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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Crawford, A. B., D. J. Cotton, M. Paiva, and L. A. Engel. "Effect of lung volume on ventilation distribution." Journal of Applied Physiology 66, no. 6 (June 1, 1989): 2502–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1989.66.6.2502.

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To examine the effect of preinspiratory lung volume (PILV) on ventilation distribution, we performed multiple-breath N2 washouts (MBNW) in seven normal subjects breathing 1-liter tidal volumes over a wide range of PILV above closing capacity. We measured the following two independent indexes of ventilation distribution from the MBNW: 1) the normalized phase III slope of the final breaths of the washout (Snf) and 2) the alveolar mixing efficiency during that portion of the washout where 80–90% of the lung N2 had been cleared. Three of the subjects also performed single-breath N2 washouts (SBNW) by inspiring 1-liter breaths and expiring to residual volume at PILV = functional residual capacity (FRC), FRC + 1.0, and FRC - 0.5, respectively. From the SBNW we measured the phase III slope over the expired volume ranges of 0.75–1.0, 1.0–1.6, and 1.6–2.2 liters (S0.75, S1.0, and S1.6, respectively). Between a PILV of 0.92 +/- 0.09 (SE) liter above FRC and a PILV of 1.17 +/- 0.43 liter below FRC, Snf decreased by 61% (P less than 0.001) and alveolar mixing efficiency increased from 80 to 85% (P = 0.05). In addition, Snf and alveolar mixing efficiency were negatively correlated (r = 0.74). In contrast, over a similar volume range, S1.0 and S1.6 were greater at lower PILV. We conclude that, during tidal breathing in normal subjects, ventilation distribution becomes progressively more inhomogeneous at higher lung volumes over a range of volumes above closing capacity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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2

Whitelaw, W. A., B. McBride, and G. T. Ford. "Effect of lung volume on breath holding." Journal of Applied Physiology 62, no. 5 (May 1, 1987): 1962–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.62.5.1962.

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The mechanism by which large lung volume lessens the discomfort of breath holding and prolongs breath-hold time was studied by analyzing the pressure waves made by diaphragm contractions during breath holds at various lung volumes. Subjects rebreathed a mixture of 8% CO2–92% O2 and commenced breath holding after reaching an alveolar plateau. At all volumes, regular rhythmic contractions of inspiratory muscles, followed by means of gastric and pleural pressures, increased in amplitude and frequency until the breakpoint. Expiratory muscle activity was more prominent in some subjects than others, and increased through each breath hold. Increasing lung volume caused a delay in onset and a decrease in frequency of contractions with no consistent change in duty cycle and a decline in magnitude of esophageal pressure swings that could be accounted for by force-length and geometric properties. The effect of lung volume on the timing of contractions most resembled that of a chest wall reflex and is consistent with the hypothesis that the contractions are a major source of dyspnea in breath holding.
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3

HIGASHIDA, MITSUJI, MASARU YAMAZAKI, AKIO OGURA, HIROSHI INOUE, and TAKAHARU HONGOU. "Measurement of Slice Thickness Using Partial Volume Effect in MR Imaging." Japanese Journal of Radiological Technology 54, no. 8 (1998): 947–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.6009/jjrt.kj00001352024.

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4

Hoit, Jeannette D., Nancy Pearl Solomon, and Thomas J. Hixon. "Effect of Lung Volume on Voice Onset Time (VOT)." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 36, no. 3 (June 1993): 516–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3603.516.

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This investigation was designed to test the hypothesis that voice onset time (VOT) varies as a function of lung volume. Recordings were made of five men as they repeated a phrase containing stressed /pi/ syllables, beginning at total lung capacity and ending at residual volume. VOT was found to be longer at high lung volumes and shorter at low lung volumes in most cases. This finding points out the need to take lung volume into account when using VOT as an index of laryngeal behavior in both healthy individuals and those with speech disorders.
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5

Ryherd, Erica. "Volume’s effect on volume." Physics Today 62, no. 3 (March 2009): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4797081.

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6

Hyde, Jerry. "Volume’s effect on volume." Physics Today 62, no. 3 (March 2009): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3099564.

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7

MCGUIRE, JOSEPH, and JIANGUO YANG. "The Effect of Drop Volume on Contact Angle." Journal of Food Protection 54, no. 3 (March 1, 1991): 232–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-54.3.232.

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The effect of drop volume on the equilibrium contact angle, used in evaluation of food contact surface properties, was measured for liquids exhibiting both polar and nonpolar character on six different materials. Drop volumes used ranged from 2 to 40 μl. Contact angles were observed to increase with increasing drop volume in a range below some limiting value, identified as the critical drop volume (CDV). The CDV varied among materials and is explained with reference to surface energetic heterogeneities exhibited by each type of solid surface.
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8

Stratton, J. R., M. A. Pfeifer, J. L. Ritchie, and J. B. Halter. "Hemodynamic effects of epinephrine: concentration-effect study in humans." Journal of Applied Physiology 58, no. 4 (April 1, 1985): 1199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1985.58.4.1199.

