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1
Tihanov, G. "A study on the hopper unloading duration of the harvesting machine at different technical parameters." Agricultural Science and Technology 12, no. 2 (June 2020): 140–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/ast.2020.02.023.
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Abstract. When unloading grain harvester hoppers at standstill the time of emptying the hopper has a significant effect on the harvester productivity. The paper is about a conducted survey in 15 agricultural farms with 15 harvesters monitored including 14 models of 6 different brands during wheat harvesting. The time for emptying the grain hopper of the harvesters was defined by measuring the time. It was found that the actual time for emptying the hoppers of the studied harvesters was 134.85 s, and the actual flow rate of unloading of the screw in them being 69.63 L/s on average. A multivariate regression analysis was performed on the effect of the harvester grain hopper volume and the actual flow rate of the unloading screw on the time from switching on the unloading screw till its switching off in various grain harvesters. An adequate mathematical model of the effect of the hopper volume and the flow rate of the unloading screw of grain harvesters on the time for emptying the grain hopper under real production conditions has also been created. These results can also be used for minimizing costs in the technological process at harvesting.
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Xu, Wenxuan, Shusen Cheng, Qun Niu, Wei Hu, and Jiawen Bang. "Investigation on the uneven distribution of different types of ores in the hopper and stock surface during the charging process of blast furnace based on discrete element method." Metallurgical Research & Technology 116, no. 3 (2019): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2018099.
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The model of an actual 4070 m3 bell-less top blast furnace with two parallel hoppers was established, and the distribution of the sinter, pellet, and lump ore in the hopper and the stock surface was analyzed based on the discrete element method. The results show that the distribution of different types of ores is not uniform in the hopper already. In the radial direction of the stock surface, the sinter volume fraction in the center and peripheral region of the stock surface is higher than that in the intermediate region of the stock surface, but the volume distribution of the pellet and lump ore is opposite to the sinter volume distribution. Owing to the size of lump ore is small, so the pressure drop of burden layer in the intermediate region of the stock surface is larger than that in the center and peripheral region. In the circumferential direction of the stock surface, the standard deviation of the volume distribution of the sinter, pellet, and lump ore is 1.28, 0.92 and 0.49, respectively.
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Liu, Aiguo, Da Li, Fanling Meng, and Huanhuan Sun. "Metal-matrix composite fabricated with gas tungsten arc melt injection and precoated with NiCrBSi alloy to increase the volume fraction of WC particles." Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 24, no. 2 (March 1, 2017): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2014-0221.
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AbstractThe volume fraction, dissolution, and segregation of WC particles in metal-matrix composites (MMCs) are critical to their wear resistance. Low carbon steel substrates were precoated with NiCrBSi coatings and processed with gas tungsten arc melt injection method to fabricate MMCs with high volume fraction of WC particles. The microstructures and wear resistance of the composites were investigated. The results showed that the volume fraction of WC particles increased with decreasing hopper height and was as high as 44% when hopper height was 100 mm. The dissolution of WC particles was minimal. The content of the alloying elements decreased from the top to the bottom of the matrix. More WC particles dissolved in the overlapping area, where Fe3W3C carbide blocks could be found. The wear loss of the MMCs after 40 min was 6.9 mg, which is 76 times less than that of the substrate after the 4 min test.
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Khalid, Muhammad Hammad, and Yixian Zhou. "Study of Clogging Phenomenon for a Conical Hopper: The Influence of Particle Bed Height and Hopper Angle." Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2021 (April 24, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9993614.
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The granular flow is one of the principal issues for the design of pebble bed reactors. Particularly, the clogging phenomenon raises an important issue for pebble bed reactors. In this paper, we conduct experiments and discrete particle simulation of two-dimensional discharge granular flow from a conical hopper, to study the effect of the particle bed height h and hopper angle α on the clogging phenomenon. In general, the clogging probability J increases with height h and starts to saturate when h is larger than a critical value. The experimental result trends are supported by discrete simulations. To understand the underlying physical mechanism, we conduct discrete particle simulations for various h values, focusing on the following parameters: the statistical averaging of the volume fraction, velocity, and contact pressure of particles near the aperture during the discharge. We found that, among all relevant variables, the contact pressure of particles is the main cause of the increasement of J when h increases. An exponential law between the pebble bed h and clogging probability J has been established based on these observations and Janssen model. As for hopper angle α , J shows an almost constant behavior for any rise in α followed by a sudden regression at α = 75 ° . Surprisingly, the effect of α is most obvious for intermediate values of h , where we observe a sharp increasement of clogging probability. The same trend is observed in the two-dimensional discrete simulation results.
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N, Srinivasa, Subhash Chander, and Padala Vinod Kumar. "EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF ELEVATED CO2 ON BIOEFFICACY OF BUPROFEZIN INSECTICIDE AGAINST BROWN PLANT HOPPER, Nilaparvata lugens (STÅL)." Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 9, no. 1 (February 27, 2021): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18006/2021.9(1).5.11.
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The effect of elevated CO2 (570±25ppm) on the brown plant hopper (BPH) population, rice yield parameters, and efficacy of buprofezin (0.05%) in terms of spray volume was studied in an open top chamber (OTCs) during rainy season 2017 and 2018. The pest population was observed to be higher during 2017 compared to the rainy season of 2018. Under elevated CO2, rice plants had more vegetative tillers (18%) and reproductive tillers (22.1%), but there was a decrease in 1000-seed weight (11.2%), seed number per panicle (3.91%), and grain yield (18.8%) in comparison to ambient CO2 grown rice plants. The spray volumes of 700, 600, 500, and 400 l/ha each caused higher BPH mortality under ambient CO2 compared to elevated CO2. A spray volume of 500 l/ha did not prove as effective under elevated CO2 as under ambient CO2. Lower efficacy of spray volume of 500 l/ha under elevated CO2 could be ascribed to higher canopy size under elevated CO2 due to higher tillering. Increased crop canopy size under elevated CO2 may thus require higher spray volume to ensure proper coverage. Results of the study suggested a need to revise spray volume recommendations to facilitate effective management of BPH under climate change.
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Robinson, James, Daniel Holland, and Luke Fullard. "Evidence of a non-local ø(I) response." EPJ Web of Conferences 249 (2021): 03028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202124903028.
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Granular dilatancy has been previously characterised through a simple linear relationship between the packing fraction and dimensionless shear rate. However, this relationship was developed for granular flows in a simple shear cell geometry. Here we examine inertial volume changes in a shear cell with gravity, a vertical chute, and a pseudo-2D hopper. In so doing, we show that the packing fraction displays both a local and non-local response, analogous to what is typically observed for the stress ratio µ.
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Itoh, Daisuke, Masaki Takaoka, Daisuke Nakatsuka, Yoshitada Kakuta, Nobuo Takeda, Takeshi Fujiwara, and Kazuki Oshita. "Volume Measurement of Municipal Solid Waste in a Hopper Using the Stereo Image Processing Technique." Journal of the Japan Society of Waste Management Experts 16, no. 5 (2005): 378–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3985/jswme.16.378.
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Spradlin, Suzy J. "The Social Unconscious in Persons, Groups, and Societies, Volume I: Mainly Theory by Hopper, E. & Weinberg, H." Journal of Analytical Psychology 57, no. 4 (September 2012): 544–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5922.2012.01994_6.x.
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Holmes, Anne C. "The social unconscious in persons, groups and societies, volume 1: Mainly theory, edited by Earl Hopper and Heim Weinberg." European Journal of Psychotherapy & Counselling 14, no. 3 (September 2012): 305–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13642537.2012.683268.
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Fahmi, Samsul, Misbah Misbah, and Hendra Ariwinarno. "SISTEM MONITORING LEVEL PADA HOPPER BERBASIS MIKROKONTROLLER ATMEGA 16 DAN PC DI PT. HANAMPI SEJAHTERA KAHURIPAN." E-Link : Jurnal Teknik Elektro dan Informatika 6, no. 2 (November 13, 2018): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30587/e-link.v6i2.664.
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PT Hanampi Sejahtera Kahuripan perusahaan pembuat pupuk pelepasan terkendali terdapat beberapa tempat penyimpanan untuk menampung bahan baku produksi maupun hasil produksi dipantau dengan level transmitter. Kerusakan pada level transmitter buatan China yang terhubung dengan program DCS Advantrool menyebabkan terganggunya proses produksi menyebabkan kerugian. Untuk mengatasinya maka dibuat alat alternatif monitoring berbasis mikrokontroler ATMega 16 dengan menggunakan sensor ultrasonik. Untuk memantau level diunit-unit hopper.Dalam penelitian ini dibuat desain monitoring menggunakan komputer sebagai master yang berkomunikasi serial memakai RS 232 dengan mikrokontroller dan sensor ultrasonic sebagai komponen pengirim dan penerima gelombang suara..Metode pengujian alat ini memanfaatkan refleksi gelombang ultrasonik pada medium yang dilalui mulai dari kerapatan rendah pada zat cair hingga padat. Jika gelombang ultrasonik berjalan melalui sebuah medium, secara matematis besarnya jarak dapat dihitung.Dari hasil Penelitian ini desain pengendali secara terprogram dapat ditampilkan di komputer menggunakan program Borland Delphi sebagai pusat monitoring dan controlling terhadap dinamika proses berupa data level untuk mengetahui persentase volume material di dalam hopper, pengggunaan clok 16.0 MHz diperlukan untuk menstabilkan penerimaan dan pengiriman data.
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Gaskin, R. E., D. P. Logan, W. May, C. A. Rowe, K. D. Steele, R. M. Van_Leeuwen, and P. G. Connolly. "Control of passionvine hopper and cicada eggs on kiwifruit canes with bifenthrin and a new superpenetrant adjuvant." New Zealand Plant Protection 65 (January 8, 2012): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2012.65.5395.
