of semi-structured interviews. Data analysis was carried out simultaneously with data collection. In consensus discussions, the researcher and the co-coder reached consensus on the main and sub-themes. The main themes are the facilitating and impeding factors that play a role in the pregnant women's choice to undergo HIV testing. Based on findings, it was concluded that facilitating and impeding factors that play a role in the pregnant woman's choice to HIV testing do indeed exist. Impeding factors identified were: fear of a positive status; fear of stigmatization and discrimination; fear of lack of support; lack of opportunity to consider their choice to undergo HIV testing; lack of trust that confidentiality will indeed be honoured; fear of knowing possible positive HIV-status that can lead to feelings of depression and mental anguish; differences between counsellors' and pregnant women's characteristics. Facilitating factors consist of the desire to be aware of own HIV status; desire to protect the baby; sufficient information and the importance of trust and confidentiality. Recommendations were subsequently made to make HIV counselling and testing services to pregnant women more user-friendly in order to facilitate the pregnant woman in her choice concerning HIV-testing. Heeding these recommendations will possibly lead to more pregnant women's HIV status being known by the time they go into labour. Recommendations were made that pregnant women be counselled for HIV testing during their first antenatal visit and the HIV-testing being offered to them during the second visit. Research findings reveal that most pregnant women need time to consider their choice to undergo HIV testing and to prepare themselves for the test. Most pregnant women felt that they would possibly consent to HIV testing during their second antenatal visit.
Thesis (M.Cur.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

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Streitz, M. M. "Capital grant-aid to local voluntary organisations : Catalyst or constraint." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371743.

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Rodgers, Paula. "Ambassadors for the poor : a comparison of voluntary aid agencies." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333832.

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Moullin, Benjamin. "Return Migration in Europe: "A comparative analysis of voluntary return's policies and practices in France and Sweden"." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21101.

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This thesis aims to study both French and Swedish return migration policies with a practical perspective. The paper constitutes an attempt to understand how governmental institutions (such as migration authorities) deal with return migration and to clarify significant issues related to migrants’ needs for determining a successful return. Through analyzing competent literature and secondary material as starting point,the conducted study gives an interesting approach on the problematic gap between voluntary return policies in theory and in practice.

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Bano, Masooda. "Self-interest, rationality and cooperative behaviour : aid and problems of cooperation within voluntary groups in Pakistan." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.440557.

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Bayliab, Ketsophaphone Kitti Shiyalab. "Performances of village health volunteers on people sector health system in Namphong District Khonkaen Province, Thailand /." Abstract, 2005. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2548/cd375/4737953.pdf.

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Yenn, Roumany Nate Hongkrailert. "Participation of village health volunteers in nutritional activities program, Muang district , Sakeo province, Thailand /." Abstract, 2006. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2549/cd387/4837992.pdf.

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Quiney, Linda J. ""Assistant angels": Canadian women as voluntary aid detachment nurses during and after the Great War, 1914-1930." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/6196.

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This study recovers the history of Canada's Voluntary Aid Detachment nurses, or VADs, from their creation as a reserve of emergency auxiliary nursing assistants in 1914 under the aegis of the St. John Ambulance Association, to their demobilization and resettlement into peacetime civilian life to 1930. Canada's VAD plan was modelled on a British scheme initiated in 1909 in anticipation of war in Europe. Intended to supplement the domestic military medical services, the role of the Canadian VADs evolved with the advent of the war into fulltime nursing assistance. The research for the study is based on archival sources, including diaries, letters and pre-recorded narratives of VADs who served in Canada and overseas, official government documents, and those of the St. John Ambulance and Red Cross in Canada and Britain, who were responsible for the VAD organisation. In addition to manuscript sources of individuals involved in the VAD movement, the published records from contemporary books, memoirs, journals and newspapers were examined. This research permitted the identification of 808 Canadian VADs, out of an estimated 2,000 primarily young, single, middle-class Anglo-Protestant women, who served as nursing assistants, but also as ambulance drivers and support personnel. The study demonstrates the evolution of Canadian VADs as an extension of the nineteenth century voluntarist traditions of the women's movement. Through patriotic and maternalist ideology, VAD service was legitimised as a form of voluntary active service for women, equating to masculine military service. Excluded from Canada's military hospitals overseas, VADs served in military convalescent hospitals at home, and British military hospitals abroad. As volunteers, they challenged the professional aspirations of Canada's qualified graduate nurses, motivating them to seek regulation of the qualifications for nursing practice, and elevating the educational standards. Volunteering as a VAD offered Canadian women a singular opportunity for active war service. Previously overshadowed by British VAD experience, the study of Canada's VADs restores a dynamic organisation to the history of women and women's work, as well as contributing to scholarship in Canadian medical and military history.

