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Journal articles on the topic 'Volcanological research'
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1
Ueda, Hideki, Taishi Yamada, Takahiro Miwa, Masashi Nagai, and Takanori Matsuzawa. "Development of a Data Sharing System for Japan Volcanological Data Network." Journal of Disaster Research 14, no. 4 (2019): 571–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2019.p0571.
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In Japan, a number of universities, research institutes, and administrative organizations continue to conduct observations on volcanoes according to their respective roles. They also promote the distribution and sharing of observation data and have collaborated with each other. Japan Volcanological Data Network (JVDN) is a framework that strengthens this cooperation, promotes volcano research, and contributes to volcanic disaster mitigation. In this paper, we report the overview, progress, tasks, and future prospects of the system being developed for JVDN that was initiated in 2016. The observational data collected from each organization is stored in a database and shared using visualization tools to promote collaborative research, (e.g., multi-disciplinary research for eruption prediction) and cooperation between organizations. Furthermore, this database will contribute to volcanic disaster mitigation measures through collaboration between the volcano research community and administrative organizations responsible for volcanic crisis management. Adaptation to the standards of the international WOVOdat database will also promote cooperation with research institutes worldwide.
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Wijaya, M. E. J., and L. D. Setijadji. "A Preliminary Volcanological Study of North Eastern Kaba Volcano, Bengkulu Province, Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1071, no. 1 (2022): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1071/1/012018.
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Abstract Mount Kaba is one of the active volcanoes located in the eastern part of Bengkulu Province. This research was conducted in Gunung Kaba Complex because the distribution location of the last eruption product is close to some monogenetic volcano and residential area. This is interesting to study considering because can be a potential threat of disaster. The results of this study are expected to support providing an overview of the potential threat of volcanic disasters in the Mount Kaba Complex. The research methods used include geomorphological, stratigraphic, petrographic, and geochemical analyses. The geomorphological unit of Mount Kaba consists of 6 units. The types of volcanic rocks in the research area are dominated by lava and pyroclastic rocks. Based on the petrographic analysis of 10 samples, the names of the rocks in the research area are basalt scoria, basalt, and andesite. Based on the geochemical analysis of 8 samples, it is known that silica content in the rocks ranging from 44.40925 - 63.2993 %. Based on the AFM diagram, all samples are included in the tholeiitic series. Based on the TAS (Total Alkali Silica) diagram, it is known that the igneous rocks of the study area consist of andesite, basalt, tephrite, and trachyandesite.
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Pascual, Emilio, Teodosio Donaire, Manuel Toscano, Gloria Macías, Christian Pin, and Michael Hamilton. "Geochemical and Volcanological Criteria in Assessing the Links between Volcanism and VMS Deposits: A Case on the Iberian Pyrite Belt, Spain." Minerals 11, no. 8 (2021): 826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11080826.
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VMS deposits in the Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB), Spain and Portugal, constitute the largest accumulation of these deposits on Earth. Although several factors account for their genetic interpretation, a link between volcanism and mineralization is generally accepted. In many VMS districts, research is focused on the geochemical discrimination between barren and fertile volcanic rocks, these latter being a proxy of VMS mineralization. Additionally, the volcanological study of igneous successions sheds light on the environment at which volcanic rocks were emplaced, showing an emplacement depth consistent with that required for VMS formation. We describe a case on the El Almendro–Villanueva de los Castillejos (EAVC) succession, Spanish IPB, where abundant felsic volcanic rocks occur. According to the available evidence, their geochemical features, εNd signature and U–Pb dates suggest a possible link to VMS deposits. However, (paleo)volcanological evidence here indicates pyroclastic emplacement in a shallow water environment. We infer that such a shallow environment precluded VMS generation, a conclusion that is consistent with the absence of massive deposits all along this area. We also show that this interpretation lends additional support to previous models of the whole IPB, suggesting that compartmentalization of the belt had a major role in determining the sites of VMS deposition.
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Bondarenko, V. I., and V. A. Rashidov. "Underwater gas-hydrothermal activity within the Kuril island arc." Geosystems of Transition Zones 5, no. 1 (2021): 4–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.30730/gtrz.2021.5.1.004-013.
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The Kuril island arc is an important element of the Pacific transition zone, within which such modern geological processes as underwater gas-hydrothermal activity occur. The study of underwater gas-hydrothermal activity, which affects the natural environment and all life activities, has not only fundamental but also a great practical importance. The article provides a review of research studies into the underwater gas-hydrothermal activity of the Kuril island arc. New information on the manifestations of underwater gas-hydrothermal activity within this zone obtained as a result of processing, revision and analysis of materials of complex volcanological shipboard studies at the Volcanolog research vessel (1981–1991) is presented.
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Braz Machado, F., E. Reis Viana Rocha-Júnior, L. Soares Marques, and A. J. Ranalli Nardy. "Volcanological aspects of the northwest region of Paraná continental flood basalts (Brazil)." Solid Earth 6, no. 1 (2015): 227–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-6-227-2015.
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Abstract. There has been little research on volcanological aspects of Paraná continental flood basalts (PCFBs), and all investigations have mainly been concentrated on the internal portions of the lava flows. Thus, this study describes for the first time morphological aspects of lava flows and structural characteristics caused by lava–sediment interaction in the northwestern PCFB province (NW-PCFB). Early Cretaceous (134 to 132 Ma) tholeiitic rocks of the PCFB were emplaced on a large intracratonic Paleozoic sedimentary basin (Paraná Basin), mainly covering dry eolian sandstones (Botucatu Formation). As this sedimentary unit is overlain by the basic lava flows of the PCFB, the interaction of lavas and unconsolidated sediments resulted in the generation of fluidal peperites. This aspect is significant because it shows that restricted wet environments should have existed in the Botucatu desert. The peperite zones of the NW-PCFB are associated with compound pahoehoe-type (P-type) flows and are always related to the first volcanic pulses. These flows have dispersed vesicles and sand-filled cracks in their base and top borders, as well as the presence of interlayered sandstones with irregular contacts and varied thicknesses. It is remarkable that, to the best of current knowledge, only in this area of the whole PCFB did the volcanic activity start with low-Ti basalt flows of Ribeira type (TiO2 < 2.3 wt%), which are scarce in the province.
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Kavanagh, Janine L., Samantha L. Engwell, and Simon A. Martin. "A review of laboratory and numerical modelling in volcanology." Solid Earth 9, no. 2 (2018): 531–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-9-531-2018.
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Abstract. Modelling has been used in the study of volcanic systems for more than 100 years, building upon the approach first applied by Sir James Hall in 1815. Informed by observations of volcanological phenomena in nature, including eye-witness accounts of eruptions, geophysical or geodetic monitoring of active volcanoes, and geological analysis of ancient deposits, laboratory and numerical models have been used to describe and quantify volcanic and magmatic processes that span orders of magnitudes of time and space. We review the use of laboratory and numerical modelling in volcanological research, focussing on sub-surface and eruptive processes including the accretion and evolution of magma chambers, the propagation of sheet intrusions, the development of volcanic flows (lava flows, pyroclastic density currents, and lahars), volcanic plume formation, and ash dispersal. When first introduced into volcanology, laboratory experiments and numerical simulations marked a transition in approach from broadly qualitative to increasingly quantitative research. These methods are now widely used in volcanology to describe the physical and chemical behaviours that govern volcanic and magmatic systems. Creating simplified models of highly dynamical systems enables volcanologists to simulate and potentially predict the nature and impact of future eruptions. These tools have provided significant insights into many aspects of the volcanic plumbing system and eruptive processes. The largest scientific advances in volcanology have come from a multidisciplinary approach, applying developments in diverse fields such as engineering and computer science to study magmatic and volcanic phenomena. A global effort in the integration of laboratory and numerical volcano modelling is now required to tackle key problems in volcanology and points towards the importance of benchmarking exercises and the need for protocols to be developed so that models are routinely tested against real world data.
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Tsutsui, Tomoki, Yoshiharu Hirayama, Toshiharu Ikeda, Keiji Takeuchi, and Hiroshi Ando. "Feasibility Study on a Multi-Channeled Seismometer System with Phase-Shifted Optical Interferometry for Volcanological Observations." Journal of Disaster Research 14, no. 4 (2019): 592–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2019.p0592.
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A new Phase-Shifted Optical Interferometry seismometer system was tested in terms of its feasibility for multi-channeled volcanological observations in two volcanos in Japan. The system is capable of both sensing ground motions and transferring its signals through optical means. The prototype of this system comprises three optical-wired stations and optical components, and was deployed in Sakurajima Volcano in 2016 and in Asama Volcano in 2017. The system successfully operated for 134 days in total and provided seismograms that are in good agreement with those obtained using conventional systems. Several obstacles for putting this system to practical use that need to be solved were found through tests. Their solutions will be explored in subsequent research.
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Druitt, Timothy H., Floyd W. McCoy, and Georges E. Vougioukalakis. "The Late Bronze Age Eruption of Santorini Volcano and Its Impact on the Ancient Mediterranean World." Elements 15, no. 3 (2019): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/gselements.15.3.185.
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The Late Bronze Age eruption of Santorini occurred 110 km north of Minoan Crete (Greece). Having discharged between 48 and 86 km3 of magma and rock debris, the eruption ranks as one of the largest of the last 10,000 years. On Santorini, it buried the affluent trading port of Akrotiri. Modern volcanological research has reconstructed the eruption and its regional impacts in detail, while fifty years of archaeological excavations have unraveled the events experienced by the inhabitants of Akrotiri during the months that led up to the eruption. Findings do not favour a direct relationship between the eruption and the decline of the Minoan civilization, although tsunamis and atmospheric effects may have weakened Cretan society through impacts on shipping, trade and agriculture.