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A novel option for control of passionvine hopper (PVH Scolypopa australis) and chorus cicada (Amphipsalta zelandica) on kiwifruit was investigated This involved applying an insecticide to PVH and cicada egg sites in the dormant kiwifruit canopy using a new type of adjuvant that allows sprays to penetrate into egg nests laid in canes and old fruit stalks Five treatments of bifenthrin at 100 g/ha (1 litre/ha Talstar 100EC) and preferred combinations of nozzle type spray application volume and EngulfTM adjuvant rate were applied to dormant canes of Hayward kiwifruit in early August 2011 Water soluble blue dye added to all spray treatments penetrated into nests and stained PVH and cicada eggs when assessed shortly after application All treatments significantly reduced hatch of PVH relative to the untreated control by 85995 One treatment significantly reduced cicada hatch by approximately 80 relative to the control
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Vosmer, Susanne. "The Social Unconscious in Persons, Groups and Societies. Volume 2: Mainly Foundation Matrices. Edited by Earl Hopper and Haim Weinberg." International Journal of Group Psychotherapy 68, no. 2 (January 24, 2018): 265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207284.2017.1411702.
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Prusov, Maxim, Vladimir Kurdyumov, and Andrey Pavlushin. "Optimization of the hopper design parameters with a controlled technological process of loading, storage and unloading of bulk materials." BIO Web of Conferences 27 (2020): 00131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202700131.
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The subject of the study is the process of loading capacities and bodies of vehicles to increase the usable volume and static load for further storage or transportation. Based on an analysis of the mechanization of loading operations at agricultural facilities related to the production, distribution and use of animal feed, the authors identified the most promising loading scheme based on the principle of intensive dispersed flow, outlined ways to improve the loading of grain materials and animal feed, proposed a new structural and technological scheme of a loading device with a drive using the gravitational flow of bulk material to evenly distribute the flow of bulk material over a significant cross-sectional area of the tank. The article presents theoretical studies of the loading process using the proposed device and substantiates its geometric parameters. There are results of experimental studies that confirm theoretical conclusions and allow comparing the proposed device with existing analogues.
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Batet Samuel and Okuma Silas Oseme. "Design and simulation analysis of cowpea dehulling Machine." Global Journal of Engineering and Technology Advances 7, no. 2 (May 30, 2021): 050–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gjeta.2021.7.2.0069.
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The dehulling of cowpea seeds will have a great influence in increasing the overall production, consumption, processing into more dietary, hygienic products and the advancement of cowpea processing industry. The technology of cowpea processing industry is still at its lowest ebb. Therefore, designing a machine to dehull cowpea beans would be of greater benefit to the common man protein intake and the afore-mentioned development of the cowpea industry. The machine is designed to be mechanically operated by an electric motor as the prime mover with dehulling capacity of 6.67x10-4m3/s or 37.2kg/min. The beans will be fed by rotating force received from the feed wheel in the hopper into the plate's gap interface that will be pre-set that the total volume of feeder is approximately the volume of the space between plate surfaces. The rotating action of moving against stationary plate effect the rasping of soaked cowpea off their cotyledons. The design consideration applied appropriate technology, ease of dehulling soaked cowpea and the attrition action of plate surfaces and readily available engineering materials with possible equipment in the country. The dehulled efficiency was 79% at 81.25% machine efficiency shown from the simulation analysis, this greatly show a high level improvement when compared with other related designs.
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Afanasiev, V. A., A. N. Ostrikov, I. S. Bogomolov, P. V. Filiptsov, and L. N. Frolova. "Development of technology of highly accessible compound feeds with vacuum spraying of liquid components." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 83, no. 1 (June 3, 2021): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2021-1-94-101.
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The technology of production of compound feeds for agricultural (pigs) and unproductive (dogs, cats) animals, as well as for fur-bearing animals (minks, arctic foxes, sables) and valuable fish (sturgeon, trout, etc.), in which the replacement of expensive components of animal origin (fish meal, meat and bone meal, blood meal, offal), for extruded vegetable high-protein components (soy, sunflower or rapeseed meal, lupine, peas, soy) is carried out. The use of vacuum spraying of thermolabile liquid components (amino acids, protein-vitamin-mineral additives, vitamins, fats) on the surface of extruded pellets will allow you to obtain highly digestible feed. The kinetic regularities of the studied processes of humidification and steaming, extrusion, drying/cooling and draining are determined, and their rational modes are revealed. The technological scheme of the line for the production of highly digestible compound feeds has been developed, which includes the following equipment: hopper; extruder; dryer-cooler; liquid component injection plant, draining machine; conveyor and finished product hopper. According to the technical characteristics (overall dimensions, weight, occupied area, drive power, uniformity of application of fat on the surface of granules), the manufactured coating machine and the liquid component injection unit exceed the best world analogues. The technology of vacuum mixing with the introduction of liquid components will ensure their uniform distribution over the entire volume, reduce the duration of mixing, which will increase the productivity of the vacuum mixer and reduce energy consumption. The developed technology and promising types of technological equipment (mixer, extruder, vacuum sprayer, dryer-cooler) will make it possible to obtain highly digestible feed of a new generation with a protein content of 60 %, fat content of 40 %, with the introduction of growth stimulants, biologically active additives. An increase in the protein and fat complex will increase the digestibility of compound feeds by 10-12 %, increase weight gain by 10-12 % and reduce feed conversion by 15 %.
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Bobin, V. A. "THE CONSTRUCTION OF LUNAR BASES BY USING GYROSCOPIC MINING MACHINES." Innovatics and Expert Examination, no. 27 (2019): 117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.35264/1996-2274-2019-2-117-120.
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The project of realization of technology of processing of a lunar regolith for construction on the moon of permanent settlements by means of gyroscopic mountain mining machines is presented.The robotic complex implementing this technology includes a lunar gyroscopic mining machine (LGGM), a mechanical shovel for the collection and transportation of regolith to LGGM, as well as a device for moving the processed regolith to the loading hopper of the printhead of a construction 3D printer. It is shown that under conditions of reduced gravity and lack of electrical energy only lunar LGGM is able to efficiently process lunar rocks and extract from them various useful components, including oxygen, hydrogen, titanium, iron and rare earth materials, and also provides the necessary fractional composition of regolith for use as a building material. Such a robotic complex is able to automatically build a lunar base in the form of a hangar with a length of 6 and a width of 3 m and a height of not less than 2,5 m, with a volume of 54 cubic meters, and the total weight of the complex will not exceed 1 ton.
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Mamo, Dejen Ketema, and Dejene Shewakena Bedane. "Modelling the Impacts of Early Intervention on Desert Locust Outbreak Prevention." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2021 (July 21, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5538300.
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To preserve crop production losses, monitoring of desert locust attacks is a significant feature of agriculture. In this paper, a mathematical model was formulated and analyzed to protect crops against desert locust attack via early intervention tactics. We consider a triple intervention approach, namely, proaction, reaction, and outbreak prevention. The model integrates a stage-structured locust population, logistics-based crop biomass, and blended early intervention via pesticide spray. We assume that the amount of pesticide spray is proportional to the density of the locust population in the infested area. Conventional short residual pesticides within ultralow volume formulation and equipment control operations are considered. The trivial and locust-free equilibrium of the model is unstable, whereas the interior equilibrium is asymptotically stable. Numerical simulations validate the theoretical results of the model. In the absence of intervention measures, desert locust losses are approximately 71% of expected crop production. The model projection shows that effective proactive early intervention on hopper stage locust contained locust infestation and subdued public health and environmental hazards. Relevant and up-to-date combined early interventions control desert locust aggression and crop production losses.
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Asborno, Magdalena I., Collin G. Burris, and Sarah Hernandez. "Truck Body-Type Classification using Single-Beam Lidar Sensors." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 1 (January 2019): 26–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118821847.
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Understanding commodity flow through a region is key for estimating the demand for freight transportation facilities and services, forecasting energy consumption, analyzing safety risks, and addressing environmental concerns. Transportation planners and decision makers use commodity flow data to develop and implement long-term freight plans and manage infrastructure. State-of-the-practice commodity flow estimations based on regional socioeconomic data and periodic surveys have limited spatial and temporal coverage. Moreover, no existing methods tie vehicles to commodity movements at the link level. Although intrusive inductive loop detectors can identify the industry served (or commodity carried) by trucks based on the truck’s body type, intrusive sensor performance is limited by pavement quality. Unfortunately, poor pavement conditions are common in locations with high truck volumes. This paper investigates the use of a non-intrusive traffic sensor, Lidar, for high-resolution truck body-type classification. This paper develops a proof-of-concept Lidar sensor and a truck body-type classification model capable of classifying five-axle tractor-trailers into distinct body types: van and container, platform, low-profile trailer, tank, and hopper and end dump. These body-class groups link to commodity movements and provide insight into link-level commodity flows. Data for model development and validation were collected along a major interstate corridor and a low-speed local road. The classification model achieves an 81% true positive rate (TPR) with class-specific TPR as high as 94% and average volume accuracy of 87% for the primary test location. Overall, the proposed sensor represents an adequate proof of concept to evaluate the industry served by trucks on a network link.
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Zhadanovsky, Boris, and Vladimir Bazanov. "Alternative methods of delivering concrete and mortar mixes to low-rise construction projects." E3S Web of Conferences 258 (2021): 09002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125809002.