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Greitens, Eric R. "Children first : ideas and the dynamics of aid in Western voluntary assistance programs for war-affected children abroad." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365669.

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Munn-Giddings, Carol. "Mutuality and movement : an exploration of self-help/mutual aid groups and their relationship to social policy." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2002. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/6958.

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Since the 1970s all of the available literature suggested that the UK, in common with Europe, North America and Scandinavia, had seen significant growth of single issue self-help/mutual aid groups related to health and social care issues. Yet in the UK there appeared to be no real body of academic interest nor any sustained national policy initiatives. The aim of the study was therefore to enhance an understanding of the relationship of these self-help/mutual aid groups to UK social policy. The study was constructed in two parts. Part One, a historical study critically appraised the way in which the state appeared to have viewed and responded to various manifestations of self help/mutual aid, both pre- and post- the welfare state. Part Two, a case-study of two UK grassroots self-help/mutual aid groups explored members' viewpoints, their reasons for joining, benefits derived and the impact they felt it has had on their lives and their relations with professionals and wider `political' forums. The result of the study suggests a fundamental reframing of the relationship between self-help/mutual aid and the state is required at both a conceptual and practical level by UK policy makers and academics. This would acknowledge: that contemporary self-help/mutual aid groups are part of the broader tradition of voluntary action in the third sector, self-help/mutual aid's unique contribution in terms of social relations, process and knowledge; its difference from philanthropy/formal voluntary sector and therefore distinct characteristics and relations with the-state; and contemporary health and social care groups' potential dual identity with communities of interest and geographic communities and their relationship to and distinction from the contemporary service user and carer movements. 116, findings have implications for policy related to participation (citizen and health), social capital and citizenship.

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Söderberg, Frida. "Volunteer that makes a difference or difference that makes a volunteer? : A study on the apprehension of roles and functions of European volunteers in Ghana." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för livsvetenskaper, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-3908.

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Westerners have for centuries been present in Africa with different motives. The most recent phenomenon is young volunteers that, instead of being tourists in a normal sense, go to the continent to work within organizations as for example teachers. This study, where the empirical material is based on qualitative interviews done with twelve European volunteers during a minor field study in Ghana, aims to examine what apprehension the volunteers have of their role and function. To create an understanding for the purpose, questions on the meaning of the concept of volunteering, motives and outcomes of the volunteering experience as well as the view of westerners and Ghanaians have been asked. In the light of postcolonialism and volunteer tourism, the study shows a number of factors that explains motives and the understanding of the concept, with a focus on the learning and growth of the volunteer. The outcome circles around knowledge on development issues and aid work as well as being able to have an impact on Ghanaians and development in Ghana. The volunteers also show revulsion from other westerners (that want to “help” and have a “colonial” behavior) and Ghanaians, but at the same time they prefer to spend time with westerners. The volunteers’ apprehension of their role and function is found to be bipartite; expressed is that they are in Ghana to experience and to learn, but understood is also that they see it as their task to spread their view of life, help the locals and contribute to development. A possible explanation to this contradiction might be that the volunteers, grown up in a time where they have been taught “how they should think” about “Us” and “Them”, distance themselves from everything that disaffirm their belief. However, at the same time they are deeply influenced by the western society’s way of focusing on differences between people, differences with signatures such as “developed” and “underdeveloped”. It creates a complexity of knowing something but not being able to live by it.
Med en historisk tillbakablick ser man att västerlänningar länge och med olika motiv har varit närvarande i Afrika. De senaste i raden är unga volontärer som, istället för att vara turist i vanlig bemärkelse, åker till kontinenten för att arbeta inom organisationer som till exempel lärare. Denna studie, vars empiriska material bygger på en fältstudie i Ghana där kvalitativa intervjuer gjorts med tolv europeiska volontärer, syftar till att undersöka vilken förståelse volontärerna har av sin roll och funktion. För att skapa en idé kring syftet har frågor kring volontärkonceptets betydelse, motiv och effekter av volontärupplevelsen samt synen på västerlänningar och ghaneser ställts. I ljuset av postkolonialism och volontär turism visar studien på ett antal faktorer som förklarar motiv och volontärkonceptets betydelse, med fokus kring vikten av volontärens läroprocess och mognad. Effekterna handlar om kunskap kring utvecklingsfrågor och biståndsarbete samt en upplevelse av att kunna påverka ghaneser och utvecklingen i Ghana. De visar också på avståndstagande från både västerlänningar (som vill ”hjälpa” och har ”kolonialt” beteende) och ghaneser, samtidigt som de helst umgås med de förra. Volontärernas förståelse av sin roll och funktion upplevs tvådelad; uttryckt förstås den som någon som är i Ghana för att uppleva och lära sig, men det utläses också att de ser som sin uppgift att sprida sin livssyn, hjälpa lokalbefolkningen och medverka till utveckling. En möjlig förklaring till denna motsägelsefullhet kan vara att volontärerna, uppväxta i en tid där de lärt sig ”hur de ska tänka” om ”Vi” och ”Dem”, tar avstånd från allt som motsäger den synen men samtidigt är de också djupt påverkade av det västerländska samhällets fokus på skillnader mellan folk, skillnader med förtecken så som ”utvecklade” och ”underutvecklade”. Det skapar en komplexitet av att vara medveten om något men inte kunna leva efter det.

