Journal articles: 'Volga Bulgarians'

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Salmin, Anton. "Matters of the Danube Bulgars Identity and the Historical Ancestors of Chuvash in the Studies of Arist Kunik." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 1 (February 2022): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2022.1.14.

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Introduction. Academic of the Imperial Academy of Sciences of Saint Petersburg Arist Kunik published his work “On the Relationship of Hagan-Bulgarians with the Chuvash According to the Slavic-Bulgarian Nominalia” in 1878. The matters of the historical relationship of Bulgarians and Chuvash have been widely discussed since that time. The objective of the article is to evaluate the basic provisions of Kunik’s study from the point of view of innovative advances in this field. Attention is focused on the identity of Danube Bulgars and the historical ancestors of modern Chuvash. Methods and materials. Kunik based his reasoning on two books of Andrey Popov with the review of chronicles in the Russian version. Such chronicles are consolidated in scientific literature under the conventional name ‘Nominalia’. Kunik also used the opinions of Vasily Radlov. Analysis. Matters of the Danube Bulgars ethnogenesis enter largely into Kunik’s work. Given the fact that the Bulgars had come from the Caucasus and then divided into descents in the Volga and the Danube regions, Kunik resorts to comparative characteristics of the Danube and Volga historical ancestors of the Bulgars. In the Middle Volga region, the Bulgars appeared in the 8th – 9th centuries. This is evidenced by the archeological monuments of the saltov type. Bulgarian researchers find direct correspondence between the Kubrat and Asparuhovo Bulgarians. Results. Kunik says that the Chuvash are direct descendants of Bulgars. However, his views on this matter are quite unreliable. His doubts were dispelled in the 20th – 21st centuries by the historical science. In spite of the ambiguity of a lot of Kunik’s provisions on the identity of Danube Bulgars and the Chuvash, now his suppositions are confirmed to a great extent – primarily, by linguists. Generally Kunik based his research on the names of Bulgarian khans and numeral adjectives in the Nominalia.

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Lebedev, Yuri S., and Pavel V. Popov. "A BURIAL OF THE 8th–9th CENTURIES AD IN ASTRAKHAN REGION AND A POT WITH A RUNIC INSCRIPTION." Rossiiskaia arkheologiia, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 178–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869606323010130.

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On the territory of Astrakhan Region, an unusual burial was investigated containing a molded pot with a runic inscription on the body made in the Don script. This find is unique for the Lower Volga region. The burial is dated to the late 8th–9th century AD and can be correlated with the Bulgarian tribes. In addition to this complex, about 15 more burials with a similar ritual and accompanying goods were found in the Lower Volga region. All of them also correlate with the Bulgarians and date back to the late 8th–9th century AD. These complexes are contemporary with the Sokolovo-type burials under mounds found in the Lower Volga region. The material from those sites suggests that they were synchronous; interethnic and cultural contacts are traceable. Isolation of the Bulgarian component makes it possible to clarify the ethnic and cultural situation in the Lower Volga region in the Khazar period. The found pot with a runic inscription from Kazachiy hillock in Astrakhan Region clearly testifies to its connections with the area of the Saltov-Mayaki culture.

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Boboyorov, G'aybulla. "The Proto-turkic Epoch of the Turkic Language: the Branches of Xun and Ogur-bulgar." Golden scripts 1, no. 3 (September 10, 2019): 81–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.52773/tsuull.gold.2019.3/dgzt3518.

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Today Turkic languages are divided into 3 main large dialects like Oghuz, Qarluq, Qipchaq and relatively small dialects such as Halač, Southern Siberian Turkic, Chuvash, and Yakut (Saha). Each or most of these dialects are the followers of the language of the ancient Turkic – “the language of the Ork-hon-Yenisey inscriptions”, i.e. according to some Turkologists, they are the di-rectly follower of the Common Turkic, and some of them different from these languages. Especially, this is very obvious in languages of Chuvash and in lan-guage of Volga Bulgarians of the Middle ages, for them the terms of “the fol-lowers of proto-Turkic language” or “a branch of the Hun language” are widely accepted. In this article, the terms “proto-Turkic” or “Hun language” the author try to analyze the questions what lies the behind these terms and why Altaic scholars or Turkologists came to conclusion that the aforementioned dialects are considered to be Proto-Turkic.

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Aksionov, V. S. "Set Belts from the Catacomb No. 31 of the Early-Medieval Burial Ground near Verkhnii Saltiv Village." Arheologia 1, no. 1 (March 6, 2024): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/arheologia2024.01.125.

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The materials of the catacomb burial no. 31 investigated in 1985 by the expedition of the Kharkiv Historical Museum under the leadership of V. H. Borodulina on the main site of the Early-Medieval burial ground in Verknii Saltiv village (VSM1) are introduced into the scientific circulation. The burial chamber, transverse to the dromos, contained the remains of two people (a man and a woman) with the traces of deliberate destruction committed in ancient times (fig. 1: 1). Inventory found with the buried people (fig. 2) allows dating this complex to the second — third quarters of the 9th century. The elements of the belt set found in the burial, represented by cast bronze plaques and a fragment of a bronze belt buckle (fig. 1: 2—6) are of interest. Two belt plaques with a fixed loop in the lower part of the shield are decorated with a lotus ornament (fig. 1: 6) typical for the 3rd chronological horizon of the Saltiv antiquities. Two square-shaped plaques with a rectangular hole that has a pointed top in the lower part of the shield (fig. 1: 3, 4) are distinctive among the Turkic antiquities of the 8th—10th centuries. Similar plaques of the Saltiv period are found in the assemblages of the Volga River middle region and the Southern Urals (Volga Bulgarians, Magyars, Mordovians, Mari), where they are part of the decorations of the Turk-Ural circle. Five more round plaques are decorated with floral ornament (fig. 1: 5), which finds analogies in the monuments of the “Magyar” circle of the 9th—10th centuries (Elizavetino-Mikhailovka, Kriukovo-Kuzhnovskii burial grounds in the Volga region, burial in the village of Nova Mykolaivka in the Dnipro Oblast). This belt set consists of three types of plaques that correspond to different traditions. Appearance of the set reflects existence of certain military fashion in the Saltiv society associated with the role played by the Magyars in the 830–890s, being in allied relations with the top of the Khazar Khaganate.

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Rudych, T. O. "FORMATION OF THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL COMPOSITION OF THE POPULATION OF UKRAINE IN COSSACK TIME. STEPPE IMPACT." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 37, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 268–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2020.04.21.

