Relevant bibliographies by topics / Voluntary aids

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
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Academic literature on the topic 'Voluntary aids'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 17 July 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Voluntary aids"

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Sapsuha, Kamarudin, and Sri Handayani. "HUBUNGAN ANTARA PENGETAHUAN TENTANG HIV/AIDS DENGAN SIKAP VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING (VCT) PADA IBU RUMAH TANGGA." JURNAL KESEHATAN SAMODRA ILMU 12, no. 2 (November 19, 2021): 134–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.55426/jksi.v12i2.152.

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Abstract : VCT (Voluntary Counseling and Testing) adalah jenis tes yang dilakukan untuk mengetahui status HIV pada seseorang dan dilakukan secara sukarela serta melalui proses konseling terlebih dahulu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara pengetahuan tentang HIV/AIDS dengan sikap Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) pada ibu rumah tangga. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kepustakaan (library research) dengan desain literature review. Sumber data penelitian berasal dari data kepustakaan atau penelitian dengan obyek penelitian melalui informasi kepustakaan (artikel, jurnal, atau karya ilmiah). Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data sekunder, yang dapat diperoleh dari buku-buku, literatur, artikel, jurnal, atau bacaan. Dari hasil penelitian disimpulkan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara pengetahuan tentang HIV/AIDS dengan sikap Voluntary Counseling And Testing (VCT) pada ibu rumah tangga. Terdapat hubungan antara sikap dengan keinginan ibu rumah tangga untuk melakukan Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT). Semakin tinggi tingkat pengetahuan ibu rumah tangga pada HIV/AIDS maka semakin tinggi sikap ibu rumah tangga terhadap Voluntary Counseling And Testing (VCT). Abstract: VCT (Voluntary Counseling and Testing) was a type of test performed to determine a person's HIV status and was carried out voluntarily and through a counseling process first. This study aims to determine the relationship between knowledge about HIV / AIDS and the attitude of Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) among housewives. This type of research was library research (library research) with a literature review design. Sources of research data come from library data or research with the object of research through library information (articles, journals, or scientific papers). The data used in this research was secondary data, which can be obtained from books, literature, articles, journals, or reading. From the results of the study it was concluded that there was a relationship between knowledge about HIV / AIDS and the attitude of Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) among housewives. There was a relationship between attitudes and the desire of housewives to do Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT). The higher the level of knowledge of housewives on HIV / AIDS, the higher the attitude of housewives towards Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT).
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Kandacong, Rika Kurnia, Samsualam Samsualam, and Andi Surahman Batara. "ANALISIS PEMANFAATAN PELAYANAN VCT (VOLUNTARY CONSELING AND TESTING) HIV/AIDS DI RSUD LABUANG BAJI KOTA MAKASSAR TAHUN 2019." Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan Diagnosis 14, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 262–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.35892/jikd.v14i3.245.

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Salah satu upaya dalam strategi nasional penanggulangan HIV/AIDS di Indonesia Tahun 2010-2014 adalah program pelayanan konseling dan testing HIV sukarela (Voluntary Counselling and Testing-VCT) (KPA, 2010). Jumlah orang dengan HIV dan AIDS (ODHA) semakin meningkat sehinggah kebutuhan terhadap layanan kesehatan juga semakin meningkat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan informasi, mengkaji dan menganalisis secara mendalam tentang perilaku pasien HIV/AIDS terhadap pemanfaatan pelayanan Voluntary Counseling and Testing ( VCT) dan analisis strategi pemanfaatan pelayanan VCT (Voluntary Conseling And Testing) di Rumah Sakit Labuang Baji. Jenis Penelitian ini adalah penelitian Kualitatif. Informan dalam penelitian ini adalah 2 orang konselor VCT, Kepala Ruangan VCT, dan 5 Pasien HIV/AIDS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pengetahuan pasien HIV/AIDS terhadap pemanfaatan pelayanan VCT sudah baik, Motivasi pasien HIV/AIDS terhadap pemanfaatan pelayanan VCT adalah karena adanya risiko terkena HIV/AIDS. Dukungan keluarga terhadap pemanfaatan pelayanan VCT pada pasien HIV/AIDS sudah baik, Strategi dilakukan petugas kesehatan agar pasien HIV/AIDS mau memanfaatkan pelayanan VCT yang ada di Rumah Sakit adalah melakukan Screening pada semua pasien yang dirawat di Rumah sakit Labuang Baji dengan mengajak pasien yang berisiko untuk ikut konseling secara privasi dan rahasia, Sarana dan Prasarana tehadap pemanfaatan pelayanan VCT di Rumah Sakit Labuang Baji sudah cukup lengkap namun belum maksimal, jumlah konselor yang melayani masih kurang apalagi di lihat dari peningkatan pasien HIV/AIDS yang datang berobat.
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Kalka, Iris. "The Anthropologist as AIDS Activist." Practicing Anthropology 15, no. 2 (April 1, 1993): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.15.2.d813174523171817.

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By recounting my personal involvement with AIDS activism in Israel, I wish to highlight certain issues regarding the fight against AIDS in this country. As an active member of one voluntary association, my contribution was only indirectly related to anthropology. I promoted the association's cause, adding academic argumentation and complementing the work of other activists. I wrote grant proposals and applied for resources from funding sources such as the World Health Organization and voluntary associations abroad. In addition, I was used as a public relations figure, for reasons which I shall soon spell out. While my work in the association was not explicitly anthropological, my background in anthropology helped me understand the problems faced by AIDS activists in Israel and propose strategies for alleviating those problems.
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Thompson, Carolyn R. "HIV and the Blood Supply: Assessing MANTRA Legislation." Politics and the Life Sciences 14, no. 2 (August 1995): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0730938400019110.

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Despite a dramatic decline in transfusion-associated AIDS, increased safety of the national blood supply, and voluntary efforts to find alternatives to homologous blood sources, Americans remain fearful about the possibility of acquiring AIDS through a blood transfusion. Numerous states have initiated legislative efforts that would require explicit warnings about blood safety and that would direct patients to alternative sources of blood. These proposed laws—known as MANTRA bills, for “mandatory notification of transfusion alternatives”—would require physicians to advise patients of blood transfusion options prior to any surgery. Many would mandate the development of new informed consent documents and involve health departments in the implementation of new regulations regarding transfusions. This article concludes that MANTRA legislation is primarily a symbolic attempt to reassure the public about AIDS. It mandates practices that are being adopted voluntarily; it will not make the blood supply safer; it will increase the cost of health care to individuals and in the aggregate; it may diminish the number of donors to the voluntary blood supply system; and it is likely to intensify public fear about the risk of a blood transfusion.
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Hidayanti, Ema, Siti Hikmah, Wening Wihartati, and Maya Rini Handayani. "KONTRIBUSI KONSELING ISLAM DALAM MEWUJUDKAN PALLIATIVE CARE BAGI PASIEN HIV/AIDS DI RUMAH SAKIT ISLAM SULTAN AGUNG SEMARANG." RELIGIA 19, no. 1 (April 1, 2016): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.28918/religia.v19i1.662.

