Journal articles: 'Volitionality'

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Alvarez-Segura, Mar, Martin F. Echavarria, and Paul C. Vitz. "A psycho-ethical approach to personality disorders: The role of volitionality." New Ideas in Psychology 47 (December 2017): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.newideapsych.2017.05.003.

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Haynes, John-Dylan, and Matthias Schultze-Kraft. "Reply to Deecke and Soekadar: Do conventional readiness potentials reflect true volitionality?" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 21 (May 4, 2016): E2877—E2878. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1604661113.

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고태진. "‘Volitionality’ and Ergative Case Marking in Hindi: Focusing on the Implicational Universals of Greenberg." Journal of Indian Studies 20, no. 2 (November 2015): 59–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21758/jis.2015.20.2.59.

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Skeba, Patrick, Devansh Saxena, Shion Guha, and Eric P. S. Baumer. "Who has a Choice?: Survey-Based Predictors of Volitionality in Facebook Use and Non-use." Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 5, GROUP (July 8, 2021): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3463935.

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This paper examines volitionality of Facebook usage, that is, which individuals feel they have a choice about whether or not to use the site. It analyzes data from two large surveys, conducted three years apart. Across the two surveys, a variety of factors impacted whether or not respondents saw their Facebook usage as a matter of their own choice, such as engaging in non-use behaviors, measures of Facebook addiction, a sense of their own agency, and, across both studies, level of education. These results expand on prior literature around technology use and non-use, especially in terms of which populations may feel obligated to use, or be unwillingly prevented from using, social media such as Facebook. Furthermore, they provide potential implications both for future work and for technology policy.

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Murphy, AJ, Stanley Dubinsky, and Mark Beck. "Semantic and syntactic demarcations of Classical Greek object cases: An object(ive) study." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 5, no. 1 (March 23, 2020): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v5i1.4690.

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In Classical Greek, many verbs take direct objects marked with genitive (GEN) or dative (DAT), rather than accusative (ACC) case. Traditional grammars (Smyth 1956, Boas et al. 2019) fail to offer principled descriptions or accounts of the distribution of ACC, GEN, DAT object case for transitive verbs. This paper analyzes a corpus involving case-assigning transitive verbs, and examines Luraghi’s 2010 Transitivity Hierarchy in this context. We find that, while her ranking of verbs’ transitivity is correct, the features used to determine the hierarchy are not. Our study demonstrates a highly significant correlation between a verb’s level of transitivity (as indicated by the case marking on its object) and the Proto-role Properties of Change of State and subject Volitionality (Dowty 1991).

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Sahoo, Kalyanamalini, and Maarten Lemmens. "Degrees of mirativity." Review of Cognitive Linguistics 15, no. 2 (December 8, 2017): 343–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rcl.15.2.03sah.

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Abstract This paper studies degrees of mirativity as grammaticalised in the Indo-Aryan language Odia by four light verb constructions, asymmetric complex predicates combining a lexical verb with a (partially) bleached light verb. As such, these light verb constructions can be considered non-parasitic expressions of mirativity. The present paper adds a number of important new insights to the discussion of mirativity. Firstly, we show that mirativity is a complex category which, next to the prototypical notion of surprise, also comprises the notion of “unsupposedness”. Secondly, we demonstrate that the four constructions vary in the degree of mirativity they express. These differences can be related to features of transitivity, such as volitionality or control and affectedness (as contextually realised by the process size, impact, force, or scope). This hypothesis is confirmed by two corpus studies: a collostructional analysis (based on verb types) and a comparison of contexts for constructional minimal pairs.

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Fedden, Sebastian, Dunstan Brown, František Kratochvíl, Laura C. Robinson, and Antoinette Schapper. "Variation in pronominal indexing." Studies in Language 38, no. 1 (April 25, 2014): 44–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.38.1.02fed.

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We examine the role of referential properties and lexical stipulation in three closely related languages of eastern Indonesia, the Alor-Pantar languages Abui, Kamang, and Teiwa. Our focus is on the continuum along which event properties (e.g. volitionality, affectedness) are highly important at one extreme or play virtually no role at the other. These languages occupy different points along this continuum. In Abui, event semantics play the greatest role, while in Teiwa they play the smallest role (the lexical property animacy being dominant in the formation of verb classes). Kamang occupies an intermediate position. Teiwa has conventionalised the relation between a verb and its class along the lines of animacy so that classes become associated with the animacy value of the objects with which the verbs in a given class typically occur. Paying attention to a lexical property like animacy, in contrast with event properties, has meant greater potential for arbitrary classes to emerge.

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Wei, Yipu, Dirk Speelman, and Jacqueline Evers-Vermeul. "Applying Collocation Analysis to Chinese Discourse: A Case Study of Causal Connectives." Lingua sinica 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/linguasinica-2020-0004.

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Abstract Collocation analysis can be used to extract meaningful linguistic information from large-scale corpus data. This paper reviews the methodological issues one may encounter when performing collocation analysis for discourse studies on Chinese. We propose four crucial aspects to consider in such analyses: (i) the definition of collocates according to various parameters; (ii) the choice of analysis and association measures; (iii) the definition of the search span; and (iv) the selection of corpora for analysis. To illustrate how these aspects can be addressed when applying a Chinese collocation analysis, we conducted a case study of two Chinese causal connectives: yushi ‘that is why’ and yin’er ‘as a result’. The distinctive collocation analysis shows how these two connectives differ in volitionality, an important dimension of discourse relations. The study also demonstrates that collocation analysis, as an explorative approach based on large-scale data, can provide valuable converging evidence for corpus-based studies that have been conducted with laborious manual analysis on limited datasets.