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Concrete mixes are usually delivered to construction projects with the help of special vehicles. Depending on its fluidity, cement setting rate, temperature and relative humidity of carriage conditions, as well as a distance and road condition, transportation of a concrete mix may be done in concrete mixer trucks and ready-mix delivery trucks, also in buckets and hoppers mounted on vehicles (bucket trucks). At the same time, it is necessary to reduce the number of transship operations as much as possible and, wherever practicable, unload a mix directly into the structure to be concreted. Each method of transportation has its rational areas of application. For low-rise construction characterized by small volumes, scattered construction sites, insufficient coverage by a good-quality road system, and a long distance from concrete factories, it is expedient to use alternative, non-dedicated to concrete mix transportation, types of vehicles equipped with their own lifting devices. The issues of application of drop-side lorries with crane manipulators and gantry hopper trucks for transportation of ready-mix buckets are discussed. The technical characteristics of general purpose vehicles and lifting equipment are described. Recommendations concerning fitting of various types of vehicles with portable hoppers are given.
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Li, Qingzhen, and A. N. Leonov. "Modeling and optimization of technological process and means of mechanization of grain production for middle China based on Belarusian technology." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. Agrarian Series 58, no. 1 (February 10, 2020): 90–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1817-7204-2020-58-1-90-107.
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One of the main problems in grain production in China is the high level of unit costs (high cost price). The main reason is the low level of mechanization. Development of efficient technologies and means of mechanization is a promising area allowing to decrease the level of unit costs at a given labor efficiency and maintaining the achieved yield. Grain production is a complex system associated with a large amount of information: agro-technological (crop variety, crop yield, physical-and-mechanical parameters of land plots, terms of operations, permissible speed range for specific operations, etc.), technical-and-economic (power and traction parameters, throughput, working width, operating weight, hopper volume , cost). At present, efficient methods for studying complex systems have appeared as a result of development and widespread implementation of computer mathematics systems, which allow us to study mechanization technologies and tools using multi-factor modeling and multi-criteria optimization. The paper presents a multi-factor mathematical model, peculiar for the fact that the three groups of simultaneously varying factors are taken for the first time engine power, MTA speed, timing of the main energy-intensive operations – plowing, harvesting, and as conflicting optimization parameters unit cost level, coefficient of crop losses, labor efficiency, which allowed a comprehensive study of the grain production process in any natural-production conditions. A technological process has been developed (units speed and timing of the main operations (plowing, harvesting) and the corresponding range of machines and equipment, ensuring minimum level of unit costs at a given labor efficiency and maintaining the achieved crop yield, taking into account the specifics of the Middle China (2 crops per year).
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Kana, Timothy W., and Haiqing Liu Kaczkowski. "PLANNING, PRELIMINARY DESIGN, AND INITIAL PERFORMANCE OF THE NAGS HEAD BEACH NOURISHMENT PROJECT." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 33 (December 15, 2012): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.sediment.109.
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A 3.5 million cubic meter beach nourishment project was completed along 16 kilometers of shoreline at Nags Head, North Carolina, 32 kilometers south of the US Army Corps of Engineers Field Research Facility at Duck. The project is the largest locally-funded nourishment accomplished to date in the United States. Three ocean-certified hopper dredges and one cutterhead suction dredge constructed the project between May and October 2011. This paper discusses the planning, design, and initial performance of the project. Nags Head is exposed to high waves from the northeast which generate net southerly transport over the long term. A key design issue for the project was the large gradient in erosion rates from north to south. Fill sections were varied accordingly based on documented volume erosion rates and model simulations for the area. Permitting involved over five years of environ¬mental reviews because of the need to work during fair-weather summer months in the relatively high-energy setting. The design also built on prior work in connection with a federal nourishment project scheduled for the area if and when funds become available. Two offshore areas strategically located close to south Nags Head were utilized for construction which proceeded efficiently under summer waves until late August when Hurricane Irene impacted the area. The hurricane and fall northeast storms produced rapid adjustment of the construction profile but no net loss of sand from the project area. Post-project surveys show initial profile equilibration was largely confined to the inshore zone inside the 3.7 meter (m) [−12 foot (ft) NAVD] contour. Depth of closure at decadal scales is estimated to be −7.3 m (−24 ft NAVD).
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Захаров, Анатолий, Anatoliy Zaharov, Андрей Макушев, Andrey Makushev, Алена Васильева, Alena Vasil'eva, Ксения Кириллова, and Kseniya Kirillova. "PROSPECTS OF IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF HOP CULTIVATION CLUSTER OF THE CHUVASH REPUBLIC." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 13, no. 2 (August 6, 2018): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5b35076d03ca23.77338912.
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The article is devoted to the problems of hop production, both at the world level and in some regions of the Russian Federation. A comprehensive analysis of hop production development for 1971-2017 was carried out. Attention is focused on the fact that in the Chuvash Republic for the period under study, the production of hop has decreased many times, while the pre-reform period of the republic produced up to 90% of the total volume produced in the whole in the Russian Federation. The creation of a cluster is an effective tool for solving the tasks of the industry development. The study of hop-growing in the Chuvash Republic, based on cluster analysis, will reveal factors and conditions for increasing its effectiveness. If in 1990 hops were cultivated on an area of 2.6 thousand hectares, the yield per hectare in the republic averaged 10.8 centners per hectare, the gross harvest was 2.8 thousand tons, and in 2017 in agricultural organizations with fructifying The area of 96 hectares was harvested at 16.2 centner per hectare, the gross harvest was 155.5 tons.
We propose a model of the structure of the hop-growing cluster of the Chuvash Republic. In the hopper cluster, enterprises of various types could enter in accordance with their functional role. The basis of the hop-growing cluster of the Chuvash Republic will be formed by branch enterprises. In their structure we propose to include: agricultural enterprises engaged in the production of hops, processing hops, consumers of hops - breweries. In the structure of the hop-growing cluster, enterprises that service industries and infrastructures will function.
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Chepurin, G. E. "The principle of identity of conditions for zonal tests of grain harvesters." Siberian Herald of Agricultural Science 50, no. 3 (July 26, 2020): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.26898/0370-8799-2020-3-9.
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The paper presents the analysis results of the methods applied to comparative tests of combine harvesters for threshing grain crops in various climatic zones of Russia. In the USSR, in accordance with the current GOSTs, machine testing stations carried out comparative tests of combines during threshing grain crops with a yield of 4 t/ha by direct combining method in the phase of full ripeness of grain, but no later than 7 days after its onset. At the design stage, the throughput of a combine harvester is calculated taking into account the design parameters of the working bodies of the combine, engine power, thresher width, specific power per unit of throughput, hopper volume and other factors. The classification of combines according to design parameters does not characterize their potential functionality and work efficiency under production conditions with significant fluctuations in the yield of grain crops. It is necessary to comply with the main principle of comparative tests of combines – the identity of their operating conditions. If this principle is violated, it makes no sense to analyze the results. It is necessary to substantiate the methodology of comparative tests of combines in various climatic zones of the country. Given the different yields in certain zones of Russia, especially in the Siberian region, it is necessary to determine not only the nominal throughput for the rational use of the harvester, but also to what extent it can vary depending on harvesting conditions. A technological passport is needed for each combine, which will allow to quickly develop an operation process chart for threshing grain crops in relation to a specific field and taking into account yield and other production efforts. Operation process charts, unlike technological passports, determine the task for performing specific work, subject to technological modes, that ensure high quality products by direct combining and swath harvesting methods with rational loading of the combine thresher. They help to identify actual and estimated cost of grain, taking into account the need in combines and combine operators.
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Kuzmych, Alvian, Mykhailo Aneliak, and Oleksandr Hrytsaka. "Collection of Non-grain Part of Sunflower Harvest for Energy Purposes." National Interagency Scientific and Technical Collection of Works. Design, Production and Exploitation of Agricultural Machines, no. 50 (2020): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32515/2414-3820.2020.50.69-78.
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The aim of the research is to increase the efficiency of harvesting the non-grain part of the sunflower crop for energy purposes by developing technology and substantiation of technical means. The analysis of sunflower harvesting technologies is carried out; the method of harvesting the crushed mass of the non-grain part of the sunflower crop with the formation of windrows of high linear mass at the edge of the field is substantiated. The results of laboratory field research of harvesting, selection and pressing of the crushed mass of the non-grain part of the sunflower crop are presented. Directions of improvement of the baler for harvesting of a non-grain part of sunflower harvest are noted. The constructional-technological scheme of the trailed hopper and windrow-former to the combine harvester for formation of windrows of a non-grain part of a crop of sunflower with the increased running weight is offered. The results of laboratory field studies confirmed the hypothesis of the possibility of selecting the rolls of the crushed mass of the non-grain part of the sunflower crop with a running weight of more than 20 kg per meter at a level of losses not exceeding 20%. The efficiency of harvesting the non-grain part of the sunflower crop for energy purposes can be increased by collecting the crushed mass passed through the combine harvester in a trailed digger and forming rolls with high running weight at the edge of the field for drying and subsequent selection by serial balers. It is established that at the level of yield of sunflower seeds within 3 ton per ha the volume of harvesting by the combine harvester of the crushed weight of non-grain part makes 7.5-8.5 center per ha. When picking with a baler, rolls with a density of 75-90 kg per m3 were formed at an average humidity of 23%.
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Snell, Robert. "The Social Unconscious in Persons, Groups, and Societies. Volume 1: Mainly Theory edited by EarlHopper and HaimWeinberg. New International Library of Group Analysis, Earl Hopper (Series Editor). Published by Karnac, London, 2011; 344 pp; £32.99 paperback." British Journal of Psychotherapy 29, no. 1 (January 22, 2013): 125–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bjp.12008.
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Fábián, László, Gyula Argay, Alajos Kálmán, and Mária Báthori. "Crystal structures of ecdysteroids: the role of solvent molecules in hydrogen bonding and isostructurality." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science 58, no. 4 (July 30, 2002): 710–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108768102005608.