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Stefano Branca, Daniele Musumeci, and Luigi Ingaliso. "The significance of the 1971 flank eruption of Etna from volcanological and historic viewpoints." Annals of Geophysics 64, no. 5 (2021): VO543. http://dx.doi.org/10.4401/ag-8669.
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The 1971 eruption represents a benchmark in the recent history of Etna volcano. From a volcanological point of view, this eruption was characterised by complex intrusive dynamics associated with significant ground deformation that induced the activation of the Moscarello seismogenic fault and the formation of a new summit crater: the Southeast Crater. At the same time, the 1971 event marks an important change in the eruptive style and composition of the magma towards products richer in K. It is no coincidence that, over the next fifty years, there would be an increase in the frequency of summit and flank eruptions and associated output rate. From an historical viewpoint, the eruptive event of 1971 was the first important flank eruption studied by the International Institute of Volcanology: the analysis of the scientific articles on this activity reveals a greater multidisciplinary content in the descriptions and explanations of volcanic activity. Particularly important were the collaborations of British and French research groups that, together with their Italian colleagues, succeeded in giving a complete picture of the eruption and describing the state of knowledge on the Sicilian volcano. The multidisciplinary methodology used to study this eruption is still valid today.
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Shakirova, Alexandra, Pavel Firstov, and Mikhail Lemzikov. "One of the possible mechanisms for generating the seismic mode “drumbeats” when moving the Kizimen Volcano viscous lava flow along the slope in 2011-2012." Russian Journal of Seismology 2, no. 3 (2020): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.35540/2686-7907.2020.3.04.
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"Drumbeats" is an unusual seismic mode consisting of volcanic micro-earthquakes with monotonous waveforms (multiplets) that are recorded from tens of minutes to months. Due to the quasi-regularity of the occurrence of earthquakes, the mode was called "drumbeats". The "drumbeats" mode is registered when individual blocks are squeezed out on the extrusive domes of andesite and dacite volcanoes of the world and occurs at stable equilibrium states in the channel-magma system during an eruption. For the first time in the world practice of volcanological research, the "drumbeats" mode was registered, accompanying the movement of a viscous lava flow with a volume of 0.3 km3 of the Kizimen volcano eruption in 2010-2013. The paper considers kinematic and dynamic parameters of micro-earthquakes of the "drumbeats" mode, their mechanisms, and offers a phenomenological model for generating the "drumbeats" mode that occurs when a lava flow moves along the slope of the Kizimen volcano.
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Folch, A., O. Jorba, and J. Viramonte. "Volcanic ash forecast – application to the May 2008 Chaitén eruption." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 8, no. 4 (2008): 927–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-8-927-2008.
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Abstract. We model the transport and subsequent deposition of ash from Chaitén volcano, Chile, during the first week of May 2008. The simulation couples the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) meteorological model with the FALL3D dispersion model. We only use semi-quantitative volcanological inputs based on the first eruption reports. We consider two different run types based on forecasted and hindcasted meteorological conditions. The first simulation type can be regarded as a syn-eruptive operational forecast for the 2–8 May period. We predict the evolution of the ash cloud position, the concentration of ash on air, the expected deposit thickness, and the ash accumulation rates at different localities. The comparison of model results with observed cloud arrival times and satellite images shows the goodness of the combined WRF+FALL3D forecast system and points out the feasibility of combining these two models for short-term forecast of volcanic clouds and ash fallout.
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De Natale, Giuseppe, Aldo Zollo, Anna Ferraro, and Jean Virieux. "Accurate fault mechanism determinations for a 1984 earthquake swarm at Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy) during an unrest episode: Implications for volcanological research." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 100, B12 (1995): 24167–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95jb00749.
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Dondin, Frédéric, Lloyd Lynch, Chan Ramsingh, et al. "The University of the West Indies-Seismic Research Centre Volcano Monitoring Network: Evolution since 1953 and Challenges in Maintaining a State-of-the-Art Network in a Small Island Economy." Geosciences 9, no. 2 (2019): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9020071.
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The Seismic Research Centre (SRC), formerly known as the Seismic Research Unit (SRU), of the University of the West Indies is located on the island of Trinidad in the Eastern Caribbean. The centre has been operating its volcanological and seismological surveillance network since 1953. Since that time, the network has been upgraded five times resulting in five generations of seismic network topologies (i.e., Classes). Class 1 consisted of autonomously operated photographic recording stations, a purely analogue configuration. From Class 2 to Class 5 (current class) the network has continuously grown in scope, sophistication and capability. The evolution of the network was carried out using a combination of state-of-the-art instruments as well as trailing edge technology (e.g., analogue transmission) used in a manner that allows for sustainability. In this way, the network has been able to address the scientific and technical challenges associated with operating in an island arc subduction zone which is exposed to other natural hazards such as hurricanes. To counter its operational constrains the SRC has developed several strategies, which contribute to: (i) expand the network to meet the demand for more timely and accurate surveillance of geohazards, (ii) broaden the range of monitoring techniques (e.g., cGPS, geochemical), (iii) capture research grade scientific data and (iv) reduce operational costs.
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Geyer, A., D. Pedrazzi, J. Almendros, et al. "Chapter 7.1 Deception Island." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 55, no. 1 (2021): 667–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/m55-2018-56.
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AbstractDeception Island (South Shetland Islands) is one of the most active volcanoes in Antarctica, with more than 15 explosive eruptive events registered over the past two centuries. Recent eruptions (1967, 1969 and 1970) and volcanic unrest episodes in 1992, 1999 and 2014–15 demonstrate that the occurrence of future volcanic activity is a valid and pressing concern for scientists, logistic personnel and tourists that are visiting or are working on or near the island. Over the last few decades, intense research activity has been carried out on Deception Island to decipher the origin and evolution of this very complex volcano. To that end, a solid integration of related scientific disciplines, such as tectonics, petrology, geochemistry, geophysics, geomorphology, remote sensing, glaciology, is required. A proper understanding of the island's evolution in the past, and its present state, is essential for improving the efficiency in interpreting monitoring data recorded during volcanic unrest periods and, hence, for future eruption forecasting. In this chapter, we briefly present Deception Island's most relevant tectonic, geomorphological, volcanological and magmatic features, as well as the results obtained from decades of monitoring the island's seismic activity and ground deformation.
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Kohno, Yuhki, Hideki Ueda, and Setsuya Nakada. "Construction and Provision of Digital Photographic Archives by Using the Japan Volcanological Data Network System: Application to the 1990–1995 Mount Unzen Eruption Disaster." Journal of Disaster Research 17, no. 5 (2022): 600–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2022.p0600.
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Sharing volcano-related photographic data is necessary for deepening understanding of volcanic phenomena. Therefore, a new function for archiving, displaying, and providing digital photographic data has been added to the Japan Volcanological Data Network (JVDN) system to enable users to share photographs of volcanoes and their related metadata. The new function was developed in order to facilitate widespread use in research involving data owned by individuals or organizations, and it solved a number of issues: the issue of preventing the loss of photographs or their associated metadata, issues related to copyright ownership of photographs, information-management issues related to photographic data, and the issue of the extent of disclosure of photographic data. We have uploaded photographic data related to the eruption disaster of Mount Unzen (1990–1995) onto the JVDN system and have started to provide these data to interested parties. These photographic data are related to various aspects including volcanic-eruption phenomena, volcanic disasters, and disaster countermeasures. We expect that such data will be effectively utilized in various fields in the future. We believe that sharing of photographic data by means of the new functions will contribute toward the development of volcanology and the mitigation of volcanic disasters.
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Gambino, Salvatore, Pietro Armienti, Andrea Cannata, et al. "Chapter 7.3 Mount Melbourne and Mount Rittmann." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 55, no. 1 (2021): 741–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/m55-2018-43.
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AbstractMount Melbourne and Mount Rittmann are quiescent, although potentially explosive, alkaline volcanoes located 100 km apart in Northern Victoria Land quite close to three stations (Mario Zucchelli Station, Gondwana and Jang Bogo). The earliest investigations on Mount Melbourne started at the end of the 1960s; Mount Rittmann was discovered during the 1988–89 Italian campaign and knowledge of it is more limited due to the extensive ice cover. The first geophysical observations at Mount Melbourne were set up in 1988 by the Italian National Antarctic Research Programme (PNRA), which has recently funded new volcanological, geochemical and geophysical investigations on both volcanoes. Mount Melbourne and Mount Rittmann are active, and are characterized by fumaroles that are fed by volcanic fluid; their seismicity shows typical volcano signals, such as long-period events and tremor. Slow deformative phases have been recognized in the Mount Melbourne summit area. Future implementation of monitoring systems would help to improve our knowledge and enable near-real-time data to be acquired in order to track the evolution of these volcanoes. This would prove extremely useful in volcanic risk mitigation, considering that both Mount Melbourne and Mount Rittmann are potentially capable of producing major explosive activity with a possible risk to large and distant communities.
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Geyer, A. "Chapter 1.4 Antarctic volcanism: active volcanism overview." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 55, no. 1 (2021): 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/m55-2020-12.