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Będkowska-Kopczyk, Agnieszka. "Verbs of emotion with se in Slovene: between middle and reflexive semantics. A cognitive analysis." Cognitive Studies | Études cognitives, no. 14 (September 4, 2014): 203–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/cs.2014.017.

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Verbs of emotion with se in Slovene: between middle and reflexive semantics. A cognitive analysisThis article presents a cognitive analysis of Slovene emotion verbs with the personal pronoun se ‘self’, e.g., bati se ‘to be scared’. Slavic verbs of this type are traditionally considered reflexive. The objectives of the article are twofold. First, the article aims to demonstrate that se in Slovene verbs of emotion indicates not the reflexive, but the middle voice construction. However, given specific pragmatic factors, these verbs also form reflexive constructions with the heavy form sebe ‘self’, or even both middle and reflexive constructions with se and sebe, respectively. Second, this article challenges Anna Wierzbicka’s assumption that the Slavic verbs with the light form of the personal pronoun or the -sja affix (Russian) express (almost) volitional, i.e. self-induced emotion. In line with cognitive Suzanne Kemmer, it is claimed that the constructions with the verbs under discussion indicate a low degree of volitionality in the process of emotional change i.e. they lexicalize an event that occurs independently of the Experiencer participant’s will.

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Verhoeven, Elisabeth. "Scales or features in verb meaning?" Current trends in analyzing syntactic variation 31 (December 31, 2017): 165–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.00007.ver.

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Abstract Several syntactic properties of verbal heads are accounted for through their semantic properties. Verbal features such as agentivity, volitionality, stativity etc. have been proven a useful tool for predicting several aspects of their syntactic behavior such as passivization, auxiliary selection etc. In the context of the empirical turn in current linguistics, the assumption of discrete features is questioned by studies based on corpora or speakers’ intuitions showing that the diagnostics of semantic features involve gradience. These findings are challenging for grammatical theory: are we justified to assume the existence of discrete verb classes or do the established properties indicate scalar dimensions of meaning? Based on two empirical studies – an acceptability study and a corpus study – the present article examines the role of agentivity in distinguishing verb classes and in predicting the syntactic behavior of verbs in German. Acceptability data show that the diagnostics of agentivity involve gradience, which cannot be reduced to random sources of variation. However, a comparison of scalar vs. categorical models of agentivity based on these diagnostics reveals that the syntactic variation in word order found in written corpus data is best accounted for through a model that assumes a binary division into a ±agentive and a non-agentive verb class.

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Van linden, An. "Constructional effects of indirect evidential marking in Harakmbut." Notes from the field on perspective-indexing constructions 27, no. 1 (April 15, 2020): 7–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.20004.lin.

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Abstract This article focuses on two types of constructional effects of indirect evidential marking in Harakmbut (isolate, Peru). Both types originate in a clash of interpretation: the use of indirect evidential marking indicates a shift of perspective away from the speaker (as if they did not witness the event, thus disclaiming epistemic authority), while the events referred to are in principle directly accessible to them. As the signalled shift is not fully realized in interpretation, the effects will be characterized as showing perspective persistence. The first type involves constructions with a first person agent, and indirect evidential marking is found to produce the interpretation that the speaker performed the action referred to unintentionally, finding out about the outcome of this action only later. Other types of non-volitional events – without pragmatic inference on the part of the speaker – are found not to carry indirect evidential marking; they use different linguistic means to signal non-volitionality. The second type involves constructions with impersonal predicates referring to the cycle of the sun, and the use of indirect evidential marking yields emphasis on the completion of the event referred to. It is proposed that both types of effects can be explained in terms of endpoint emphasis (cf. DeLancey 1985).

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Lindström, Liina, and Piia Taremaa. "Semantilised rollid keeleuurimise vahendina." Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 4, no. 1 (June 19, 2013): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2013.4.1.03.

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Semantilised rollid väljendavad semantilisi suhteid entiteetide ja sündmuste vahel ning on keeleteaduses laialt kasutatav vahend lause predikaadi ja tema argumentide omavaheliste suhete selgitamiseks semantilisel tasandil. Sellegipoolest ei ole keeleteaduses välja kujunenud ühest arusaama sellest, kui palju ja millised semantilised rollid on keele kirjeldamisel vajalikud. Käesolevas artiklis tutvustatakse olulisemat semantiliste rollidega seotud problemaatikat. Artiklis antakse ülevaade semantiliste rollide ajaloost, enamkasutatavatest semantilistest rollidest, rollide hierarhilisusest ning rolle eristavatest olulistest joontest (kontroll, mõjutatus, elusus), rollide markeerimisest ja kuhjumisest eesti keele näidete varal.Semantic roles as a linguistic tool. Semantic roles are widely used in linguistics to analyse and describe language and are most commonly understand as semantic concepts which show how participants and events are related. However, there is no general agreement about the number of semantic roles; the definitions of semantic roles vary from study to study likewise. In this paper we provide an overview of the history of semantic roles and also give a short list of main semantic roles. Our purpose is to highlight some key aspects of establishing semantic roles, such as narrow vs. wide definitions of semantic roles, the hierarchies of semantic roles, and the main features (namely, control, volitionality, and affectedness) that are related to the content of semantic roles. We also address an issue concerning expressing semantic roles, that is, how a particular semantic role may be lexicalised with different linguistic means and how semantic roles may be conflated.