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Three crystal forms of the steroid 20-hydroxyecdysone were identified by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis: a solvent-free modification, a methanol solvate hydrate and a trihydrate. The structure of a closely related steroid, polypodine B (the 5,20-dihydroxy derivative of ecdysone), was determined in its monohydrate form. Since the unit-cell volume of unsolvated 20-hydroxyecdysone was found to be considerably smaller than that of ecdysone [Huber & Hoppe (1965). Chem. Ber. 98, 2403–2424], a new structure determination of ecdysone was performed, which confirmed the unexpected difference between the unit-cell volumes. The crystals of ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone are isostructural, while the mixed solvate of 20-hydroxyecdysone is homostructural with the hydrate of polypodine B. A detailed analysis of the hydrogen-bond networks in these closely related crystal pairs highlights their packing similarities, demonstrates the role of solvent molecules, and explains the unexpectedly small cell volume of 20-hydroxyecdysone.
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Sibagatullin, S. K., A. S. Kharchenko, and L. D. Devyatchenko. "Evaluation of uneven distribution of charge materials at blast furnace." Izvestiya Visshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii. Chernaya Metallurgiya = Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 61, no. 10 (November 14, 2018): 766–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2018-10-766-773.
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In various industries, the uneven distribution of material and energy resources significantly affects stability of the technological process and reduces the quality of products. In particular, in the blastfurnace production, the uneven distribution of charge materials and the temperature of gases significantly affect technical and economic performance of the furnace. The analysis of bibliographic sources has shown that for the estimation of unevenness various coefficients were generally used, taking into account the variability of material and ener gy resources in the production process, the coefficient of variation introduced by K. Pierson in 1895 was the most widespread. It was determined the relation between the square of the coefficient of variation of V2 and the value X2= (n(N-1))/N*V2according to which the random variable V2 has X2k a distribution with k degrees of freedom, k = N – 1, where n = n1 + n2 + … + nN, ni is the value of the i-th measurement, i = 1, N – is the number of measurements. The proposed method for estimating the unevenness is based on statistics X2k, and X2also introduced by K. Pearson in 1901 and 1904, respectively. The latter was intended to test the H0-correspondence of the empirical and statistical distribution. The method for determining the circumferential irregularity in the distribution of materials and gases in a blast furnace is based on the consistency of X2k and X2 of Pearson statistics, using the so-called quantile factor q, if in calculations of X2 the valu es of the ,physical quantities themselves are used, by analogy, not the frequency of the measured quantities. In this method, X2-statistic after correction was used to determine the measure of deviation (p) from the uniform distribution, i.e. the unevenness coefficientp = p(X2/k), p є (0; 1 – α), X2k = X2max= qX2 was calculated. In order to reconcile X2 and X2k statistics with the measurements of the physical quantities (temperature, pressure) or materials (granular, gaseous), the X2-statistic must be adjusted so that qX2max≈ X2k(α), X2max с(X21,..., Х2M )where M – is the number of experiments for which the values of X2-statics were determined, X2k(α) – the upper α-quantile of X2k statistic, q – the quantile multiplier, introduced for the correction of the X2-statistic values, X2max– the maximum value of X2-statistic is admissible for determining the measure of non-uniformity.The method was tested to evaluate the relative non-uniformity of the loaded charge components and the distribution of peripheral temperature at blast furnaces of OJSC “MMK” with volume of 2014 and 1370 m3. The influence of the sequence of a set of charge components in the hopper of a bell-less charging device of the furnace on the coefficient of circumferential unevenness (p) and the technical and economic parameters of melting was revealed.
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Stankevych, G., L. Dmytrenko, A. Kats, and V. Shpak. "INVESTIGATION OF CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GRAIN RECEIVING FROM RAILWAY TO THE GRAIN TRANSSHIPMENT TERMINAL." Grain Products and Mixed Fodder’s 20, no. 2 (July 15, 2020): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15673/gpmf.v20i2.1759.
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In the future, in Ukraine it is planned to increase the sown area for cereals, legumes and oilseeds, to increase the gross grain harvest to 80 million tons, and its export abroad was increased twice. Intensive construction in the southern ports of Ukraine of grain transshipment terminals with large metal silos will solve the problem of increasing grain export in the future. At these powerful terminals, the bulk of the grain comes mainly by rail, and is shipped to water. The aim of the work was to study the characteristics of the grain receiving from railway transport to the grain transshipment terminal of LLC “Ukrelevatorprom” in order to improve its works efficiency. The object of the study was the development of technology of grain receiving at the grain transshipment terminal; the subject of research is cereals, legume sand oil crops, as well as data from daily volumes of receiving and dispensing operations at the grain transshipment terminal of LLC “Ukrelevatorprom” for 2015-2016. The studies were carried out on the basis of processing data from the consignment notes for 2015-2016, according to which there was a summed amount of grain (net) daily transported by the railway. Further processing of the obtained data was carried out by a combined graphoanalytical method, for which, on the basis of tabular values for each studied year, the corresponding histograms and graphs were built and the necessary indicators were determined. Analysis of the structure of grain crops supplied by railway to LLC “Ukrelevatorprom” in 2015 and 2016 and their ratio showed that the main share was occupied by cereal crops (78.0 % and 73.1 % respectively), which were mainly represented by corn, share which was significantly dominated by other crops (wheat of various classes and barley) and amounted to 45.8 % and 44.5 %, respectively, which can be explained by its high demand in the international grain market, in which Ukraine occupies a leading position. Oilseeds (rapeseed) were taken in accordance with 19.1 % and 14.9 %, and legumes (soybeans) — 2.9 % and 12.0 %. An analysis of the timing of the unloading of grain wagons (hopper cars) showed that the total duration of this process, depending on the crops, averages 37...59 minutes. The longest steps for unloading wagons are to determine the grain quality indicators, especially rapeseed, and to spill grain from the wagons, therefore, to reduce their duration, it is necessary to form feeds of wagons with grain batches of the same quality and use more modern express analyzers to determine grain quality indicators, which will increase the productivity of the grain receiving line from the railway. According to the research results, the enterprise has the potential to increase by about 30 % the volume of grain intake. It was established that the periods of the grain receipt at the enterprise in 2015-2016 amounted to 349 and 353 days, respectively, the actual coefficients of the daily irregularity Kdaily for the grain receipt from the railway in these years are equal to 1.47 and 1.52, and the monthly irregularity Kmonth, respectively 1.33 and 1.21, does not exceed the standard values Kdaily = 2.5 and Kmonth= 2.0. This made it possible to clarify the database from the actual characteristics of the process of grain receiving by railway and can be used in design and verification calculations of equipment in technological lines for receiving grain from railway transport, and will contribute to increasing the efficiency of grain transshipment terminals.
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Edwards, A. N., S. Viroulet, B. P. Kokelaar, and J. M. N. T. Gray. "Formation of levees, troughs and elevated channels by avalanches on erodible slopes." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 823 (June 16, 2017): 278–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2017.309.
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Snow avalanches are typically initiated on marginally stable slopes with a surface layer of fresh snow that may easily be incorporated into them. The erosion of snow at the front is fundamental to the dynamics and growth of snow avalanches and they may rapidly bulk up, making them much more destructive than the initial release. Snow may also deposit at the rear, base and sides of the flow and the net balance of erosion and deposition determines whether an avalanche grows or decays. In this paper, small-scale analogue experiments are performed on a rough inclined plane with a static erodible layer of carborundum grains. The static layer is prepared by slowly closing down a flow from a hopper at the top of the slope. This leaves behind a uniform-depth layer of thickness $h_{stop}$ at a given slope inclination. Due to the hysteresis of the rough bed friction law, this layer can then be inclined to higher angles provided that the thickness does not exceed $h_{start}$, which is the maximum depth that can be held static on a rough bed. An avalanche is then initiated on top of the static layer by releasing a fixed volume of carborundum grains. Dependent on the slope inclination and the depth of the static layer three different behaviours are observed. For initial deposit depths above $h_{stop}$, the avalanche rapidly grows in size by progressively entraining more and more grains at the front and sides, and depositing relatively few particles at the base and tail. This leaves behind a trough eroded to a depth below the initial deposit surface and whose maximal areal extent has a triangular shape. Conversely, a release on a shallower slope, with a deposit of thickness $h_{stop}$, leads to net deposition. This time the avalanche leaves behind a levee-flanked channel, the floor of which lies above the level of the initial deposit and narrows downstream. It is also possible to generate avalanches that have a perfect balance between net erosion and deposition. These avalanches propagate perfectly steadily downslope, leaving a constant-width trail with levees flanking a shallow trough cut slightly lower than the initial deposit surface. The cross-section of the trail therefore represents an exact redistribution of the mass reworked from the initial static layer. Granular flow problems involving erosion and deposition are notoriously difficult, because there is no accepted method of modelling the phase transition between static and moving particles. Remarkably, it is shown in this paper that by combining Pouliquen & Forterre’s (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 453, 2002, pp. 133–151) extended friction law with the depth-averaged $\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}(I)$-rheology of Gray & Edwards (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 755, 2014, pp. 503–544) it is possible to develop a two-dimensional shallow-water-like avalanche model that qualitatively captures all of the experimentally observed behaviour. Furthermore, the computed wavespeed, wave peak height and stationary layer thickness, as well as the distance travelled by decaying avalanches, are all in good quantitative agreement with the experiments. This model is therefore likely to have important practical implications for modelling the initiation, growth and decay of snow avalanches for hazard assessment and risk mitigation.
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Dai, Wenhong, Wei Ding, Chuanteng Lu, Xiaofeng Luo, and Qiancheng Xie. "Field Investigations of Underwater Mounds Formed by Hopper Dredge Discharges in a Coastal Environment." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 6 (May 30, 2020): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8060395.