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AbstractIn the last two centuries, demographic expansion and extensive urbanization of volcanic areas have increased the exposure of our society to volcanic hazards. Antarctica is no exception. During the last decades, the permanent settlement and seasonal presence of scientists, technicians, tourists and logistical personnel close to active volcanoes in the south polar region have increased notably. This has led to an escalation in the number of people and the amount of infrastructure exposed to potential eruptions. This requires advancement of our knowledge of the volcanic and magmatic history of Antarctic active volcanoes, significant improvement of the monitoring networks, and development of long-term hazard assessments and vulnerability analyses to carry out the required mitigation actions, and to elaborate on the most appropriate response plans to reduce loss of life and infrastructure during a future volcanic crisis. This chapter provides a brief summary of the active volcanic systems in Antarctica, highlighting their main volcanological features, which monitoring systems are deployed (if any), and recent (i.e. Holocene and/or historical) eruptive activity or unrest episodes. To conclude, some notes about the volcanic hazard assessments carried out so far on south polar volcanoes are also included, along with recommendations for specific actions and ongoing research on active Antarctic volcanism.
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Puglisi, Giuseppe, Danilo Reitano, Letizia Spampinato, et al. "The integrated multidisciplinary European volcano infrastructure: from the conception to the implementation." Annals of Geophysics 65, no. 3 (2022): DM320. http://dx.doi.org/10.4401/ag-8794.
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Recent decades have highlighted the increasing need to connect and strengthen the volcanology community at European level. Indeed, research in the volcanology field is highly qualified in Europe and the volcano monitoring infrastructures have achieved valuable know-how, becoming the state-of-the-art in the world. However, the lack of common good practices in sciences and technologies, missing standards, as well as a significant fragmentation of the community requires coordination to move forward and guarantee a trans-national harmonisation. The European Plate Observing System (EPOS) represented the first opportunity to initiate this process of coordination by encouraging the creation of a European volcanological scientific infrastructure for data and service sharing. During the preparation and the design of EPOS, the volcanology community identified the objectives and the needs of the community building, the services to be provided and the work plan to implement the infrastructure. To achieve this aim, the contribution from three European projects FUTUREVOLC, MED-SUV and EUROVOLC was essential. This paper presents the main steps performed during the last years for building the community and implementing the infrastructure. This paper also describes the strategic choices and actions taken to realise the infrastructure such as the establishment of the Volcano Observation Thematic Core Service (TCS), whose structure and activity are described.
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Somma, Renato, Claudia Troise, Luigi Zeni, et al. "Long-Term Monitoring with Fiber Optics Distributed Temperature Sensing at Campi Flegrei: The Campi Flegrei Deep Drilling Project." Sensors 19, no. 5 (2019): 1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19051009.
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Monitoring volcanic phenomena is a key question, for both volcanological research and for civil protection purposes. This is particularly true in densely populated volcanic areas, like the Campi Flegrei caldera, which includes part of the large city of Naples (Italy). Borehole monitoring of volcanoes is the most promising way to improve classical methods of surface monitoring, although not commonly applied yet. Fiber optics technology is the most practical and suitable way to operate in such high temperature and aggressive environmental conditions. In this paper, we describe a fiber optics Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) sensor, which has been designed to continuously measure temperature all along a 500 m. deep well drilled in the west side of Naples (Bagnoli area), lying in the Campi Flegrei volcanic area. It has then been installed as part of the international ‘Campi Flegrei Deep Drilling Project’, and is continuously operating, giving insight on the time variation of temperature along the whole borehole depth. Such continuous monitoring of temperature can in turn indicate volcanic processes linked to magma dynamics and/or to changes in the hydrothermal system. The developed monitoring system, working at bottom temperatures higher than 100 °C, demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of using DTS for borehole volcanic monitoring.
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Hicks, A., J. Barclay, P. Simmons, and S. Loughlin. "An interdisciplinary approach to volcanic risk reduction under conditions of uncertainty: a case study of Tristan da Cunha." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 14, no. 7 (2014): 1871–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-1871-2014.
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Abstract. The uncertainty brought about by intermittent volcanic activity is fairly common at volcanoes worldwide. While better knowledge of any one volcano's behavioural characteristics has the potential to reduce this uncertainty, the subsequent reduction of risk from volcanic threats is only realised if that knowledge is pertinent to stakeholders and effectively communicated to inform good decision making. Success requires integration of methods, skills and expertise across disciplinary boundaries. This research project develops and trials a novel interdisciplinary approach to volcanic risk reduction on the remote volcanic island of Tristan da Cunha (South Atlantic). For the first time, volcanological techniques, probabilistic decision support and social scientific methods were integrated in a single study. New data were produced that (1) established no spatio-temporal pattern to recent volcanic activity; (2) quantified the high degree of scientific uncertainty around future eruptive scenarios; (3) analysed the physical vulnerability of the community as a consequence of their geographical isolation and exposure to volcanic hazards; (4) evaluated social and cultural influences on vulnerability and resilience; and (5) evaluated the effectiveness of a scenario planning approach, both as a method for integrating the different strands of the research and as a way of enabling on-island decision makers to take ownership of risk identification and management, and capacity building within their community. The paper provides empirical evidence of the value of an innovative interdisciplinary framework for reducing volcanic risk. It also provides evidence for the strength that comes from integrating social and physical sciences with the development of effective, tailored engagement and communication strategies in volcanic risk reduction.
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Шакирова, А. А., П. П. Фирстов, and Р. И. Паровик. "Phenomenological model of the generation of the seismic mode «drumbeats» earthquakes accompanying the eruption of Kizimen volcano in 2011-2012." Вестник КРАУНЦ. Физико-математические науки, no. 4 (December 29, 2020): 86–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.26117/2079-6641-2020-33-4-86-101.
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Извержение вулкана Кизимен в 2011-2012 гг. характеризовалось устойчивым, почти равномерным выжиманием вязкого лавового потока объемом 0.3 км³. Формирование лавового потока сопровождалось возникновением квазипериодических землетрясений режима «drumbeats» с энергетическими классами Ks<7, регистрируемых на длительных временных участках. Показано, что землетрясения генерировались движением фронта вязкого лавового потока, что в практике вулканологических исследований наблюдалось впервые. Предложена феноменологическая модель генерации сейсмического режима «drumbeats». Движение фронта лавового потока по склону вулкана происходило в результате прерывистого скольжения с включением механизма «stick-slip» и возбуждением автоколебательного процесса с генерацией сейсмического режима «drumbeats». Правдоподобность феноменологической модели режима ««drumbeats» на качественном уровне подтверждена математической моделью дробного нелинейного осциллятора. The eruption of the Kizimen volcano in 2011-2012 characterized by stable, almost uniform squeezing of a viscous lava flow with a volume of 0.3 km³. The formation of the lava flow was accompanied by the occurrence of quasiperiodic earthquakes of the “drumbeats” mode with energy classes Ks < 7, recorded at long time intervals. Shown that earthquakes were generated by the movement of the front of a viscous lava flow, which was observed for the first time in the practice of volcanological research. A phenomenological model of “drumbeats” seismic mode generation is proposed. The movement of the front of the lava flow along the slope of the volcano occurred because of intermittent sliding with the inclusion of the «stick-slip» mechanism and the initiation of a self-oscillating process with the generation of a seismic mode «drumbeats». The mathematical model of a fractional nonlinear oscillator qualitatively confirms the plausibility of the phenomenological model of the “drumbeats” mode.
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Ozawa, Taku, Yosuke Aoki, Satoshi Okuyama, Xiaowen Wang, Yousuke Miyagi, and Akira Nohmi. "Database of Crustal Deformation Observed by SAR: Improving Atmospheric Delay Mitigation for Satellite SAR Interferometry and Developing L-Band Multi-Type Portable SAR." Journal of Disaster Research 14, no. 5 (2019): 713–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2019.p0713.
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Spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and ground-based radar interferometers (GBRIs) can be used to detect spatially detailed crustal deformations that are difficult to detect by on-site observations, the Global Navigation Satellite System, tiltmeters, and so on. To make such crustal deformation information readily available to those engaged in evaluating volcanic activities and researching the mechanisms, we are preparing a database within the Japan Volcanological Data Network data sharing system to store crustal deformation detected by spaceborne SAR and GBRIs (Subtheme 2-1, Project B, the Integrated Program for Next Generation Volcano Research and Human Resource Development). In this study, we examined methods to reduce atmospheric delay noise in SAR interferometry using the numerical weather model and determined the methods for resampling the analytical values of the numerical weather model and estimating atmospheric delay to efficiently determine atmospheric delay. We show that the atmospheric delay can be estimated with higher accuracy by properly combining the isobaric surface and ground surface data of the mesoscale model (MSM) provided by the Japan Meteorological Agency. We are developing a multi-type portable SAR system as a GBRI system such that it would allow campaign observations whenever increased volcanic activities are observed and acquire crustal deformation with a higher temporal resolution than spaceborne SAR for storage in the database. This system employs L-band radar, which has a higher penetrability against vegetation. Two modes of observations are possible: ground-based SAR and car-borne SAR. The prototype was fabricated to conduct experiments necessary to develop a working model. The experimental observations was carried out around Asama volcano, and we confirmed that clear fringe was obtained.
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Smellie, John. "Volcanological and Environmental Studies of Mount Erebus, Antarctica. Antarctic Research Series, Volume 66 Edited by PR Kyle American Geophysical Union, Washington D.C., USA. (1994). 162 pages. US$60 ISBN 0 87590 874 6." Antarctic Science 7, no. 4 (1995): 436–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102095220595.
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Saurel, Jean-Marie, Jordane Corbeau, Sébastien Deroussi, et al. "Building a Natural-Hazard-Resilient High-Quality Seismic Network: How WI Network Sustained Hurricanes Maria and Irma." Seismological Research Letters 92, no. 1 (2020): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220200270.