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Lindner, Jörg. "Den svenska Tysklands-hjälpen 1945-1954." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Historiska studier, 1988. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-65859.

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Swedish postwar aid to Germany from 1945 to 1954 is described and analyzed, especially as an expression of Swedish attitudes developed over a long period of societal evolution. As early as 1943/44 both Swedish voluntary agencies and the Swedish government began to plan program of postwar aid to Germany. Older and more recent attitudes to Germany, the views of Germans living in exile in Sweden and the intentions of the Western allies toward a conquered Germany were central in determining the nature and scope of Swedish aid. Programs incorporated the values of traditional Christian charity, secularized philanthropy and applied methods developed for emergency aid abroad and for social assistance at home. The new concept of the welfare state, strong in Sweden at the time, led to aid also being aimed toward long-term socio-political goals. Children, young people, mothers, refugees, displaced persons and what was regarded as the German elite were the main recipients of various aid efforts. In the atmosphere of the Cold War, aid came to be increasingly directed to West Germany. Postwar aid, with Germany as the main non-Scandinavian recipient, was Sweden's first experience as a long-term aid donor. While the efforts of voluntary agencies were concentrated abroad, the Swedish welfare state developed rapidly at home, leaving no room for privately sponsored social work. Even after 1950/54, therefore, the work of Swedish voluntary agencies was directed at needs abroad, mainly to so-called undeveloped countries outside Europe. The premises underlying such aid and its contents were largely the same as for postwar aid to Germany.
digitalisering@umu

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McEwen, Yvonne Therese. "In the company of nurses : the history of the British Army Nursing Service in the Great War, Edinburgh University Press, October 2014." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/23436.

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This is the first monograph to be published on the work of the Queen Alexandra's Imperial Military Nursing Service (QAIMNS) in the Great War. The historiography of British military nursing during this period is scant, and research based monograph are negligible. What exists, does not focus specifically on the work of the Queen Alexandra's Imperial Military Nursing Service, (QAIMNS) the Reserve, (QAIMNSR) or the Territorial Force Nursing Service (TFNS) but tends to concentrate on the work of the volunteer, untrained, Voluntary Aid Detachment (VAD) nurses. Unfortunately, this has resulted in factually inaccurate representations of British WW1 nursing. The mass mobilisation of nurses by professional and voluntary nursing services led to rivalry between the different groups and my research addresses the relationship that develop between the trained and volunteer nurses. Also, my research examines the climatic and environmental conditions that impacted upon the effective delivery of nursing and casualty care and the mismanagement of services and supplies by the War Office and the Army Medical Services. Additionally, the political controversies and scandals over inadequate planning for the care, treatment and transportation of mass casualties is addressed. Furthermore, diseases and traumatic injuries sustained by nurses on active service are examined and, shell-shock, hitherto considered a combatants' condition is cited in relation to mental health issues of nurses on active service. Moreover, my research examines the deaths and disability rates within the ranks of nursing services. My research features individual awards for acts of bravery and mentioned in Dispatches. On the Home Front the politics of nursing are addressed. Nurses campaigned for professional recognition and many were supportive of universal suffrage and they argued for both professional and personal liberation. The struggle for professional recognition led to divisions within the civilian nursing leadership because they failed to arrive at a consensus on the content of the Nurse Registration Bill. Also, the supply of nurses for the war effort was consistently problematic and this led the Government to establish the Supply of Nurses Committee. Before it had its first sitting it had already become contentious and controversial. The issues are discussed. Using extensive primary sources, the monograph moves away from the myths, and uncritical and overly romanticised views of WW1 military nursing. It is hoped that by examining the personal, professional and political issues that impacted upon nurses the monograph will make a significant contribution to the historiography of WW1 military nursing and to the history of the Great War more generally.