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The anthropological type of Ukrainians of Cossack Era was formed on the Old Rus anthropological substrate. They were mostly descendants of the inhabitants of former lands of Drevlyani, Volynyani, Tivertsy and partly Galichani. They were characterized by a combination of a broad face with a dolichocranial or mesocranial skull. People from non-Slavic groups, including ones from the steppe zone, also took part in the formation of the anthropological composition of the late medieval population of Ukraine. Mostly it was a population that was genetically related to the groups that had ancient roots in the Turkic-speaking world. It was characterized by a Zlivkin morphological complex (brachycranium, a relatively broad face that had a weakened horizontal profile at the top). The type is Caucasian, it was widespread in large areas occupied by the Saltovo-Mayatska culture. It was characteristic for the population of Khazaria, the medieval cities of Crimea, the plains of the North Caucasus, the southern Bulgarians. For the population of Volga Bulgaria, the appearance of this morphological complex is associated with the movement of the early Bulgarians genetically related to the Sarmatians. The type continued to dominate in some areas during the Golden Horde and after the Golden Horde Age. Its presence is recorded in the south of Ukraine and in Moldova. The infiltration of the descendants of this population into the Slavic environment of Ukraine took place in different ways. The source territories for it could be the Lower Dnieper and the Prut-Dniester interfluve. The time of infiltration is most likely the second half of the 13th—15th centuries. Single skulls which are characterized by a tall face with a sharp horizontal profile and can be associated with people from the North Caucasus are recorded in the late medieval cemeteries of Ukraine. Skulls with clearly defined Mongoloid features practically are not found in the late medieval Christian cemeteries of Ukraine. Groups of nomads with these features (from Cumans to Nogai Tartars) are anthropologically differ as far as possible from the population of Cossack Era Ukraine, which was buried in Christian cemeteries.

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Stanislavovna Kuptsova, Malvina. "Medieval clayware as a determiner of the ethnocultural composition of the population." Nexo Revista Científica 34, no. 01 (April 14, 2021): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/nexo.v34i01.11298.

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This article examines the medieval utensils found on the territory of the medieval towns of Volga, Bulgaria. Statistical analysis, technical and technological analysis is carried out. Based on the analysis of material materials, ethnocultural groups are linked, their interaction, and their influence on the local Bulgarian population. Volga Bulgaria is a major state transformation on the territory of medieval Eastern Europe, which included a large number of immigrants, one of which, in this case, the Ugric component, will be considered in the article.

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Sarapulov, Aleksey Nikolayevich. "South Russian traces in the origins of the tillage in the Perm Region (archaeological evidence)." Samara Journal of Science 8, no. 3 (August 5, 2019): 184–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201983212.

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The paper deals with some issues of the origins of the tillage in the Perm Region at the turn of the 12th century. During that time, a new type of implement got widespread. They were ards fitted with broad-bladed iron shares. The finds of the shares were analyzed and compared with the analogous ones from the territory of Kievan Rus. The analysis showed that the South Russian articles found in the Upper Kama region appeared together with Bulgarian articles and sometimes with the ard shares. South Russian things of 10-11 centuries were also found on the territory of Volga Bulgaria. Being a large mediaeval state, Volga Bulgaria both had a strong influence on the Finno-Ugric population of the Kama region and had dealings with Kievan Rus (northern and southern parts) using the Volga trade route. Therefore, the origins of the tillage and the appearance of the broad-bladed iron shares in the Perm Region may be connected with the spreading of the South Russian agricultural traditions through the agency and under the influence of Volga Bulgaria.

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Anshakov, Yu P. "RESIDENTS OF THE VOLGA REGION IN THE STRUGGLE FOR THE FREEDOM OF BULGARIA DURING THE RUSSIAN-TURKISH WAR OF 1877-1878. Part 2." Izvestiya of Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. History Sciences 5, no. 1 (2023): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/2658-4816-2023-5-1-31-46.

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The article is devoted to the participation of the residents of the Volga region in the hostilities on the territory of Bulgaria during the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878. The regiments that arrived in Bulgaria from the provinces of the Volga region took part in the most important battles of the war, such as the battle of Lovcha, the assault on Plevna, and the crossing of the Troyan Pass to the Trans-Balkan region in December 1877. The author examines such an important event of the war as the battle of Stara Zagora (Eskizağra) in July 1877, when Russian soldiers and Bulgarian militia fought under the Samara flag. He also discusses some subjects related to the reaction of the population of the Volga region to certain events of the Russian-Turkish war.

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Anshakov, Yu P. "RESIDENTS OF THE VOLGA REGION IN THE STRUGGLE FOR THE FREEDOM OF BULGARIA DURING THE RUSSIAN-TURKISH WAR OF 1877-1878. PART 1." Izvestiya of Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. History Sciences 4, no. 4 (2022): 16–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/2658-4816-2022-4-4-16-28.

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The article is devoted to the participation of the residents of the Volga region in the hostilities on the territory of Bulgaria during the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878. The regiments that arrived in Bulgaria from the provinces of the Volga region took part in the most important battles of the war, such as the battle of Lovcha, the assault on Plevna, and the crossing of the Troyan Pass to the Trans-Balkan region in December 1877. The author examines such an important event of the war as the battle of Stara Zagora (Eskizağra) in July 1877, when Russian soldiers and Bulgarian militia fought under the Samara flag. He also discusses some subjects related to the reaction of the population of the Volga region to certain events of the Russian-Turkish war.

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Belenov, Nikolay Valeryevich. "Najib Hamadani and Ahmed at-Tusi’s Bulgarian oikonyms and their location in the former Volga Bulgaria." Samara Journal of Science 5, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv20163206.

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This article attempts to localize the fortresses of the Volga Bulgars (first of all, fortresses Marj and Tehshu) known from medieval authors reportedly Najib Hamadani and Ahmed at-Tusi. In the course of solving this problem the question of these authors data reliability is raised, as well as the common source of this information borrowing. There is a good reason to see this in the source known among the Arab-Persian historical and geographical medieval manuscripts as Rizal by Ahmed ibn Fadlan, the Secretary of Abbasid embassy to the Volga Bulgars Elteber Almush, who visited the Volga in 922. This fact explains the absence of Bulgarian cities known from other sources in the given lists as well as the question of uniqueness of Hamadani and at-Tusis information. On the basis of the sources synthesis, place-and folklore studies, the article proposes some options for localization of some of these forts and etymology options of Bulgarian oikonyms mentioned in the papers by the considered authors. The author proves the importance of place names data at the present stage of Bulgar study research, especially of Volga Bulgaria historical geography as well as further studies are planned.

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Kreidl, Julian. "Volga Bulgarian-Permic linguistic contact: Mutual influences on morphology." Proceedings of the Workshop on Turkic and Languages in Contact with Turkic 6, no. 1 (December 19, 2021): 5053. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/ptu.v6i1.5053.