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The hemodynamic effects of three different infusion rates of epinephrine (25, 50, or 100 ng X kg-1 X min-1 for 14 min) were examined in 10 normal human subjects. Ejection fraction and changes in cardiac volumes were assessed by radionuclide ventriculography. Plasma epinephrine was increased to levels that spanned the normal physiological range (178 +/- 15, 259 +/- 24, and 484 +/- 69 pg/ml, respectively). Epinephrine infusions resulted in dose-dependent increases in heart rate (8 +/- 3, 12 +/- 2, and 17 +/- 1 beats/min, mean +/- SE) and systolic pressure (8 +/- 1, 18 +/- 2, and 30 +/- 6 mmHg). Although epinephrine infusions had minimal effects on end-diastolic volume, there were significant increases in stroke volume (+26 +/- 2, 31 +/- 4, and 40 +/- 4%), ejection fraction (+0.10 +/- 0.01, 0.14 +/- 0.02 and 0.16 +/- 0.03 ejection fraction units), and cardiac output (+41 +/- 4, 58 +/- 5, and 74 +/- 1%). These increases in left ventricular performance were associated with a decreased systemic vascular resistance (-31 +/- 3, -42 +/- 2, and -48 +/- 8%). Supine bicycle exercise resulted in similar plasma epinephrine levels (417 +/- 109 pg/ml) and similar changes in stroke volume, ejection fraction, and systemic vascular resistance but greater increases in heart rate and systolic blood pressure. Since infusion-associated hemodynamic changes occurred at plasma epinephrine levels commonly achieved during many types of physical and emotional stress, epinephrine release may have an important role in regulating systemic vascular resistance, stroke volume, and ejection fraction responses to stress in man.
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9

Gotur, Gopal V., and Sharanabasappa Bevoor. "A Study on Effect of Esomeprazolesodium and Pantoprazole on Volume of Gastric Juice." Indian Journal of Anesthesia and Analgesia 4, no. 3 (part-2) (2017): 879–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijaa.2349.8471.4317.55.

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10

Firat, Ahmet Kemal, Murat Cem Miman, Yezdan Firat, Muammer Karakas, Orhan Ozturan, and Tayfun Altinok. "Effect of nasal septal deviation on total ethmoid cell volume." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 120, no. 3 (December 14, 2005): 200–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215105007383.

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Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of nasal septal deviation (NSD) on ethmoid cell volume and to determine whether there was any correlation between NSD grade and ethmoid cell volume.Methods: Forty computerized tomography (CT) scans from patients with rhinosinusitis symptoms with NSD were evaluated. Septal deviations were classified into three groups according to the degree of deviation on CT. Ethmoid cell volumes were measured and the relationship between NSD and ethmoid cell volume was investigated.Results: There was a moderate but significant negative correlation between the septal deviation angle and the percentage of the ethmoid cell volumes (p = 0.001, r = −0.5152, r2 = 0.2654). Total ethmoid cell volume on the ipsilateral side compared with the contralateral side was found to decrease as the degree of NSD increased.Conclusions: Nasal septal deviation affects the total ethmoid cell volume of the nasal cavity. The results of our study underline the role of ethmoid cell volume in the compensation mechanism equalizing the nasal cavity airflow changes due to NSD.
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11

Applegate, R. J., W. E. Johnston, J. Vinten-Johansen, H. S. Klopfenstein, and W. C. Little. "Restraining effect of intact pericardium during acute volume loading." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 262, no. 6 (June 1, 1992): H1725—H1733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1992.262.6.h1725.

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To determine the effect of the intact pericardium on ventricular end-diastolic pressures (EDP) during acute volume loading, we measured left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) micromanometer pressure and LV volume using a conductance catheter in eight open-chest, anesthetized dogs. A range of LV pressure and volume was obtained by intravascular volume expansion with the pericardium intact and then over a similar range after removal of the pericardium. Pericardial pressure (Pper) was calculated using static equilibrium analysis as the difference between LVEDP with the pericardium present and absent at a constant LV volume. At the beginning of the fluid infusion (LVEDP 7.3 +/- 1.7 mmHg and RVEDP 4.4 +/- 2.6 mmHg, mean +/- SD), Pper was not different from zero (-1.0 +/- 2.3 mmHg, P not significant). The onset of pericardial restraint (Pper greater than or equal to 0 mmHg) occurred when LVEDP was 9.1 +/- 2.9 mmHg and RVEDP was 4.1 +/- 2.9 mmHg. At low cardiac volumes before fluid infusion, RV transmural pressure was positive and significantly greater than the near zero Pper. After the onset of pericardial restraint, however, RVEDP and Pper increased similarly and were related according to Pper = 1.1 (+/- 0.34) RVEDP - 4.2 (+/- 2.6) mmHg, standard deviation 0.6 +/- 0.8 mmHg, r = 0.98 +/- 0.10. These data indicate that the intact pericardium behaves in two functionally distinct ways. At low cardiac volumes, Pper is zero and the pericardium does not affect LV filling. RV transmural pressure is positive and greater than Pper.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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12

Merrill, Andrea L., Ashish K. Jha, and Justin B. Dimick. "Clinical Effect of Surgical Volume." New England Journal of Medicine 374, no. 14 (April 7, 2016): 1380–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmclde1513948.

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13

Withers, H. Rodney, and Jeremy M. G. Taylor. "Volume effect in spinal cord." British Journal of Radiology 61, no. 730 (October 1988): 973. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/0007-1285-61-730-973-a.

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14

Hopewell, J. W., and A. J. van der Kogel. "Volume effect in spinal cord." British Journal of Radiology 61, no. 730 (October 1988): 973–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/0007-1285-61-730-973-b.

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15

Brusasco, V., D. O. Warner, K. C. Beck, J. R. Rodarte, and K. Rehder. "Partitioning of pulmonary resistance in dogs: effect of tidal volume and frequency." Journal of Applied Physiology 66, no. 3 (March 1, 1989): 1190–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1989.66.3.1190.