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In a coastal environment, this paper investigated the formation process and the cumulative shape of subaqueous mounds formed by hopper dredged discharges. Hydrological observations and field tests were performed to examine the flow features and ultimately generated morphology characteristics. A high-precision digital elevation model (DEM) was established by multi-beam depth sweeping (MBDS) in the experiment. Particular attention was paid to the formation of the mounds, the three-dimensional shape and the influence factors. The field measurements showed that the mounds were roughly symmetrical in space, and the tidal current, though of weak strength, played a certain role in shaping the profiles. Cone and volcanic cone mound tops were observed, featuring the main top shapes. The height and covered area of the mounds were proportional to the amount of dumped sediment, and they were also affected a lot by the water depth. The results of superimposed tests showed that the second placement over the existing mound resulted in a similar overall shape, but there was pronounced movement around the mound; additional discharged volumes at the same location mainly increased the mound height. The field tests provided a reference for understanding the sediment dumping in other similar coastal areas.
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Salim, Christina, and Vivi Montong. "Pathogenicity of Entomopathogenic Fungi as Bioinsecticides for Controlling Green Leaf Hoppers(Nephotettix virescens)." International Journal of ChemTech Research 12, no. 6 (2019): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.20902/ijctr.2019.120608.
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Transesterification of used cooking oil (UCO) using NaN3/modified clay catalyst and investigation of the acetone effect have been done.The modified clay catalyst was synthesized by destructing the Merauke clay with8M HCl solution, then fusion by NaOH pellet, followed by treating with AlCl3.6H2O, CTAB and distilled water.Then the mixture was regulated to pH of 11.5. Next, the mixture was then poured into a reactor for hydrothermal process at 140 oC for 48 h. The results of the dealumination of clay was characterized byX-ray Fluorescence and the synthesized zeolite was characterized using surface area analyzer and X-Ray Diffraction.The synthesized zeolite was impregnated by NaN3 as a precussor produced the NaN3/modified clay catalyst sample.Rasio of catalyst :UCO : methanol was 1.0 : 20.0 : 13.3 and the ratio of aceton to methanol was 2:1. The transesterificationprocess was carried out at 60 and 65oC. The liquid product was analyzed using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometer.The resulted showed that themodified clay had surface area of 5.5685 m2/g, pore volume of 0.0126 cm3/g, and pore diameter of 8.871 nm. The results of measurements with XRD produced a different form of chromatogram and type of mineral. The main mineral was gismondine.In this research, The transesterification of UCO using NaN3/MC catalyst at 60 oC resulted methyl esters of 65.3 wt %.Furthermore, after adding acetone to the same treatment, the resulting methyl ester was 82.7 wt%.The transesterification of UCO at 65 ° C using NaN3/MC catalyst and acetone produced the highest content of methyl esters or biodiesel that was equal to 94.4 wt %.
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Lavrukhin, O., V. Zapara, H. Baulina, Y. Zapara, and A. Kyman. "Rationalization of the Use of Alternative Rolling Stock for Transportation of Vegetable Cargo with Insufficient Number of Grain Hoppers." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.3 (September 15, 2018): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.3.19796.
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The main problems of transportation of vegetable cargo by the Ukraine railway transport are considered. It was established that as grain export grows rapidly and subject to the current technical condition of the railway, the number of special rolling stock – grain hoppers – is insufficient. The article proposes using an alternative rolling stock – a covered car. The use of metal door panels in the car has been proposed to ensure the car loading without restrictions on the height of loading in the doorway space and the complete safety of the cargo with the increased use of the load capacity of covered cars. The influence of loading density of the loaded cargo on the degree of use of loading capacity and loading volume of the car was investigated when standard wooden door panels are used vs. proposed metal door panels. The study have proved significant economy of the covered car fleet during transportation of vegetable cargo with the use of metal door panels in the loading density range of the cargo from a minimum to 610 kg/m3.
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TRIBUZY-NETO, Ivan Azevedo, Hélio BELTRÃO, and Zehev Schwartz BENZAKEN. "ANALYSIS OF THE ORNAMENTAL FISH EXPORTS FROM THE AMAZON STATE, BRAZIL." Boletim do Instituto de Pesca 46, no. 4 (March 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305.2020.46.4.554.
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The updated status of the ornamental fish trade from the Amazonas state was analyzed between the years of 2006-2015 (IBAMA database). The trade of ornamental fish from Amazonas state mainly consists of species extracted from nature. A total of 142,552,253 specimens were exported during the studied period. Sales plummeted since 2006, from 26,075,241 specimens exported then to 2,729,846 specimens in 2015 (Jan-Jul). Between 2006 and 2015, a total of US$ 23.0 million in revenue was generated from fish exports destined to 35 countries. Germany, Taiwan, USA and Japan accounted for 75.5% of the volume and 76.7% of the value exported. During this time, 375 species were exported, included Paracheirodon axelrodi, P. simulans, Hemigrammus bleheri, Otociclus affinis and O. hoppei that together represented 84.5% of exports. Thirty are not on the list of IBAMA species released for export, and six are currently on the list of endangered fauna of Brazil, being them: Hopliancistrus tricornis, Leporacanthicus joselimai, Parancistrus nudiventris, Peckoltia compta, Scobinancistrus auratus and S. pariolispos. These results are an additional tool for managers, environmentalists and decision makers to establish regulations to govern the trade.
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Glajar, Valentina. "Enikő Dácz und Christina Rossi, Hgg. Wendemanöver. Beiträge zum Werk Richard Wagners. Mit literarischen Texten von Felicitas Hoppe, Johann Lippet und Richard Wagner. IKGS/Verlag Friedrich Pustet, 2018." Germanistische Beiträge 45, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 172–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/gb-2019-0028.
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Abstract This edited volume is in part based on a conference organized at the West-Timisoara University in October 2016. The conference marked the 60th anniversary of the establishment of a German program at this university, and dedicated a section to the life and work of Richard Wagner, an alumnus of this very department, promotion of 1975. As Enikő Dácz und Christina Rossi explain, the essays have been organized chronologically according to aesthetic and thematic considerations, taking into account Wagner’s early poems and short prose, his essayistic and novelistic works. Given the scant Wagner scholarship, this book is meant as an invitation to discover and to inspire further research on this author’s multifaceted and challenging work.
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Kayser, B., H. Hoppeler, D. Desplanches, C. Marconi, B. Broers, and P. Cerretelli. "Muscle ultrastructure and biochemistry of lowland Tibetans." Journal of Applied Physiology 81, no. 1 (July 1, 1996): 419–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1996.81.1.419.
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Muscle ultrastructure and biochemistry in vastus lateralis muscle biopsies and the response to exercise of 8 lowland Tibetans (T) were compared with those of 8 Nepalese lowlanders (N). Blood hemoglobin was lower in T than in N (119 +/- 3 vs. 131 +/- 2 g/l; P < 0.05). Peak O2 consumption per kilogram of body mass was similar [37.9 +/- 2.2 (T) vs. 40.1 +/- 1.36 ml.min-1.kg body mass-1 (N)]. Maximum exercise blood lactate was the same [11.4 (T) +/- 0.5 vs. 11.3 +/- 0.6 mM (N)]. Muscle fiber type distribution was similar [type I, 58.6 +/- 3.4 (N) vs. 57.0 +/- 3.4% (T); type IIa, 24.1 +/- 3.5 vs. 27.1 +/- 1.6%; type IIb, 17.4 +/- 1.4 vs. 15.9 +/- 2.9%]. T had smaller fiber cross-sectional areas [3,413 +/- 677 (T) vs. 3,895 +/- 447 microns 2 (N); P < 0.05] but had similar number of capillaries per muscle fiber [1.35 +/- 0.23 (T) vs. 1.46 +/- 0.08 (N)] and muscle fiber area supplied per capillary [399 +/- 29 (T) vs. 382 +/- 65 mm2 (N)]. Total mitochondrial volume density was much lower in T (3.99 +/- 0.17%) than in N (5.51 +/- 0.19%) (P < 0.025). Mirroring mitochondrial volume density, citrate synthase and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activities were lower in T than in N (P < 0.05). The activities of L-lactate dehydrogenase and hexokinase were the same in both groups. T had significantly less muscle fiber lipid droplets than did N, which correlated with the low activity of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (r = 0.57, P = 0.02). In conclusion, lowland-born T have a low mitochondrial volume-to-specific peak O2 consumption ratio, which, based on previous measurements on altitude-born Sherpas (B. Kayser, H. Hoppeler, H. Claassen and P. Cerretelli. J. Appl. Physiol. 70: 1938-1942, 1991), appears to be an inborn feature.
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Roberts, T. J., R. Kram, P. G. Weyand, and C. R. Taylor. "Energetics of bipedal running. I. Metabolic cost of generating force." Journal of Experimental Biology 201, no. 19 (October 1, 1998): 2745–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.201.19.2745.
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Similarly sized bipeds and quadrupeds use nearly the same amount of metabolic energy to run, despite dramatic differences in morphology and running mechanics. It has been shown that the rate of metabolic energy use in quadrupedal runners and bipedal hoppers can be predicted from just body weight and the time available to generate force as indicated by the duration of foot-ground contact. We tested whether this link between running mechanics and energetics also applies to running bipeds. We measured rates of energy consumption and times of foot contact for humans (mean body mass 78.88 kg) and five species of birds (mean body mass range 0.13-40.1 kg). We find that most (70-90%) of the increase in metabolic rate with speed in running bipeds can be explained by changes in the time available to generate force. The rate of force generation also explains differences in metabolic rate over the size range of birds measured. However, for a given rate of force generation, birds use on average 1.7 times more metabolic energy than quadrupeds. The rate of energy consumption for a given rate of force generation for humans is intermediate between that of birds and quadrupeds. These results support the idea that the cost of muscular force production determines the energy cost of running and suggest that bipedal runners use more energy for a given rate of force production because they require a greater volume of muscle to support their body weight.