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Pasien HIV/AIDS mengalami problem yang kompleks baik fisik, psikologis, sosial, maupun spiritual. Karenanya mereka membutuhkan perawatan paliatif yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kualitas hidup pasien HIV/AIDS dan keluarganya. Realitasnya, dimensi spiritual dalam perawatan paliatif, sering kali terabaikan karena tidak tersedianya rohaniawan. Tetapi dimensi spiritual mendapatkan perhatian besar pada rumah sakit “agama” seperti Rumah Sakit Islam Sultan Agung.Hal ini terlihat dari keterlibatan rohaniawan sebagai konselor Voluntary Counseling Test (VCT) HIV/AIDS. Adanya konselor dari rohaniawan inilah yang memberikan terapi psikoreligi dalam pelayanan konseling di Klinik Voluntary Counseling Test HIV/AIDS. Konseling Islam terbukti memberikan solusi bagi problem yang dialami pasien HIV/AIDS. Solusi tersebut tidak sebatas pada problem spiritual, tetapi juga problem psikologis dan sosial. Pasien HIV/AIDS yang terbebas dari problem psikososio-spiritual, selanjutnya akan memiliki fisik yang lebih sehat. Pasien yang memiliki kondisi fisik, psikologis, sosial, dan spiritual yang lebih baik berarti telah mengalami peningkatan kualitas hidup. Penjelasan tersebut menunjukkan bahwa konseling Islam memberikan kontribusi dalam mewujudkan palliative care bagi pasien HIV/AIDS
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Marimelda Ginting. "Hubungan Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) dengan Tingkat Depresi pada Penderita HIV/AIDS." Indonesian Scholar Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Science (ISJNMS) 1, no. 03 (October 28, 2021): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.54402/isjnms.v1i03.57.

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Introduction: VCT counseling is a counseling activity that provides psychological support, information and knowledge of HIV/AIDS and ensures the resolution of various problems related to HIV/AIDS, including the behavior of prisoners in each prison. Methods: This study used a cross sectional design. The number of samples is 56 prisoners or inmates who suffer from HI/AIDS. The research instrument used a questionnaire measuring instrument and statistical tests using the Chi Square test. Results: Depression of HIV/AIDS sufferers in Cipinang Jati Negara Class 1 Prison experienced depression 61% more. The bivariate results showed that there was a relationship between Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) and the level of depression in HIV/AIDS sufferers in Cipinang Jati Negara Jakarta Class 1 Prison with a P-value of 0.009 and an Odds Ratio of 4.63. Discussion: There is a relationship between Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) and the level of depression in HIV/AIDS sufferers at the Class 1 Cipinang Jati State Prison, East Jakarta in 2020.
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Saputri Retnaningsih, Diah Astuti. "Voluntary Counseling and Testing untuk Orang Berisiko HIV/AIDS." al-Balagh : Jurnal Dakwah dan Komunikasi 1, no. 1 (June 8, 2016): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.22515/balagh.v1i1.61.

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The Study aims to know further about the implementation of Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) to people with the possibility of being infected by HIV/AIDS. It is governmental service program starting from counseling, testing, and post testing in order to minimize the contagious risk of HIV/AIDS. Through the qualitative-descriptive approach, this study showed that the implementation of VCT program is very important because the process emphasizes the acceptance of client, building relationship, exploring, identifying, giving information, planning activity, determining decision, testing, up to developing the readiness of client, making planning, reading off the tests result, explaining result of the test, giving support and motivation. All of these are purposed to minimize the contagious risk, and make the infected one more optimistic in experiencing life.Keywords: Counseling, Testing, and HIV/AIDS.
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Tasa, Yeni, Ina Debora Ratu Ludji, and Rafael Paun. "Pemanfaatan Voluntary Counseling and Testing oleh Ibu Rumah Tangga Terinfeksi HIV/AIDS." Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat 11, no. 2 (February 25, 2016): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/kemas.v11i2.3912.

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<em>Human Immunodeficiency Virus - Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome </em>(HIV-AIDS) merupakan penyakit menular yang jumlah penderitanya terus bertambah. Ibu rumah tangga merupakan penderita HIV/AIDS terbanyak di Kabupaten Belu. Pemanfaatan <em>Voluntary Counseling and Testing</em> (VCT) yang rendah oleh orang dengan HIV/AIDS (odha) termasuk ibu rumah tangga terinfeksi HIV/AIDS menyebabkan penyebaran HIV/AIDS sulit dikendalikan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis hubungan umur, tingkat pendidikan, persepsi tentang penyakit, persepsi tentang pelayanan kesehatan, pekerjaan suami, pendapatan keluarga, keterjangkauan, persepsi keparahan penyakit dan persepsi stigma diri sendiri dengan pemanfaatan VCT oleh ibu rumah tangga terinfeksi HIV di Kabupaten Belu. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah kuantitatif, disain <em>cross sectional.</em> Jumlah sampel adalah 90 orang yang merupakan total populasi<em>.</em> Penelitian dilakukan di Kabupaten Belu pada bulan Januari sampai Juli 2015. Analisa data secara deskriptif dan bivariat. Hasil analisis bivariat dengan uji <em>chisquare</em>menunjukkan adanya hubungan pendidikan (p=0,040), persepsi tentang penyakit (p=0,0001), persepsi tentang pelayanan kesehatan (p=0,0001), pendapatan keluarga (p=0,016), pekerjaan suami (0,037), keterjangkauan (p=0,038), persepsi keparahan penyakit (p=0,0001) dan persepsi stigma diri sendiri (p=0,0001) dengan pemanfaatan VCT. Persepsi tentang penyakit dan pelayanan kesehatan perlu ditingkatkan dengan memperluas penyebaran informasi tentang penyakit HIV/AIDS dan manfaat VCT.<p><strong>Kata kunci</strong> : HIV/AIDS, ibu rumah tangga, pemanfaatan VCT</p>
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Ayu, Suci Musvita, and Desy Riski Andriyanti. "VOLUNTARY COUNSELLING AND TESTING (VCT) SERVICES ON HIV/AIDS IN PRIVATE HOSPITAL OF YOGYAKARTA." Epidemiology and Society Health Review (ESHR) 2, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26555/eshr.v2i1.1485.

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Background: Data Yogyakarta AIDS Commission in 2016 stated the total number of people living with HIV/AIDS was 4,648 cases consisting of 3,334 HIV cases and 1,314 AIDS cases. Based on the data of PKU Muhammadiyah Hospital, Yogyakarta, in October 2016 to October 2017, there were 35 patients with HIV / AIDS. Regulations carried out for any action in the hospital must be following standard operating procedures (SOP), including program counseling and testing of HIV/AIDS or Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT). This program is the gateway for the community to gain access to all HIV/AIDS services. This study aimed to explore the implementation of VCT services on HIV/AIDS at PKU Muhammadiyah Hospital in Yogyakarta.Methods: Descriptive qualitative using an observational approach was used in this study to describe the implementation of Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) on HIV/AIDS. As many as ten informants were interviewed, namely: 1 head of VCT services in PKU Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, 3 VCT counselors, 1 laboratory staff and 5 clients. They were selected using purposive sampling refers to inclusion criteria. Results: Implementation of pre-test counseling, testing, and post-test had been good. Improper service was identified in the number of counselors and waiting time for the VCT test results.Conclusions: Implementation of VCT at PKU Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta is running well and follow the SOPs.
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Kishor, Vimal. "Attitude of college Students towards Voluntary hIV/AIDS testing." Educational Quest- An International Journal of Education and Applied Social Sciences 8, spl (2017): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2230-7311.2017.00078.2.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Voluntary aids"

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Maja, Lusanda Nobom. "Experiences and feelings of counsellors involved in HIV and AIDS voluntary counselling and testing." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-11262008-142405.

