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Journal articles on the topic 'Volcanogenic massive sulfide'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Barrie, C. T. "Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Occurrence Model." Economic Geology 107, no. 5 (August 1, 2012): 1073. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.107.5.1073.

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2

Vikent’ev, I. V., E. V. Belogub, V. P. Moloshag, and N. I. Eremin. "Selenium in Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Ores." Doklady Earth Sciences 484, no. 1 (January 2019): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1028334x19010197.

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3

Yang, Kaihui. "Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposits in China." International Geology Review 36, no. 3 (March 1994): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00206819409465462.

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4

Dergachev, A. L., and N. I. Eremin. "VOLCANOGENIC MASSIVE SULFIDE DEPOSITS ENRICHED IN GOLD." Moscow University Bulletin. Series 4. Geology, no. 3 (June 28, 2018): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33623/0579-9406-2018-3-3-11.

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Volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits contain Cu, Zn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Te, Se, Ag, Co and variable amounts of Ag and Au. In some of them gold reserves exceed 100 t while gold grades reach several dozens ppm. Original data base was used to establish statistically meaningful criteria for identification of deposits with large gold reserves and/or anomalously enriched in gold. Some peculiar features of deposits with high Au grades were investigated including distribution in geological history and among the principal metallogenic provinces, association with volcanogenic formations and paleovolcanic structures, geochemical and mineralogical features and factors that caused enrichment in gold.
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5

Dergachev, A. L., N. I. Eremin, and N. E. Sergeeva. "Volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits of ophiolite associations." Moscow University Geology Bulletin 65, no. 5 (October 2010): 265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0145875210050017.

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6

Dergachev, A. L., and N. I. Eremin. "Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposits Enriched in Gold." Moscow University Geology Bulletin 73, no. 4 (July 2018): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0145875218040051.

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7

Camprubí, Antoni, Eduardo González-Partida, Lisard Torró, Pura Alfonso, Carles Canet, Miguel A. Miranda-Gasca, Michelangelo Martini, and Francisco González-Sánchez. "Mesozoic volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits in Mexico." Ore Geology Reviews 81 (March 2017): 1066–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2015.07.027.

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8

Mousivand, Fardin, Ebrahim Rastad, Jan M. Peter, and Sajjad Maghfouri. "Metallogeny of volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits of Iran." Ore Geology Reviews 95 (April 2018): 974–1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2018.01.011.

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9

Mercier-Langevin, Patrick, Mark D. Hannington, Benoît Dubé, and Valérie Bécu. "The gold content of volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits." Mineralium Deposita 46, no. 5-6 (July 15, 2010): 509–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00126-010-0300-0.

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10

Sillitoe, Richard H., Mark D. Hannington, and John F. H. Thompson. "High sulfidation deposits in the volcanogenic massive sulfide environment." Economic Geology 91, no. 1 (February 1, 1996): 204–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.91.1.204.

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11

Ohmoto, Hiroshi. "Formation of volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits: The Kuroko perspective." Ore Geology Reviews 10, no. 3-6 (May 1996): 135–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-1368(95)00021-6.

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12

AVDONIN, Viktor, and Natalia SERGEEVA. "Relics of near-bottom fauna in massive sulfide ores." Domestic geology, no. 3-4 (September 14, 2021): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.47765/0869-7175-2021-10017.

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The additional study of ancient volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits in various regions revealed microtextures, probably of biogenic origin, which could represent varieties of the shells of mineralized fauna. The new finds expand the list of sites containing relics of bioforms associated with hydrothermal vents of "black smokers".
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13

DeMatties, Theodore A. "Early Proterozoic volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits in Wisconsin; an overview." Economic Geology 89, no. 5 (August 1, 1994): 1122–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.89.5.1122.

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14

Wyman, D. A. "High‐precision exploration geochemistry: Applications for volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 47, no. 5 (October 2000): 861–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-0952.2000.00817.x.

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15

Eastoe, C. J., and M. M. Gustin. "Volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits and anoxia in the Phanerozoic oceans." Ore Geology Reviews 10, no. 3-6 (May 1996): 179–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-1368(95)00022-4.