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Abstract Between 2008 and 2014, the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP) and the University of the West Indies, Seismic Research Centre (UWI-SRC) designed and built a regional seismic network across the Lesser Antilles. One of the goals of the network is to provide real-time seismic data to the tsunami warning centers in the framework of the Intergovernmental Coordination Group working toward the establishment of a tsunami and other coastal hazards early warning system (ICG-CARIBE-EWS) for the Caribbean and adjacent regions (McNamara et al., 2016). In an area prone to hurricanes, earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions, we chose different techniques and technologies to ensure that our cooperated network could survive and keep providing data in case of major natural hazards. The Nanometrics very small aperture terminal (VSAT) technology is at the heart of the system. It allows for duplicated data collection at the three observatories (Trinidad, Martinique, and Guadeloupe; Anglade et al., 2015). In 2017, the network design and implementation were put to the test with Saffir–Simpson category 5 hurricanes Irma and Maria that went, respectively, through the north and central portion of the Lesser Antilles, mainly impacting the sites operated by volcanological and seismological observatories of IPGP in Martinique (Observatoire Volcanologique et Sismologique de Martinique [OVSM]) and in Guadeloupe (Observatoire Volcanologique et Sismologique de Guadeloupe [OVSG]). Our concepts proved to be valid with a major data shortage of less than 12 hr and only two stations having sustained heavy damage. In this article, we review the strengths and weaknesses of the initial design and discuss various steps that can be taken to enhance the ability of our cooperated network to provide timely real-time seismic data to tsunami warning centers under any circumstances.
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Sandro de Vita, Mauro Antonio Di Vito, Diana Barra, Giuseppe Aiello, and Costanza Gialanella. "Disseminating the knowledge on the complex interactions between humans and volcanoes: the geological section of the Villa Arbusto archaeological museum at Lacco Ameno (Ischia, Naples - Italy)." Annals of Geophysics 64, no. 5 (2021): VO544. http://dx.doi.org/10.4401/ag-8666.
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A room in the Archaeological Museum of Villa Arbusto (Lacco Ameno, Ischia) was set up to house rocks and fossils collected by the renowned archaeologist Giorgio Buchner during his excavation activity on the Island of Ischia. The collection is witness to a long multidisciplinary research activity that saw archaeological studies at the center of volcanological, pedological and palaeoenvironmental researches, aimed at reconstructing the archaeological contexts in the complex geological dynamics of the island. In fact, during the different phases of colonization recorded on the island, the Ischia volcanoes were very active and produced explosive and effusive eruptions, accompanied by a strong geological dynamics that included earthquakes, landslides (even gigantic ones), rapid ground uplift and strong hydrothermal activity. In the room, the samples on display “tell” the evolution of the island and its dynamics in four windows and a chest of drawers, where there is an exposition of the products of the various eruptions, from the oldest to the most recent, sedimentary rocks and the collection of macro and microfossils found in marine sediments, displaced at variable altitudes by the rapid volcano-tectonic deformations that characterize the island. A series of panels and monitors accompany the visitor along a path that, starting from the geological evolution of the island, passes through the relationship between humans and the volcano, the main volcanic phenomena and the reconstruction of an archaeological excavation of exceptional value, where it is possible to see the strong interaction between primary and secondary volcanic phenomena and a human settlement of the first Greek colony in the west: Pithecusae. The exhibition was designed with the purpose of educating the visitors and the local population about the natural history of the island and its volcanoes, and their impact on the human life through time.
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Simionato, Riccardo, Paul A. Jarvis, Eduardo Rossi, and Costanza Bonadonna. "PlumeTraP: A New MATLAB-Based Algorithm to Detect and Parametrize Volcanic Plumes from Visible-Wavelength Images." Remote Sensing 14, no. 7 (2022): 1766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14071766.
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Tephra plumes from explosive volcanic eruptions can be hazardous for the lives and livelihoods of people living in the proximity of volcanoes. Monitoring and forecasting tephra plumes play essential roles in the detection, characterization and hazard assessment of explosive volcanic events. However, advanced monitoring instruments, e.g., thermal cameras, can be expensive and are not always available in monitoring networks. Conversely, visible-wavelength cameras are significantly cheaper and much more widely available. This paper proposes an innovative approach to the detection and parametrization of tephra plumes, utilizing videos recorded in the visible wavelengths. Specifically, we have developed an algorithm with the objectives of: (i) identifying and isolating plume-containing pixels through image processing techniques; (ii) extracting the main geometrical parameters of the eruptive column, such as the height and width, as functions of time; and (iii) determining quantitative information related to the plume motion (e.g., the rise velocity and acceleration) using the physical quantities obtained through the first-order analysis. The resulting MATLAB-based software, named Plume Tracking and Parametrization (PlumeTraP), semi-automatically tracks the plume and is also capable of automatically calculating the associated geometric parameters. Through application of the algorithm to the case study of Vulcanian explosions from Sabancaya volcano (Peru), we verify that the eruptive column boundaries are well recognized, and that the calculated parameters are reliable. The developed software can be of significant use to the wider volcanological community, enabling research into the dynamics of explosive volcanic eruptions, as well as potentially improving the use of visible-wavelength cameras as part of the monitoring networks of active volcanoes. Furthermore, PlumeTraP could potentially find a broader application for the analysis of any other plume-shaped natural or anthropogenic phenomena in visible wavelengths.
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Aguilera, Felipe, Susana Layana, Felipe Rojas, et al. "First Measurements of Gas Flux with a Low-Cost Smartphone Sensor-Based UV Camera on the Volcanoes of Northern Chile." Remote Sensing 12, no. 13 (2020): 2122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12132122.
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UV cameras have been used for over a decade in order to remotely sense SO2 emission rates from active volcanoes, and to thereby enhance our understanding of processes related to active and passive degassing. Whilst SO2 column density retrievals can be more accurate/sophisticated using alternative techniques (e.g., Differential Optical Absorption Spectrometer (DOAS), Correlation Spectrometer (COSPEC)), due to their higher spectral resolutions, UV cameras provide the advantage of high time-resolution emission rates, a much greater spatial resolution, and the ability to simultaneously retrieve plume speeds. Nevertheless, the relatively high costs have limited their uptake to a limited number of research groups and volcanic observatories across the planet. One recent intervention in this regard has been the introduction of the PiCam UV camera, which has considerably lowered instrumental cost. Here we present the first data obtained with the PiCam system from seven persistently degassing volcanoes in northern Chile, demonstrating robust field operation in challenging conditions and over an extended period of time, hence adding credence to the potential of these units for more widespread dissemination to the international volcanic gas measurement community. Small and weak plumes, as well as strongly degassing plumes were measured at distances ranging 0.6–10.8 km from the sources, resulting in a wide range of SO2 emission rates, varying from 3.8 ± 1.8 to 361 ± 31.6 td−1. Our acquired data are discussed with reference to previously reported emission rates from other ground-based remotely sensed techniques at the same volcanoes, in particular considering: resolution of single plume emissions in multi-plume volcanoes, light dilution, plume geometry, seasonal effects, and the applied plume speed measurement methodology. The main internal/external factors that influence positive/negative PiCam measurements include camera shake, light dilution, and the performance of the OpenCV and control points post processing methods. A simple reprocessing method is presented in order to correct the camera shake. Finally, volcanoes were separated into two distinct groups: low and moderate SO2 emission rates systems. These groups correlate positively with their volcanological characteristics, especially with the fluid compositions from fumaroles.
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Cigna, Francesca, Deodato Tapete, and Zhong Lu. "Remote Sensing of Volcanic Processes and Risk." Remote Sensing 12, no. 16 (2020): 2567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12162567.
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Remote sensing data and methods are increasingly being embedded into assessments of volcanic processes and risk. This happens thanks to their capability to provide a spectrum of observation and measurement opportunities to accurately sense the dynamics, magnitude, frequency, and impacts of volcanic activity in the ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), infrared (IR), and microwave domains. Launched in mid-2018, the Special Issue “Remote Sensing of Volcanic Processes and Risk” of Remote Sensing gathers 19 research papers on the use of satellite, aerial, and ground-based remote sensing to detect thermal features and anomalies, investigate lava and pyroclastic flows, predict the flow path of lahars, measure gas emissions and plumes, and estimate ground deformation. The strong multi-disciplinary character of the approaches employed for volcano monitoring and the combination of a variety of sensor types, platforms, and methods that come out from the papers testify the current scientific and technology trends toward multi-data and multi-sensor monitoring solutions. The research advances presented in the published papers are achieved thanks to a wealth of data including but not limited to the following: thermal IR from satellite missions (e.g., MODIS, VIIRS, AVHRR, Landsat-8, Sentinel-2, ASTER, TET-1) and ground-based stations (e.g., FLIR cameras); digital elevation/surface models from airborne sensors (e.g., Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR), or 3D laser scans) and satellite imagery (e.g., tri-stereo Pléiades, SPOT-6/7, PlanetScope); airborne hyperspectral surveys; geophysics (e.g., ground-penetrating radar, electromagnetic induction, magnetic survey); ground-based acoustic infrasound; ground-based scanning UV spectrometers; and ground-based and satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imaging (e.g., TerraSAR-X, Sentinel-1, Radarsat-2). Data processing approaches and methods include change detection, offset tracking, Interferometric SAR (InSAR), photogrammetry, hotspots and anomalies detection, neural networks, numerical modeling, inversion modeling, wavelet transforms, and image segmentation. Some authors also share codes for automated data analysis and demonstrate methods for post-processing standard products that are made available for end users, and which are expected to stimulate the research community to exploit them in other volcanological application contexts. The geographic breath is global, with case studies in Chile, Peru, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Hawai’i, Alaska, Kamchatka, Japan, Indonesia, Vanuatu, Réunion Island, Ethiopia, Canary Islands, Greece, Italy, and Iceland. The added value of the published research lies on the demonstration of the benefits that these remote sensing technologies have brought to knowledge of volcanoes that pose risk to local communities; back-analysis and critical revision of recent volcanic eruptions and unrest periods; and improvement of modeling and prediction methods. Therefore, this Special Issue provides not only a collection of forefront research in remote sensing applied to volcanology, but also a selection of case studies proving the societal impact that this scientific discipline can potentially generate on volcanic hazard and risk management.