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Maama, Lineo Bernadette. "Factors affecting AIDS orphans' from accessing voluntary counselling and testing (VCT)." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1046.

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The study seeks to explore and identify factors that prevent AIDS orphans in presenting themselves for Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT). Socio-cultural factors, notably, stigma and the resultant discrimination by community members, have been presented by many researchers as the main aetiological factors that hinder the use of VCT by AIDS orphans. It is on the basis of this that this study was conducted to identify factors that hinder AIDS orphans from accessing VCT. The study used a qualitative approach following an explorative and descriptive, contextual research design and was conducted at Ubuntu Education Fund, Port Elizabeth. Purposive sampling was used to determine a sample of AIDS orphans. Participants of the study had to be orphaned as a result of AIDS, isiXhosa-speaking, between 12-17 years, living in the care of a primary care-giver and had not presented themselves for VCT. Data was collected by means of semi-structured interviews. Semi-structured interviews are suitable in cases where the researcher is interested in an issue that is complex or personal (De Vos, Strydom, Fouche and Deloport, 2005). Data was analyzed according to the framework provided by Tesch (1990) as described in Creswell (2003). The major findings of this study were that people are locked in a ‘poverty-of-the mind cycle’, in respect of HIV and AIDS, and this is exacerbated by educational impoverishment and general poverty. The recommendations that emanated from this study are made from policy and service delivery perspectives. It is recommended that in order for AIDS orphans to access VCT they should be developed and empowered through sustainable programmes that enhance their capacities to the outmost realization of their potential. It is also recommended that health and other professionals should encourage AIDS orphans and community members to present themselves for VCT and thus curb the spread of HIV and AIDS.
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More, Pontsho Elizabeth. "The importance of voluntary counselling and confidential testing for HIV in the workplace /." Link to the online version, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/746.

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Lamohr, Clive. "Perceptions and attitudes of employees toward voluntary HIV/AIDS testing: a South African case study." Thesis, University of Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_8115_1184927881.

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The devastation caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus/ Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is having a major impact on both the social and economic environment in South Africa. HIV/AIDS hits at the core of the businesses structure - the bottom line. In the absence of a cure for the disease or an effective vaccine, the challenge for all the stakeholders is how to successfully contain and limit the impact of the disease. Intervention programmes such as awareness, knowledge sharing and sero-prevailance testing have the potential to limit HIV/AIDS infections and reduce high-risk behaviours. Whilst education and awareness programmes have been relatively successful in highlighting the dangers of HIV infection, perception, attitudes and behaviours of employees towards HIV/AIDS have dampened voluntary HIV screening initiatives. Many South African organisations have commendable HIV/AIDS education and awareness programmes, however, a concerning fact is that employees are reluctant to avail themselves to voluntary HIV/AIDS testing. Stigmatising attitudes toward persons living with HIV/AIDS may reduce people&rsquo
s willingness to have themselves tested for the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). This may increase the risk of transmission. It may also lead to increased absenteeism in the workplace, and workdays lost resulting from excessive sick.

The aim of the study was to establish what the perceptions and attitudes are of employees at different levels of the organisation with regard to HIV/AIDS testing. A further aim was to identify possible reasons for the poor employee response to voluntary HIV/AIDS testing. It was thus important for this research to gauge employee knowledge, attitude and behaviour toward HIV/AIDS in order for organisations to develop strategies for effective HIV/AIDS counselling and testing programmes.

The data for this study was collected by means of a self report questionnaire. The questionnaire was administered to a sample of employees across all levels of the organisation using the convenient sample approach to identify the respondents. Two hundred and forty six (246) out of a total of 600 questionnaires distributed were returned, making the response rate a credible 41%.
The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) was used to analyse the data obtained from the questionnaire. Both inferential and descriptive statistical approaches were used to analyse the data. The Analyses Of Variance (ANOVA) was used to determine whether differences exist in the perceptions and attitudes of employees at different levels and groupings in the organisation. Additionally post hoc tests (i.e. the Scheffe test) were applied to all comparisons of means after the analysis of variance.

The findings of this research are important for the role of HIV/AIDS testing and awareness/preventions strategies implemented in South Africa. It provides more insight as to why employees resist HIV/AIDS testing. It can furthermore assist organisations in developing strategies for implementing effective HIV/AIDS awareness and/or prevention programmes. More specifically, the findings identified ways in which organisations can redesign their intervention programmes so as to encourage a greater number of employees to submit to voluntary HIV/AIDS testing.

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Obiajulu, Anthony. "Knowledge ,attitude and practice of voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) for HIV/AIDS amongst the health professionals in Umpumulo Hospital , Mapumulo , Ilembe District , Kwazulu-Natal Province." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Medunsa Campus), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/209.

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Thesis(M Med.(Family Medicine)--University of Limpopo, 2009.
The impact of HIV/AIDS on the health sector and the health professionals that work in it is huge. This impact has contributed to the continuing attrition of health professionals in South Africa. Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) has a central role to play in the response to these problems both at the level of the health sector in general and most especially at the level of the individual health professional. Thus, understanding factors that affect the practice of VCT amongst this group of professionals is crucial in South Africa‟s quest to reverse these negative trends. AIM The aim of this study was to determine the level of knowledge, to access and understand the attitude and practice of VCT for HIV/AIDS amongst the health professionals in a rural district Hospital and to make recommendations in order that appropriate intervention strategies may be instituted. METHODS A descriptive cross-sectional quantitative study design was used in which data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire. The study population included all the health professionals working in the hospital at the time of the study but excluded those who were on leave or absent from duty during the period of data collection. Informed consent was obtained from each participant. Data was captured and analyzed using the SPSS version 15.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, Illinois, USA). vi RESULTS There was a very high level of knowledge, a moderately supportive attitude and a moderately high level of practice of VCT amongst the study participants. Divorced/separated respondents to this study had more supportive attitude towards VCT than their single colleagues. Age was found to have a very weak but positive correlation to attitude score. There was no significant difference in knowledge and attitude scores between those who practiced VCT and those who did not. CONCLUSION Health professionals understand the importance of VCT as an HIV preventive behavior but there remains some VCT knowledge, attitude and practice concerns together with other determinants of VCT behavior that needs to be addressed.
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Kanyemba, Phyllis Changu Bune. "Uptake of Voluntary Counseling and Testing at Ngungu Mini - hospital, Zambia." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_2251_1299558390.

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In countries like Zambia where HIV prevalence (14.3% in the age group 15-49 years) is one of the highest in sub-Saharan Africa, HIV testing is an important strategy to combat the HIV/AIDS epidemic, because it is a critical step towards HIV/AIDS care, treatment and support. Despite decades of HIV/AIDS information and education campaigns, only 10% of Zambians know their HIV status. This study aimed to describe the uptake of voluntary counseling and testing and factors associated with uptake at Ngungu Mini - hospital in Ngungu Township, Zambia. Methodology: A descriptive, cross-sectional survey was conducted among 100 adult clients accessing health care at Ngungu mini - hospital during the second week of January 2009. Participants were asked to fill in a questionnaire on VCT, knowledge, attitudes towards HIV testing, and factors that promote/hinder HIV testing. Data was captured with Excel and basic descriptive analysis done using SPSS version 16.0 and Epi Info Version 3.3.1.