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In this paper, I argue that three morphological (morphosyntactic) features in Udmurt, Komi, Volga Bulgarian and Chuvash show mutual influence between the Proto-Permic and Volga Bulgarian languages in the Volga-Kama area in the late first millennium CE: First, the formal identity of the Permic accusative and 3sg possessive suffixes which does not have parallels in Uralic but in Turkic. Second, the Volga Bulgarian and Chuvash plural marker -sem, which is unknown from other Turkic languages. Third, the prohibitive particle an in Chuvash, which does not have cognates in Turkic and is loaned from Proto-Permic.

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Krylasova, Natalia B., and Andrey R. Smertin. "Still – these are Heeltaps (on the topic of heeled footwear in the Middle Ages)." Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Archaeology) 4, no. 46 (December 22, 2023): 223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24852/pa2023.4.46.223.234.

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Among materials from the Volga Bulgaria of the 11th–13th centuries, as well as the territories under Bulgarian rule, forged oval-shaped articles reminiscent of shoe heel section can be found. There is no unanimous opinion concerning these finds among researchers. A considerable assortment of these items was excavated at the Rozhdestvensky settlement in the Perm Region. Analysis showed that they were made of raw steel, with the base a half-oval plate with folded edges and with three apertures for little cylinder-capped nails, the cap standing out on the item’s surface.Cylinder nuts were put on the nails from the inner side and were forged when heated. The nuts held a leather plate in place, which was thought to be a lower lift of the built-up heel. Thus the items under scrutiny served as heeltaps. It is recognized that first heels appeared in the 9th century as a feature of Persian riders’ footwear. They helped to hold the feet firmly in the stirrups when the warrior stood on the stirrups to shoot with a bow or to slash with a sabre more efficiently. Volga Bulgaria had close relations with Iran, therefore Bulgar riders may well have adopted a new kind of footwear. Even though there is no other evidence save the iron heeltaps, it may be assumed that heeled footwear was adopted in Volga Bulgaria sooner than in Rus and European countries, where it happened in the 16th century. This fact is essential for both studying the footwear of the Middle Ages and tactics of fighting on horseback.

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Stanchev, Evlogi G. "Interpretations of Volga Bulgaria in contemporary Bulgarian historiography through the works of Gainetdin Akhmarov." Historical Ethnology 4, no. 1 (September 2, 2019): 65–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.22378/he.2019-4-1.65-84.

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Izmailov, I. L. "Military service class and the formation of the state on Volga Bulgaria of the VIII–X centuries." Universum Humanitarium, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 164–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2499-9997-2022-1-164-197.

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The study of the Bulgarian statehood developed from raising the question of its barbaric and early class character to determining its feudal definition. However, this characteristic itself does not clarify the essence of the processes that took place and the mechanism of the real formation of medieval Bulgarian society. It is known that, an important role in these processes was played by the military estate with its specific culture. Therefore, in the absence of full–fledged written sources, the study of weapons and elements of military culture of the VIII - X centuries can play an important role. During this period, the Bulgarian military structure acquired features characteristic of medieval monarchies, but still retained elements of tribal organization, which was characteristic of many Turkic states of the early Middle Ages. The elite of society and the state, the basis of its military power was the military service class, called in epigraphic monuments "chury /chory". It was this elite, which concentrated the main levers of state power in its hands, that formed the basis of the military organization of Bulgaria in the tenth century. During this period, a special complex of weapons and a squad culture is being developed. One of its most expressive elements was the combat typesetting belts, as a symbol of military valor and social status. During the same period, such new elements of culture as chivalrous stories appeared, reinterpreting the heroic epic in the Islamic spirit. The specifics of the power structure in Bulgaria is its eastern appearance, which is in many ways similar to the power structure in the Seljuk Sultanate or Mamluk’s Egypt, where the Turkic nomadic tribes represented the class elite of society, nominating from their elite the rulers of the territories and population subject to them.

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Zhilina, Natalya V. "Volga Bulgaria and Old Rus’. Comparative Characteristics of Attire of Adornments in Reconstructions of the 11th – 13th Centuries." Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Archaeology) 4, no. 34 (December 15, 2020): 125–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24852/pa2020.4.34.125.144.

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On the base of typical hypothetical reconstructions according to the stages of the development of the attire upon archaeological material the comparative history of attires of two states is restored. At the end of the 11th – in the beginning of the 12th century and later, the features of heavy metal attire were preserved, in Volga Bulgaria – of Finno-Ugric and nomadic, in Old Rus’ – mainly of Slavic one. At the end of the 11th – the first half of the 12th century noisy attires of different designs were formed. In the first half – the middle of the 12th century filigree, niello, openwork weaving were combined in Bulgarian jewelry. Adornments were complemented with bead pendants of new shapes. In Rus’, enamel attire of the sacred-ascetic style created innovations, the niello one was distinguished with a variety of ornamentation (wide bracelets), the filigree retained Slavic traditions. At the end of the 12th – the first third of the 13th century the best jewelry was created. In Bulgaria the temporal rings were complemented by a miniature filigree sculpture, necklaces and chains with pendants presented. Original filigree bracelets with oval endings were famous. In Rus’, enamel and black attires were made in exaggerated and lush styles; luxurious frames of jewelry with filigree technique were used. Filigree attire changed constructively, moving away from folk traditions. In Bulgarian attire the traditions of local and eastern jewelry combined; in Russian attire – of local and Byzantine jewelry.

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LEIMUS, IVAR, and PAVEL SHIRINKIN. "VOLGA-BULGAR COIN HOARD OF THE BEGINNING OF THE X CENTURY (GORBUNOVO VILLAGE, CHERDYNSKY CITY DISTRICT, PERM KRAI)." Культурный код, no. 2023-2 (2023): 70–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.36945/2658-3852-2023-2-70-88.

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The territory of the Perm Krai is a significant region in Eurasia in terms of the number, types and uniqueness of numismatic finds from the early Middle Ages of the pre-Mongol era; the specifics, geography and commodity groups entering the Kama region in exchange for numismatic material are revealed; facts on discovered treasures, finds, individual coins are given; the significance and uniqueness of the Volga-Kama hydrographic network, a priori determined the formation of ancient trade routes from the Kama region in the north, to Central Asia, the Middle East, the Black Sea region, etc. The role and importance of Volga Bulgaria in the formation of trade routes and medieval trade is shown. A description of a unique coin hoard in the village of Gorbunovo (village of Redikor, Cherdynsky city district, Perm Krai) is given; its primary attribution and refined definition in our days are described; the age, geography and dynastic affiliation of coins are established, a chronology in the form of diagrams and tables is compiled. The main conclusion is that previously unknown unique Bulgarian imitations of eastern dirhams, features of coinage and stamps have been discovered. The research is of great historical, numismatic and cultural interest.