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16

REVAN, Mustafa Kemal. "Review of Late Cretaceous volcanogenic massive sulfide mineralization in the Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey." TURKISH JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES 29, no. 7 (November 16, 2020): 1125–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/yer-2006-11.

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The production of Cu-Zn from volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits in the eastern Pontides began in the early 1900s, with the exploitation of high-grade ores scattered across the district. The district still possesses economically important blind VMS and associated sulfide deposits. Careful descriptive documentation of the typical features of these VMS ores illustrated the geological characteristics that are important in identifying ore localities and can be used to define exploration targets. The eastern Pontide VMS deposits are examples of volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposits that exhibit many of the characteristics typical of bimodal-felsic- type VMS mineralization. Nearly all known VMS deposits in the region are hosted by the Kızılkaya Formation, which is characterized by Late Cretaceous dacitic/rhyolitic volcanic rocks that are typically located at the top contact of the dacitic/rhyolitic pile or within the lower part of the overlying polymodal sequence containing various proportions of volcanic and sedimentary facies. Most VMS deposits are composed of a mound of high-grade massive sulfides formed above a zone of lower-grade stringer veins and disseminated mineralization. The dominant sulfide minerals in most deposits are pyrite, chalcopyrite, and sphalerite. Au also occurs in some deposits. The hydrothermal ore facies are diagnostic of subaqueous emplacement of the Pontide massive sulfide deposits that were deposited on the Cretaceous ocean floor. The immediate host lithologies associated with VMS mineralization have typically experienced intense and widespread alteration. The trace element geochemical signatures of the host rocks indicated that the Pontide VMS deposits likely formed in an extensional tectonic regime during subduction. Major lineaments and circular structures exerted fundamental controls on the locations of the VMS deposits in the eastern Pontide district. Age determinations indicated that almost all of the deposits in this region formed in a restricted time interval between ca. 91.1 and 82 Ma. The sulfur isotope compositions of the ore-forming fluids were consistent with those of fluids derived from modified seawater.
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17

Lalonde, Erik, and Georges Beaudoin. "Petrochemistry, hydrothermal alteration, mineralogy, and sulfur isotope geochemistry of the Turgeon Cu–Zn volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit, northern New Brunswick, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 52, no. 4 (April 2015): 215–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2014-0093.

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The Turgeon deposit is a mafic-type, Cu–Zn volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposit. It is hosted by Middle Ordovician pillow basalts of the Devereaux Formation of the Fournier Group within the Elmtree-Belledune inlier, near the Bathurst Mining Camp (BMC) in northern New Brunswick, Canada. The Turgeon deposit consists of two Cu–Zn massive sulfide lenses (“100m Zn”, “48-49”) composed of pyrite, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, and sphalerite, which are underlain by chalcopyrite–pyrite stockwork veins. Pyrite is overprinted and replaced by chalcopyrite in the stockwork and vent complex sulfide facies, where both minerals are enriched in Se and Co relative to pyrite and chalcopyrite in the massive pyrite and breccia sulfide facies. In, Se, and Co display a positive covariation with Cu, whereas Zn displays a positive covariation with Cd. Trace element geochemistry indicates that the host rocks are primarily tholeiitic basalts and andesites that have signatures between that of mid-ocean ridge basalt and island-arc tholeiite. The hanging wall rhyolite plots as an ocean ridge rhyolite and is geochemically similar to VMS-bearing FIIIa-type rhyolites. Hydrothermal alteration mineral assemblages in the footwall basalts proximal to mineralization are dominantly chlorite ± quartz in the stockwork zone, which is characterized by compositional gains in Fe and Mg and losses in Na and Ca. The chlorite-altered basalts and andesites have undergone up to 35% mass loss. Stockwork chlorite is an Fe-rich chamosite, whereas chlorite in the massive sulfides is a Mg-rich clinochlore. Chlorite geothermometry yields temperatures of 329–361 °C for chamosite and 246–286 °C for clinochlore. Sulfides at Turgeon have an average δ34SCDT of +6.9‰ (range: +5.8‰ to +10‰), indicating that sulfur was mostly derived from thermochemical reduction of Ordovician seawater sulfate. The Turgeon VMS deposit differs from those of the BMC, which is a reflection of their different tectonic settings; but it is similar to other mafic-type VMS deposits, such as the Betts Cove, Tilt Cove, and Rambler VMS deposits in Newfoundland, Canada.
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18

Lindberg, Paul A. "A volcanogenic interpretation for massive sulfide origin, West Shasta District, California." Economic Geology 80, no. 8 (December 1, 1985): 2240–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.80.8.2240.