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13

Zeis, John. "Volitionalism and the Virtue of Faith." American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly 68, no. 1 (1994): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/acpq199468138.

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14

Stuchlik, Joshua. "From Volitionalism to the Dual Aspect Theory of Action." Philosophia 41, no. 3 (January 31, 2013): 867–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11406-013-9414-9.

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15

Nedashkivska, Alla. "The Pragmatic Bases of the ‘Variation’ between –A and –Zero in the Accusative in Contemporary Ukrainian." Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies, no. 1704 (January 1, 2004): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/cbp.2004.125.

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The present study raises the problem of Accusative case marking for masculine inanimate nouns in contemporary Ukrainian. Constructions of the type napysaty lyst-Ř and napysaty lyst-a ‘to write a letter’, with the unmarked zero ending in the former and the marked -a ending in the latter, constitute the focus of the investigation. The assumption, common in Ukrainian scholarship that the two variants exist in the language as ‘optional’, ‘synonymous’, parallel, or as ‘stylistic variants’ is challenged. The major objective is to provide a systematic synchronic description and analysis of each case marking under investigation and to demonstrate that each construction is not a sole variant of another, and has its own domain of function and usage, as well as to show that the existence and functioning of these constructions depends on internal language mechanisms. The analysis considers Transitivity, pragmatic and discourse variables and their ties with case marking in Ukrainian. A multi dimensional model, the Prototypical Discourse Situation Model, is proposed. This model is based on the premises of Hopper and Thompson’s Transitivity Hypothesis (1980), Yokoyama’s Transactional Discourse Model (1986), and Zaitseva’s Theory of Utterance (1994, 1995). The model proves to be crucial in providing answers to questions as to the choice and function of the constructions under investigation. The Transitivity domain of the model strongly supports the power of Hopper and Thompson’s (1980) Transitivity Hypothesis, extending the hypothesis beyond the direct object properties with respect to the overt morphosyntactic manifestation of the level of utterance Transitivity. The components of Transitivity relevant for the accusative marking are: object Individuation and affectedness, punctuality, volitionality, and the number of arguments. Pragmatic and discourse domains are brought into the analysis in order to resolve such questions as why two paired case markings are not interchangeable in the same context, what precludes their free variation, and how the choice of a particular construction codes a particular message conveyed by the speaker in a given discourse situation. The pragmatic domain of the model incorporates the notions of the Prototypical Discourse Situation, the speaker’s conceptualization of an event with respect to the hearer’s knowledge, and the status of the speaker’s and the hearer’s shared knowledge. The discourse dimension encompasses the study of text/discourse structure, and notions of discourse topic and discourse saliency. The proposed model proves to be essential not only in explaining choices, but also in portraying patterns in which specifi c case marking occurs. The study argues that to capture the generalizations underlying the ‘doublet’ phenomena, the grammar of Ukrainian must recognize that not every set of variants in the language may be referred to as a grammatical or stylistic doublet.

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MacInnes, Jeff J., Kathryn C. Dickerson, Nan-kuei Chen, and R. Alison Adcock. "Cognitive Neurostimulation: Learning to Volitionally Sustain Ventral Tegmental Area Activation." Neuron 89, no. 6 (March 2016): 1331–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2016.02.002.

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Appleby, Andrew, Jack Tipping, and Paul Seidel. "Adult Recoveries of Volitionally and Forced-Released Juvenile Coho Salmon." North American Journal of Aquaculture 66, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/a03-010.1.

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Miller, Kevin C., Blaine C. Long, and Jeffrey E. Edwards. "Muscle cramp susceptibility increases following a volitionally induced muscle cramp." Muscle & Nerve 56, no. 6 (April 5, 2017): E95—E99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.25562.

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Sun, Liwei, Kevin Hartstein, Sebastian Frank, and Peter Tse. "Volitionally altering the immediate past: Postdictive Biasing of Perceived Motion Direction." Journal of Vision 17, no. 10 (August 31, 2017): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/17.10.438.

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Thorsen, Rune, Ilaria Carpinella, and Maurizio Ferrarin. "Can the F-Response be Volitionally Repressed during Functional Electrical Stimulation?" Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface 8, no. 2 (March 24, 2005): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1403.2005.00230.x.

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Hegland, Karen W., Donald C. Bolser, and Paul W. Davenport. "Volitional control of reflex cough." Journal of Applied Physiology 113, no. 1 (July 1, 2012): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01299.2011.

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Multiple studies suggest a role for the cerebral cortex in the generation of reflex cough in awake humans. Reflex cough is preceded by detection of an urge to cough; strokes specifically within the cerebral cortex can affect parameters of reflex cough, and reflex cough can be voluntarily suppressed. However, it is not known to what extent healthy, awake humans can volitionally modulate the cough reflex, aside from suppression. The aims of this study were to determine whether conscious humans can volitionally modify their reflexive cough and, if so, to determine what parameters of the cough waveform and corresponding muscle activity can be modified. Twenty adults (18–40 yr, 4 men) volunteered for study participation and gave verbal and written informed consent. Participants were seated and outfitted with a facemask and pneumotacograph, and two surface EMG electrodes were positioned over expiratory muscles. Capsaicin (200 μM) was delivered via dosimeter and one-way (inspiratory) valve attached to a side port between the facemask and pneumotachograph. Cough airflow and surface EMG activity were recorded across tasks including 1) baseline, 2) small cough (cough smaller or softer than normal), 3) long cough (cough longer or louder than normal), and 4) not cough (alternative behavior). All participants coughed in response to 200 μM capsaicin and were able to modify the cough. Variables exhibiting changes include those related to the peak airflow during the expiratory phase. Results demonstrate that it is possible to volitionally modify cough motor output characteristics.