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Gómez, Diego, Cristian Mauricio López Vélez, Maria Luisa Monsalve Bustamante, Adriana del Pilar Agudelo Restrepo, Gloria Patricia Cortés Jiménez, and Marta Lucía Calvache Velasco. "Active volcanism in Colombia and the role of the Servicio Geológico Colombiano." Volcanica 4, S1 (2021): 113–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.30909/vol.04.s1.113139.
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The Servicio Geológico Colombiano (SGC) was created in 1916 and has been dedicated to the research and monitoring of active volcanoes in the country since the disaster resulting from the eruption of Nevado del Ruíz Volcano in 1985, where more than 25000 people died due to lahars. Today the SGC has three Volcanological and Seismological Observatories in the cities of Manizales (SGC-OVSM), Popayán (SGC-OVSPop), and Pasto (SGC-OVSP), from where 23 active volcanoes are monitored. The three observatories manage an instrumental network of about 740 stations (permanent and portable) as well as signal repeaters, and cover the disciplines of seismology, geodesy, geochemistry, and potential field, amongst others. Volcanic hazard assessment is also carried out by the SGC, producing hazard maps and reports. These tasks are complemented by programs for promoting geoscience knowledge transfer to the public, developed through different strategies. Although at this time, data derived from volcanic monitoring are not available online, the SGC is analysing this need, for implementation in the near future. El Servicio Geológico Colombiano (SGC) fue creado en 1916, y se ha dedicado a la investigación y monitoreo de los volcanes activos en el país desde el desastre resultante de la erupción del volcán Nevado del Ruíz en 1985, donde más de 25000 personas murieron debido a la ocurrencia de lahares. Hoy en día, el SGC tiene tres Observatorios Vulcanológicos y Sismológicos en las ciudades de Manizales (SGC-OVSM), Popayán (SGC-OVSPop) y Pasto (SGC-OVSP), desde donde se monitorean 23 volcanes activos. Los tres observatorios manejan una red instrumental de aproximadamente 740 estaciones (permanentes y portátiles), como también repetidoras de señal, y cubren las disciplinas de sismología, geodesia, geoquímica y campos de potencial, entre otras. La evaluación de la amenaza volcánica también es realizada por el SGC, produciendo mapas e informes. Estas tareas se complementan con programas para promover transferencia de conocimientos geocientíficos al público, desarrollados a través de diferentes estrategias. Aunque en este momento los datos derivados del monitoreo volcánico no están disponibles en línea, el SGC está analizando esta necesidad para su implementación en un futuro cercano.
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Roca, Amilcar, Edgar Roberto Mérida Boogher, Carla Maria Fernanda Chun Quinillo, et al. "Volcano observatories and monitoring activities in Guatemala." Volcanica 4, S1 (2021): 203–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.30909/vol.04.s1.203222.
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The tectonic and volcanic environment in Guatemala is large and complex. Three major tectonic plates constantly interacting with each other, and a volcanic arc that extends from east to west in the southern part of the country, demand special attention in terms of monitoring and scientific studies. The Instituto Nacional de Sismología, Vulcanología, Meteorología e Hidrología (INSIVUMEH) is the institute in charge of executing these actions at the national and civil level.In recent years, INSIVUMEH has formed a volcanology team consisting of multi-disciplinary personnel that conducts the main volcanological monitoring and research activities. These activities include: seismic and acoustic signal analysis, evaluation and analysis of the volcanic hazards, installation and maintenance of monitoring equipment, and the socialization and dissemination of volcanic knowledge. Of all the volcanic structures in Guatemala, three volcanoes (Fuego, Pacaya, and Santiaguito) are in constant eruption and require all of the available resources (economic and human). These volcanoes present a wide range of volcanic hazards (regarding type and magnitude) that make daily monitoring a great challenge. One of the greatest goals achieved by the volcanology team has been the recent development of a Relative Threat Ranking of Guatemala Volcanoes, taking into account different parameters that allow improved planning in the future, both in monitoring and research. El ambiente tectónico y volcánico de Guatemala es extenso y complejo. Tres grandes placas tectónicas, que interactúan constantemente entre sí, y un arco volcánico, que se extiende de este a oeste en la parte sur del país, exigen especial atención en términos de monitoreo y estudios científicos. El Instituto Nacional de Sismología, Vulcanología, Meteorología e Hidrología (INSIVUMEH) es el instituto encargado de ejecutar estas acciones a nivel nacional y civil. En los últimos años, INSIVUMEH ha formado un equipo de vulcanología conformado por personal multidisciplinario que realiza las principales actividades de seguimiento e investigación vulcanológica. Estas actividades incluyen: análisis de señales sísmicas y acústicas, evaluación y análisis de peligros volcánicos, instalación y mantenimiento de equipos de monitoreo, y socialización y difusión del conocimiento volcánico. De todas las estructuras volcánicas de Guatemala, tres volcanes (Fuego, Pacaya y Santiaguito) están en constante erupción y requieren todos los recursos disponibles (económicos y humanos). Estos volcanes presentan una amplia gama de peligros volcánicos (en cuanto a tipo y magnitud), haciendo que el monitoreo diario sea un gran desafío. Uno de los mayores logros del equipo de vulcanología ha sido el desarrollo reciente de un Ranking de Peligrosidad Relativa de los Volcanes de Guatemala, tomando en cuenta diferentes parámetros que permitan una mejor planificación en el futuro, tanto en el monitoreo como en la investigación.
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Arellano, Santiago, Bo Galle, Fredy Apaza, et al. "Synoptic analysis of a decade of daily measurements of SO<sub>2</sub> emission in the troposphere from volcanoes of the global ground-based Network for Observation of Volcanic and Atmospheric Change." Earth System Science Data 13, no. 3 (2021): 1167–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1167-2021.
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Abstract. Volcanic plumes are common and far-reaching manifestations of volcanic activity during and between eruptions. Observations of the rate of emission and composition of volcanic plumes are essential to recognize and, in some cases, predict the state of volcanic activity. Measurements of the size and location of the plumes are important to assess the impact of the emission from sporadic or localized events to persistent or widespread processes of climatic and environmental importance. These observations provide information on volatile budgets on Earth, chemical evolution of magmas, and atmospheric circulation and dynamics. Space-based observations during the last decades have given us a global view of Earth's volcanic emission, particularly of sulfur dioxide (SO2). Although none of the satellite missions were intended to be used for measurement of volcanic gas emission, specially adapted algorithms have produced time-averaged global emission budgets. These have confirmed that tropospheric plumes, produced from persistent degassing of weak sources, dominate the total emission of volcanic SO2. Although space-based observations have provided this global insight into some aspects of Earth's volcanism, it still has important limitations. The magnitude and short-term variability of lower-atmosphere emissions, historically less accessible from space, remain largely uncertain. Operational monitoring of volcanic plumes, at scales relevant for adequate surveillance, has been facilitated through the use of ground-based scanning differential optical absorption spectrometer (ScanDOAS) instruments since the beginning of this century, largely due to the coordinated effort of the Network for Observation of Volcanic and Atmospheric Change (NOVAC). In this study, we present a compilation of results of homogenized post-analysis of measurements of SO2 flux and plume parameters obtained during the period March 2005 to January 2017 of 32 volcanoes in NOVAC. This inventory opens a window into the short-term emission patterns of a diverse set of volcanoes in terms of magma composition, geographical location, magnitude of emission, and style of eruptive activity. We find that passive volcanic degassing is by no means a stationary process in time and that large sub-daily variability is observed in the flux of volcanic gases, which has implications for emission budgets produced using short-term, sporadic observations. The use of a standard evaluation method allows for intercomparison between different volcanoes and between ground- and space-based measurements of the same volcanoes. The emission of several weakly degassing volcanoes, undetected by satellites, is presented for the first time. We also compare our results with those reported in the literature, providing ranges of variability in emission not accessible in the past. The open-access data repository introduced in this article will enable further exploitation of this unique dataset, with a focus on volcanological research, risk assessment, satellite-sensor validation, and improved quantification of the prevalent tropospheric component of global volcanic emission. Datasets for each volcano are made available at https://novac.chalmers.se (last access: 1 October 2020) under the CC-BY 4 license or through the DOI (digital object identifier) links provided in Table 1.
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Nehlig, Pierre, Herve Leyrit, Arnaud Dardon, et al. "Constructions et destructions du stratovolcan du Cantal." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 172, no. 3 (2001): 295–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/172.3.295.