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Poynter, Denise J. "'The report on her transfer was shell shock' : a study of the psychological disorders of nurses and female Voluntary Aid Detachments who served alongside the British and Allied Expeditionary Forces during the First World War, 1914-1918." Thesis, University of Northampton, 2008. http://nectar.northampton.ac.uk/2682/.

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Shell Shock, described as the ‘emblematic psychiatric disorder’ of the First World War has long been synonymous with its soldiers. Its association with close proximity to exploding shells and thus the front lines, leading to the various symptoms of ‘shock’, has both facilitated and ensured its existence throughout the twentieth and twenty first centuries as a masculine affliction. Of the many shell shock studies that have been produced over the last few decades all have focused purely on the experience of the male combatant, predominantly because of this long held preoccupation with ‘front-line’ warfare and its consequences apparently being the preserve of men. Despite the prolonged interest and analysis of shell shock by medical and social historians along with a significant amount of work by feminist and, more recently, revisionist historians, detailing the involvement of women in the First World War, there is stHl no comprehensive study of the psychological problems encountered and suffered by the women who served alongside the British Expeditionary Forces (BEE). However, this study of the roles and duties of a specific group of women, namely nurses, voluntary aid detachments, and ambulance drivers, reveals they frequently endured a variety of traumatic experiences, involving injuries and fatalities, through the vicarious witnessing and dealing with horrific sights and sounds, all compounded by extremes of conditions and privations. Many, if not all, of these factors were given as antecedents for war neurosis in soldiers. Yet, while the nurse has been idolised for her role in the Great War, her experience of psychological ‘breakdown’ has not been examined. This thesis, through the analysis of professional medical literature, of medical case notes, personal testimonies, diaries and autobiographies, is a contribution to the areas of women’s history, medical history and, more specifically, to the history of psychological war trauma. Following a review of the literature in chapter one, chapter two is a re-examination of the proximity of nurses to the fighting zones and therefore of their exposure to danger. Chapter three analyses the nurses’ experience and subsequent symptoms of war trauma, including, importantly, how contemporary medical authorities understood the disorder, and then cared for and managed their female sufferers. These two chapters fundamentally argue that the notion of war-induced traumatic neurosis being the preserve of men is essentially pretence, and that this ‘focus’ on male sufferers means the history of the condition is incomplete. Chapter four essentially examines the issues of repatriation faced by these nurses, specifically examining the evolution of war disability pensions process of which they were excluded until 1920. It also looks at how the nurse, as female war veteran, coped with the consequences of her war experience. In conclusion, this thesis asserts that these nurses did indeed suffer psychologically for their involvement in this war and not because their symptoms and disorders ‘resembled’ those experienced by men, but were in fact, indistinguishable to the extent that some nurses were classed as ‘shellshocked’

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Makwakwa, Eliam. "The promotion of voluntary HIV testing among hostel dwellers by community nurses." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/4178.

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M.Cur.
The Sub-Sahara region is riddled with HIV/AIDS to such an extent it has became a pandemic. The challenge to control or to minimize further infections has been left to the community nurses. The community nurses' primary aim is to promote and prevent the spread of infection, especially HIV I AIDS, amongst vulnerable groups (Clemen-Stone, 2002-134 ). The under-utilisation of the voluntary HIV -testing facility by hostel dwellers is a cause of concern among nurses in this Southern Metropolitan Health Care Centre. Clinic statistics for the year 2002 indicate that only sixty-six hostel dwellers used the voluntary HIV -testing. This number is low compared to the approximate population of twelve thousand hostel dwellers of the three hostels. The purpose of the research is to describe strategies to promote voluntary HIV -testing in the Southern Metropolitan Health Care Centre by community nurses. To realise the purpose of the research, the following research objectives are stated: To explore and describe factors that influence hostel dwellers not to utilise voluntary HIV -testing by community nurses in the Southern Metropolitan Health Care Centre. To explore and describe the community nurses' response to the factors that influence hostel dwellers not to utilise voluntary HIV -testing in the Southern Metropolitan Health Care Centre. To describe strategies for community nurses to promote the utilisation of the voluntary HIV -testing. The research design for this study is qualitative, descriptive and contextual in nature, (Mouton, 1996:102-103, 10, 133). The research in phase one was conducted in two steps. Step one focused on the exploration and description of the factors that influence hostel dwellers not to utilise the voluntary HIV -testing in health care centers. Step two dealt with the responses of community nurses as to how to address these factors in the health care centre.