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Schreibweiss-Merin, Diane, and Lee M. Terrio. "Acoustic Analysis of Diplophonia: A Case Study." Perceptual and Motor Skills 63, no. 2 (October 1986): 755–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1986.63.2.755.

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This study reports the acoustic findings of a female speaker who could volitionally produce a diplophonic voice. The subject's normal and diplophonic speech patterns are compared in terms of intensity, frequency, and duration. Sample Sonagraphs of the subject's diplophonic voice pattern are presented.

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Tipping, Jack M. "Adult Returns of Volitionally Migrating and Pond-Sedentary Hatchery-Reared Steelhead Smolts." North American Journal of Aquaculture 69, no. 1 (January 2007): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/a05-104.1.

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Haouzi, Philippe, and Harold J. Bell. "Control of breathing and volitional respiratory rhythm in humans." Journal of Applied Physiology 106, no. 3 (March 2009): 904–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.90675.2008.

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When breathing frequency (f) is imperceptibly increased during a volitionally paced respiratory rhythm imposed by an auditory signal, tidal volume (Vt) decreases such that minute ventilation (V̇e) rises according to f-induced dead-space ventilation changes ( 18 ). As a result, significant change in alveolar ventilation and Pco2 are prevented as f varies. The present study was performed to determine what regulatory properties are retained by the respiratory control system, wherein the spontaneous automatic rhythmic activity is replaced by a volitionally paced rhythm. Six volunteers were asked to trigger each breath cycle on hearing a brief auditory signal. The time interval between subsequent auditory signals was imperceptibly changed for 10–15 min, during 1) air breathing ( condition 1), 2) the addition of a 300 ml of instrumental dead space ( condition 2), 3) an increase in the inspired level of CO2 ( condition 3), and 4) light exercise ( condition 4). We found that as f was slowly increased the elaborated Vt decreased in accordance to the background level of CO2 and metabolic rate. Indeed, for any given breath duration, Vt was shifted upward in condition 2 vs. 1, whereas the slope of Vt changes according to the volitionally rhythm was much steeper in conditions 3 and 4 vs. 1. The resulting changes in V̇e offset any f-induced changes in dead-space ventilation in all conditions. We conclude that there is an inherent, fundamental mechanism that elaborates Vt based on f when imposed by the premotor cortex in humans. The chemoreflex and exercise drive to breath interacts with this cortically mediated rhythm maintaining alveolar rather than V̇e constant as f changes. The implications of our findings are discussed in the context of our current understanding of the central generation of breathing rhythm.

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Brandimore, Alexandra E., Karen W. Hegland, Michael S. Okun, Paul W. Davenport, and Michelle S. Troche. "Voluntary upregulation of reflex cough is possible in healthy older adults and Parkinson’s disease." Journal of Applied Physiology 123, no. 1 (July 1, 2017): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00612.2016.

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Cough is an airway-protective mechanism that serves to detect and forcefully eject aspirate material. Existing research has identified the ability of healthy young adults to suppress or modify cough motor output based on external cueing. However, no study has evaluated the ability of people with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and healthy older adults (HOAs) to upregulate cough motor output. The goal of this study was to evaluate the ability of people with PD and healthy age-matched controls (HOAs) to upregulate reflex and voluntary cough function volitionally with verbal instruction and visual biofeedback of airflow targets. Sixteen participants with PD and twenty-eight HOAs (56–83 yr old) were recruited for this study. Experimental procedures used spirometry to evaluate 1) baseline reflex cough (evoked with capsaicin) and voluntary sequential cough and 2) reflex and voluntary cough with upregulation biofeedback. Cough airflow was recorded and repeated-measures ANOVA was used to analyze differences in cough airflow parameters. Cough peak expiratory airflow rate and cough expired volume were significantly greater in the cueing condition for both induced reflex ( P < 0.001) and voluntary cough ( P < 0.001) compared with baseline measures. This is the first study to demonstrate the ability of people with PD and HOAs to upregulate induced reflex and voluntary cough motor output volitionally. These results support the development of studies targeting improved cough effectiveness in patients with airway-protective deficits. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Aspiration pneumonia is a leading cause of death in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and results from concurrent dysphagia and dystussia (cough dysfunction). This is the first study to demonstrate that people with PD and healthy age-matched controls can volitionally upregulate induced reflex and voluntary cough effectiveness when presented with novel cueing strategies. Thus targeting upregulation of cough effectiveness via biofeedback may be a viable way to enhance airway protection in people with PD.

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Johnson, McLain S., Andrew R. Murdoch, and Christopher P. H. Moran. "Adult Survival of Hatchery Spring Chinook Salmon Released Volitionally or Forcibly as Juveniles." North American Journal of Aquaculture 77, no. 4 (October 2015): 547–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15222055.2015.1069429.