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Abstract The Cantal (France) stratovolcano, which is 70 km in diameter and extends 2500 km 2 , is the largest perialpine stratovolcano. Due to its size and the abundance of breccia, it has never before been the subject of a comprehensive synthesis, despite being considered in more than 30 doctoral theses and over 200 scientific papers, memoirs and reports. An intensive research project, which integrates a synthesis of existing published and unpublished data and new geological, geochemical, geophysical and geochronological data, along with 1:25,000-scale mapping of the central part of the stratovolcano, has led to the production of the first 1:50,000-scale map of the central part of the volcano and a 1:100,000-scale map of the entire volcano. The present mapping and analytical work has led to an entirely new conceptual view of the geological history of the stratovolcano and to a reinterpretation of the previously defined stratigraphic units and their volcanological significance. This paper presents a brief geological history, focussing on the abundant primary and secondary breccia (lahar and debris-avalanche deposits) that make up most of the volcano, and reviews a number of dogmas and uncertainties concerning the volcano and its evolution. The stratovolcano was emplaced between 13 and 2 Ma on an uplifted Hercynian basement associated with Oligocene sedimentary basins. The overall geometry of the Cantal stratovolcano is rather simple, composed of a central trachyandesitic volcano surrounded by debris-avalanche and debris-flow deposits sandwiched between two basaltic lava flows. Basaltic lava erupted first, between 13 and 7 Ma, with a peak activity around 9 Ma. Trachyandesitic lava with minor trachyte and rhyolite was erupted towards the end of the basaltic activity, between 10 and 6.5 Ma, although mainly between 8.5 and 7 Ma. This episode led to the construction of a high stratovolcano and its associated laharic apron. The edifice collapsed several times and produced gigantic debris-avalanche deposits that are widespread in the Cantal and as far as 40 km from its centre. The last stages of trachyandesitic activity were synchronous with the emplacement of phonolitic domes between 7.5 and 5.5 Ma. This intrusive event was followed by extensive basaltic lava flows that covered most of the Cantal. The present geometry of the Cantal volcano is the result of these phases of construction and cataclysmic destruction followed by intense glacial and periglacial erosion. The ages of emplacement of the debris-avalanche deposits are now well constrained by abundant isotopic data obtained from the overlying, underlying and included blocks. They imply that several large debris-avalanches affected the flanks of the Cantal volcano between 8.0 and 6.8 Ma. The deposits are in chronological order and separated by episodes of volcanic construction: -- the deposits in the north and east (Rhues, Veronne, Impradine, Santoire, Alagnon Chevade valleys), dated at before 7,4 Ma, form a highly discontinuous, thin eroded layer that is overlain by a thick volcanoclastic laharic piedmont derived from the subsequent phases of volcanic construction; -- the deposits in the west (Marilhou, Mars, Maronne, Aspre, Bertrande valleys) are dated at between 7.2 et 7.4 Ma; -- the deposits in the southwest (Doire, Authre, Jordanne, Cere and Epie valleys) are dated at between 7.4 and 6.8 Ma; -- the deposits in the south (Goul and Brezons valleys) younger than 7.1 Ma and emplaced before the Cere deposit. The absence of a laharic unit on top of the southwestern debris-avalanche deposits is in agreement with this succession of volcanic construction and destruction, as it implies the absence of any major volcanic construction after the last gravitational collapse. All the other sectors are characterized by thick debris-flow deposits overlying the debris-avalanche deposits. This chronological succession of events invalidates the previously proposed debris-avalanche chronologies. The present-day total volume of debris-avalanche deposits is around 245 km 3 for a total volcanic volume of 385 km 3 . Individual debris-avalanche bodies have volumes of several tens of km 3 . Well-characterized prehistoric and historic debris-avalanche bodies have height/length ratios around 0.1. Taking this good correlation into account suggests altitudes above 3000 m for the Cantal paleovolcano and explains the high paleoslopes observed in its central part. Previous models required the existence of a gigantic caldera ("fosse volcano-tectonique") in the central part of the volcano to account for the abundant "pyroclastic rocks" now interpreted as debris-avalanche deposits. This caldera and smaller ones were geophysically and geochronologically documented. New geophysical and geological expertise, however, has revealed the absence of such features. The detailed mapping has shown that the Cantal stratovolcano is mainly the result of several phases of construction and destruction over a relatively short period from 8.5 to 6.5 Ma. The construction phases led to the edification, over several hundred thousand years, of trachyandesitic volcanoes (25 km in diameter and more than 3000 m high) surrounded by debris deposits (laharic piedmont, 40 km in diameter). Due to the high viscosity of the trachyandesitic material, each construction phase resulted in major gravitational collapse, causing a large debris avalanche talus (70 km in diameter) around the central volcano. The last collapse in the southwest was not followed by a construction event, as indicated by the absence of overlying debris-flow deposits and by the flat morphology sealed by the upper basaltic flows.
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Lutz, Herbert, and Volker Lorenz. "Early volcanological research in the Vulkaneifel, Germany, the classic region of maar–diatreme volcanoes: the years 1774–1865." Bulletin of Volcanology 75, no. 8 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00445-013-0743-0.
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C. Oppenheimer and A. J. S. McGonigle. "Exploiting ground-based optical sensing technologies for volcanic gas surveillance." Annals of Geophysics 47, no. 4 (2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.4401/ag-3353.
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Measurements of volcanic gas composition and flux are crucial to probing and understanding a range of magmatic, hydrothermal and atmospheric interactions. The value of optical remote sensing methods has been recognised in this field for more than thirty years but several recent developments promise a new era of volcanic gas surveillance. This could see much higher time- and space-resolved data-sets, sustained at individual volcanoes even during eruptive episodes. We provide here an overview of these optical methods and their application to ground-based volcano monitoring, covering passive and active measurements in the ultraviolet and infrared spectral regions. We hope thereby to promote the use of such devices, and to stimulate development of new optical techniques for volcanological research and monitoring.
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Solana, Carmen, and Christopher R. J. Kilburn. "Translating research into operational procedures for reducing the risk from volcanic eruptions." Bulletin of Volcanology 84, no. 6 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00445-022-01563-7.
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AbstractIn this perspective piece, we reflect on scientific progress in volcanic risk reduction and its prospects for future development. In spite of recent advances, a dichotomy still exists between the products of academic research and the desire for practical applications. The main themes to emerge are (1) the need to find the most effective ways to explain the ever growing amount and complexity of volcanological data to non-specialist stakeholders, and (2) how to transfer to future generations of applied scientists the lessons from practical experience that are often missed by theoretical guidelines. Recommendations for sustaining progress in these fields include improving the accessibility of knowledge and data, embracing novel tools to communicate volcanic risk and uncertainty for decision making, and investing effort on transferring practical experience across generations.En este breve artículo, reflexionamos sobre los adelantos científicos para la reducción del riesgo de erupciones volcánicas y en las oportunidades para continuar progresando. A pesar de avances recientes, todavía existe un desfase entre los resultados de investigaciones científicas y su aplicación práctica. Los temas clave que identificamos son (1) la necesidad de encontrar maneras más efectivas de explicar la cantidad incremental de información volcanológica (y su creciente complejidad) a todos los grupos interesados, especialmente los no-especialistas y (2) cómo transmitir y transferir, a futuras generaciones de cientificos, la experiencia y los aprendizajes prácticos que no figuran en directrices y manuales. Recomendaciones para mantener avances en estos campos incluyen: mejorar la accesibilidad de la información y datos científicos, adoptar nuevas técnicas para comunicar: el riesgo volcánico, la incertidumbre en información científica y para apoyar la toma de decisiones, e invertir en transferir experiencia práctica a las generaciones futuras.
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Kavanagh, Janine L., Catherine J. Annen, Steffi Burchardt, et al. "Volcanologists—who are we and where are we going?" Bulletin of Volcanology 84, no. 5 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00445-022-01547-7.
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AbstractEquity, diversity and inclusivity (EDI) are principles all scientific groups and organisations should strive to achieve as they secure working conditions, policies and practices that not only promote high-quality scientific output but also well-being in their communities. In this article, we reflect on the progress of EDI in volcanology by presenting data related to memberships of international volcanology organisations, positions on volcanology committees, volcanology awards and lead-authorship on volcanology papers. The sparse demographic data available means our analysis focuses mainly on gender identity discrimination, but we show that discrimination related to ethnicity, sexual orientation, religion, physical ability and socio-economic background is also occurring, with the intersection of these discriminations further exacerbating marginalisation within the volcanology community. We share suggestions and recommendations from other disciplines on how individuals, research groups and organisations can promote, develop and implement new initiatives to call out and tackle discrimination and advance EDI in the volcanological community. There is a lot of potential for improvement if we all see our role in creating a more equitable, diverse and inclusive volcanology community. This requires (1) awareness: acknowledgement of the problem, (2) commitment: through the statement of EDI core values and the development of action plans, codes of conducts and guidelines, (3) action: aiming for representation of all groups, and (4) reflection: development through critical self-reflection and a willingness to address shortcomings.
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Córdoba Montiel, Francisco, Katrin Sieron, and Juan Cervantes Pérez. "El Observatorio Sismológico y Vulcanológico del Centro de Ciencias de la Tierra de la Universidad Veracruzana." UVserva, no. 1 (July 1, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.25009/uvs.v0i1.2139.