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Valeev, Rafael. "Forms of trade development in Volga Bulgaria in the 9th — early 15th centuries." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, no. 10-4 (October 1, 2020): 130–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202010statyi89.

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The article examines forms of trade development in Volga Bulgaria in IX - beginning of XV centuries. Their existence and evolution was influenced by different factors, studied in this paper. Forms of trade are evidence of its continuity and significant evolution in social and economic life of Volga Bulgaria and the Golden Horde.

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Abdulganieva, D. I., V. A. Spiridonov, A. G. Sitdikov, A. I. Zholobov, I. R. Gazimzyanov, V. S. Baranov, Sh F. Erdes, M. S. Protopopov, T. Yu Afanasyeva, and A. G. Garifullina. "ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS IN THE VOLGA BULGARIA." Rheumatology Science and Practice 53, no. 3 (September 10, 2015): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.14412/1995-4484-2015-342-345.

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Konovalova, Irina. "Volga Bulgaria on the Map of Ibn Hawqal." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 4 (2022): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080021123-2.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of information about the Volga Bulgaria in “The Book of the Picture of the Earth” (Kitāb ṣūrat al-arḍ) by an Arab scholar of the second half of the 10th century Ibn Ḥawqal who combined descriptive and cartographic ways of showing the earth in his work. This makes it possible to conduct a comparative analysis of the cartographic image of the country, on the one hand, and its textual description, on the other. The article reveals the main sources about the Bulgars and states that the image of Bulgaria on Ibn Ḥawqal’s world map was based on the Arab tradition of describing the Volga Bulgars as a people who lived on the banks of the Atil River. The real information underlying this tradition was connected with the Volga-Caspian trade route well known to Islamic merchants already in the 9th century. Therefore, the localization of the Volga Bulgaria on the map was attached to the image of the Atil River and the peoples adjacent to the Bulgars — the Rus and the Slavs. The novelty of Ibn Ḥawqal’s information about the Volga Bulgaria was connected with the cartographic localization of the Bulgars and with the positioning of Bulgaria on the religious and political map of the world as a state that occupied a peripheral position in relation to the three world empires (Islamic world, Byzantium and China), but at the same time was significant in the context of the story about the ecumene as a whole.

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Khalikov, A. Kh. "Medieval Doctors in the Volga Bulgars and their Danube-Bulgarian Parallels." Kazan medical journal 70, no. 5 (October 15, 1989): 388–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj101514.

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In the ninth and thirteenth centuries, two states with the same name Bulgars or Bilgars, that is, Volga Bulgaria in the Volga-Kama region and Danube Bulgaria in the Danube basin, were formed and developed in Europe. Despite the considerable distance of these countries from each other, different historical destinies and ethno-cultural environment, many features of the culture and life of the peoples, also called Bulgars, or Bilgars, were similar.

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Valeev, Rafael M., and Yuri A. Zeleneev. "Muslim Coins as a Commodity and Means of Payment in International and Internal Trade In Volga-Ural Region In 8th- Beginning of 11th cc." Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Archaeology) 4, no. 38 (December 20, 2021): 137–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24852/pa2021.4.38.137.151.

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The article examines the spread of Muslim Kufic coins in Eastern, Western and Northern Europe, on the territory of Volga Bulgaria, Ancient Rus, the neighbours of Bulgars – ancestors of the Mari, Udmurt, Mordva and other Finno-Ugric ethnicities during the early Middle Ages in the 8th – beginning of the 11th centuries. The research of these coins shows the list of countries and Muslim dynasties the above-mentioned countries had trade relations with and their chronological framework. Coins of Umayyads, Abbasids, Samanids, Buwayhids, Ziyarids, Qarakhanids and other Muslim dynasties were discovered. Ways of Kufic dirhems expansion and their chronological framework are shown. The main role of Khazar Khanate is marked for the time span of 8th – 9th centuries whereas since X century the principal part was played by Volga Bulgaria. American numismatist T. Noonan designated them as Khazar and Bulgar phases of trade of Kufic coins. Bulgar coins, minted in 902–990-s, participated actively in this process. Together they acted as a commodity and medium of exchange, which reflected the scale of trade operations of the early Middle Ages. The study of Muslim Kufic dirhems allowed the author to clear up the role of Khazar Khanate and Volga Bulgaria in the functioning of Great Silk and Volga routes in the 8th – beginning of the 11th centuries.

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Atamanov, Mikhail Gavrilovich. "ON THE PROCESS OF ISLAMIZATION AND TURKIFICATION OF THE UDMURTS IN THE MIDDLE OF THE XIX - EARLY XX CENTURIES." Yearbook of Finno-Ugric Studies 14, no. 3 (October 2, 2020): 476–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2224-9443-2020-14-3-476-483.

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This article discusses conversion of pagan Udmurts to Islam in the XIX-XX centuries and their assimilation among the Kazan Tatars and partly among the Bashkirs. In the VII-VIII centuries AD, the Bulgars came to the Volga-Kama region, where the Udmurt tribes lived since ancient times, and they began active contacts with the local aboriginal population, whom they called "ar" (Chuv. ar, tat. Ir - “husband”, “man”) following the Khazars, and the Ar-Udmurts called them "biger". Linguistic, archaeological, anthropological, folklore data indicate active contacts of the Bulgars with the Ar-Udmurts. At the end of the VIII century, especially in the IX century, almost at the same time, when the Bulgars moved to the Volga, a large group of northern Udmurts, for reasons unknown to us, went to the Lower Kama region, to the Volga, where the state of Volga Bulgaria was creating. In the emerging state, mixing of cultural traditions of both groups, their leveling and the creating a new culture, which laid the foundation for the culture of the Volga Bulgaria, is observed. In some areas the Chepets-Ural population prevailed in number over the Bulgars. The process of Islamization and Turkification of the Udmurts was from the middle of the XIX century until the October Revolution of 1917.

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Kirillova, Irina Yurievna. "Volga Bulgaria Image in the Chuvash Historical Dramaturgy." Filologičeskie nauki. Voprosy teorii i praktiki, no. 10 (September 2020): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.30853/filnauki.2020.10.15.

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AGYAGASİ, Klara. "A Volga Bulgarian Classifier: A Historical and Areal Linguistic Study." Journal of Old Turkic Studies 4, no. 1 (January 29, 2020): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.35236/jots.663726.

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Agyagási, Klára. "Some Middle Bulgarian Loan Words in the Volga Kipchak Languages." Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 55, no. 1-3 (September 2002): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aorient.55.2002.1-3.3.