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Meador, Kimford J., Alan Boyd, and David W. Loring. "Relationship of Reaction Time to Perception of a Stimulus and Volitionally Delayed Response." Cognitive And Behavioral Neurology 30, no. 2 (June 2017): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wnn.0000000000000121.

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Amoako-Tuffour, Yaw, Nicholas Jufas, Jack Quach, Lisa Le, Guy Earle, Akhilesh A. Kotiya, and Manohar Bance. "Acoustic Transmission Characteristics of a Eustachian Tube Volitionally Opened in Two Living Subjects." Otology & Neurotology 37, no. 8 (September 2016): 1055–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mao.0000000000001130.

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Harty, H. R., and L. Adams. "Dose dependency of perceived breathlessness on hypoventilation during exercise in normal subjects." Journal of Applied Physiology 77, no. 6 (December 1, 1994): 2666–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.77.6.2666.

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To determine whether a dose-dependent relationship exists between the subjective sensation of breathlessness and hypoventilation during steady-state exercise, we measured breathlessness at six levels of volitionally suppressed ventilation. To achieve this, subjects targeted their breathing at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25% below their spontaneous exercise level. All 12 subjects were successful in hypoventilating in a graded manner. However, in general, the degree of hypoventilation achieved was less than that of the target level set; this discrepancy was greatest at the higher target levels. Volitional hypoventilation at target levels of > or = 10% caused significant decreases in ventilation and significant increases in end-tidal PCO2. All levels of volitional hypoventilation caused increased ratings of breathlessness, reaching statistical significance at a set target level of 15%. Significant increases in breathlessness intensity were associated with increases in end-tidal PCO2 of 2–3 Torr. We conclude that, during steady-state exercise, there appears to be a dose-dependent relationship between breathlessness and volitionally induced inappropriately low ventilation. The need to minimize such subjective sensations of breathlessness may play a role in the increased ventilation observed during exercise.

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Reuter, Benedikt, Christian Kaufmann, Julia Bender, Thomas Pinkpank, and Norbert Kathmann. "Distinct Neural Correlates for Volitional Generation and Inhibition of Saccades." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 22, no. 4 (April 2010): 728–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21235.

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The antisaccade task has proven highly useful in basic and clinical neuroscience, and the neural structures involved are well documented. However, the cognitive and neural mechanisms that mediate task performance are not yet understood. An event-related fMRI study was designed to dissociate the neural correlates of two putative key functions, volitional saccade generation and inhibition of reflexive saccades, and to investigate their interaction. Nineteen healthy volunteers performed a task that required (a) to initiate saccades volitionally, either with or without a simultaneous demand to inhibit a reflexive saccade; and (b) to inhibit a reflexive saccade, either with or without a simultaneous demand to initiate a saccade volitionally. Analysis of blood oxygen level-dependent signal changes confirmed a major role of the frontal eye fields and the supplementary eye fields in volitional saccade generation. Inhibition-related activation of a specific fronto-parietal network was highly consistent with previous evidence involved in inhibitory processes. Unexpectedly, there was little evidence of specific brain activation during combined generation and inhibition demands, suggesting that the neural processing of generation and inhibition in antisaccades is independent to a large extent.

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Roscoe, Stanley N., and Donald H. Couchman. "Improving Visual Performance through Volitional Focus Control." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 30, no. 10 (September 1986): 1047–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128603001024.

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Nine undergraduates at New Mexico State University were trained to control eye accommodation volitionally and, by exercising that acquired ability, to improve their visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and flash target resolution by varying amounts. Performance improvements were elicited by each of two methods, one relatively complex and the other relatively simple, but larger gains were attained in far less time with the simpler approach in which training is mainly self administered.

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Kalisch, Raffael, Katja Wiech, Hugo D. Critchley, Ben Seymour, John P. O'Doherty, David A. Oakley, Philip Allen, and Raymond J. Dolan. "Anxiety Reduction through Detachment: Subjective, Physiological, and Neural Effects." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17, no. 6 (June 1, 2005): 874–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0898929054021184.

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The ability to volitionally regulate emotions helps to adapt behavior to changing environmental demands and can alleviate subjective distress. We show that a cognitive strategy of detachment attenuates subjective and physiological measures of anticipatory anxiety for pain and reduces reactivity to receipt of pain itself. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we locate the potentialsite andsourceof this modulation of anticipatory anxiety in the medial prefrontal/anterior cingulate and anterolateral prefrontal cortex, respectively.

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Xu, Chang, Yuxiang Wang, and Gregory J. Gerling. "An elasticity-curvature illusion decouples cutaneous and proprioceptive cues in active exploration of soft objects." PLOS Computational Biology 17, no. 3 (March 22, 2021): e1008848. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008848.

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Our sense of touch helps us encounter the richness of our natural world. Across a myriad of contexts and repetitions, we have learned to deploy certain exploratory movements in order to elicit perceptual cues that are salient and efficient. The task of identifying optimal exploration strategies and somatosensory cues that underlie our softness perception remains relevant and incomplete. Leveraging psychophysical evaluations combined with computational finite element modeling of skin contact mechanics, we investigate an illusion phenomenon in exploring softness; where small-compliant and large-stiff spheres are indiscriminable. By modulating contact interactions at the finger pad, we find this elasticity-curvature illusion is observable in passive touch, when the finger is constrained to be stationary and only cutaneous responses from mechanosensitive afferents are perceptible. However, these spheres become readily discriminable when explored volitionally with musculoskeletal proprioception available. We subsequently exploit this phenomenon to dissociate relative contributions from cutaneous and proprioceptive signals in encoding our percept of material softness. Our findings shed light on how we volitionally explore soft objects, i.e., by controlling surface contact force to optimally elicit and integrate proprioceptive inputs amidst indiscriminable cutaneous contact cues. Moreover, in passive touch, e.g., for touch-enabled displays grounded to the finger, we find those spheres are discriminable when rates of change in cutaneous contact are varied between the stimuli, to supplant proprioceptive feedback.