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Johnstone, Justine. "Knowledge, development and technology : internet use among voluntary-sector AIDS organisations in KwaZulu-Natal." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2005. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/282/.

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Knowledge is frequently invoked as an explanatory factor in the relationship between technology and development, yet seldom with reference to an explicit conception of knowledge and almost never with reference to contemporary epistemology. The result is a multiplicity of different and in some cases contradictory 'knowledge-based' approaches. At the same time, epistemology is undergoing significant developments that suggest promising directions of enquiry and collaboration with the social and natural sciences. Of particular interest are naturalistic and externalist perspectives in analytic epistemology, where an emerging programme can be discerned aimed at bridging the gap between philosophical and empirical study of the way in which we come to know the world. This project can be seen as part of such a programme, applying naturalistic epistemology to the field of development and technology as the basis of a more grounded and general theory with a range of empirical applications. It begins with a discussion of the philosophical position, identifying three core dimensions of knowledge, their normative features and the potential of technology to support and extend functioning on each dimension. This theory is shown to have close affinities with the capability approach developed by Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum, leading to the articulation of a generic theory of 'knowledge capability'. The second half of the project applies the general theory to a case study of Internet use among AIDS NGOs in the province of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa, where HIV prevalence rates of 37.5% have been recorded and where response to the epidemic has been left largely to civil society. The knowledge dimensions of NGO AIDS work are explored and conclusions drawn about the interactions between technology use, existing capabilities and wider environmental factors in determining the degree to which technology can in this case be considered a knowledge tool.
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Henson, Carolyn. "The space within : an interdisciplinary study of voluntary groups engaging with AIDS and HIV." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339606.

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Shangula, Maria N. "Factors affecting voluntary counseling and HIV testing among pregnant women in Tsumeb district, Oshikoto region, Namibia." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_5201_1183462266.

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Increased uptake of VCT services by pregnant women may be attributed to the development of counseling services and increased availability of rapid tests at the study clinics by the Namibian Health and Social Services. A high knowledge and understanding of HIV and VCT services by pregnant women also probably contributed.

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Lane, Hannah. "An exploratory study into the factors that constrain or enable voluntary HIV testing among young adults in Cape Town, South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11591.

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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 73-81).
Despite exceptionally high HIV prevalence rates, South Africa experiences prohibitively low levels of HIV testing. Considered to be a key element in the prevention of HIV transmission and a necessary gateway for providing care and treatment for those who are infected, widespread ignorance of HIV status has become a mounting concern in countries with high prevalence rates. Strategies for increasing testing rates have most commonly focused on testing and treatment services, such as the availability and accessibility of clinics offering voluntary counselling and testing (VCT), the number of trained nurses and health practitioners able to administer HIV tests, the possibility of instituting routine HIV testing to increase coverage, and the provision of highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) in the event of a positive diagnosis. These efforts seek to either increase access to testing through infrastructural improvements or encourage testing by highlighting its function as a gateway to accessing medical services to manage HIV infection and future transmission. In a departure from these strategies, this thesis considers the physical, social, and psychological ramifications of living with HIV - and not simply issues of access, treatment, and prevention - in order to understand HIV testing practices. Qualitative in-depth interviews were conducted with 15 young adults (6 mole and 9 female) living in Cape Town, South Africa. Semi-structured in-depth interviews collected information about: 1) knowledge and sources of knowledge about HIV/AIDS, as well as how this knowledge changes over time; 2) beliefs and attitudes towards HIV and HIV testing, including corresponding health-seeking behaviours; 3) personal stories about HIV testing, including reasons for and reactions to testing; and 4) possible strategies to encourage HIV testing in the future. Study participants identified three broad threats that were perceived to be experienced by HIV positive people and explained how the HIV test served to either mitigate or expose an individual to these threats. Physical threats posed by HIV, such as opportunistic infections or death, encouraged HIV testing as it was only through testing that these potential threats could be mitigated. Conversely, an HIV test exposed an individual to social and psychological threats. The social threats of living with HIV included exclusion, rejection by family and friends, and social shame. Psychological threats included mental destruction, depression, and stress, among others. Where social and psychological threats were perceived to be strong, testing was actively avoided. The findings of this study are that the decision to voluntarily test for HIV can be explained through a balance of the physical, social, and psychological threats that may be managed or catalysed through an HIV test. When study participants perceived physical threats to outweigh perceived social and psychological threats of living with HIV, they were biased towards testing. When they viewed social and psychological threats to outweigh physical threats, they were biased against testing. This focus on the perceived threats of living with HIV highlights the need to have a comprehensive approach to AIDS and HIV, rather than merely focusing on the clinical diagnosis and treatment of symptoms; enhanced infrastructural resources and the opportunity for mitigation of the physical threats alone do not encourage HIV testing.
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Books on the topic "Voluntary aids"

1

London Voluntary Service Council. HIV/AIDS Support Unit. and National AIDS Trust, eds. London HIV/AIDS voluntary sector resource handbook. London: LVSC, 1990.

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Yasmin, Prabhudas, and Directory of Social Change, eds. The AIDS funding manual: Resourcing the HIV/AIDS voluntary sector in London. (London): Directory of Social Change, 1994.

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Namibia. Ministry of Health and Social Services. Directorate of Special Programmes., ed. Guidelines for voluntary counselling and testing. Windhoek: Directorate: Special Programmes, 2006.

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Kachingwe, Sitingawawo. Voluntary counselling and confidential testing: Final report. Lilongwe, Malawi: Ministry of Health and Population, Malawi Government, 2003.

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Malawi voluntary medical male circumcision communication strategy 2012-2016. Lilongwe: National AIDS Commission, 2012.

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Aggleton, Peter. Evaluating HIV/AIDS health promotion: A resource for HIV/AIDS health promotion workers in statutory and voluntary organisations. London: Health Education Authority, 1992.

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Council, London Voluntary Service, ed. Linking up: Voluntary and statutory sector collaboration on HIV/AIDS : report from a seminar held in July 1989 organised by the London Voluntary Service Council. London: London Voluntary Service Council, 1989.

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Ssebbanja, Peter Kitonsa. United against AIDS: The story of TASO. Oxford: Strategies for Hope Trust, 2007.

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Commonwealth Regional Health Community for East, Central, and Southern Africa. Secretariat. and United States. Regional Economic Development Services Office for East and Southern Africa., eds. HIV/AIDS voluntary counselling and testing: Review of policies, programmes, and guidelines in East, Central, and southern Africa. Arusha, Tanzania: Commonwealth Regional Health Community Secretariat for East, Central and Southern Africa, 2002.

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Yoder, P. Stanley. Voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) for HIV in Malawi: Public perspectives and recent VCT experiences. Calverton, Md: ORC Macro, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Voluntary aids"

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Jeannin, André, Mitchell Cohen, and Nathalie Bajos. "Voluntary HIV Testing." In Sexual Behaviour and HIV/AIDS in Europe, 287–302. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003015420-14.