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To determine the sensitivity of pulmonary resistance (RL) to changes in breathing frequency and tidal volume, we measured RL in intact anesthetized dogs over a range of breathing frequencies and tidal volumes centering around those encountered during quiet breathing. To investigate mechanisms responsible for changes in RL, the relative contribution of airway resistance (Raw) and tissue resistance (Rti) to RL at similar breathing frequencies and tidal volumes was studied in six excised, exsanguinated canine left lungs. Lung volume was sinusoidally varied, with tidal volumes of 10, 20, and 40% of vital capacity. Pressures were measured at three alveolar sites (PA) with alveolar capsules and at the airway opening (Pao). Measurements were made during oscillation at five frequencies between 5 and 45 min-1 at each tidal volume. Resistances were calculated by assuming a linear equation of motion and submitting lung volume, flow, Pao, and PA to a multiple linear regression. RL decreased with increasing frequency and decreased with increasing tidal volume in both isolated and intact lungs. In isolated lungs, Rti decreased with increasing frequency but was independent of tidal volume. Raw was independent of frequency but decreased with tidal volume. The contribution of Rti to RL ranged from 93 +/- 4% (SD) with low frequency and large tidal volume to 41 +/- 24% at high frequency and small tidal volume. We conclude that the RL is highly dependent on breathing frequency and less dependent on tidal volume during conditions similar to quiet breathing and that these findings are explained by changes in the relative contributions of Raw and Rti to RL.
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16

Huang, Han-Ching, and Jung-Tzu Chang. "The effect of enforcement intensity on illegal insider trading volume: the case of Taiwan." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 13, no. 2 (July 4, 2016): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.13(2-1).2016.02.

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In this paper, the authors examine the illegal insider trading volume and cumulative abnormal return by the relative variables of the amendment, the change of the securities price, the number of defendants, the penalty and the fine for insider who committed a crime, and the quality of concealed important information. Illegal insider trading is prohibited by the article 157-1 of Securities and Exchange Act in Taiwan. It has been amended three times to provide a sound and rigorous law and completely protect investors. The authors examine the illegal insider trading volume after the amendment to explore whether the Securities and Exchange Act is efficient enough to lower illegal insider trading. The authors find that the change of the securities price and the quality of concealed important information are the critical factors which affect the illegal insider trading volume and cumulative abnormal returns. Nevertheless, the relative variables of the amendment do not show significant effects
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17

BRAMANTYA, Muhammad Agung, Hiroki TAKUMA, and Tatsuo SAWADA. "S0502-1-3 Study on the Effect of the Volume Fraction in Magnetorheological Fluid." Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2009.2 (2009): 103–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2009.2.0_103.

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18

KOSEKI, Michihiko, Yusuke KITAGAWA, Norio INOU, and Koutarou MAKI. "A Correction Method of CT Values Influenced by Partial Volume Effect(Imaging & Measurement)." Proceedings of the Asian Pacific Conference on Biomechanics : emerging science and technology in biomechanics 2004.1 (2004): 119–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeapbio.2004.1.119.

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19

Tobazéon, R. "Breakdown of liquids: area effect, volume effect or … particle effect?" Journal of Electrostatics 40-41 (June 1997): 389–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3886(97)00076-4.

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20

Junemann, M., O. A. Smiseth, H. Refsum, R. Sievers, M. J. Lipton, E. Carlsson, and J. V. Tyberg. "Quantification of effect of pericardium on LV diastolic PV relation in dogs." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 252, no. 5 (May 1, 1987): H963—H968. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1987.252.5.h963.

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The aim of the present study was to quantify the effect of the pericardium on the left ventricular (LV) diastolic pressure-volume relation. The experiments were done in 10 anesthetized closed-chest dogs. Pericardial and cardiac volumes were determined by computed tomography. Pericardial effusion (n = 5) and volume loading (6% dextran iv; n = 5) were used to increase pericardial volume. Volumes were normalized as multiples of the LV volume measured when LV transmural pressure was 6 mmHg (VLV6). Using the data from the pericardial effusion experiments, we calculated the best-fit exponential equations for the pericardial pressure-volume relations. From these equations we calculated that the changes in pericardial volume necessary to shift the LV diastolic pressure-volume curve upward by 2, 5, 10, and 20 mmHg were 0.6 +/- 0.1, 1.1 +/- 0.2, 1.6 +/- 0.2, and 2.2 +/- 0.3 times VLV6, respectively. Using the data from the volume loading experiments, we also calculated the degree of upward shift of the LV pressure-volume relation caused by volume loading, which increased LV mean diastolic pressure by 12 mmHg. (The upward shift is that increment in pericardial pressure caused by the total increase in volume of the extra-LV contents of the pericardium, i.e., the atria, the right ventricle, and any pericardial effusion.) This volume loading increased the total volume of the right ventricle and the atria by 1.0 +/- 0.1 VLV6, which, in itself, increased pericardial pressure by 3.6 +/- 0.8 mmHg. We conclude that in situations in which heart or pericardial volume increases acutely, the pericardium shifts the diastolic pressure-volume relation of the LV upward by a significant amount.
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21

Wood, Thomas W., Sharona B. Ross, Ty A. Bowman, Amanda Smart, Carrie E. Ryan, Benjamin Sadowitz, Darrell Downs, and Alexander S. Rosemurgy. "High-Volume Hospitals with High-Volume and Low-Volume Surgeons: Is There a “Field Effect” for Pancreaticoduodenectomy?" American Surgeon 82, no. 5 (May 2016): 407–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313481608200514.

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Since the Leapfrog Group established hospital volume criteria for pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD), the importance of surgeon volume versus hospital volume in obtaining superior outcomes has been debated. This study was undertaken to determine whether low-volume surgeons attain the same outcomes after PD as high-volume surgeons at high-volume hospitals. PDs undertaken from 2010 to 2012 were obtained from the Florida Agency for Health Care Administration. High-volume hospitals were identified. Surgeon volumes within were determined; postoperative length of stay (LOS), in-hospital mortality, discharge status, and hospital charges were examined relative to surgeon volume. Six high-volume hospitals were identified. Each hospital had at least one surgeon undertaking ≥ 12 PDs per year and at least one surgeon undertaking < 12 PDs per year. Within these six hospitals, there were 10 “high-volume” surgeons undertaking 714 PDs over the three-year period (average of 24 PDs per surgeon per year), and 33 “low-volume” surgeons undertaking 225 PDs over the three-year period (average of two PDs per surgeon per year). For all surgeons, the frequency with which surgeons undertook PD did not predict LOS, in-hospital mortality, discharge status, or hospital charges. At the six high-volume hospitals examined from 2010 to 2012, low-volume surgeons undertaking PD did not have different patient outcomes from their high-volume counterparts with respect to patient LOS, in-hospital mortality, patient discharge status, or hospital charges. Although the discussion of volume for complex operations has shifted toward surgeon volume, hospital volume must remain part of the discussion as there seems to be a hospital “field effect.”
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22

Nolop, K. B., D. L. Maxwell, D. Royston, and J. M. Hughes. "Effect of raised thoracic pressure and volume on 99mTc-DTPA clearance in humans." Journal of Applied Physiology 60, no. 5 (May 1, 1986): 1493–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.60.5.1493.