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Evenson, M. D., and R. D. Ewing. "Migration Characteristics and Hatchery Returns of Winter Steelhead Volitionally Released from Cole Rivers Hatchery, Oregon." North American Journal of Fisheries Management 12, no. 4 (November 1992): 736–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8675(1992)012<0736:mcahro>2.3.co;2.

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Hannukainen, Jarna C., Urho M. Kujala, Jyri Toikka, Olli J. Heinonen, Jukka Kapanen, Tero Vahlberg, Jaakko Kaprio, and Kari K. Kalliokoski. "Cardiac structure and function in monozygotic twin pairs discordant for physical fitness." Journal of Applied Physiology 99, no. 2 (August 2005): 535–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00107.2005.

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Cross-sectional studies in athletes and untrained subjects suggest that exercise training induces adaptations in cardiac structure and function. However, the role of genetic variation on the results has largely been ignored in these studies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of long-term volitionally increased physical activity on electrocardiographic and echocardiographic parameters in male monozygotic twin pairs discordant for physical activity and fitness. On the basis of the mailed questionnaires, a telephone interview, and the inclusion criteria, 12 pairs of young adult male monozygotic twins were recruited from a Finnish twin cohort. All subjects completed a maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2 max) test and electrocardiography and echocardiography studies. Nine pairs had at least 9% difference in V̇o2 max and were selected for further analysis and for a second echocardiography study. Twins were divided into the more (MAG) and less active group (LAG), according to their V̇o2 max. On average, MAG had 18% higher V̇o2 max compared with LAG. In electrocardiography, MAG had 29% ( P = 0.02) higher Cornell voltage and 37% ( P = 0.01) higher right-side hypertrophy index. In echocardiography, no significant differences were observed between the groups, and left ventricular mass index was only 7% ( P = 0.16) higher in MAG. These results show that the volitionally increased physical activity that has led to an 18% increase in cardiorespiratory fitness induces greater changes in electro- than echocardiographic parameters. Electrocardiographic changes were suggestive of left ventricular hypertrophy, and echocardiography showed a similar but statistically nonsignificant trend.

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Kabitz, Hans-Joachim, Anja Schwoerer, Hinrich-Cordt Bremer, Florian Sonntag, Stephan Walterspacher, David Walker, Vanessa Schaefer, et al. "Impairment of respiratory muscle function in pulmonary hypertension." Clinical Science 114, no. 2 (December 11, 2007): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20070238.

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It has been suggested that impaired respiratory muscle function occurs in patients with PH (pulmonary hypertension); however, comprehensive investigations of respiratory muscle function, including the application of non-volitional tests, needed to verify impairment of respiratory muscle strength in patients with PH have not yet been performed. In the present study, respiratory muscle function was assessed in 31 patients with PH (20 females and 11 males; mean pulmonary artery pressure, 51±20 mmHg; median World Health Organization class 3.0±0.5; 25 patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension and six patients with chronic thromboembolic PH) and in 31 control subjects (20 females and 11 males) well-matched for gender, age and BMI (body mass index). A 6-min walking test was performed to determine exercise capacity. Volitionally assessed maximal inspiratory (7.5±2.1 compared with 6.2±2.8 kPa; P=0.04) and expiratory (13.3±4.2 compared with 9.9±3.4 kPa; P<0.001) mouth pressures, sniff nasal (8.3±1.9 compared with 6.6±2.2 kPa; P=0.002) and transdiaphragmatic (11.3±2.5 compared with 8.7±2.5 kPa; P<0.001) pressures, non-volitionally assessed twitch mouth (1.46±0.43 compared with 0.97±0.41 kPa; P<0.001) and transdiaphragmatic (2.08±0.55 compared with 1.47±0.72 kPa; P=0.001) pressures during bilateral anterior magnetic phrenic nerve stimulation were markedly lower in patients with PH compared with control subjects. Maximal inspiratory mouth (r=0.58, P<0.001) and sniff transdiaphragmatic (r=0.43, P=0.02) pressures were correlated with the 6-min walking distance in patients with PH. In conclusion, the present study provides strong evidence that respiratory muscle strength is reduced in patients with PH compared with well-matched control subjects. Furthermore, the 6-min walking distance is significantly linked to parameters assessing inspiratory muscle strength.

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Wacewicz, Sławomir, and Przemysław Żywiczyński. "Human Honest Signalling and Nonverbal Communication." Psychology of Language and Communication 16, no. 2 (December 1, 2012): 113–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10057-012-0009-5.

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Abstract The issue of signal reliability (‘honesty’) is widely recognised in language evolution research as one of the most fundamental problems concerning the evolutionary emergence of protolanguage, i.e. early language-like communication. We propose that nonverbal communication is likely to have played an important but underestimated role in language evolution: not directly in the transfer of message contents, but rather in stabilising the emerging protolanguage. We single out one subset of nonverbal cues - nonvocal nonverbal paralinguistic adaptors (NNPAs) - based on their role as indicators of reliability in present-day communication of humans. We suggest that the relatively involuntary and therefore reliable NNPAs might have served to stabilise more volitionally controlled, and therefore less reliable, verbal communication at the initial, bootstrapping stages of its phylogenetic development.