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Mold, Alex, and Virginia Berridge. "Activism and Health: The Impact of AIDS." In Voluntary Action and Illegal Drugs, 101–20. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230274693_6.

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Janssen, Robert S., and Elizabeth A. Bolyard. "Programs for Routine, Voluntary HIV Counseling and Testing of Patients in Acute-Care Hospitals." In AIDS Testing, 245–51. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0867-9_14.

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Beveridge, William. "Mutual Aid in other Forms." In Voluntary Action, 85–117. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003101635-3.

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Hopkins, William D., Jared Taglialatela, and David A. Leavens. "Do chimpanzees have voluntary control of their facial expressions and vocalizations?" In Primate Communication and Human Language, 71–88. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ais.1.05hop.

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Hoque, Zahirul, and Tarek Rana. "Background, introduction and aims." In Cost Management for Nonprofit and Voluntary Organisations, 1–10. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2020. |: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429059056-1.

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Keyzer, Michiel A., and Wouter Tims. "Voluntary Transfers and the Rights of the Poor." In Trade, Aid and Development, 145–71. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23169-0_9.

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Appe, Susan. "Comparative Approaches to Private, Voluntary Development Aid." In Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance, 876–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20928-9_3339.

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Appe, Susan. "Comparative Approaches to Private, Voluntary Development Aid." In Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance, 1–6. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5_3339-1.

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Appe, Susan. "Comparative Approaches to Private, Voluntary Development Aid." In Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance, 1967–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66252-3_3339.

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Conference papers on the topic "Voluntary aids"

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Desmyter, J. "AIDS 1987." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644751.

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AIDS virus (HIV) transmission by transfusions and blood products has been essentially halted in industrialized countries which haye introduced systematic anti-HIV screening of donations in 1985. New anti-HIV screening assays, based in part on the replacement of disrupted HIV virions by defined DNA recombinant HIV antigens, have improved specificity; sensitivity has been improved as to dectect seroconversion at an earlier stage. Confirmatory assays and (self-)exclusion of risk groups from blood donation do remain mandatory. HIVAg can be detected in some infections before antibody conversion, and HIVAg is more likely to be found in those anti-HIV positives who proceed to disease. However, there is no justification so far for routine parallel HIVAg and anti-HIV screening. There is continued uncertainty how many HIV carriers have not (yet) developed antibody, but their numbers may have been overestimated. Studies to determine how many HIV transmitters have escaped blood bank detection, and why, need to be undertaken in spite of formidable logistic difficulties.The risk of developing AIDS is now estimated at 25-50 % within 10 years after the infectious contact. It is not clear whether the risk should be estimated differently in different groups or persons. In cities in Central Africa, 5-20 % of men and women are confirmed anti-HIV positives. At least 75 % of this HIV carrier rate is due to heterosexual transmission. Heterosexual transmission has been slower in Western countries, but factors precluding slow evolution to high figures by the same route outside Africa have not been identified. Therefore, countries have no choice in advocating behaviour changes in the general population, and not only in the classical risk groups. Initial hesitations toward extended voluntary and confidential screening are dwindling. Well-conceived confidential screening may be the only way to avoid strong-armed government intervention. The latter is certain to be divisive, and is likely to be counterproductive on balance.An efficacious vaccine remains remote, but an antiviral which prolongs life by at least several months in AIDS patients, but not all of them, is now available. Zidovudine (AZT), however, is toxic and mere prolongation of life without cure will impose an additional burden on AIDS economics.A novel virus (HIV-2) has been identified and is already widespread in West-Africans. It causes AIDS, but the present ratio of AIDS cases in those infected seems lower than with HIV(-l); this feature may be transient. HIV-2 antibodies are either detected or missed by anti-HIV-1 screens; if found, they can be distinguished from anti-HIV-1 only by special confirmatory technique. New screening assays showing equal sensitivity for HIV-1 and HIV-2 in a single test should be devised. At present, HIV-2 is very rare in Western countries compared to HIV-1.
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Hubaybah, Hubaybah, Evy Wisudariani, and Usi Lanita. "Hiv/ Aids Prevention Program: A Mixed Method Study on the Implementation of Voluntary Counseling and Testing Services at Primary Health Center, Jambi." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.02.35.

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Background: The number of people infected HIV/ AIDS continues to increase, including in Jambi. The reports from January to September showed 51 people with HIV infection occurred in Jambi. The accessibility of HIV/ AIDS voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) services are important in high risk area. This study aimed to investigate the HIV/ AIDS prevention program through the implementation of voluntary counseling and testing services at primary health center, Jambi. Subjects and Method: The mix-method study was conducted at three locations, including Tanjung Pinang, Rawasari, and Pakuan Baru Community Health Centres, from March to May 2020. The study’s informants were HIV/ AIDS counselors, laboratorian/ pharmacists, and HIV / AIDS risk groups who visited the VCT clinic. The data were collected through in-depth interviews and direct observations. The data were reported descriptively. Results: The implementation of the VCT program was generally good (82%), i.e., counselors had attended the training at least once, and the education level of health workers was standard. The health professionals were friendly and used simple and understandable language to communicate with clients. The facilities and infrastructure showed that the cleanroom was clean, but the other facilities were still incomplete. There was only one door in the counseling room and the absence of an information board for the VCT service flow. Some of these HIV/ AIDS counselors also had responsibility for some other programs besides VCT services. There was a WhatsApp group with risk groups. Conclusion: The VCT program is well implemented. Some improvements in terms of periodic evaluation of the implementation of VCT services, upgrading staff skills and providing an adequate number of facilities and infrastructure. Keywords: VCT, HIV/ AIDS, counsellor Correspondence: Hubaybah. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitas Jambi. Jl. Letjend Soeprapto No 33 Telanai Pura Jambi. Email: hubaybah@unja.ac.id. Mobile: +628117453224. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.02.35
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Mustafa, Fadhil Ilham, Nurfitri Bustamam, and Andri Pramesyanti. "Association between Compliance Level on Fixed-Dose Combination Antiretroviral Drug and CD4 Level among HIV Patients." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.02.03.

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Background: People living with HIV / AIDS (PLWHA) have weak immune systems and are prone to infection. Therefore, PLWHA must take antiretroviral (ARV) to maintain their immunity. This study aimed to determine the relationship between the level of adherence to taking ARV fixed-dose combination (FDC) drugs and CD4 levels of HIV patients. Subjects and Method: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at Pengayoman Cipinang Hospital, Indonesia, in 2018. Total of 91 HIV patient over 17 years of age, had or had received FDC ARV therapy for at least 1 year, and did not experience drug-induced hepatitis were enrolled in this study. The dependent variable was CD4 level. The independent variable was level of adherence to taking ARV fixed-dose combination (FDC). The data were taken from the Voluntary Counseling and Testing Poli Pengayoman Cipinang Hospital. This study used secondary data from the Overview of HIV Care and ARV Therapy. The data were analyzed using Chi-square. Results: A total of 65.93% HIV patients had a good level of medication adherence and 79.12% had an increase of CD4 levels. There was a significant relationship between adherence to taking FDC ARV drugs and CD4 levels (OR = 6.50; 95% CI = 2.15 to 19.62; p<0.001), and it was statistically significant. Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between the level of adherence to taking FDC ARV drugs and CD4 levels. Therefore, patients must receive education and support to improve adherence to taking ARV drugs. Keywords: antiretroviral, CD4, fixed-dose combination, adherence to taking medication, people with HIV / AIDS Correspondence: Fadhil Ilham Mustafa. Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran, Jakarta. Jl. RS Fatmawati, Pondok Labu, South Jakarta. Email: fadhilimn@gmail.com. Mobile: 081283681755. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.02.03
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Forgács-Fábián, Sára. "etention of Millennials in the Voluntary Sector: How Can Organizations Not Only Engage but Also Retain This Emerging Generation?" In New Horizons in Business and Management Studies. Conference Proceedings. Corvinus University of Budapest, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14267/978-963-503-867-1_08.