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Although positive airway pressure is often used to treat acute pulmonary edema, the effects on epithelial solute flux are not well known. We measured independently the effect of 1) positive pressure and 2) voluntary hyperinflation on the clearance of inhaled technetium-99m-labeled diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (99mTc-DTPA) in six nonsmokers and six smokers. Lung volumes were monitored by inductance plethysmography. Each subject was studied in four situations: 1) low end-expiratory volume (LO-), 2) low volume plus 9 cmH2O continuous positive airway pressure (LO+), 3) high end-expiratory volume (HI-), and 4) high volume plus continuous positive airway pressure (HI+). The clearance half time of 99mTc-DTPA for the nonsmokers decreased from 64.8 +/- 7.0 min (mean +/- SE) at LO- to 23.2 +/- 5.3 min at HI- (P less than 0.05). Positive pressure had no synergistic effect. The mean clearance half time for the smokers was faster than nonsmokers at base line but unaffected by similar changes in thoracic volume and pressure. We conclude that, in nonsmokers, positive airway pressure increases 99mTc-DTPA clearance primarily through an increase in lung volume and that smokers are immune to these effects.
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23

Hammer, J., and C. J. Newth. "Effect of lung volume on forced expiratory flows during rapid thoracoabdominal compression in infants." Journal of Applied Physiology 78, no. 5 (May 1, 1995): 1993–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1995.78.5.1993.

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The rapid thoracoabdominal compression (RTC) technique is commonly used in pulmonary function laboratories to assess flow-volume relationships in infants unable to produce a voluntary forced expiration maneuver. This technique produces forced expiratory flows over only a small lung volume segment (i.e., tidal volume). It has been argued that the RTC technique should be modified to measure flow-volume relationships over a larger portion of the vital capacity range to imitate the voluntary maximal forced expiratory maneuver obtained in older children and adults. We examined the effect of volume history on forced expiratory flows by generating forced expiratory flow-volume curves by RTC from well-defined inspiratory volumes delineated by inspiratory pressures of 10, 20, 30, and 40 cmH2O down to residual volume (i.e., the reference volume) in seven intubated and anesthetized infants with normal lungs [age 8.0 +/- 2.0 (SE) mo, weight 6.7 +/- 0.6 kg]. We compared maximal expiratory flows at isovolume points (25 and 10% of forced vital capacity) and found no significant differences in maximal isovolume flow rates measured from the different lung volumes. We conclude that there is no obvious need to initiate RTC from higher lung volumes if the technique is used for flow comparisons. However, compared with measurements of maximal flows at functional residual capacity by RTC from end-tidal inspiration, the initiation of RTC from a defined and reproducible inspiratory level appears to decrease the intrasubject variability of the maximal expiratory flows at low lung volumes.
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24

Kawabata, T., T. Suzuki, and T. Miyagawa. "Effect of blood volume on plasma volume shift during exercise." Journal of Thermal Biology 29, no. 7-8 (October 2004): 775–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2004.08.054.

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25

Oberreiter, Matthias, Sebastian Pomberger, Martin Leitner, and Michael Stoschka. "Validation Study on the Statistical Size Effect in Cast Aluminium." Metals 10, no. 6 (May 27, 2020): 710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10060710.

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Imperfections due to the manufacturing process can significantly affect the local fatigue strength of the bulk material in cast aluminium alloys. Most components possess several sections of varying microstructure, whereat each of them may inherit a different highly-stressed volume (HSV). Even in cases of homogeneous local casting conditions, the statistical distribution parameters of failure causing defect sizes change significantly, since for a larger highly-stressed volume the probability for enlarged critical defects gets elevated. This impact of differing highly-stressed volume is commonly referred as statistical size effect. In this paper, the study of the statistical size effect on cast material considering partial highly-stressed volumes is based on the comparison of a reference volume V 0 and an arbitrary enlarged, but disconnected volume V α utilizing another specimen geometry. Thus, the behaviour of disconnected highly-stressed volumes within one component in terms of fatigue strength and resulting defect distributions can be assessed. The experimental results show that doubling of the highly-stressed volume leads to a decrease in fatigue strength of 5% and shifts the defect distribution towards larger defect sizes. The highly-stressed volume is numerically determined whereat the applicable element size is gained by a parametric study. Finally, the validation with a prior developed fatigue strength assessment model by R. Aigner et al. leads to a conservative fatigue design with a deviation of only about 0.3% for cast aluminium alloy.
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26

Müller-Bühl, U., B. Heim, U. Fischbach, J. Windeler, Th Finkenstädt, and M. Schläfer. "Effect of Compression Stockings on Leg Volume in Patients with Varicose Veins." Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease 13, no. 3 (September 1998): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026835559801300304.