Full textAbstract:
La misión del Observatorio Sismológico y Vulcanológico (OSV) del Centro de Ciencias de la Tierra de la Universidad Veracruzana (CCTUV) es contribuir a la Protección Civil en el estado de Veracruz mediante el estudio sistemático de la sismicidad y vulcanismo activo de esta entidad a través de su monitoreo permanente, evaluando el impacto en su entorno e identificando oportunamente el peligro asociado con la finalidad de informar a los encargados de generar las medidas preventivas, tomadores de decisiones y a la sociedad en general. El OSV también colabora en el desarrollo de investigación básica y aplicada, la implementación de metodologías y tecnologías de vanguardia, generación de productos académicos de valor científico, y el apoyo en procesos orientados a la comprensión de estos fenómenos geofísicos.Abstract: The mission of the Seismological and Volcanological Observatory (OSV) at theCenter of Earth Sciences of the Universidad Veracruzana (CCTUV) is to contribute to theCivil Protection in the state of Veracruz through the systematic study of seismicity and active volcanism of this entity by the means of constant monitoring, evaluating the impact on the environment and identifying associated hazard with the purpose of informing the responsible entities for generating preventive measures, decision makers and society in general. The OSV is also working on the development of basic and applied research, implementation of methodologies and cutting-edge technologies, generation of academic products of scientific value, and support measures aimed at understanding these geophysical phenomena.Keywords: Observatory; university; seismicity; volcanism.
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Carr, Michael J. "A Google Earth Database of Central American Volcanic Vents." Revista Geológica de América Central, no. 56 (June 27, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rgac.v0i56.29187.
Full textAbstract:
Satellite imagery in Google Earth reveals 807 volcanic vents for Central America. Most of these have already been recognized. In fact, previous catalogs include many volcanoes that are not obvious in Google Earth and they are not included here. Furthermore, 47 large but deeply eroded volcanoes are not included because they appear very old. On the other hand, many young vents may be obscured in areas of low quality imagery or in areas of dense cloud forest. High quality Google Earth coverage keeps expanding so this catalog can be improved with time. Lidar imagery would greatly improve vent detection. A significant problem with any list of volcanic features is determining the appropriate cutoff age. Topographic expression is the only available criterion for estimating age for most of the vents and this criterion is highly flawed because of differences in volcanic deposits, weathering, annual rainfall and other factors. Ideally, 40Ar/39Ar ages would be available for most of the volcanoes and the revealed space-time pattern of volcanic activity would allow improved hazard estimates as well as a deeper understanding of the causes and controls of volcanism. Instead, the database is a necessary step toward: a) recognizing important volcanological problems that can attract geochronological research funding and b) encouraging a long-term campaign for determining the temporal development of Central American volcanism. The database is intended as a draft to be used and improved, not a fixed list.
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Timarán Pereira, Ricardo, Lisbeth Rosero Legarda, and Yehimy Cabrera Cabrera. "Descubrimiento de Reglas de Asociación de eventos eruptivos del volcán Galeras [Discovery of Association Rules from eruptive events of Galeras volcano]." Ventana Informatica, no. 32 (June 19, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.30554/ventanainform.32.1105.2015.
Full textAbstract:
En este artículo se presentan los primeros resultados del proyecto de investigación que tuvo como objetivo detectar patrones de eventos eruptivos del volcán Galeras con técnicas de minería de datos, a partir de los datos almacenados en el Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Pasto - OVSP (Colombia), aplicando la metodología CRISP-DM. Se construyó, limpió y transformó un repositorio de datos con la información de los eventos eruptivos del volcán Galeras registrados desde 1989 hasta 2013. A partir de este repositorio, se detectaron patrones asociados a estos eventos, utilizando la tarea de minería de datos asociación. El conocimiento generado se integrará al existente con el fin de ayudar al OVSP y a los organismos gubernamentales de prevención de desastres a tomar decisiones eficaces en lo relacionado a la implementación de planes de prevención ante una posible erupción del volcán Galeras.Palabras Clave: Patrones de Eventos Eruptivos, Volcán Galeras, Minería de DatosIn this paper, the first results of a research project that aimed to detect patterns of eruptive events of Galeras volcano with data mining techniques from the data stored in the Volcanological and Seismological Observatory of Pasto - VSOP (Colombia), applying CRISP-DM methodology, are presented. A data repository with the information of the eruptive events of Galeras volcano recorded from 1989 to 2013 was built, cleaned and transformed. Using the data mining task association were detected patterns associated with these events. The knowledge generated will be integrated to the existing order to help VSOP and government agencies of disaster prevention to take effective decisions related to the implementation of prevention plans for a possible eruption of the Galeras volcano.Keywords: Patterns of eruptive events, Galeras volcano, Data Mining.
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Rouwet, Dmitri, Karoly Németh, Giancarlo Tamburello, Sergio Calabrese, and Issa. "Volcanic Lakes in Africa: The VOLADA_Africa 2.0 Database, and Implications for Volcanic Hazard." Frontiers in Earth Science 9 (September 28, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.717798.
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Volcanic lakes pose specific hazards inherent to the presence of water: phreatic and phreatomagmatic eruptions, lahars, limnic gas bursts and dispersion of brines in the hydrological network. Here we introduce the updated, interactive and open-access database for African volcanic lakes, country by country. The previous database VOLADA (VOlcanic LAke DAta Base, Rouwet et al., Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 2014, 272, 78–97) reported 96 volcanic lakes for Africa. This number is now revised and established at 220, converting VOLADA_Africa 2.0 in the most comprehensive resource for African volcanic lakes: 81 in Uganda, 37 in Kenya, 33 in Cameroon, 28 in Madagascar, 19 in Ethiopia, 6 in Tanzania, 2 in Rwanda, 2 in Sudan, 2 in D.R. Congo, 1 in Libya, and 9 on the minor islands around Africa. We present the current state-of-the-art of arguably all the African volcanic lakes that the global experts and regional research teams are aware of, and provide hints for future research directions, with a special focus on the volcanic hazard assessment. All lakes in the updated database are classified for their genetic origin and their physical and chemical characteristics, and level of study. The predominant rift-related volcanism in Africa favors basaltic eruptive products, leading to volcanoes with highly permeable edifices, and hence less-developed hydrothermal systems. Basal aquifers accumulate under large volcanoes and in rift depressions providing a potential scenario for phreatomagmatic volcanism. This hypothesis, based on a morphometric analysis and volcanological research from literature, conveys the predominance of maar lakes in large monogenetic fields in Africa (e.g. Uganda, Cameroon, Ethiopia), and the absence of peak-activity crater lakes, generally found at polygenetic arc-volcanoes. Considering the large number of maar lakes in Africa (172), within similar geotectonic settings and meteoric conditions as in Cameroon, it is somewhat surprising that “only” from Lake Monoun and Lake Nyos fatal CO2 bursts have been recorded. Explaining why other maars did not experience limnic gas bursts is a question that can only be answered by enhancing insights into physical limnology and fluid geochemistry of the so far poorly studied lakes. From a hazard perspective, there is an urgent need to tackle this task as a community.
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Córdova, Marco D., Patricia Ann Mothes, H. Elizabeth Gaunt, and Josué Salgado. "Post-Caldera Eruptions at Chalupas Caldera, Ecuador: Determining the Timing of Lava Dome Collapse, Hummock Emplacement and Dome Rejuvenation." Frontiers in Earth Science 8 (December 16, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/feart.2020.548251.
Full textAbstract:
Determining the lithology, extent, origin, and age of hummocks can be challenging, especially if these are covered by successive deposits and lush vegetation. At Chalupas caldera, a late-Pleistocene silicic center that lies astride the Eastern Cordillera of northern Ecuador, we have tried to overcome these difficulties by combining geological observations and sampling, laboratory analysis (geochemistry, scanning electron microscope analysis and radiometric dating) and remote sensing techniques. Chalupas is the second largest caldera in the Northern Volcanic Zone of South America and its VEI 7 eruption, which occurred ∼0.21 Ma, has garnered the attention of the volcanological community. Our research highlights new observations of the post-caldera activity at Chalupas, beginning with the growth of Quilindaña stratovolcano (∼0.170 Ma), followed by the formation of Buenavista dome that is located 5 km eastward of Quilindaña’s summit. At the eastern foot of Buenavista dome we identify hummocky terrain covering an area of ∼20 km2. Collectively, the suite of techniques that we used helped to highlight geological features that shed light on the provenance of the hummocks and demonstrate that this topography may have originated from gravitational breccia flows from Buenavista lava dome. Numerical simulations were also performed to represent breccia flow transit and emplacement over the present caldera landscape and to view the potential hazard footprints of a future Buenavista dome collapse. For modeling we employed volumes of 20–120 Mm3 to visualize the consecutive traces of mass flow deposition and how the traces correspond to the hummocky landscape. Following the partial collapse of Buenavista lava dome, its rejuvenation is represented by tephra layers of several small eruptions that are dated at about 40 ky BP. These tephras represent some of the youngest eruptive activity recognized at Chalupas caldera. Our results contribute to the overall knowledge about Chalupas and demonstrate that eruptions at this important caldera are more recent than was previously reported.
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Flowers, R. M., R. A. Ketcham, E. Enkelmann, et al. "(U-Th)/He chronology: Part 2. Considerations for evaluating, integrating, and interpreting conventional individual aliquot data." GSA Bulletin, April 20, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b36268.1.