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Why do emerging generations stay active in a voluntary organization? The number of volunteers is increasing in Hungary, one reason is the obligatory community service in secondary schools. There is an emerging generation who has experience in volunteering, however there is a little knowledge about why they sustain voluntary work. Although previous studies elaborate on the retention of volunteers from a general perspective, further research is needed in this specific area. This study aims to examine younger generations’ (Millennials, GenY) retention in nonprofit voluntary organizations by conducting a single case study at Amigos for Children Foundation, in Hungary. Adopting a grounded theory approach, the study aims to build theory on the topic by combining two streams of literature with primary data: sustained volunteerism and expectations of younger generations towards their workplace. Based on prior literature review and qualitative research, findings suggest that organizations should focus on two main areas to keep younger generations motivated. (1) Organizational factors in which volunteering happens are flexible framework for daily operations, flat organization, involvement in decision making and opportunity for shaping the organization. (2) What the volunteer gets in exchange for the prosocial activity: positive feedback, recognition, strong community, opportunity for social and professional development, autonomy, responsibility, mutual trust. An important finding of the study is that younger generations are conscious about the values and the organization itself they work or volunteer at. Further, one of the most important factors for them is the community they do prosocial activity with. Overall, the current study develops propositions on organizational factors to retain younger generations in voluntary organizations.
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Jalloh, Hulaimatu, Lindsay M. Andras, Gregory Redding, Gabriela A. Villamor, Joshua Yang, and David L. Skaggs. "Maximal Voluntary Ventilation (MVV) Testing in Orthopaedic Clinic Demonstrates Pulmonary Improvement Following PSF for AIS." In AAP National Conference & Exhibition Meeting Abstracts. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.147.3_meetingabstract.793.

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MIKUŠOVÁ, Beáta, Nikoleta JAKUŠ, and Marián HOLÚBEK. "Voluntary cooperation of citizens in the community model of public service delivery." In Current Trends in Public Sector Research. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9646-2020-9.

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Most of the developed countries have implemented new principles of public sector reform – new approaches to the management of the public sector. A major feature of the new public management (NPM) is the introduction of market type mechanisms (MTM) to the running of public service organizations: the marketization of the public service. The marketization of public services aims at a continuous increase in public expenditure efficiency, continual improvements in public services quality, the implementation of the professional management tools in the public sector, and last but not least, charge for public services. Price of public services in mainstream economics theory is connected with preference revelation problem. Economic models explain the relationship between consumer behavior (revealed preferences) and the value of public goods, and thus determine the value of the goods themselves. The aim of the paper is to determine the success of the community model of public service delivery based on the demonstrated preferences of individuals in the consumption of public services / public goods. The direct way of determining the preferences of individuals was used in this paper (willigness to pay and willigness to accept). These preferences will be identified based on the crowdfunding campaign as an example of community model of public goods provision by using survey experiment method. The willingness of individuals to pay is dependent on the individual's relationship with the organisation, the organisation's employees, or sympathise with those for whom the collection is, for whom the project is designed.
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Kolnhofer-DerecskeI, Anita, and György Hauber. "Ranking of the Sustainability Goals (SDGs) Based on Individual Preferences." In Challenges in Economics and Business in the Post-COVID Times. University of Maribor Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/um.epf.5.2022.11.

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Aligned with the three pillars of the sustainability model (social, economic and environmental aspects), the United Nations has declared 17 Sustainable Development Goals to promote sustainability development steps by all countries. These goals are for everyone; our environment requires active voluntary action from all of us. These sound like extremely important, crucial and urgent world-changing issues that will require cooperation among governments, international organisations and world leaders. It might seem impossible that the average person can make an effort or have any impact, especially in these extraordinary pandemic times. This study aims to discover subjects’ opinions and preferences on the SDG. Additionally, time and budget allocations are observed among the goals. The results provide a deeper insight into individual can-do attitudes. While voluntary and environment-friendly measures are also considered as core values. However, the question is whether economics or the environment will be underlined. This paper focuses on individual actions and beliefs. The aim of the research is to discover how and what people are ready to do for a better environment in the post-COVID era. Based on the results, an action plan can be stated that supports the achievement of as many of the SDGs as possible.
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Arroyo-de Dompablo, Elena M., and María José Ibáñez-González. "Analysis of two Leveling Courses in Chemistry: objectives, methodology, assessments and future prospects." In Fourth International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head18.2018.7929.

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The purpose of this report is to analyze different aspects of two levelling courses in Chemistry, offered to entry-levels students in the Degree in Geology (Universidad Complutense de Madrid) and in the degree in Agricultural Engineering (Universidad de Almería). We comparatively analyze the motivations for offering the course, its aims and objectives, the course design and finally the methodology ans assessments of the course in both universities. The assessment of the learning process is done through quizzes at the beginning and at the end of the courses. Voluntary and anonymous surveys show that the students are very satisfied with the courses. In the future, the aim is to improve the learning methodology in order to achieve greater student motivation
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Alyafei, Alshaima Saleh. "Science Teachers’ Beliefs about Teaching and Learning Implementing Inquiery-based Learning - A Case in Qatar Government Primary Schools." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0278.

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The current study investigates the beliefs held by science teachers on constructivism and a traditional approach in Qatar government primary schools. More specifically, it aims to investigate the challenges that science teachers experience during inquiry-based learning implementation. A web-based survey was conducted in order to collect data from grades 4 to 6 science teachers. A total of 112 science teachers responded and completed the survey on a voluntary basis. The results indicate that science teachers hold a higher beliefs in constructivism than traditional approach. A T-test and ANOVA analysis have showed that there is no significant differences between the beliefs of science teachers’ and their gender, level of education, and years of teaching experience. In addition, science teachers faced challenges in lesson planning, assessment, and teacher support.
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Onochie, Abraham Lawrence. "The Changing Nature of New Employees’ Orientation: “Staff Retention and Turnover Reduction” An Empirical Study In The Gambia's Public And Private Sectors." In 28th iSTEAMS Multidisciplinary Research Conference AIUWA The Gambia. Society for Multidisciplinary and Advanced Research Techniques - Creative Research Publishers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22624/aims/isteams-2021/v28p6.