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Objective: To evaluate the effect of thigh-length compression stockings on the venous blood pool and interstitial oedema in patients with varicose veins. Setting: Department of General Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Germany. Patients: Forty-six patients with unilateral long saphenous varicose veins. Main outcome measures: The effects of compression stockings on optoelectronically measured volumes of normal legs and legs with varicose veins in supine and upright positions. Results: Changing body position from a supine to an upright position leads to an increased leg volume by venous blood pooling (236.5 ml and 255.5 ml, respectively, p < 0.001). The volume difference between normal legs and legs with varicose veins in the supine position was 172.5 ml, and in the upright position 187.0 ml ( p < 0.001). After putting on compression thigh-length stockings, the volume of both normal legs and legs with varicose veins decreased by 314.5 ml and 358.0 ml (acute compression effect). Elastic compression for 8 h produced no significant additional reduction in the leg volumes. Wearing the stockings for 7 successive days failed to reduce the volume in the normal legs, whereas a further reduction in the legs with varicose veins was measured (supine position 61.0 ml, p < 0.05; upright position 72.0 ml, p < 0.05) (long-term compression effect). Conclusions: Wearing compression stockings rapidly reduces venous blood pools of the legs. Long-term wear is necessary to mobilize the interstitial limb oedema in patients with superficial venous insufficiency.
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27

Boland, A.-M., P. D. Mitchell, I. Goodwin, and P. H. Jerie. "The Effect of Soil Volume on Young Peach Tree Growth and Water Use." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 119, no. 6 (November 1994): 1157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.119.6.1157.

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An experiment designed to study the effects of different root volumes was installed in Fall 1991. `Golden Queen' peach trees [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] were planted into different isolated soil volumes (0.025, 0.06, 0.15, 0.4, and 1.0 m3), which were essentially individual drainage lysimeters. Trunk cross-sectional area (TCA) increased from 5.76 to 14.23 cm2 for the smallest and largest volumes, respectively, while leaf area was 4.56 and 21.32 m2 for the respective treatments. Leaf size was not affected by soil volume. Soil volume was positively related to the number of lateral shoots produced, lateral shoot density, and internode length. Total flower bud number and flower bud density were inversely related to soil volume. Fruit set was similar among treatments despite an almost 4-fold difference in tree size. Tree water use (liters·mm-1 pan evaporation) increased with soil volume; however, when adjusted for tree size (tree water use per TCA), there were no consistent differences between treatments for tree water use over the season. These results suggest that trees planted in the smaller soil volumes were more efficient reproductively per unit of tree size and would be easier to manage in an ultra-high-density planting.
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28

Filuk, R. B., and N. R. Anthonisen. "Effect of volume history on distribution of inspired gas in asthmatics." Journal of Applied Physiology 62, no. 3 (March 1, 1987): 1179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.62.3.1179.

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Twelve stable adult asthmatics slowly inhaled boluses of He at 20, 40, or 60% vital capacity (VC); these volumes were achieved either by expiring from total lung capacity (TLC) or by inspiring from residual volume (RV). Inspirations were continued to TLC and then were followed by slow expirations to RV while expired He was measured as a function of expired volume. At 20% VC slopes of alveolar plateaus (phase III) were positive, at 40% VC they were flat, and at 60% VC they were negative; at 20 and 60% VC the slopes were steeper than those in normals. When boluses were administered at 40 and 60% VC, He washout curves were independent of lung volume history. However at 20% VC the slope of phase III was significantly less positive when boluses were given after inspiration from RV than after expiration from TLC. In eight subjects, who were given inhaled beta-agonists, slopes of all He washouts decreased and became independent of volume history at 20% VC. We conclude that in asthmatics at low lung volumes the airways that determine ventilation distribution behave as though they have less hysteresis than the lung parenchyma probably due to increased airway tone.
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Kohaut, Edward C., F. Bryson Waldo, and Mark R. Benfield. "The Effect of Changes in Dialysate Volume on Glucose and Urea Equilibration." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 14, no. 3 (July 1994): 236–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089686089401400307.

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Objectives To determine the effect of changing dialysate volume on urea and glucoseequilibration curves and to determine, if dialysate volume is prescribed on the basis of body surface area, whether equilibration curves will be consistent in patients of different sizes and ages. Design A prospective study wherein children with acute or chronic renal failure had peritoneal equilibration studies done with dwell volumes of 30 mL/kg, 40 mL/kg, and 1200 mL/m2. Patient Population Twenty-two children: 7 under 3 years of age; 8 between 3 and 10 years of age; 7 older than 10 years of age. Statistics Student's t-test. Results Urea and glucose equilibrated rapidly at dwell volumes of 30 mL/kg, slower at dwell volumes of 40 mL/kg, and slowest at dwell volumes of 1200 mL/m2. Equilibration curves were similar in children of different ages when dialysate volumes of 1200 mL/m2 were infused. Conclusion Dialysate volumes of 1200 mL/m2 should be used when equilibration studies are being done to compare individuals of different ages and sizes.
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30

Yi, Xiao-Lin, Jing Hu, Qiu-Ting Wu, Yu-Mei Zhang, Qian Hu, Ling Yuan, Yi-Fan Miao, et al. "Effect of Different-Volume Fluid Resuscitation on Organ Functions in Severe Acute Pancreatitis and Therapeutic Effect of Poria cocos." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020 (October 14, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6408202.

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Objective. To explore the effect of different-volume fluid resuscitation (FR) on organ functions in severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) and to elucidate the therapeutic effect and mechanism of Poria cocos on organ injuries caused by high-volume FR. Methods. 1. Clinical study: retrospective analysis of thirty-one patients about the effect of titrated fluid resuscitation protocol (TFR) on the occurrence of acute kidney injury (AKI) secondary to SAP. 2. Experimental study: rats (N = 30) were randomly divided into five groups: sham, model, low-volume FR (1.5 ml/kg/h), high-volume FR (10 ml/kg/h), and Poria cocos combined with high-volume FR (10 ml/kg/h + intraintestinal administration Poria cocos 5 g/kg); serum or plasma indicators and histopathologic scores were compared to explore the effect and mechanism of different fluid volumes and Poria cocos on organ function in SAP. Results. The occurrence of AKI, fluid volume, and fluid velocity in TFR group was lower than that in the control group. Logistic regression analysis showed that increased Marshall scores and fluid velocity were risk factors for predicting occurrence of AKI in SAP. Low-volume FR decreased the levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (Cr), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), and pathologic scores of the pancreas and kidney. High-volume FR increased ascites, MMPs, and kidney pathologic scores. Poria cocos decreased the levels of BUN, Cr, MMPs, and pathologic scores of the pancreas and kidney and increased the arterial oxygen saturation. Conclusion. TFR-associated lower fluid volume and velocity reduced the occurrence of AKI secondary to SAP. High volume might aggravate AKI via increased MMP release leading to endothelial glycocalyx damage and vascular endothelial dysfunction. Poria cocos reduced MMP release, relieved glycocalyx damage, and alleviated the pancreas and kidney injury aggravated by high fluid volume in SAP. Therefore, endothelial glycocalyx protection might be a new strategy in the treatment of SAP.
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31