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Desplanches, D., H. Hoppeler, L. Tüscher, M. H. Mayet, H. Spielvogel, G. Ferretti, B. Kayser, M. Leuenberger, A. Grünenfelder, and R. Favier. "Muscle tissue adaptations of high-altitude natives to training in chronic hypoxia or acute normoxia." Journal of Applied Physiology 81, no. 5 (November 1, 1996): 1946–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1996.81.5.1946.
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Desplanches, D., H. Hoppeler, L. Tüscher, M. H. Mayet, H. Spielvogel, G. Ferretti, B. Kayser, M. Leuenberger, A. Grünenfelder, and R. Favier. Muscle tissue adaptations of high-altitude natives to training in chronic hypoxia or acute normoxia. J. Appl. Physiol. 81(5): 1946–1951, 1996.—Twenty healthy high-altitude natives, residents of La Paz, Bolivia (3,600 m), participated in 6 wk of endurance exercise training on bicycle ergometers, 5 times/wk, 30 min/session, as previously described in normoxia-trained sea-level natives (H. Hoppeler, H. Howald, K. E. Conley, S. L. Lindstedt, H. Claassen, P. Vock, and E. R. Weibel. J. Appl. Physiol. 59: 320–327, 1985). A first group of 10 subjects was trained in chronic hypoxia (HT; barometric pressure = 500 mmHg; inspired O2fraction = 0.209); a second group of 10 subjects was trained in acute normoxia (NT; barometric pressure = 500 mmHg; inspired O2 fraction = 0.314). The workloads were adjusted to ∼70% of peak O2 consumption (V˙o 2 peak) measured either in hypoxia for the HT group or in normoxia for the NT group.V˙o 2 peak determination and biopsies of the vastus lateralis muscle were taken before and after the training program.V˙o 2 peak in the HT group was increased (14%) in a way similar to that in NT sea-level natives with the same protocol. Moreover,V˙o 2 peak in the NT group was not further increased by additional O2 delivery during the training session. HT or NT induced similar increases in muscle capillary-to-fiber ratio (26%) and capillary density (19%) as well as in the volume density of total mitochondria and citrate synthase activity (45%). It is concluded that high-altitude natives have a reduced capillarity and muscle tissue oxidative capacity; however, their training response is similar to that of sea-level residents, independent of whether training is carried out in hypobaric hypoxia or hypobaric normoxia.
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Waddell, Mark A. "K. Theodore Hoppen (Editor). Papers of the Dublin Philosophical Society, 1683–1709. 2 volumes. xlix + 1,000 pp., illus., apps., index. Dublin: Irish Manuscripts Commission, 2008. €85 (cloth)." Isis 101, no. 3 (September 2010): 647–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/657197.
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Borodulin, Dmitry, Aleksey Shalev, Elena Safonova, Maksim Prosin, Yana Golovacheva, and Elena Vagaytseva. "Development of New Mash Filters for Craft Beer Brewing." Food Processing: Techniques and Technology 50, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 630–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2020-4-630-641.
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Introduction. New innovative technologies make food industry more effective. The present paper introduces a new method of hopped wort production based on novel mash filters.
Study objects and methods. The research featured two new designs of mash filters. The study of the mashing process involved malt, hops, drinking water, and beer wort. The research included generally accepted methods of physicochemical and sensory research.
Results and discussion. Both models differed from the traditional design. Mash filter I had a cylindrical filtration vat at its bottom with filters in the lower and upper parts of the vat. A pump was installed on the outer side of the steam jacket to produce forced circulation of the liquid medium flow through the vat. The steam jacket was covered with Corundum Classic superfine liquid thermal insulation. Mash filter II had a filtration bottom made of perforated sheet and provided intensive liquid circulation. It also had a regulated mixer that moved the mash, which significantly improved the mashing process. After the mashing, the mash passed through the filtration bottom, separating the liquid phase from the solid phase. The crushed material was discharged through a hatch in bottom. The physicochemical and sensory profiles of the obtained beer wort and beer samples complied with State Standard 30060-93 “Beer. Methods for determination of organoleptic indices and product’s volume”. Mash filter II produced beer wort of higher quality and improved the sensory properties of the finished product. This model proved more effective in extracting proteins and digestible sugars during amylolysis due to a better mixing and circulation of liquid medium flow during the wort preparation.
Conclusion. The new modified mash filter made it possible to reduce the brewing time by 28.6%. Not only was it more user friendly, but it also was less heat and electricity consuming. In addition, it reduced the production area as it combined the stages of mashing and filtering.
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Rybalchenko, M. O., A. M. Selegej, V. I. Golovko, S. M. Selegej, and O. S. Mirgorodskaya. "A Model to Control the Formation of Multi-Component Charge Portions on a Blast Furnace Conveyor." Nauka ta innovacii 16, no. 6 (June 12, 2020): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/scin16.06.036.
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Introduction. Bell-less tops used in the charging area give significantly wider opportunities for regulating and distributing the charge material along the furnace top radius. Moreover, it becomes feasible to develop the methods for gas flow control and these methods shall differ from the conventional ones. One of such methods is introduction of multi-component portions of the charge with a technology based component ratio. Problem Statement. The bell-less top charging device is not designed for that type of portioning when the charge material mixing is accompanied with a simultaneous shift of one component with respect to other one for a certain set value, while charging. These portions can be formed with the use of computer-aided stock-conveying system, while discharging the material from weighing hoppers into the blast furnace conveyor. Purpose. This research aims at the development of the structure, the functioning algorithms and the mathematical model for the system to control the formation of multi-component mixed charge batches in order to increase the blast furnace productivity and to reduce the specific coke consumption. Materials and Methods. In this research, the methods of automatic control theory and artificial intellect for the synthesis of weight neuro-fuzzy controllers within the automatic control system of charge dosage have been used. The developed system designed to control multi-component charge portioning via PC has been tested by means of simulation modelling methods. Results. There has been developed an algorithm for operating the system for controlling the multi-component mixed charge preparation on the conveyor, given the arrangement of the specified components, their ratios in portions, total volumetric productivity of the conveyor, the variable geometry of the unloaded material, in the connection with the on-line information on the mixing process. The feasibility of the system has been verified by its simulation with the use of standard application tools. Conclusions. It has been established that the designed control system allows the formation of mixed portions of any composition defined by an operator at a given maximum output of the conveyor and prevents its overload in terms of mass or volume.
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Rybalchenko, M. O., A. M. Selegej, V. I. Golovko, S. M. Selegej, and O. S. Mirgorodskaya. "A Model to Control the Formation of Multi-Component Charge Portions on a Blast Furnace Conveyor." Science and innovation 16, no. 6 (November 2020): 369–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/scine16.06.036.
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Introduction. Bell-less tops used in the charging area give significantly wider opportunities for regulating and distributing the charge material along the furnace top radius. Moreover, it becomes feasible to develop the methods for gas flow control and these methods shall differ from the conventional ones. One of such methods is introduction of multi-component portions of the charge with a technology based component ratio. Problem Statement. The bell-less top charging device is not designed for that type of portioning when the charge material mixing is accompanied with a simultaneous shift of one component with respect to other one for a certain set value, while charging. These portions can be formed with the use of computer-aided stock-conveying system, while discharging the material from weighing hoppers into the blast furnace conveyor. Purpose. This research aims at the development of the structure, the functioning algorithms and the mathematical model for the system to control the formation of multi-component mixed charge batches in order to increase the blast furnace productivity and to reduce the specific coke consumption. Materials and Methods. In this research, the methods of automatic control theory and artificial intellect for the synthesis of weight neuro-fuzzy controllers within the automatic control system of charge dosage have been used. The developed system designed to control multi-component charge portioning via PC has been tested by means of simulation modelling methods. Results. There has been developed an algorithm for operating the system for controlling the multi-component mixed charge preparation on the conveyor, given the arrangement of the specified components, their ratios in portions, total volumetric productivity of the conveyor, the variable geometry of the unloaded material, in the connection with the on-line information on the mixing process. The feasibility of the system has been verified by its simulation with the use of standard application tools. Conclusions. It has been established that the designed control system allows the formation of mixed portions of any composition defined by an operator at a given maximum output of the conveyor and prevents its overload in terms of mass or volume.
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Biewener, A., and R. Baudinette. "In vivo muscle force and elastic energy storage during steady-speed hopping of tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii)." Journal of Experimental Biology 198, no. 9 (September 1, 1995): 1829–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.198.9.1829.
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In order to evaluate the role of elastic energy recovery in the hopping of macropodids, in vivo measurements of muscle­tendon forces using buckle force transducers attached to the tendons of the gastrocnemius (G), plantaris (PL) and flexor digitorum longus (FDL) of tammar wallabies were made as the animals hopped on a treadmill at speeds ranging from 2.1 to 6.3 m s-1. These muscles and tendons constitute the main structures that are most important in energy storage and recovery. Electromyographic recordings from the lateral gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles, together with high-speed films (200 frames s-1) and video (60 fields s-1), were also used to correlate muscle activation and kinematic patterns of limb movement with force development. On the basis of in situ calibrations of the buckle transducers, we found that muscle forces and elastic energy storage increased with increased hopping speed in all three muscle­tendon units. Elastic energy recovery reached a maximum of 25 % of metabolic energy expenditure at 6.3 m s-1 and is probably greater than this at higher speeds. Force sharing among the three muscles was consistently maintained over this range of speeds in terms of recruitment. Although forces and stresses were generally comparable within the gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles, maximal tendon stresses were considerably greater in the gastrocnemius, because of its smaller cross-sectional area (peak muscle stress: 227 versus 262 kPa; peak tendon stress: 36 versus 32 MPa, G versus PL). As a result, energy storage was greatest in the gastrocnemius tendon despite its much shorter length, which limits its volume and, hence, energy storage capacity, compared with PL and FDL tendons. Forces and stresses (17 MPa maximum) developed within the FDL tendon were consistently much lower than those for the other two tendons. Peak stresses in these three tendons indicated safety factors of 3.0 for G, 3.3 for PL and 6.0 for FDL. The lower stresses developed within the tendons of the plantaris and, especially, the flexor digitorum longus may indicate the need to maintain sufficient stiffness for phalangeal control of foot placement, at the expense of reduced strain energy recovery.