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Purpose: One of the major areas on HRM is how to develop employees and get the most efficient out of them by retaining employees and reducing an organization's turnover rate. People leave organizations all the times, depending on various reasons that might be personal and out of the control of the employee, and/or either due to conflict of interest of employees seeking a change in their careers. There are various possible factors of the range of control of the organization. However, it has been observed that organizations can keep their employees longer if they are oriented and welltrained. In this paper, investigation will be on the impact of employees' orientation as a tool towards reducing high turnover rates. Methodology: Both primary and secondary data were used to gather information for this investigation. The secondary data was obtained from articles, blogs, papers online, and textbooks. The questionnaires were sent to respondents electronically via Google forms. A link was produced: Https://forms.gle/GEgBCklkmlkMXmL9 after the survey was built, it was shared amongst respondents with an attached letter of clarification explaining the process of participation which was on voluntary basis. The survey was opened for a span of one week and within a week 144 surveys were filled and submitted above the benchmark which targeted 100 participates. The targeted audience was a random selection of The Gambia’s workforce, there was no specific organization under reviewed. Findings: The Statistics of this survey shows that very few numbers of employees stayed with an organization for more than 5 years of employment which indicates a high turnover. Over 73% of the respondents received orientation prior to job engagement with little and/or less information about how to do their jobs. Whereas, over 27% of employees never received any orientation. Results also show that management does not get involved often in ensuring that their newly hired employees understand what-to-do? And how-to-do-their jobs, rather most employees ended up learning their jobs by themselves. Finally, this survey recorded 38% for employees’ feedback and 66% of the time management does not respond to staff feedback. Feedback is one of the most ideal ways of improvement but management concentrates less on it. On the side of training and development, 42% of the respondents believe that orientation helps in reducing the rate at which people leave an organization. While 36% feel neutral about this statement and 50% of the respondents believe that orientation helps in retaining employees. Keywords: Employee Retention, Organization's Turnover Rate, Employment
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Reports on the topic "Voluntary aids"

1

Knapp, Carolyn. HIV and partner violence: What are the implications for voluntary counseling and testing? Population Council, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/hiv2001.1011.

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Millions of women around the world face two great threats to their health and well-being: HIV/AIDS and violence by an intimate partner. One of the strongest associations between the two is the role that violence and the threat of violence play in limiting a woman’s ability to negotiate safer sex with a partner. A similar fear of violence also discourages women who receive HIV voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) from telling partners about test results. This study explored the links between HIV infection, serostatus disclosure, and partner violence among women attending a VCT clinic in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Researchers began with a qualitative research phase with VCT clients at the Muhimbili Health Information Center. In the second phase, researchers interviewed women who had been tested and counseled three months earlier. The details in this brief show that while there is considerable fear of a partner’s reaction, there is little evidence from HIV-positive or HIV-negative women surveyed that serostatus disclosure frequently leads to physical violence.
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Huynh, Diana, Lisa Rohrer, Åsa Ström Hildestrand, Nora Sánchez Gassen, and Henrietta Nyström. What’s in a Voluntary Local Review? Developing meaningful indicators to measure local Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) progress in the Nordics. Nordregio, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/pb2022:2.2001-3876.

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This policy brief is based on the second of three webinars on Localising Agenda 2030 in the Nordics. It aims to highlight the shared experiences between Nordic municipalities and inspire local and national decision-makers to invest in and build capacity for measuring and reporting on SDG localisation. During the session, the cities of Espoo, Finland, and Helsingborg, Sweden, offered their best practices on developing and applying local indicator sets and shared how they went about conducting their respective VLRs. Panel experts from the Norwegian Association of Local and Regional Authorities (KS) and the Icelandic Association of Local Authorities (Samband) also joined the discussion. The challenges of developing comprehensive methodologies suited to the local context, working across departments, and coordinating with fellow Nordic municipalities to report on common targets were among the topics addressed during the session.
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Werny, Rafaela, Marie Reich, Miranda Leontowitsch, and Frank Oswald. EQualCare Policy Report Germany : Alone but connected? Digital (in)equalities in care work and generational relationships among older people living alone. Frankfurter Forum für interdisziplinäre Alternsforschung, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/gups.69905.

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The policy review is part of the project EQualCare: Alone but connected? Digital (in)equalities in care work and generational relationships among older people living alone, a three-year international project involving four countries: Finland, Germany, Latvia and Sweden. EQualCare interrogates inequalities by gender, cultural and socio-economic background between countries, with their different demographics and policy backgrounds. As a first step into empirical analysis, the policy review aims to set the stage for a better understanding of, and policy development on, the intersections of digitalisation with intergenerational care work and care relationships of older people living alone in Germany. The policy review follows a critical approach, in which the problems policy documents address are not considered objective entities, but rather discursively produced knowledge that renders visible some parts of the problem which is to be solved as other possible perspectives are simultaneously excluded. Twenty publicly available documents were studied to analyse the processes in which definitions of care work and digital (in)equalities are circulated, translated and negotiated between the different levels of national government, regional governments and municipalities as well as other agencies in Germany. The policy review consists of two parts: a background chapter providing information on the social structure of Germany, including the historical development of Germany after the Second World War, its political structure, information on the demographic situation with a focus on the 60+ age group, and the income of this age group. In addition, the background presents the structure of work and welfare, the organisation of care for old people, and the state of digitalisation in Germany. The analysis chapter includes a description of the method used as well as an overview of the documents chosen and analysed. The focus of this chapter is on the analysis of official documents that deal with the interplay of living alone in old age, care, and digitalisation. The analysis identified four themes: firstly, ageing is framed largely as a challenge to society, whereas digitalisation is framed as a potential way to tackle social challenges, such as an ageing society. Secondly, challenges of ageing, such as need of care, are set at the individual level, requiring people to organise their care within their own families and immediate social networks, with state support following a principle of subsidiarity. Thirdly, voluntary peer support provides the basis for addressing digital support needs and strategies. Publications by lobby organisations highlight the important work done by voluntary peer support for digital training and the benefits this approach has; they also draw attention to the over-reliance on this form of unpaid support and call for an increase in professional support in ensuring all older people are supported in digital life. Fourthly, ageing as a hinderance to participation in digital life is seen as an interim challenge among younger old people already online.
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Wezeman, Pieter D., Lucie Béraud-Sudreau, Alexandra Marksteiner, and Nan Tian. A Practical Guide to State Participation in the UN Report on Military Expenditures. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/hqro4757.

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The United Nations Report on Military Expenditures (UNMILEX) is a reporting Instrument established by the UN General Assembly. Each year all UN member states can voluntarily provide data on their military expenditures to enhance multilateral transparency in military matters. In recent years less than 50 states on average per year have participated in the instrument. However, most states release public information on their military spending at the national level, which could directly support submissions for UNMILEX. To assist the revival of the instrument and to contribute to transparency in military affairs, this guide aims to support officials in preparing their country’s annual submission for UNMILEX. It provides step-by step advice and concrete examples on how to use the information readily available in public government budget documents to fill in UNMILEX submissions. It discusses the definition of ‘military expenditure’ for UNMILEX purposes, shows where to find budget documents and explains whether to report on actual or planned expenditures. Most importantly, the guide gives instructions on how to transcribe data from national budget documents to the correct UNMILEX form. The focus is on making participation easy by using the simplified or single-figure form.
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Nagabhatla, Nidhi, Panthea Pouramin, Rupal Brahmbhatt, Cameron Fioret, Talia Glickman, K. Bruce Newbold, and Vladimir Smakhtin. Migration and Water: A Global Overview. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/lkzr3535.