Sormani, MP, N. De Stefano, G. Francis, T. Sprenger, P. Chin, EW Radue, and L. Kappos. "Fingolimod effect on brain volume loss independently contributes to its effect on disability." Multiple Sclerosis Journal 21, no. 7 (February 6, 2015): 916–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458515569099.

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Background: Brain volume loss occurs in patients with relapsing–remitting MS. Fingolimod reduced brain volume loss in three phase 3 studies. Objective: To evaluate whether the effect of fingolimod on disability progression was mediated by its effects on MRI lesions, relapses or brain volume loss, and the extent of this effect. Methods: Patients (992/1272; 78%) from the FTY720 Research Evaluating Effects of Daily Oral Therapy in Multiple Sclerosis (FREEDOMS) study were analyzed. Month-24 percentage brain volume change, month-12 MRI-active lesions and relapse were assessed. The Prentice criteria were used to test surrogate marker validity. The proportion of treatment effect on disability progression explained by each marker was calculated. Results: Two-year disability progression was associated with active T2 lesions (OR = 1.24; p = 0.001) and more relapses during year 1 (OR = 2.90; p < 0.001) and lower percentage brain volume change over two years (OR = 0.78; p < 0.001). Treatment effect on active T2 lesions, relapses and percentage brain volume change explained 46%, 60% and 23% of the fingolimod effect on disability. Multivariate analysis showed the number of relapses during year 1 (OR = 2.62; p < 0.001) and yearly percentage brain volume change over two years (OR = 0.85; p = 0.009) were independent predictors of disability progression, together explaining 73% of fingolimod effect on disability. Conclusions: The treatment effect on relapses and, to a lesser extent, brain volume loss were both predictors of treatment effect on disability; combining these predictors better explained the effect on disability than either factor alone.
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32

Bray, Shirley, and David M. Reid. "The effect of salinity and CO2 enrichment on the growth and anatomy of the second trifoliate leaf of Phaseolus vulgaris." Canadian Journal of Botany 80, no. 4 (April 1, 2002): 349–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b02-018.

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The effect of CO2 and NaCl on the second trifoliate leaf of Phaseolus vulgaris L. was studied. Salt reduced leaf area and volume. Volume density of the palisade mesophyll was increased and that of the intercellular spaces and abaxial epidermis was reduced. Salt increased the numbers of epidermal and palisade cells per unit area and the stomatal density of the abaxial epidermis but reduced the numbers of cells per leaf. Salt reduced stomatal indices of both epidermal surfaces, cell volumes, relative leaf expansion rate, leaf plastochron index, leaf fresh and dry weights, and specific leaf area. Elevated CO2 increased leaf area and volume, reduced the density of epidermal and palisade cells and increased fresh and dry weights. Cell areas and volumes of epidermal and palisade cells, but not stomates, were increased. Elevated CO2 partially overcame some salinity effects such as leaf area, volume, specific leaf area, and relative leaf expansion rate. Leaf fresh and dry weights, leaf volume, palisade and spongy mesophyll tissue volume, and the numbers of palisade and epidermal cells per leaf equalled controls. Under high CO2, epidermal and intercellular space volume, cell areas, stomatal index, and the volume density of intercellular spaces and abaxial epidermis were reduced, and the volume density of the palisade mesophyll increased. Leaf thickness, palisade cell length and volume, volume density of spongy mesophyll, and succulence were greater than controls in salt and high-CO2 leaves. High CO2 had more effect on salt-stressed than unstressed plants in leaf weight, thickness, and cell volume.Key words: CO2 enrichment, leaf growth, leaf anatomy, Phaseolus vulgaris, salinity.
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33

Hassan, Sawsan, Giorgia Liguori, Paolo Inglese, Mounir Louhaichi, and Giuseppe Sortino. "The Effect of Soil Volume Availability on Opuntia ficus-indica Canopy and Root Growth." Agronomy 10, no. 5 (April 30, 2020): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10050635.

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The study investigated the effect of soil volume restriction on the below- and above-ground growth of Opuntia ficus-indica through understanding the limit imposed by root confinement via different soil volumes on root and canopy architecture and growth. In 2014, one-year-old O. ficus-indica cladodes were planted in five different soil volumes (50, 33, 18, 9 and 5 L). The cladode and roots of each sampled plants were measured and weighed every six months; a starch content estimation was performed using the perchloric acid method. The restricted soil volume had limiting effects on overall plant growth and influenced plant development. The largest canopy surface area and dry mass were measured in 50 L potted plants. Root system growth was inhibited by soil volume restriction: the total root length, surface area, dry mass and volume decreased due to this restriction. During the whole period, the starch content in cladodes and in roots grown on a 5 L soil volume was twice as much as in the largest, 50 L soil volume. Our results confirmed the importance of O. ficus-indica as a potential plant that can survive under low soil volume conditions. This plant has the ability to balance its growth and stay alive under harsh environments.
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34

Wang, Wei, Li Juan Zhao, Ping Xin Song, and Ying Jiu Zhang. "Etching Volume Effect on the Morphology of Silicon Etched by Metal-Assisted Chemical Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 217-219 (November 2012): 1141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.217-219.1141.