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Salakhova, Elmira K. "Migration processes among Tatars of the Tetyushsky krai: directions, causes and results (the second half of the 16th – early 20th centuries)." Historical Ethnology 6, no. 2 (November 29, 2021): 290–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.22378/he.2021-6-2.290-301.

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The presented article sets the tasks to consider the migration conditions and processes among the population of the Tetyushsky Krai, to identify the historical validity of their choice of a particular region for living, to determine the reasons that contribute to the movement of the population. The study of the history of the region in this perspective is being conducted for the first time. In our opinion, this approach to the study of local history is relevant. Ancestral ties in Tatar society have always been strong and representatives of the same family living in different regions maintained close contact and, therefore, kinship ties considerably affected the migration direction. In the course of our research, several directions of migration of the population of the Tetyushsky Territory were identified in different periods of history: after the fall of the Bulgarian state and, subsequently, the Kazan Khanate. The migration of certain clans took place on the territory of the current Spassky district of the Republic of Tatarstan. This movement was quite understandable, since in the memory of the people it was perceived as a movement within their land, their state. It is known that the territory of Volga Bulgaria stretched both in the left and right banks of the Volga River. It should also be noted that natives of the Tetyushsky Region founded some villages in the Almetyevsk and Spassk districts of the Republic of Tatarstan. The lack of arable land contributed to the movement of the population to the Menzelinsk district of the Ufa Province, in search of better conditions for farming. The connection of the inhabitants of the Mountain side with the southern city of Astrakhan is primarily due to its convenient geographical location for trade relations, which has been a favorite occupation of the Tatars since the beginning of centuries. Also, the climatic conditions of the southern region saved many in the hunger years in the Volga region. Those who moved from the Middle Volga region, mostly came from the Mountainous side. The study of the historical ties of the Tatars of different regions, migration processes and their directions provides new materials for researching the history of regions and settlements.

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Khamidullin, Salavat I. "RELATIONS BETWEEN THE BASHKIRS AND THE VOLGA BULGARS IN THE 10TH–13TH CENTURIES." Ural Historical Journal 71, no. 2 (2021): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2021-2(71)-137-145.

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The article examines the history of relations between the Bashkirs and the Volga Bulgars based on written sources (Arab-Muslim, Mongolian and Western European) and archaeological data. The study analyzes the earliest historical information preserved in the geographical tradition of al-Balkhi, represented by such authors of the 10th century as al-Istakhri and Ibn Haukal, as well as in the work of the 12th century geographer al-Idrisi. Special attention is paid to the problem of political affiliation of the Сhiyalik culture tribes, which, according to most scientists, were of Ugric origin. On this basis, they are figuratively called “Eastern Hungarians” in historical literature. The article concludes that the majority of Сhiyalik tribes were a part of the Bashkir polity already in the 10th century. At least, the 13th century Western European authors (Rubruck, Plano Carpini) equated Bashkiria with “Great Hungary” (Magna Hungaria). However, some of Сhiyalik tribes recognized the suzerainty of the Volga Bulgars. These, apparently, should include the Bashkir tribe Bulyar, which corresponds to the “land of Bular”, mentioned in the Hungarian chronicle “Gesta Hungarorum” and by al-Gharnati (12th century) as a part of Volga Bulgaria. With the beginning of the Mongol invasion in the Ural-Volga region, the Bashkirs accepted the Chingissids’ offer of an alliance, after which they participated in the conquest of Volga Bulgaria and in campaigns on the territory of other Eastern European countries.

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Valiulina, Svetlana. "Iranian Glazed Ceramics of the 12th—Beginning of the 13th Centuries in the Volga Bulgaria." Heritage 4, no. 4 (October 20, 2021): 3712–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040204.

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This article is devoted to the analysis of Iranian art ceramics from the monuments of the Volga Bulgaria of the 12th to early 13th centuries. As a historical source, glazed ceramics have great opportunities in determining the directions of trade and cultural links, as well as priorities of intercultural interaction. It is especially important that the materials under consideration were obtained as a result of excavations, which means that they are stratified and provided with an archaeological context. Iranian ceramics are represented by fritware luster, mina’i, and pierced decoration. The study was carried out using morphological and stylistic methods and scanning electron microscopy method (SEM-EDS). Based on the results of the work, the technological characteristics of glazed ceramics, the stability of the craft tradition, and some changes in recipes within the same morphological group have been determined. The dynamics and chronology of the import flow from Iran to the Middle Volga are established, which revealed correspondence to the main stages of urban culture development of the Volga Bulgaria.

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Konstantin Aleksandrovich Rudenko, Konstantin Aleksandrovich ч. "MEDIEVAL UDMURTS AND VOLGA BULGARIA IN X - EARLY XIII CENTURIES." Yearbook of Finno-Ugric Studies 15, no. 3 (September 28, 2021): 469–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634//2224-9443-2021-15-3-469-480.

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The article deals with the problem of relations between two neighboring peoples - medieval Udmurts and Volga Bulgars in the 10 - early 13 centuries. The main material for the study was the archaeological materials presented at the present time by a significant number of studied archaeological objects - settlements and burial grounds. The author examines three stages of ethnocultural contacts: 1) X - the second half of the XI century; 2) the end of the XI - the middle of the XII century; 3) the second half of the XII - the beginning of the XIII century. At the beginning of the first stage, the degree of development of the material culture of both Bulgars and the Cheptsa population was at the same level, and the possibilities of development on the basis of raw materials in the Udmurt Cis-Urals were much higher. This situation persisted until the second half of the 10 century, when the Bulgar state began to actively develop the trade space to the north of its borders. Nevertheless, the Chepets population during this period was less exposed to the Bulgar trade expansion than the Mari, Mordovians and Murom, developing crafts and expanding ties with the Perm Urals. At the second stage, groups of settlers from the Volga Bulgaria appeared on Chepts, who influenced the development of high-tech industries and the emergence of new types of artifacts, for example, items of the Askiz type. By the end of the XII century. they have completely assimilated. In the same period, the connections of the Chepets population with the Perm Cis-Urals and Russian lands expanded. This situation continued at the third stage. At that time, mainly rare goods, for example, silk fabrics, were brought from the Volga Bulgaria. Thus, for three centuries, close ties of the medieval Udmurts with the Volga Bulgars remained, demonstrating special mechanisms of interaction in the changing conditions of the functioning of medieval ethnic groups in different models of cultural development.

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Rudenko, Konstantin, and Evgenii Kazakov. "On the role of the nomads in development of material culture of the Volga Bulgaria and the Bulgarian Ulus of the Golden Horde." Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Archaeology) 4, no. 14 (December 20, 2015): 266–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.24852/pa2015.4.14.266.273.