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Bispham, John C. "Music's “design features”: Musical motivation, musical pulse, and musical pitch." Musicae Scientiae 13, no. 2_suppl (September 2009): 41–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1029864909013002041.

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This paper focuses on the question of what music is, attempting to describe those features of music that generically distinguish it from other forms of animal and human communication — music's “design features”. The author suggests that music is generically inspired by musical motivation — an intrinsic motivation to share convergent intersubjective endstates - and is universally identifiable by the presence of musical pulse — a maintained and volitionally controlled attentional pulse — and/or musical pitch — a system for maintaining certain relationships between pitches. As such music's design features are viewed as providing an interpersonal framework for synchronous and group affective interaction. The implications of this approach to an evolutionary perspective on music and on arguments of the primary evolutionary functionality of musical abilities in human evolution are discussed.

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Lehmann, Dietrich, P. L. Faber, Peter Achermann, Daniel Jeanmonod, Lorena R. R. Gianotti, and Diego Pizzagalli. "Brain sources of EEG gamma frequency during volitionally meditation-induced, altered states of consciousness, and experience of the self." Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 108, no. 2 (November 2001): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-4927(01)00116-0.

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Taniguchi, S., J. Kimura, T. Yanagisawa, F. Okada, and T. Yamada. "F wave as a measure of selective suppression of the anterior horn cells involving only the volitionally inactivated muscle." Clinical Neurophysiology 118, no. 9 (September 2007): e191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2007.05.020.

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Wang, Fan, Man Zhang, Anupam Kumar Das, Haolin Weng, and Peilin Yang. "Aiming at the Organizational Sustainable Development: Employees’ Pro-Social Rule Breaking as Response to High Performance Expectations." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010267.

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Despite the continuous increase in empirical research on pro-social rule breaking (PSRB), why organizational members conduct this behavior volitionally still requires further exploration. Drawing on the conservation of resources theory, our study investigated the impact of leaders’ high performance expectations on employees’ PSRB, following a hypothetical model with work stress as the mediator and perceived organizational support as the moderator. A three-waved time-lagged survey covering 208 dyad data of supervisor-subordinate from 41 teams of five enterprises in Shanghai, China, provided support for our hypotheses. After analyzing, we found that high performance expectations increased employees’ work stress, and further influenced employees’ PSRB substantially via stress, where the relationship was moderated by perceived organizational support. The theoretical and practical implications are discussed from a sustainability perspective.

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Taniguchi, Shoichi, Jun Kimura, Toshiyuki Yanagisawa, Fumiaki Okada, Thoru Yamada, Shinichirou Taniguchi, and Takanobu Ootsuka. "Rest-induced suppression of anterior horn cell excitability as measured by F waves: Comparison between volitionally inactivated and control muscles." Muscle & Nerve 37, no. 3 (2008): 343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.20936.

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Young, Katharine. "The dream body in somatic psychology." Gesture 2, no. 1 (December 31, 2002): 45–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/gest.2.1.04you.

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Gestures have been investigated primarily as pictorial representations intended to communicate information to their perceivers visually. This paper argues that affiliative gestures, the gestures affiliated with words, are neither visual nor communicative. They are kinaesthetic apprehensions directed by gesturers to themselves. Perceivers do glean information from the gestures but this is not their primary intent. Gestural practices in a somatic therapeutic session provide a unique opportunity to examine the way gestures can be used to influence the gesturer. Specifically, gestures invest the gesturer in the narrative realm she conjures up on the therapeutic occasion, in this instance, a dream world. The somaticist then uses embodiments from the virtual space of the dream narrative to effect change on the therapeutic occasion. This practice illuminates the philosophical problem of free will: how we are able to influence our own embodied processes volitionally.

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Hartman, Robert J. "Heavenly Freedom and Two Models of Character Perfection." Faith and Philosophy 38, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 45–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37977/faithphil.2021.38.1.4.

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Human persons can act with libertarian freedom in heaven according to one prominent view, because they have freely acquired perfect virtue in their pre-heavenly lives such that acting rightly in heaven is volitionally necessary. But since the character of human persons is not perfect at death, how is their character perfected? On the unilateral model, God alone completes the perfection of their character, and, on the cooperative model, God continues to work with them in purgatory to perfect their own character. I argue that although both models can make sense of all human persons enjoying free will in heaven on various assumptions, the cooperative model allows all human persons in heaven to enjoy a greater degree of freedom. This consideration about the degree of heavenly freedom provides a reason for God to implement the cooperative model.

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Pojman, Louis P. "Believing and Willing." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 15, no. 1 (March 1985): 37–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.1985.10716408.

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It is widely held that we can obtain beliefs and withhold believing propositions directly by performing an act of will. This thesis is sometimes identified with the view that believing is a basic act, an act which is under our direct control. Descartes holds that the will is limitless in relation to belief acquisition and that we must be directly responsible for our beliefs, especially our false beliefs, for otherwise we could draw the blasphemous conclusion that God is responsible for them. For Descartes and his followers judgment and assent are acts of the will which may be made both when they ought and when they ought not to be made. They are expressions of freedom of the will and as such we are directly responsible for the beliefs we acquire. Other philosophers who seem to espouse volitionalism include Aquinas, Locke, Kierkegaard, Newman, James, Pieper, Chisholm and Meiland.