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Assisted by Ag nanoparticles, Si substrates were etched in aqueous solutions containing hydrofluoric acid (HF) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with different volumes of etching solution. The etching morphology of Si wafers was found to be affected by the volumes. In etching solutions with smaller volume, the pores were created; in etching solutions with larger volume, the nanostructure composed of nanowires and nanopores (pores+wires nanostructure) were generated. In addition, the lengths of these Si nanostructures increased with the increase of the etching volume. Possible formation mechanism for this phenomenon was discussed.
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35

Cao, Ling Yu, Jia Hua Wu, Yue Hu, Xue Bo Gu, Wei Wei Liu, and Hai Zhong Cao. "Cooling Effect of Mechanical Ventilation in Grape Greenhouse Based on CFD Numerical Simulation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 448-453 (October 2013): 2890–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.2890.

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The effect of air volume supplied by top mechanical ventilation on multi-span greenhouse temperature field is studied with different ambient temperatures through CFD numerical simulation. The cooling effects of different mechanical ventilation volumes are compared in the same ambient temperature conditions such as summer calm and high illumination. Thus, the best supply air volume is found to provide a theoretical support for mounting ventilator at multi-span greenhouse top for cooling. Results show that a smaller mechanical ventilation volume can meet the cooling requirements when temperature is lower outside greenhouse. However, single mechanical ventilation has been unable to meet the cooling requirement when ambient temperature is too high outside greenhouse.
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36

Kimball, W. R., K. B. Kelly, and J. Mead. "Thoracoabdominal blood volume change and its effect on lung and chest wall volumes." Journal of Applied Physiology 61, no. 3 (September 1, 1986): 953–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1986.61.3.953.

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The effects of changing blood volume within the thoracoabdominal cavity (Vtab) have been studied in four male subjects trained in respiratory maneuvers. Subjects were studied lying supine in a pressure plethysmograph with inflatable fracture splints placed around both arms and legs. Changes in Vtab were produced by inflating the splints to 30 cmH2O. Thoracic gas volume (Vtg) measured by Boyle's law, and the change in chest wall volume (delta Vw), measured by anteroposterior magnetometers on rib cage and abdomen, were measured almost simultaneously and at two respiratory system volumes. The quantity of blood moved by splint inflation was estimated for each subject at both respiratory system volumes and varied between 215 and 752 ml. The chest wall increased 64 +/- 11.8% (mean +/- SD) of the increase in Vtab. Thus increases in thoracoabdominal blood volume increase Vw about twice the decrease in Vtg.
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37

Ito, Daiki, Tomokazu Numano, Kazuyuki Mizuhara, Toshikatsu Washio, Masaki Misawa, and Naotaka Nitta. "Partial Volume Effect on MR Elastography." Open Journal of Medical Imaging 07, no. 04 (2017): 131–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojmi.2017.74013.

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38

Nascimento, Weslania Viviane, Rachel Aguiar Cassiani, and Roberto Oliveira Dantas. "Gender Effect on Oral Volume Capacity." Dysphagia 27, no. 3 (November 27, 2011): 384–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00455-011-9379-4.

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39

Wrzosek, D. "Volume Filling Effect in Modelling Chemotaxis." Mathematical Modelling of Natural Phenomena 5, no. 1 (2010): 123–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mmnp/20105106.

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40

Santago, P., and H. D. Gage. "Statistical models of partial volume effect." IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 4, no. 11 (1995): 1531–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/83.469934.

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41

SHIGA, SHUJIRO. "Branching Measurement and Excluded Volume Effect." NIPPON GOMU KYOKAISHI 65, no. 11 (1992): 670–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2324/gomu.65.670.

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42

Doi, Tsukasa, Toshinari Okamoto, and Kouji Nakagawa. "The partial volume effect in MRI." Japanese Journal of Radiological Technology 51, no. 8 (1995): 949. http://dx.doi.org/10.6009/jjrt.kj00001352524.

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43

Uyeda, Chiaki, Akio Yamagishi, and Muneyuki Date. "Magneto-Volume Effect of Liquid Oxygen." Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 56, no. 10 (October 15, 1987): 3444–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jpsj.56.3444.

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44

Yanagisawa, Daichi, Akiyasu Tomoeda, Rui Jiang, and Katsuhiro Nishinari. "Excluded volume effect in queueing theory." JSIAM Letters 2 (2010): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.14495/jsiaml.2.61.

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45

Ioan, Silvia, Gabriela Grigorescu, C?t?lina Ioan, and Bogdan C. Simionescu. "Excluded volume effect in polyacrylonitrile solutions." Polymer Bulletin 33, no. 1 (June 1994): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00313483.

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46

Weinmann, G. G., Y. C. Huang, and W. Mitzner. "Effect of high-frequency ventilation on lung mechanics at high transpulmonary pressure." Journal of Applied Physiology 63, no. 4 (October 1, 1987): 1544–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1987.63.4.1544.

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The different tidal volumes and frequencies of high-frequency ventilation (HFV) compared with conventional mechanical ventilation (CMV) may have different effects on lung mechanics. To test this hypothesis, we compared the effects of 3 h of HFV and CMV on total lung capacity (TLC), functional residual capacity (FRC), the shape of the pressure-volume (PV) curve (%V10), and dynamic compliance (Cdyn), as well as venous admixture and alveolar-arterial O2 gradient. We studied a total of 12 dogs at lung inflations equivalent to 15 cmH2O positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) (group I) and 8 dogs at lung inflations equivalent to 0 cmH2O PEEP (group II). For CMV, we used a standard-volume ventilator at a mean tidal volume of 13.8 ml/kg. For HFV, we used an oscillator-type ventilator at 15 Hz and an average tidal volume of 4.3 ml/kg. Our results showed that ventilation with 3 h of PEEP raised lung volume, and lung volumes on HFV were higher than those on CMV in both groups. Specifically, in group I, the volume during ventilation rose on both CMV (150 ml) and HFV (250 ml). These volume changes persisted beyond the ventilation period, such that TLC was unchanged on CMV but had risen 200 ml on HFV. FRC also rose 200 and 300 ml after HFV and CMV, respectively. In group II, the volume during ventilation fell 100 ml on CMV and rose slightly (40 ml) on HFV. TLC and FRC both tended to fall more on CMV.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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47

Weber, Adam C., Alexander D. Blandford, Bryan R. Costin, and Julian D. Perry. "Effect of mannitol on globe and orbital volumes in humans." European Journal of Ophthalmology 28, no. 2 (March 2018): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5301/ejo.5001008.