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Rudenko, Konstantin. "V. F. Gening and problems of the Volga Bulgaria archaeology." Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Archaeology) 1, no. 7 (March 20, 2014): 136–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24852/pa2014.1.7.136.148.

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Gagin, Igor' A. "On the Question of the Capital of the Volga Bulgaria." Вестник Северо-Восточного государственного университета. История 3, no. 4 (2022): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.53549/27132374_2022_3_4_7.

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Kalinina, Tatyana. "The Significance of al-Biruni’s Stories about the Volga Bulgaria." Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 4 (2022): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080020622-1.

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The article analyzes the information of the famous scientist of the 11th century. Abu Reyhan al-Biruni about the Volga Bulgaria, which are in his surviving works – “Monuments of past generations”, “Masudov’s tables on the astronomy of stars”, “Geodesy”, “The book of admonishment to the beginnings of the science of stars”, “Separation of speech about the problem of shadows”, “The Book of Information for the Knowledge of Jewels”, “India”. In these works, the adherence of the Bulgars to Islam is mentioned several times, which was especially emphasized by the author, despite the fact that this people lived far to the north, on the edge of the “inhabited land”. This northern location of the Volga Bulgaria and its localization among the seven climates were especially noted by al-Biruni. He specifically paid attention to the geographical coordinates of the two cities of Bulgaria, which, according to his ideas, were in the state of the Slavs (as-sakaliba). It is possible that this view was based on Ibn Fadlan's book about his journey to the Volga Bulgaria, although al-Biouni does not mention this event. The author also showed the position of the shores of this country among the seas of the Earth, pointing to a certain northern bay of the Surrounding Sea, which is in contact with the country of the Volga Bulgars. This information has different interpretations. Al-Biruni singled out the information of the Bulgars about trade with the northern peoples of the Isu and Yura. Al-Biruni was one of the first to inform about the trade relations of these peoples with the Bulgars, their methods of trade (“barter trade”) and their ways of moving on the snow. A unique evidence of the language spoken by the inhabitants of the Bulgar city of Suvar as a combination of Turkic and Khazar is revealed. Some of the messages cited by al-Biruni were obtained by him from the books of geographers of the 9th–10th centuries, but revised by the author in accordance with his own knowledge and ideas; some of the messages are original. The idea of our author about the cities and people of the Bulgars as the most remote people of the civilized world is emphasized by the fact that the Bulgars, unlike other nearby peoples (such as the Isu and Yura), are Muslims, which was repeatedly emphasized by him in different books. Despite the use of the books of his predecessors, al-Biruni showed that the Bulgars in his time were quite important in the international arena due to the Muslim religion and trade.

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Ivanov, Maxim, Halim Abdullin, Iskander Gainullin, Artur Gafurov, Bulat Usmanov, and James Williamson. "Using XVIII–XIX Cent. Maps and Modern Remote Sensing Data for Detecting the Changes in the Land Use at Bulgarian Fortified Settlements in the Volga Region." Earth 2, no. 1 (January 29, 2021): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/earth2010004.

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This study uses modern and historic spatial data to analyze land use around 13th Century AD Bulgarian fortified settlements to examine the current state of these features and how changes in land use over the past two centuries have affected these features. Historic maps from the late 18th to the early 19th centuries AD were used alongside Landsat 8 images from 2015–2018 as a source of information about land use. Based on the results of archival map analysis and the classification of satellite imagery, the interpretation of land use around Bulgarian fortified settlements was possible. This method generated new data about land use dynamics near cultural heritage sites in the Volga Region. The diachronic study of sequential map data allowed researchers to further understand how anthropogenic factors have impacted the survivability of Bulgarian sites in the region. Among these, arable farming, hydro-electric power generation, and urban growth have had the greatest impact on these features.

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Galimov, Teymur R. "VII International Golden Horde Forum “The Civilizational Significance of the Islam adoption by the Volga Bulgaria and the Golden Horde: Integration Processes in the Medieval history of Russia”." Golden Horde Review 11, no. 1 (March 29, 2023): 242–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2023-11-1.242-246.

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On December 14–16, 2022, Kazan traditionally became the venue for the VII International Golden Horde Forum, “The Civilizational Significance of the Adoption of Islam by Volga Bulgaria and the Golden Horde: Integration Processes in the Medieval History of Russia.” It was organized as part of the Republic’s plan of main events dedicated to the 1100th anniversary of the adoption of Islam by Volga Bulgaria. The organizers of the forum were the M.A. Usmanov Center for Research of the Golden Horde and the Tatar Khanates of Sh. Marjani Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan, the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Tatarstan, and the International Public Organization, “Association of Researchers of the Golden Horde.” The forum was the most important conference on the study of the history of the Golden Horde and its successors, and it brought together many leading domestic and foreign researchers. About 70 scientists from Russia, Turkey, Israel, Serbia, Belarus, the Czech Republic, and Kazakhstan took part in the forum. This time, the attention of historians was drawn to the following sets of questions: sources and source study of the Golden Horde and the Tatar khanates, problems and prospects; the adoption and spread of Islam in Volga Bulgaria and the Golden Horde; Islam and the civilization of the Golden Horde; Muslims in Rus’ during the period of the Golden Horde, presence, perception, relations, and influence; post-Horde khanates as Islamic Wilayats, ethnocultural and social dimensions; Tatar khanates as Islamic yurts, ethnocultural and social dimensions; military culture of the Ulus of Jochi, weapons, wars, and battles. Within the framework of the VII International Golden Horde Forum, round tables were organized. Following the results of the conference, a general resolution of the forum was formed and approved.

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Rodionov, Vitaliy G. "“NOTE” (“RISALA”) BY IBN FADLAN AND FEATURES OF THE EARLY STAGE OF THE VOLGA BULGARS FORMATION (X century)." Vestnik Chuvashskogo universiteta, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 98–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/1810-1909-2022-2-98-111.