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Doall, Michael H., Sean P. Colin, J. Rudi Strickler, and Jeannette Yen. "Locating a mate in 3D: the case of Temora longicornis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 353, no. 1369 (May 29, 1998): 681–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1998.0234.
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Using laser optics to illuminate high–resolution video–recordings, we revealed behavioural mechanisms through which males of the calanoid copepod species Temora longicornis locate females. Males of T. longicornis swam at significantly faster speeds than females along more sinuous routes, possibly reflecting adaptations to increase encounter with females. Upon approaching within 2 mm (i.e. two bodylengths) of a female's swimming path, males accelerated to significantly higher pursuit speeds. Pursuit trajectories closely traced the trajectories of females, suggesting that males were following detectable trails created by swimming females. Males of T. longicornis detected female trails up to at least 10 s old, and tracked trails for distances exceeding 13 cm, or 130 bodylengths. Females were positioned up to 34.2 mm away from males (i.e. reactive distance) when males initiated ‘mate–tracking’. It was always the males of T. longicornis that detected and pursued mates. In rare events, males pursued other males. Behavioural flexibility was exhibited by males during mate–tracking. Males generally tracked the trails of ‘cruising’ (i.e. fast–swimming) females with high accuracy, while the pursuits of ‘hovering’ (i.e. slow–swimming) females often included ‘casting’ behaviour, in which males performed sharp turns in zigzag patterns within localized volumes. This casting by males suggested that hovering females create more dispersed trails than cruising females. Casting behaviour also was initiated by males near locations where females had hopped, suggesting that rapid movements by females disrupt the continuity of their trails. Males were inefficient at choosing initial tracking directions, following trails in the incorrect direction in 27 of the 67 (40%) mating pursuits observed. Males usually attempted to correct misguided pursuits by ‘back–tracking’ along trails in the correct direction. Males were observed to detect and track their own previous trajectories without females present, suggesting the possibility that males follow their own trails during back–tracking. Observations of males tracking their own trails and the trails of other males bring into question the specificity of trails as a mechanism promoting reproductive isolation among co–occurring planktonic copepods.
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Schulz, Brigitte H. "Jugoslawien Am Ende Der Ära Tito. Volume 1: Aussenpolitik (181 pp.). Volume 2: Innenpolitik (298 pp.). Edited by Klaus-Detlev Grothusen, Othmar N. Haberl, and Wolfgang Hopken. Sudosteuropa-Jahrbuch im Namen der Siidosteuropa-Gesellschaft, Band 12. Munich and Vienna: Oldenbourg, 1983. Figures. Tables. Paper." Slavic Review 47, no. 1 (1988): 155–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2498882.
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Angerler, Johann, Masashi Hirosue, J. Beek, H. Cordes, Peter Boomgaard, J. A. A. Doorn, J. G. Casparis, et al. "Book Reviews." Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 151, no. 1 (1995): 136–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-90003062.
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- Johann Angerler, Masashi Hirosue, Prophets and followers in Batak millenarian responses to the colonial order; Parmalim, Na Siak Bagi and Parhudamdam, 1890-1930. Ph.D. thesis Australian National University, Canberra, 1988. - J. ter Beek, H. Cordes, Pencak silat; Die Kampfunst der Minangkabau und ihr kulturelles Umfeld. Frankfurt a.M.: Afra Verlag, 1992, 320 pp. - Peter Boomgaard, J.A.A. van Doorn, De laatste eeuw van Indië; Ontwikkeling en ondergang van een koloniaal project. Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1994, 370 pp. - J.G. de Casparis, Georges Condominas, Disciplines croisées; Hommage à Bernard Philippe Groslier. Paris: Éditions de l’École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, 1992, 377 pp. - H.J.M. Claessen, Ton Otto, Pacific Islands trajectories; Five personal views, Occasional paper of the Department of Anthropology, Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian University (Canberra), in association with the Centre for Pacific Studies, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands. - Bruce Connell, Cecilia Odé, Experimental studies of Indonesian prosody. Semaian 9. Leiden: Vakgroep Talen en Culturen van Zuidoost-Azië en Oceanië, 1994, 214 pp., Vincent J. van Heuven (eds.) - Aone van Engelenhoven, Donald A. Burquest, Descriptive studies in languages of Maluku. NUSA, Linguistic Studies of Indonesian and other Languages in Indonesia, volume 34. Jakarta: Badan Penyelenggara Seri Nusa, Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya, 1992, x + 94 pp., maps., Wyn D. Laidig (eds.) - Ch. F. van Fraassen, Dieter Bartels, In de schaduw van de berg Nunusaku; Een cultuur-historische verhandeling over de bevolking van de Midden-Molukken. Utrecht: Landelijk Steunpunt Edukatie Molukkers, 1994, 476 pp. - C.D. Grijns, Don Kulick, Language shift and cultural reproduction; Socialization, self, and syncretism in a Papua New Guinean village. Cambridge/New York/Victoria: Cambridge University Press, 1992, xvi + 317 pp., maps, figures, photographs, index. - Tim Hoppen, Gerard Termorshuizen, In de binnenland van Java; Vier negentiende-eeuwse reisverhalen. Leiden: KITLV Uitgeverij, 1993, 102 pp. - Niels Mulder, Monique Zaini-Lajoubert, L’image de la femme dans les littératures modernes indonésienne et malaise. Paris: Association Archipel, Cahier d’Archipel 24, 1994, ix + 221 pp. - A. Niehof, Rosalia Sciortino, CARE-takers of CURE; A study of health centre nurses in rural Central Java. Amsterdam: Jolly/Het Spinhuis Publishers, 1992, 318 pp. - A.J. Plaisier, B. Plaisier, Over bruggen en grenzen; De communicatie van het evangelie in het Torajagebied (1913-1942). Zoetermeer: Boekencentrum, 1993, xiv + 701 pp. - Anton Ploeg, Nonie Sharp, The Morning Star in Papua Barat, written in association with Markus Wonggor Kaisiëpo. North Carlton, Vic., Australia: Arena Publications, 1994, xx + 140 pp.
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Hoppe, Carolyn C., Joseph A. Jakubowski, Wendra M. Foster, Lori E. Heath, Sreekumar Pillai, and Bhatnagar Pallav. "Candidate Gene Associations with Vaso-Occlusive Crisis in Children with Sickle Cell Anemia Enrolled in the Multinational DOVE Trial." Blood 130, Suppl_1 (December 7, 2017): 962. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v130.suppl_1.962.962.
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Abstract Introduction: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is complex, with marked inter-individual variability in disease severity. The clinical heterogeneity of SCD is largely influenced by genetic factors, including several well-established modifiers of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) levels within the beta globin locus, BCL11A, and HBS1L-MYB genes. However, little is known about genetic factors that may influence variability in treatment response, particularly in clinical trials assessing potential therapeutic agents for SCD. The DOVE (Determining Effects of Platelet Inhibition on Vaso-Occlusive Events) study was a multinational, phase 3, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of the antiplatelet agent prasugrel for the reduction of vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC) in children with sickle cell anemia (NCT01794000). Although the primary endpoint of reduction of rate of VOC did not reach statistical significance in the DOVE trial in the ITT population, a treatment effect of prasugrel was suggested in certain subgroups. The objective of this study was to evaluate candidate genetic variants with SCD severity and to assess impact of these variants on response to prasugrel, as measured by the frequency of VOC (composite of painful crisis and acute chest syndrome events) during the study period of up to 24 months. Methods: De-identified dried blood spot samples were collected for genetic analyses as per informed consent and study protocol. Genomic DNA was extracted from a 3 mm Whatman FTA card punch using Qiagen QIAamp DNA kit. A total of 313 (92%) DOVE patients (Hb SS or Hb S/β0 thalassemia) were genotyped using the TaqMan assay. After quality control, 253 patients and 28 variants were considered for genetic evaluation. These variants have been reported to be associated with SCD and/or its related comorbidities. All variants were analyzed for VOC in the prasugrel and placebo groups separately and for treatment by variant interactions in the overall study population. Variants were also assessed in the overall study population for associations with a hemolytic score, derived from 5 biomarkers of hemolysis and baseline hematologic markers including leukocyte, neutrophil, and platelet counts, and red cell mean corpuscular volume. All analyses were conducted using additive multivariate regression framework as the main model and were adjusted for age, race, geographic region, and hydroxyurea (HU) use at baseline. In addition, genotypic, dominant, and recessive models were evaluated as supportive analyses. Results: Two variants, rs7482144, located in the 5'- HBG2 gene promoter (-158 Xmn1) on chr 11 and rs1427407, located in the BCL11A gene on chr 2, were associated with VOC and a treatment interaction effect of prasugrel. HBG2 rs7482144, was associated with a significant decrease in frequency of VOC in prasugrel-treated patients relative to placebo (adjusted p=0.0065). The BCL11A rs1427407 variant was associated with an increase in VOC in prasugrel-treated patients relative to placebo (adjusted p=0.0205). No genetic associations were found with baseline composite hemolytic score in the overall population. However, significant associations with KLF-1, HBG2, and HBE variants were observed with individual hematologic markers. The KLF-1 variant (rs112631212) was associated with lower leukocyte (p<0.0001) and neutrophil (p=0.0002) counts in the subgroup of participants on HU; whereas the HBG2 (rs2070972; p=0.0116) and HBE (rs3834466 and rs7130110; p=0.0274 and p=0.0340 respectively) variants were associated with elevated platelet counts in the overall group. Conclusions: Given the study sample size, this study highlights the significance of HBG2 and BCL11A variants for the frequency of VOC in prasugrel-treated patients versus placebo. These variants have been reported in association with HbF/F-cells, an ameliorating factor for VOC that is only partly explained by endogenous levels of HbF. Our findings suggest that these variants may have contributed to the treatment-related effects of prasugrel on VOC outcomes in the DOVE trial. Identifying such genetic variants that are associated with differential response to treatment may help guide selection of patients for clinical trials based on predicted risk of VOC. Disclosures Hoppe: Global Blood Therapeutics: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding. Jakubowski: Eli Lilly and Company: Employment, Equity Ownership, Other: Former employee and minor shareholder of Eli Lilly and Company. Foster: Eli Lilly and Company: Employment, Equity Ownership, Other: Employee and minor shareholder of Eli Lilly and Company. Heath: Eli Lilly and Company: Employment, Equity Ownership, Other: Employee and minor shareholder of Eli Lilly and Company. Pillai: Eli Lilly and Company: Employment, Equity Ownership, Other: Employee and minor shareholder of Eli Lilly and Company. Pallav: Eli Lilly and Company: Employment, Equity Ownership, Other: Employee and minor shareholder of Eli Lilly and Company.