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Purpose: To determine the effect of intravenous mannitol on globe and orbital volumes. Methods: Retrospective chart review of a consecutive series of Cleveland Clinic Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit patients who underwent computed tomographic imaging before and after intravenous mannitol administration. Volume measurements were performed according to a previously described technique by averaging axial image areas. Measurements before and after mannitol administration were compared using paired t-test. Results: Fourteen patients (28 eyes) met inclusion criteria. Average globe volume decreased 186 mm3 (-2.5%, p = 0.02) after mannitol administration, while average orbital volume increased 353 mm3 (+3.5%, p = 0.04). Average globe volume change for subjects with follow-up scan less than 4.7 hours (mean 1.9 hours; range 0.2-4.5 hours) after mannitol administration was -125 mm3 (-1.7%, p = 0.24) and average orbital volume change was +458 mm3 (+5.1%, p = 0.11). Average globe volume change after mannitol administration for those with follow-up more than 4.7 hours (average 13.9 hours, range 4.9-24.7 hours) was -246 mm3 (-3.3%, p = 0.05) and orbital volume change was +248 mm3 (+2.2%, p = 0.24). Dividing the study population into groups based on mannitol dose did not yield any statistically significant change. Conclusions: Human globe volume decreases after intravenous mannitol administration, while orbital volume increases. These volume changes occur during the time period when intraocular pressure normalizes, after the pressure-lowering effects of the drug. This novel volumetric information improves our understanding of mannitol’s mechanism of action and its effects on human ocular and periocular tissues.
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48

de Beer, Johan. "The price and volume effect of initial single stock futures trading." Corporate Ownership and Control 7, no. 2 (2009): 367–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv7i2c3p4.

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The introduction of single stock futures to a market allows for a per company impact-assessment of futures trading activity. Thirty-eight South African companies were evaluated in terms of a possible price and volume effect due to the initial trading of their respective single stock futures contracts. An event study revealed that SSF trading had little impact on the underlying share prices while a normalised volume comparison pre to post SSF trading showed a general increase in spot market trading volumes.
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49

Shen, X., S. J. Gunst, and R. S. Tepper. "Effect of tidal volume and frequency on airway responsiveness in mechanically ventilated rabbits." Journal of Applied Physiology 83, no. 4 (October 1, 1997): 1202–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1997.83.4.1202.

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Shen, X., S. J. Gunst, and R. S. Tepper. Effect of tidal volume and frequency on airway responsiveness in mechanically ventilated rabbits. J. Appl. Physiol.83(4): 1202–1208, 1997.—We evaluated the effects of the rate and volume of tidal ventilation on airway resistance (Raw) during intravenous methacholine (MCh) challenge in mechanically ventilated rabbits. Five rabbits were challenged at tidal volumes of 5, 10, and 20 ml/kg at a frequency of 15 breaths/min and also under static conditions (0 ml/kg tidal volume). Four rabbits were subjected to MCh challenge at frequencies of 6 and 30 breaths/min with a tidal volume of 10 ml/kg and also under static conditions. In both groups, the increase in Raw with MCh challenge was significantly greater under static conditions than during tidal ventilation at any frequency or volume. Increases in the volume or frequency of tidal ventilation resulted in significant decreases in Raw in response to MCh. We conclude that tidal breathing suppresses airway responsiveness in rabbits in vivo. The suppression of narrowing in response to MCh increases as the magnitude of the volume or the frequency of the tidal oscillations is increased. Our findings suggest that the effect of lung volume changes on airway responsiveness in vivo is primarily related to the stretch of airway smooth muscle.
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50

Risoe, C., W. Tan, and O. A. Smiseth. "Effect of carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex on hepatic and splenic vascular capacitance in vagotomized dogs." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 266, no. 4 (April 1, 1994): H1528—H1533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1994.266.4.h1528.

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Mechanisms of how baroreflex activation changes splanchnic vascular volumes were studied in eight vagotomized dogs, anesthetized by chloralose/urethan. Hepatic and splenic vascular volume changes were determined from organ dimensions by sonomicrometry. Pulsatile carotid sinus pressure (CSP) in isolated and separately perfused carotid sinuses was changed among 200, 120, and 40 mmHg. Lowering CSP from 120 to 40 mmHg significantly decreased both hepatic and splenic vascular volume (at similar portal pressure) by 1.9 +/- 0.5 and 1.8 +/- 0.6 ml/kg body wt, respectively. Increasing CSP from 120 to 200 mmHg tended to increase regional vascular volumes (P = NS). The combined volume change of liver and spleen between CSP 40 and 200 mmHg was 4.2 +/- 0.6 ml/kg body wt (P < 0.001). Pressure-volume (dimension) curves at high, low, and baseline CSP were determined to separate active and passive mechanisms of vascular volume changes. Changes in CSP did not change regional vascular compliance. Low CSP significantly decreased unstressed liver and unstressed splenic volume by 3.3 +/- 0.9 and 1.9 +/- 0.5 ml/kg body wt, respectively. These results indicate that liver and spleen both contribute to blood volume mobilization by vasoconstriction during low CSP and that the carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex modulates hepatic and splenic vascular capacitance by changing unstressed volume rather than by changing vascular compliance.
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