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Van, Rooyen Heidi. "Making practice visible : analysing the interactional tasks of voluntary counselling and testing." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/959.

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Voluntary counselling and testing, the cornerstone of HIV/AIDS prevention efforts worldwide, is at the centre of a policy debate rega rding its effectiveness. Informed by social constructionism and drawing on various tools from ethnomethodology and conversation analysis, a sample of twenty-seven vid eotaped simulated counselling interactions in South Africa was analysed. The aim was to assess how the interactional tasks of the voluntary counselling and testing sess ion were worked through by clients and counsellors, and how this was done against the publ ic health and counselling frameworks that inform voluntary counselling and testing pract ice. The goal of the analysis was not to examine practitioners’ competencies, but to exam ine their unfolding actions in the situation and to consider the interactional functio ns these actions might serve. The results show that of the three interactional ta sks of voluntary counselling and testing, information-giving lays the foundation upon which the advice and support goals are realised. It is constructed as critical to client a nd counsellor identities and is a powerful tool through which hope is dispensed. Both the info rmation-giving and support tasks of voluntary counselling and testing combine to manage client distress into more concrete and manageable terms that encourage client coping. Counsellors draw on a range of advice-giving strategies – those that place the onu s of responsibility on the client to those that view the counsellor as the moral guide able to direct client change – in order to encourage clients to reflect on their risk behaviou r. In general, voluntary counselling and testing is framed as a moral activity, and this is most evident in the advice-giving segments. The public health and counselling framewo rks that inform voluntary counselling and testing create a dilemma for counse llors. In practice, counsellors orient towards a directive and health-advising role rather than a non-directive, client-centred counselling role. The implication of this research is that voluntary counselling and testing needs to be defined and framed more clearly – i.e. as a public health intervention with preferred outcomes that draws on a set of client-centred skills. Reconceptualisations of voluntary counselling and testing need to acknowledge the mor al framework under which it operates. Clear implementation guidelines (and training) on what voluntary counselling and testing is and that define its goals more clearly will be useful in assisting counsellors to implement the policies that govern their practice.
Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2008.

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Idogho, Omokhudu. "Determinants of voluntary HIV counselling testing uptake in the federal capital territory Abuja, Nigeria." Diss., 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/4923.

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The overall aim of this study was to understand the determinants of VCT uptake in the general population of Nigeria’s federal capital territory of Abuja. Uptake of VCT still remains low despite increased availability of VCT information and services in Abuja, Nigeria. A quantitative cross-sectional study was undertaken with 180 respondents from Abuja, using an adaptation of the Health Belief Model as conceptual framework, to elucidate the social demographics of respondents, their HIV/VCT knowledge, their perceptions of VCT facility design, societal support for VCT, and how HIV stigma shapes the phenomenon of VCT uptake in Abuja, Nigeria. The key findings were that a better understanding of HIV prevention, a perception of support from community and religious leaders, and access to HIV test services in government facilities are positive predictors of higher VCT uptake. Poor personal risk assessment and the cost of HIV testing were identified as the key barriers to VCT access.
Health Studies
M.P.H.

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Mbengo, Fungai. "Factors influencing the use of voluntary counselling and testing by university students." Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/13059.

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The study explored the factors influencing the use of voluntary counselling and testing by university students. This was done by undertaking an exploratory and descriptive qualitative study. Focus group discussions and field notes were used to collect data from the participants. Outcomes from the study revealed various factors to the uptake of Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) services by university students namely: the desire to know one‟s HIV status, illness, pregnancy, blood donation, to get a reward, the influence of significant others, the influence of media, awareness campaigns, compulsion, to get a job, curiosity, to be a positive role model and the positive attitude and professional conduct of the health care provider. The study also revealed various challenges to the uptake of VCT services by university students namely: the fear of being diagnosed HIV positive, HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination, the low perception of risk to HIV infection, the lack of student friendly VCT services, the shortage of human and infrastructural resources, the inaccessibility of VCT services, the long waiting period for test results, negative perceptions about VCT, the problems with pre-test counselling and ignorance. Going by the participants‟ suggestions VCT services uptake by university students could be improved by increased resource allocation (incentives, human and infrastructural resources), increased awareness campaigns, and improved counselling and making VCT services more accessible
Information Science
MA (Public Health)

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Voluntary aids'

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