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Global migration has been increasing since the 1990s. People are forced to leave their homes in search of safety, a better livelihood, or for more economic opportunities. Environmental drivers of migration, such as land degradation, water pollution, or changing climate, are acting as stronger phenomena with time. As millions of people are exposed to multiple water crises, daily needs related to water quality, lack of provisioning, excess or shortage of water become vital for survival as well for livelihood support. In turn, the crisis can transform into conflict and act as a trigger for migration, both voluntary and forced, depending on the conditions. Current interventions related to migration, including funding to manage migration remain focused on response mechanisms, whereas an understanding of drivers or so-called ‘push factors’ of migration is limited. Accurate and well-documented evidence, as well as quantitative information on these phenomena, are either missing or under-reflected in the literature and policy discourse. The report aims to start unpacking relationships between water and migration. The data used in this Report are collected from available public sources and reviewed in the context of water and climate. A three-dimensional (3D) framework is outlined for water-related migration assessment. The framework may be useful to aggerate water-related causes and consequences of migration and interpret them in various socioecological, socioeconomic, and sociopolitical settings. A case study approach is adopted to illustrate the various applications of the framework to dynamics of migration in various geographic and hydrological scenarios. The case studies reflect on well-known examples of environmental and water degradation, but with a focus on displacement /migration and socioeconomic challenges that apply. The relevance of proxy measures such as the Global Conflict Risk Index, which helps quantify water and migration interconnections, is discussed in relation to geographic, political, environmental, and economic parameters. The narratives presented in the Report also point to the existing governance mechanisms on migration, stating that they are fragmented. The report examines global agreements, institutions, and policies on migration to provide an aggerated outlook as to how international and inter-agency cooperation agreements and policies either reflected or are missing on water and climate crises as direct or indirect triggers to migration. Concerning this, the new directives related to migration governance, i.e., the New York Declaration and the Global Compact for Migration, are discussed. The Report recommends an enhanced focus on migration as an adaptation strategy to maximize the interconnectedness with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It calls for the migration discourse to look beyond from a preventative and problematic approach to a perspective emphasizing migration as a contributor towards achieving sustainable development, particularly SDGs 5, 6, 13, and 16 that aim strengthening capacities related to water, gender, climate, and institutions. Overall, the synthesis offers a global overview of water and migration for researchers and professionals engaged in migration-related work. For international agencies and government organizations and policymakers dealing with the assessment of and response to migration, the report aims to support the work on migration assessment and the implementation of the SDGs. The Report may serve as a public good towards understanding the drivers, impacts, and challenges of migration, for designing long-term solutions and for advancing migration management capabilities through improved knowledge and a pitch for consensus-building.
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Attracting youth to voluntary counseling and testing services in Uganda. Population Council, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/hiv15.1009.

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Little is known about the use of voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) by youth, a group that comprises more than half of those newly infected with HIV. An exploratory study conducted in Nairobi, Kenya, and Kampala and Masaka in Uganda revealed that young people want information, confidentiality, low-cost HIV testing, and friendly, professional counseling. Two facilities in Kampala, the AIDS Information Center (AIC) and Naguru Teenage Information and Health Center (NTIHC), implemented new youth-oriented strategies to increase VCT utilization and satisfaction with services among young people. In 2001, AIC established a youth corner behind the regular adult clinic with a separate gate so youth could enter in privacy. In 2002, NTIHC began offering VCT two days per week. This brief presents findings from exit interviews conducted with youth 14–21 years old leaving services at AIC and NTIHC. It also draws on in-depth interviews with exit interview participants and on focus groups conducted with tested and untested youth.
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HIV voluntary counseling and testing among youth ages 14 to 21: Results from an exploratory study in Nairobi, Kenya, and Kampala and Masaka, Uganda. Population Council, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/hiv2001.1007.

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HIV voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) programs increase safe sexual behavior and use of care and support services among adults. By helping clients learn their HIV serostatus and creating a personalized HIV risk-reduction plan, VCT can provide the information and support necessary to change risky behaviors that could lead to HIV infection or transmission. Counseling and a risk-reduction plan are the key features distinguishing VCT from other HIV testing services. VCT has become a widely advocated HIV/AIDS prevention strategy among adults. Sixty percent of all new HIV infections in sub-Saharan Africa, however, occur among young people ages 10–24. Because few young people use any health services, using VCT as a strategy to reduce risk behaviors among young people appears to be more challenging than it would be among adults. Findings from exploratory research in Uganda and Kenya provide some answers. Specifically, researchers sought to understand young people’s experiences with HIV testing and the factors that inhibit or motivate youth to use testing services. As noted in this report, researchers and service-providing organizations used these findings to develop strategies to reach youth with VCT services.
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Integrating HIV prevention and care into maternal and child health care settings: Lessons learned from Horizons studies. Population Council, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/hiv2002.1003.

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Many women in the developing world still lack access to high-quality HIV/AIDS prevention and care services. To address this problem, Horizons has undertaken a range of operations research efforts that examine the integration of HIV-related care in the maternal-child health setting. At a workshop held in Kenya in July 2001, participants discussed the experience to date and formulated practical strategies for improving the integration. This consultation report summarizes that discussion according to the following seven key program components: Training and Motivation to Improve the Performance of Health Workers; Supervision of HIV Services and Quality Assurance of HIV Testing; Caring for Mothers; Voluntary Counseling and Testing Services; Counseling on Infant Feeding; Provision of Antiretroviral Drugs to Reduce Mother-to-Child Transmission; Involving Male Partners.
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Family planning and PMTCT services: Examining interrelationships, strengthening linkages. Population Council, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/hiv2003.1006.

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Preventing unintended pregnancy among HIV-positive women through family planning (FP) services is one of the four cornerstones of a comprehensive program for prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT). Reducing unintended pregnancies among HIV-positive women would yield a reduction in infections among infants and a reduction in the number of children potentially orphaned when parents die of AIDS-related illnesses. It also reduces HIV-positive women's vulnerability to morbidity and mortality related to pregnancy and lactation. In addition, family planning for both HIV-positive and -negative women safeguards their health by enabling them to space births. This brief focuses on findings from Horizons studies on the extent to which voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) and PMTCT programs address family planning. In Kenya and Zambia, the Horizons Program collaborated with NARESA and the MTCT Working Group, respectively, and UNICEF to document the acceptability, operational barriers, costs, and impact of pilot PMTCT services.
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Evidence for the importance of community involvement: Implications for initiatives to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Population Council, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/hiv2001.1010.

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This paper offers lessons learned from a literature review of community involvement in biomedical and other technologies that can guide appropriate and effective introduction of services for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. A companion paper discusses research in Botswana and Zambia that showed gaps in community knowledge about HIV transmission, particularly from mother to child, and yielded insights into community perspectives about barriers to using voluntary counseling and testing services; stigma and fear associated with HIV; traditional norms on breastfeeding; and the role of family and community members in women’s decisions to participate in programs to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV. A separate publication (“Community involvement in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV: Insights and recommendations”) offers recommendations for community involvement strategies. Placed within the framework of community involvement, an intervention that addresses mother-to-child transmission of HIV offers an enormous opportunity to improve HIV prevention and care. Successful interventions can influence how AIDS is perceived by the community, reduce stigma, and have an effect beyond the immediate prevention of perinatal transmission.
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