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Parinova, Elena V., Aleksander K. Fedotov, Dmitry А. Koyuda, Julia А. Fedotova, Eugene А. Streltsov, Nikolai V. Malashchenok, Ruslan Ovsyannikov, and Sergey Yu Turishchev. "Изучение особенностей формирования композитных структур на основе столбиков никеля в матрице диоксида кремния с помощью синхротронных XANES исследований в режиме регистрации выхода электронов или фотонов." Kondensirovannye sredy i mezhfaznye granitsy = Condensed Matter and Interphases 21, no. 1 (March 7, 2019): 116–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17308/kcmf.2019.21/726.
Full textAbstract:
Методом синхротронной спектроскопии ближней тонкой структуры края рентгеновского поглощения (X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure – XANES) проведена диагностика массивов столбиков никеля, случайным образом распределенных в слое SiO2 на подложке кремния. Столбики никеля были получены методом электрохимического осаждения металла в поры матрицы диоксида кремния, сформированные трековым методом. Латентные треки формировались путем облучения слоя SiO2 тяжелыми ионами золота на ускорителе института Хан-Майтнер (Берлин, Германия). Методом растровой электронной микроскопии установлены особенности заполнения пор металлом, показана специфика образования столбиков Ni, их морфология (поверхность и сколы). Для исследований электронно-энергетического строения массивов Ni столбиков методом XANES использовалось высокоинтенсивное синхротронное излучение ультрамягкого рентгеновского диапазона накопительного кольца BESSY II Гельмгольц Центра Берлин. Путем анализа локального окружения атомов никеля и кислорода по данным синхротронного метода XANES изучена специфика фазового состава поверхностных слоев, включая интерфейс столбик-матрица. Возможное образование фазы силицида никеля показано лишь при определенных режимах формирования массивов столбиков, в случае частичного разрушения матрицы диоксида кремния и при контакте металла с подложкой Si. Изучена специфика естественного окисления поверхности гетероструктуры столбик никеля - диоксид кремния.
ИСТОЧНИК ФИНАНСИРОВАНИЯ
Исследование выполнено при поддержке гранта РФФИ (проект №18-32-01046 мол_а) и при частичной поддержке Миниcтеpcтва обpазования и науки Pоccийcкой Федеpации в pамкаx гоcудаpcтвенного задания ВУЗам в cфеpе научной деятельности на 2017–2020 гг. – пpоект № 16.8158.2017/8.9.
БЛАГОДАРНОСТИ
Авторы работы выражают благодарность Директору и администрации Гельмгольц Центра Берлин, а также Координаторам Российско-Германской лаборатории и каналов синхротрона BESSY II Гельмгольц Центра Берлин.
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Terekhov V. A., Turishchev S. Y., and Domashevskaya E. P. / Ed. Sattler Klaus D. Systems of Silicon Nanocrystals and their Peculiarities (Chapter 5). Silicon Nanomaterials Sourcebook. Volume Two. Hybrid Materials, Arrays, Networks, and Devices. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, 2017, 45 p.
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Azmon, Hafidha, Mohd Fazly Mail, Mohd Shukry Hassan Basri, Norahshekin Abdul Rahman, and Siti Ashah Ab Rahim. "Optimization of Design and Operational Parameters of a Soil-Dispensing Machine for Preparing Seedling Tray." Advances in Agricultural and Food Research Journal 1, no. 2 (December 4, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.36877/aafrj.a0000143.
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The conventional method of soil filling into nursery trays before seeding is known to be the most inexpensive approach prior to planting vegetables. However, this activity is very labourious and time-consuming if the operation is meant for high volume seeding. This study is done to develop soil-dispensing machine, evaluate its performance and to compare with traditional practice of soil filling into the nursery tray. The optimization of each parameter is also evaluated to obtain the exact volume of soil to fill the nursery tray to the fullest. A low-cost soil dispensing machine is developed in MARDI and it is using locally materials available in the market. The structure of the machine is fabricated using mild-steel and stainless-steel at the less cost. The machine consists of a conveyor, nursery tray holder, soil dispenser, scrapper, soil compactor, wiper motors, gears, microcontroller and sensors. There are three factors with two levels involve in this test; hopper angle, conveyor speed and auger speed. The hopper angles are evaluated at 45° and 65° while conveyor speeds are tested at 19 cm/s and 21 cm/s. The minimum and maximum speed of auger selected is 3.5 cm/s and 4.5 cm/s, respectively. Manual filling of soil into seedling tray was compared with filling soil using semi-automatic operated soil-dispenser. The results indicated that the model is significant with p-value <0.0001. Conveyor speed, auger speed and hopper angle were significant on the volume of soil dispensed with both speeds shows a p-value <0.0001, while hopper angle shows p-value equal to 0.00112. The combination of both speeds greatly affected the response with p-value <0.0001. There is no interaction between each speed and the hopper angle. From the optimization analysis, the operating conveyor speed, auger speed and angle of hopper should be set at 19.0 cm/s, 4.5 cm/s and 65° to discharge 2912 cm3 soil. In order to dispense 1190 cm3 of soil, conveyor speed, auger speed and hopper angle should be set at 21 cm/s, 4.3 cm/s and 50°. The result indicated that the machine can complete the seeding and soil filling process within 1 min per tray, while manual process took five minutes to complete the whole seeding process.
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Koyenikan, O. O., O. J. Olukunle, and A. P. Olalusi. "Design Modification of an Indigenous Extruder." Journal of Engineering Research and Reports, March 20, 2019, 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2019/v4i216899.
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This research involved the design and modification of an existing fish feed extruder which was subjected to evaluation in order to produce floatable fish feeds. It was observed that the temperature of the extruded feed was on the average of 70°C with moisture content of 25% wet basis. The modifications incorporated into the existing extruder included the water pump, sprockets and chain, circuit box containing essential electrical components and temperature sensors. The volume of hopper, weight of hopper, diameter of the screw auger, power required to drive the screw auger, volume of the extruding barrel, forces and weight acting on the chain, speed for driving the larger and smaller sprocket, length of the sprocket chain, weight of screw for each revolution, total load acting on the screw, torsional moment of the screw and diameter of shaft were designed. Another modification was the incorporation of a system that could raise the barrel`s internal temperature for five different temperatures between 90°C and 130°C. The functional efficiencies of the existing and modified extruder were 56.52 and 91.30% and their throughput capacities were 0.53 and 1.24 kg/hr respectively.
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Liu, Yujia, Sifan Peng, Nan Gui, Xingtuan Yang, Jiyuan Tu, and Shengyao Jiang. "Experimental Measurement on Pebble Flow Discharge in a Hopper Silo Based on a Drainage Method." Frontiers in Energy Research 9 (June 2, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2021.647479.
Full textAbstract:
The dropping of absorption sphere from the storage vessel under accident conditions and the transportation of spent fuel elements in the reactor will both lead to the pebble flow discharging process driven by gravity in a hopper silo. Therefore, the research on the gravity-driven discharging rate of pebbles in a hopper silo has significant engineering guidance for reactor safety. In general, the idea of falling pebbles weighing to obtain the discharging rate becomes the most common experimental measurement method. However, due to the limitation of response frequency and the disturbance of pebbles falling, the resolution of experimental results is limited, and the uncertainty is introduced into the data error, which is difficult to eliminate. In this experiment, a volume measurement based on drainage method is adopted. This is a new experimental method to measure the discharge process of hopper silo. The magnetostrictive liquid level sensor is applied to measure the rise of liquid level caused by the volume of falling pebbles. Compared with the weighing method, this method has two advantages. First, the resolution of this method has a higher controllability. On the one hand, the disturbance caused by the momentum of falling pebbles will not be introduced into this method, on the other hand, the measurement accuracy is determined by the multiple controllable factors. Second, this method can obtain higher measurement frequency. the sampling frequency of liquid level sensor is 1–2 orders of magnitude higher than that of electronictong balance. Based on this new experimental method, the reliability of the method is validated by comparing the experimental results of discharge flow rate with the Beverloo’s and Nedderman’s empirical formula. Furthermore, the effect of silo outlet size on pebble discharge flow rate fluctuation have been also analyzed in this study. By use of fast Fourier transform, the fluctuation of particle discharge flow rate is separated from the discharging sampling results of liquid level sensor.