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Copeland, Natalia E. "InMI and its potential originality – musical creativity in composers’ minds." Interdisciplinary Studies in Musicology, no. 19 (December 31, 2019): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ism.2019.19.3.

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The current article explores the potential innovativeness of Involuntary Musical Imagery and presents the current state of InMI researches. There is a lack of precise definition of the term, as well as related terms (such as earworm or musical imagery). InMI is often equated to earworms which does not do justice to its creative potential. Several authors suggest that InMI can be a source of new melodies useful for composers in their composition process. The article proposes that InMI can consist of new melodies and appear as a single event. Composers use their working memory and musical abilities to volitionaly loop the tune in their head, then transcribe it into external realm (notation, recording). Composers can later use it in their creative process. The use of InMI in composing is a matter of individual differences between composers.

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Moser, Paul K. "God and Evidence: A Cooperative Approach." European Journal for Philosophy of Religion 5, no. 2 (June 21, 2013): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.24204/ejpr.v5i2.233.

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This article identifies intellectualism as the view that if we simply think hard enough about our evidence, we get an adequate answer to the question of whether God exists. The article argues against intellectualism, and offers a better alternative involving a kind of volitional evidentialism. If God is redemptive in virtue of seeking divine -human reconciliation, we should expect the evidence for God to be likewise redemptive. In that case, according to the article, the evidence for God would aim to draw the human will toward cooperation with God’s will. Accordingly, the available evidence for God would be volitionally sensitive in that one’s coming to possess it would depend on one’s volitional stance toward its source. The article identifies some implications for divine hiddenness, traditional natural theology, and the view that the evidence for God’s existence is akin to evidence for a scientific hypothesis.

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Hage, Steffen R., Natalja Gavrilov, and Andreas Nieder. "Cognitive Control of Distinct Vocalizations in Rhesus Monkeys." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 25, no. 10 (October 2013): 1692–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00428.

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Whether nonhuman primates can decouple their innate vocalizations from accompanied levels of arousal or specific events in the environment to achieve cognitive control over their vocal utterances has been a matter of debate for decades. We show that rhesus monkeys can be trained to elicit different call types on command in response to arbitrary visual cues. Furthermore, we report that a monkey learned to switch between two distinct call types from trial to trial in response to different visual cues. A controlled behavioral protocol and data analysis based on signal detection theory showed that noncognitive factors as a cause for the monkeys' vocalizations could be excluded. Our findings also suggest that monkeys also have rudimentary control over acoustic call parameters. These findings indicate that monkeys are able to volitionally initiate their vocal production and, therefore, are able to instrumentalize their vocal behavior to perform a behavioral task successfully.

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Wagner, Ricardo Luiz, Sergio Makrakis, Theodore Castro-Santos, Maristela Cavicchioli Makrakis, João Henrique Pinheiro Dias, and René Fuster Belmont. "Passage performance of long-distance upstream migrants at a large dam on the Paraná River and the compounding effects of entry and ascent." Neotropical Ichthyology 10, no. 4 (October 2012): 785–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252012000400011.

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This paper presents results of a fishway evaluation performed at the Engenheiro Sérgio Motta Hydroelectric Power Plant (known as Porto Primavera) - CESP, Paraná River, Brazil. The evaluation was designed to quantify entry and passage proportions of 4 long-distance migratory fish species: Brycon orbignyanus (piracanjuba), Piaractus mesopotamicus (pacu), Prochilodus lineatus (curimba), and Rhinelepis aspera (cascudo-preto). Proportions finding and entering the fishway differed between species, ranged from 7.4 % (Prochilodus lineatus) to 55.4% (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Also, proportion passing was different between species, ranged from 31% (R. aspera) to 100% (Prochilodus lineatus). Fish that were marked and released within the fishway had greater failure rates than those that entered volitionally. Total time to pass ranged from 1.48 hours (Prochilodus lineatus) to 178.9 hours (R. aspera). Failure rates were greatest in the lower end of the fishway. Although some individuals of all species passed successfully, significant challenges remain to restoring connectivity of the upper Paraná River.

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Elliott, Bradley, Michelle Mina, and Chrystalla Ferrier. "Complete and Voluntary Starvation of 50 Days." Clinical Medicine Insights: Case Reports 9 (January 2016): CCRep.S39776. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/ccrep.s39776.

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A 34-year-old obese male (96.8 kg; BMI, 30.2 kg m−1) volitionally undertook a 50-day fast with the stated goal of losing body mass. During this time, only tea, coffee, water, and a daily multivitamin were consumed. Severe and linear loss of body mass is recorded during these 50 days (final 75.4 kg; BMI, 23.5 kg mT 1 ). A surprising resilience to effects of fasting on activity levels and physical function is noted. Plasma samples are suggestive of early impairment of liver function, and perturbations to cardiovascular dynamics are also noted. One month following resumption of feeding behavior, body weight was maintained (75.0 kg; BMI, 23.4 kg m−1). Evidence-based decision-making with the fasting or hunger striking patient is limited by a lack of evidence. This case report suggests that total body mass, not mass lost, may be a key observation in clinical decision-making during fasting and starvation.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Volitionality'

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