Full textAbstract:
The (U-Th)/He dating technique is an essential tool in Earth science research with diverse thermochronologic, geochronologic, and detrital applications. It is now used in a wide range of tectonic, structural, petrological, sedimentary, geomorphic, volcanological, and planetary studies. While in some circumstances the interpretation of (U-Th)/He data is relatively straightforward, in other cases it is less so. In some geologic contexts, individual analyses of the same mineral from a single sample are expected to yield dates that differ well beyond their analytical uncertainty owing to variable He diffusion kinetics. Although much potential exists to exploit this phenomenon to decipher more detailed thermal history information, distinguishing interpretable intra-sample data variation caused by kinetic differences between crystals from uninterpretable overdispersion caused by other factors can be challenging. Nor is it always simple to determine under what circumstances it is appropriate to integrate multiple individual analyses using a summary statistic such as a mean sample date or to decide on the best approach for incorporating data into the interpretive process of thermal history modeling. Here we offer some suggestions for evaluating data, attempt to summarize the current state of thinking on the statistical characterization of data sets, and describe the practical choices (e.g., model structure, path complexity, data input, weighting of different geologic and chronologic information) that must be made when setting up thermal history models. We emphasize that there are no hard and fast rules in any of these realms, which continue to be an important focus of improvement and community discussion, and no single interpretational and modeling philosophy should be forced on data sets. The guiding principle behind all suggestions made here is for transparency in reporting the steps and assumptions associated with evaluating, integrating, and interpreting data, which will promote the continued development of (U-Th)/He chronology.
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Córdova, Marco D., Patricia Ann Mothes, H. Elizabeth Gaunt, and Josué Salgado. "Post-Caldera Eruptions at Chalupas Caldera, Ecuador: Determining the Timing of Lava Dome Collapse, Hummock Emplacement and Dome Rejuvenation." Frontiers in Earth Science 8 (December 16, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/feart.2020.548251.
Full textAbstract:
Determining the lithology, extent, origin, and age of hummocks can be challenging, especially if these are covered by successive deposits and lush vegetation. At Chalupas caldera, a late-Pleistocene silicic center that lies astride the Eastern Cordillera of northern Ecuador, we have tried to overcome these difficulties by combining geological observations and sampling, laboratory analysis (geochemistry, scanning electron microscope analysis and radiometric dating) and remote sensing techniques. Chalupas is the second largest caldera in the Northern Volcanic Zone of South America and its VEI 7 eruption, which occurred ∼0.21 Ma, has garnered the attention of the volcanological community. Our research highlights new observations of the post-caldera activity at Chalupas, beginning with the growth of Quilindaña stratovolcano (∼0.170 Ma), followed by the formation of Buenavista dome that is located 5 km eastward of Quilindaña’s summit. At the eastern foot of Buenavista dome we identify hummocky terrain covering an area of ∼20 km2. Collectively, the suite of techniques that we used helped to highlight geological features that shed light on the provenance of the hummocks and demonstrate that this topography may have originated from gravitational breccia flows from Buenavista lava dome. Numerical simulations were also performed to represent breccia flow transit and emplacement over the present caldera landscape and to view the potential hazard footprints of a future Buenavista dome collapse. For modeling we employed volumes of 20–120 Mm3 to visualize the consecutive traces of mass flow deposition and how the traces correspond to the hummocky landscape. Following the partial collapse of Buenavista lava dome, its rejuvenation is represented by tephra layers of several small eruptions that are dated at about 40 ky BP. These tephras represent some of the youngest eruptive activity recognized at Chalupas caldera. Our results contribute to the overall knowledge about Chalupas and demonstrate that eruptions at this important caldera are more recent than was previously reported.
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Matoza, Robin S., and Diana C. Roman. "One hundred years of advances in volcano seismology and acoustics." Bulletin of Volcanology 84, no. 9 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00445-022-01586-0.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractSince the 1919 foundation of the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth’s Interior (IAVCEI), the fields of volcano seismology and acoustics have seen dramatic advances in instrumentation and techniques, and have undergone paradigm shifts in the understanding of volcanic seismo-acoustic source processes and internal volcanic structure. Some early twentieth-century volcanological studies gave equal emphasis to barograph (infrasound and acoustic-gravity wave) and seismograph observations, but volcano seismology rapidly outpaced volcano acoustics and became the standard geophysical volcano-monitoring tool. Permanent seismic networks were established on volcanoes (for example) in Japan, the Philippines, Russia, and Hawai‘i by the 1950s, and in Alaska by the 1970s. Large eruptions with societal consequences generally catalyzed the implementation of new seismic instrumentation and led to operationalization of research methodologies. Seismic data now form the backbone of most local ground-based volcano monitoring networks worldwide and play a critical role in understanding how volcanoes work. The computer revolution enabled increasingly sophisticated data processing and source modeling, and facilitated the transition to continuous digital waveform recording by about the 1990s. In the 1970s and 1980s, quantitative models emerged for long-period (LP) event and tremor sources in fluid-driven cracks and conduits. Beginning in the 1970s, early models for volcano-tectonic (VT) earthquake swarms invoking crack tip stresses expanded to involve stress transfer into the wall rocks of pressurized dikes. The first deployments of broadband seismic instrumentation and infrasound sensors on volcanoes in the 1990s led to discoveries of new signals and phenomena. Rapid advances in infrasound technology; signal processing, analysis, and inversion; and atmospheric propagation modeling have now established the role of regional (15–250 km) and remote (> 250 km) ground-based acoustic systems in volcano monitoring. Long-term records of volcano-seismic unrest through full eruptive cycles are providing insight into magma transport and eruption processes and increasingly sophisticated forecasts. Laboratory and numerical experiments are elucidating seismo-acoustic source processes in volcanic fluid systems, and are observationally constrained by increasingly dense geophysical field deployments taking advantage of low-power, compact broadband, and nodal technologies. In recent years, the fields of volcano geodesy, seismology, and acoustics (both atmospheric infrasound and ocean hydroacoustics) are increasingly merging. Despite vast progress over the past century, major questions remain regarding source processes, patterns of volcano-seismic unrest, internal volcanic structure, and the relationship between seismic unrest and volcanic processes.
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Vega Salazar, Elsa Juliana, and José Alejandro Muñoz Maya. "Análisis de la actividad volcánica tipo VT y LP del volcán Nevado del Ruiz entre 1985-2012 [Analysis of volcanic activity type VT and LP of the Nevado del Ruiz volcano between 1985-2012]." Ventana Informatica, no. 33 (January 29, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.30554/ventanainform.33.1409.2015.
Full textAbstract:
En la Cordillera de los Andes existen varios complejos volcánicos, siendo el Complejo volcánico Cerro Bravo – Cerro Machín (CVCBCM), el más septentrional de ellos. El Volcán Nevado del Ruiz (VNR), ubicado en dicho complejo, está activo y su evento más devastador fue el ocurrido en noviembre 13 de 1985, cuando el flujo de lodo originado tras el deshielo parcial del casquete glaciar, producto de una erupción freato-magmática, arrasó la población de Armero (Tolima), con un saldo de 23000 personas muertas. Como respuesta a tal catástrofe, se creó el Observatorio Vulcanológico y Sismológico de Manizales, que lleva ya 27 años de constante monitoreo de la actividad de los volcanes del CVCBCM, para lo cual utiliza varias técnicas geofísicas, geodésicas y geoquímicas. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo mostrar la actividad del volcán a partir de la sismicidad, considerando el conteo de eventos sísmicos y la energía liberada por los mismos, diferenciando los sismos fractura y los de movimiento de fluidos. La labor de clasificación y lectura de los sismos, cuenta con la participación activa de estudiantes de pregrado, fungiendo como asistentes de investigación, lo que les permite colaborar en la vigilancia volcánica y adquirir conocimientos dirigidos a su futuro desempeño como vulcanólogos.Palabras claves: Monitoreo volcánico, sismicidad, sismos de fractura, sismos de movimiento de fluidosIn the Andes there are several volcanic complexes, with the Volcanic Complex Cerro Bravo - Cerro Machin (CVCBCM), the northernmost of them. The Nevado del Ruiz volcano (VNR) located in said complex, is active and was the most devastating event occurred in November 13, 1985, when the mudflow caused after partial melting of the ice cap, the result of an eruption freato- magmatic, razed the town of Armero (Tolima), leaving 23,000 people dead. In response to this catastrophe, the Volcanological and Seismological Observatory of Manizales, which has been 27 years of constant monitoring of the activity of the volcanoes of CVCBCM, for which utilizes various geophysical, geodetic and geochemical techniques was created. This work aims to show the volcano seismicity from considering counting seismic events and the energy released by them, differentiating the fracture earthquakes and fluid motion. The work of sorting and reading earthquakes, with the active participation of undergraduates, serving as research assistants, allowing them to collaborate in volcano monitoring and acquire knowledge aimed at their future roles as volcanologists.Keywords: Volcanic Monitoring, seismicity, seismic fracture fluid motion earthquakes
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A. Nazzaro. "Some considerations on the state of Vesuvius in the Middle Ages and the precursors of the 1631 eruption." Annals of Geophysics 41, no. 4 (1998). http://dx.doi.org/10.4401/ag-3802.
Full textAbstract:
The volcanologic literature concerning Vesuvius and its activity, since the great eruption of 1631, is particularly abundant and helpful in order to investigate topics of remarkable interest on the eruptive history of the Neapolitan volcano. One of these topics relates to the precursory phenomena of the eruption of 1631. This problem it is of great importance for a better knowledge of the eruptive trends of the volcano since the 1631 eruption is the reference for any Civil Defence plan regarding the Vesuvius volcano. In addition, knowledge of the medieval activity of Vesuvius is important because it furnishes useful data for research into some unfamiliar aspects of the volcano's history, e.g., the existence of a 1500 eruption and consequently the duration of the inactivity period before 1631. It is generally assumed that the precursors of this eruption occurred less than one month before its beginning. In particular, the earthquakes would have come about 10 days before the eruption. Moreover a soil uplift is reported about 20 days beforehand. On the basis of a careful analysis of some important sources, books and manuscripts, we will see that the outline of the phenomena was much more complex.