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The tribes mentioned in Ibn Fadlan’s “Note” before their migration to the Middle Volga lived on the territory of the Khazar Khaganate (the North Caucasus, the Volga-Don steppes). It was there that they began to move to a settled life, as well as to converge in language and culture. The main part of the tribes genetically belonged to the Turkic-Ogurs, the ancestors of the Bersils were Persian-speaking, and the Esegels were Ugrians. Consequently, their ethnonyms were constructed in a completely different form. During the formation of the state of the Volga Bulgars, the term as-Sakaliba meant not only a specific ethnic group, but a political unification of various northern tribes. From the 10th century its place was taken by the polytonym Bolgars (Bulgars), known in the Byzantine world since the end of the 5th century and meaning the Oghur-speaking heirs of the Huns. The process of interaction between the intraethnic groups of the Volga Bulgars of that time was based on the traditions, on the one hand, of migrants from the North Caucasus and, on the other, of the Bulgar ethnic groups from the Volga-Don steppes. The main leaders of these intraethnic groups in 922 were, as Ibn Fadlan described, Emir Almysh and a certain “imposter” from the Suvars, nicknamed “thief, robber, bandit” (Vărăh). The main reason for the public unrest was the official acceptance of the religion of Islam by the Bulgarian king, which was followed by oblivion of the traditions of the ancestors. The society was divided into two groups: traditionalists and passionaries. The cult of Muslim saints of the Volga Bulgars developed through the development of early genealogical traditions of the Oguro-Bulgar tribes. Over time, they merged with images from the Judeo-Muslim literature. The new ethnic consciousness of the Volga Bulgars since the 10th century began to function in a two-level mode. At the interstate level, the exoethnonym Bulgar is approved, and at the level of the region and the Bulgar ethnos – the endoethnonym Bulyar.

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37

Churakov, Vladimir Sergeevich. "ON THE QUESTION OF THE HISTORICAL BASIS OF SOME UDMURT LEGENDS AND STORIES." Historical and cultural heritage 14, no. 1 (2024): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.62669/30342139.2024.1.2.

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Due to the insufficient amount of written evidence covering a particular chronological period, researchers are forced to resort, among others, to the help of folklore sources. In this article the author tried to identify the real historical basis of the plots of a number of Udmurt folklore works, which are often used to illustrate the history of interaction between the Udmurts and the peoples and states of the Middle Volga region in the period of the X–XVI centuries. As the research has shown, the considered historical stories and legends actually reflect historical events dating back to the period of the XVII–XIX centuries. In a number of cases, significant authorial interference in the plot of folklore works was revealed. Thus, the analyzed historical stories and legends cannot be used to highlight events dating back to the existence of the Volga-Kama Bulgaria, the Mongol conquests of Eastern Europe, as well as to the Golden Horde and Kazan periods of the history of the Middle Volga region.

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Feldman, Alex. "The Decline and Fall of Khazaria – Might or Money?" Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, no. 4 (2022): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080021412-0.

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This paper explores the underlying reasons for the 10–11th-century decline and disappearance of Khazaria. According to the Russian Primary Chronicle, Khazaria was conquered by the Kievan Rus’ian prince Svjatoslav in the 960s after a prolonged period of mutual estrangement between Byzantine Christendom and Khazaria following the khağans’ late-9th-century adoption of Judaism. This is undoubtedly an important part of the story of Khazaria’s decline and disappearance, but it ignores larger economic factors at play – which were more related to Islamic-Judaic economics than Christian-Judaic politics. In the early 920s, the Islamic scholar and traveler ibn Fadlān ventured around the eastern Caspian to Bolgar, the town of Almuš, the ruler of the Volga Bulgars, who was concurrently subjugated to the Judaic Khazarian khağan. Utilizing ibn Fadlān’s Islamic learning, Almuš converted to Islam and effectively declared independence from the Judaic Khazarian khağan. Within a generation, the silver trade routes which flowed from the south through the Caucasus to Khazaria in exchange for pagan slaves from the far north, on which the Khazarian khağans had relied for centuries, shifted around to ibn Fadlān’s route to the east of the Caspian Sea, from Islamic Khwārazmia to Islamic Volga Bulgaria, and bypassing the tolls levied by the Judaic khağans. Very quickly, the khağans could not pay their soldiers to defend their realm from the increasingly emboldened Rus’ assaults. Ultimately, there is evidence that the decline and fall of Khazaria reflected an Islamic preference to do direct business between Khwārazmia and the Volga Bulgaria and to bypass Khazaria altogether.

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Zilivinskaya, Emma, Dmitry Vasiliev, and Ekaterina Boldyreva. "Zoomorphic Elements in Ceramics of the Samosdelsky Settlement." Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology, no. 5 (October 29, 2021): 167–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.55086/sp215167185.

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Samosdelskoe settlement, located in the lower reaches of the Volga, arose in the Khazar times and existed continuously until the Golden Horde era. Excavations yielded the richest ceramic material. A representative group of ceramics with zoomorphic moldings in the form of ram horns, “eyes”, “ears”, “muzzles” of various animals, as well as handles in the form of figurines of horses and rooster heads stands out. An expressive hand-made lid, which depicts two pairs of fantastic animals arranged in a circle. A ceramic rhyton is a unique find. Drawings of birds, fish and hares are found on glazed ceramics. An analysis of all images indicates a close connection of the settlement with Central Asia, the North Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Volga Bulgaria and the Don region of Khazaria.

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40

Bakirov, Marsel Haernasovich. "Language of the Volga Bulgaria population in the light of new research." Philology and Culture 67, no. 1 (2022): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/2074-0239-2022-67-1-22-31.

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41

Bakirov, B. A., S. E. Kichanov, R. Kh Khramchenkova, A. V. Belushkin, D. P. Kozlenko, and A. G. Sitdikov. "Studies of Coins of Medieval Volga Bulgaria by Neutron Diffraction and Tomography." Journal of Surface Investigation: X-ray, Synchrotron and Neutron Techniques 14, no. 2 (March 2020): 376–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1027451020020433.

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42

Valeev, Rafael M. "Trade Contacts of Volga Bulgaria with the Mordvins in the 10th – Beginning of the 15th Century." Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Archaeology) 2, no. 44 (June 30, 2023): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.24852/pa2023.2.44.63.71.

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The author publishes the results of studies of trade contacts between the Volga Bоlgars and Mordvins in the 10th – early 15th centuries. First of all, coin hoards are investigated, the number of coins found in burial grounds, as well as household items and inscriptions indicating the presence of trade contacts between the Bulgars, Tatars and Mordvins are analyzed. The findings of metal boilers and kettles among the Finno-Ugric peoples, primarily the Mordvins, who performed a sacred function, and their place in trade are analyzed. In addition, some data from written monuments are given, for example, "Tale of Bygone Years". Based on these sources, a comprehensive analysis of the changes in trade contacts between the Bulgars and Mordvins during the times of Volga Bоlgaria and the Golden Horde is carried out, data on their evolution, an increase in trade volumes and the reasons that led to this are given, a general description of the processes is given.

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43

Gagin, Igor Anatolievich. "Volga Bulgaria as the Northern Outpost of the Islamic World (to the Issue of Islam Penetration Routes into the Volga Region)." Islamovedenie 8, no. 3 (September 30, 2017): 46–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21779/2077-155-2017-8-3-46-60.

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44

Guimon, Timofey. "VLADIMIR’S EXPEDITION AGAINST VOLGA BULGARIA IN 985: A COMMENTARY TO THE ANNALISTIC ENTRY." Drevneishie gosudarstva Vostochnoi Evropy 2021 (2021): 545–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.32608/1560-1382-2021-42-545-561.

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45

Kazakov, Evgeniy. "The chronology of Volga Bulgaria antiquities within medieval migrations system of Eastern Europe." Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Archaeology) 3, no. 9 (September 20, 2014): 222–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24852/pa2014.3.9.222.241.

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46

Usmanov, Bulat M., Iskander I. Gainullin, Artur M. Gafurov, Maxim A. Ivanov, Peter V. Khomyakov, Airat M. Gubaidullin, Oleg P. Yermolaev, Khalim M. Abdullin, and Nadezhda S. Salamatina. "Country of Сities: Сomprehensive Research of the Fortified Settlements of the Volga Bulgaria." Региональные геосистемы 45, no. 4 (2022): 481–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.52575/2712-7443-2021-45-4-481-504.

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47

Gafurov, Artur, Iskander Gainullin, Bulat Usmanov, Petr Khomyakov, and Alexey Kasimov. "Impacts of fluvial processes on medieval settlement Lukovskoe (Tatarstan, Russia)." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 381 (August 1, 2019): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-381-31-2019.

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Abstract. This work is continuation of the research aimed at developing of a system for analysing of risks of destruction of archaeological objects of Volga-Bulgaria period (X–XIII centuries AD) on the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan. Most of the Volga-Bulgaria settlements located on the small rivers banks. This fact is determining the risk of their destruction by natural processes. In order to identify the risk of transformation of archaeological sites by fluvial processes bank erosion dynamics at Lukovskoe fortified settlement evaluated. Modern field survey with use of UAV and GNSS methods applied to study the relief of monument territory. The measured data were analysed using the Geographical Information System (GIS) to evaluate intensity of bank erosion. Historical maps, archival remote sensing data and actual orthophotoplans compared to get quantitative characteristics of monument territory damage. The main factors that influence bank erosion at Lukovskoe fortified settlement placement are the meandering of the Kubnya riverbed, bank height and the ground that forms it. This study shows that remote sensing and 3-D-modelling on the base of UAV survey is very important in study of fluvial processes dynamics as a factor of archaeological objects destruction. The results of research will help to identify trends in monuments state and to quantify the risks of their destruction.

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48

Mukhetdinov, D. V. "Kh. Faizhanov’s Historical Heritage." Islam in the modern world 19, no. 2 (July 11, 2023): 27–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22311/2074-1529-2023-19-2-27-46.

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The article, which continues the cycle of works timed to the 200th anniversary of Khusain Faizkhanov (1823-1866), considers the evo lution of methods of historical research of the scientist. It shows the stag es of Kh. Faizkhanov’s formation as a historian and reveals the factors of transformation of his views and approaches. The fi rst experience of prepa ration of independent research work was received by Kh. Faizkhanov ap proximately in 1859–1860 when he was writing the general history of the population of the Middle Volga Region. Under the infl uence of his own fur ther discoveries in source study and in-depth research methods, Kh. Faiz khanov, probably, started preparing special scientifi c works on the history of Volga Bulgaria, Kazan, and Kasimov Khanates in 1862. The fi rst of them is considered lost, the other two were not fi nished but were found in the form of manuscripts, the analysis of which made it possible to claim that they were defi nitely included in the later work of Sh. Marjani “Mustafād al- ʼaḫbār fī aḥvāl Ḳazān va Bulg̣ār”. The contradictions within the work of Sh. Marjani itself lead to the idea that Kh. Faizkhanov’s work on Volga Bulgar ia suff ered the same fate.

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Valiulina, S. I. "The Social Structure of Medieval Craft in the Volga Region Based on Archaeological Data." Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. Seriya Gumanitarnye Nauki 162, no. 6 (2020): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/2541-7738.2020.6.35-46.

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The social structure of medieval craft in the Volga region was studied with the help of archaeological data. For this purpose, the manufacturing techniques were analyzed and described. Reconstruction of the craft organization demands a comprehensive interdisciplinary analysis (integration of the traditional archaeological and archaeometric methods) of craft products, raw materials, and workshops. This approach was applied to the investigation of the Bilyar settlement, which is the best studied pre-Mongolian monument and, therefore, the most informative one. The conclusions were made about the organizational specifics of the Bulgarian craft, concerning, in particular, its topography within the city. Two major social forms were singled out: palatial (khan) craft and free small commodity production. Three main components of craft associations were established: apprenticeship institution, settling by professions inherent in the organized craft, and manufacture control. The progressive development of the Bulgar craft was disrupted by the Mongol invasion that changed the vector of cultural development in all craft areas. New trends in the craft organization typical of the Golden Horde were particularly pronounced in the Lower Volga capitals of Sarai al-Mahrusa (Selitrennoye settlement) and Sarai al-Jedid (Tsarevskoye settlement).

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Giniyatullin, R. R., and R. Sh Malikov. "A just personality as a component of humanistic utopian pedagogical thought in Volga Bulgaria of the late XII – early XV centuries." Vestnik Majkopskogo Gosudarstvennogo Tehnologiceskogo Universiteta, no. 2 (July 7, 2024): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.47370/2078-1024-2024-16-2-69-76.

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Abstract:

The relevance of the research lies in the fact that the medieval utopian humanistic pedagogical thought in Volga Bulgaria, reflected in the poem «Kyyssai Yusuf» by the enlightener Kul Gali, has not yet been fully revealed. In this regard, the research problem is to reveal the personal characteristics of the ruler of a humane society, which interested people of all times, but found a solution only in the utopia of medieval enlighteners. The goal of the research is to reveal the humane personal qualities necessary for a ruler to organize a utopian humanistic society, which medieval educators dreamed of and described in their didactic works, including the Bulgar poet Kul Gali. The methodological basis of the study is represented by the use of methods of comparison, induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, generalization and abstraction.The research results: the study reveals the features of utopian humanistic pedagogical thought, at the center of which is the construction of a just society, which requires a person with a number of positive qualities, which were described in detail by the poet-educator Kul Gali in his poem «Kyyssai Yusuf».Key conclusions: the utopian humanistic pedagogical thought in Volga Bulgaria, described by the medieval poet-enlightener Kul Gali in the poem «Kyyssai Yusuf», is inextricably linked with the positive personal characteristics of the ruler, thanks to which justice, legality, equality, respect, love, mercy, sufficient food supply, etc., reign in society.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Volga Bulgarians'

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