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19

Cagatay, M. Namik. "Hydrothermal alteration associated with volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits; examples from Turkey." Economic Geology 88, no. 3 (May 1, 1993): 606–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.88.3.606.

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20

Pan, Yuanming, and Qianli Xie. "EXTREME FRACTIONATION OF PLATINUM GROUP ELEMENTS IN VOLCANOGENIC MASSIVE SULFIDE DEPOSITS." Economic Geology 96, no. 3 (May 2001): 645–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.96.3.645.

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21

Bernier, Louis R., and Wallace H. MacLean. "Auriferous chert, banded iron formation, and related volcanogenic hydrothermal alteration, Atik Lake, Manitoba." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 26, no. 12 (December 1, 1989): 2676–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e89-227.

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Small-scale alteration pipes and stratiform alteration in Archean glomeroporphyritic tholeiitic basalts at Atik Lake, Manitoba, stratigraphically underlie silicate-oxide banded iron formation (BIF) and auriferous sulfide-bearing chert. The auriferous chert is locally interbedded with graphitic argillite, indicating euxinic conditions during deposition. Cordierite–gedrite rocks formed by recrystallization of alteration assemblages during the lower amphibolite-facies metamorphism (T = 550 °C, P = 2.5 kbar). Al2O3, TiO2, Zr, and Nb, which were relatively immobile during alteration, have been used to monitor igneous differentiation and alteration. Volcanogenic hydrothermal alteration resulted in depletion of Ca, Si, Mg, Na, and Sr in the altered basalt and the addition of K, Fe, Rb, and Ba. This was accompanied by mass and volume losses of up to 25%. The mineralizing fluid was reducing and somewhat acidic. Rare-earth-element (REE) profiles of BIF and graphitic argillite, normalized to Archean shale, are less steep ((La/Lu)N = 0.51 and 0.49 respectively), than those of both mineralized chert ((La/Lu)N = 0.04) and recent sea-floor, siliceous, gold-enriched massive sulfides ((La/Lu)N = 0.11). REE profiles and Boström's plot suggest that the auriferous, sulfide-bearing chert formed by mixing of hydrothermal and detrital components. The overall chemical changes in the Atik Lake alteration system are comparable to those in Noranda-type massive-sulfide deposits. The trace-metal association in the auriferous chert is similar to that at some modern sea-floor hydrothermal sites.
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22

Torró, Lisard, Joaquín Proenza, Julio Espaillat, Albert Belén-Manzeta, María Román-Alday, Alberto Amarante, Norverto González, Jorge Espinoza, Manuel Román-Alpiste, and Carl Nelson. "The Discovery of the Romero VMS Deposit and Its Bearing on the Metallogenic Evolution of Hispaniola during the Cretaceous." Minerals 8, no. 11 (November 6, 2018): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min8110507.

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The recently discovered Romero deposit, located in the Tres Palmas district, Cordillera Central of the Dominican Republic, has probable reserves of 840,000 oz gold, 980,000 oz silver and 136 Mlb copper. Mineralization is hosted by intermediate volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks of the lower stratigraphic sequence of the Cretaceous Tireo formation. The andesitic host rocks yield a U-Pb zircon concordia age of 116 ± 10 Ma. Au–Ag–Cu(–Zn) mineralization is divided into: (1) an upper domain with stacked massive sulfide lenses and sulfide dissemination within a 20-m-thick level of massive anhydrite-gypsum nodules, and (2) a lower domain with a high-grade stockwork mineralization in the form of cm-scale veins with open space fillings of fibrous silica and chalcopyrite, sphalerite, pyrite (+electrum ± Au–Ag tellurides). The δ34S values of sulfides from the upper (−7.6 and +0.9‰) and lower (−2.4 and +5.6‰) domains are consistent with a heterogeneous sourcing of S, probably combining inorganically and organically induced reduction of Albian-Aptian seawater sulfate. Despite this, a magmatic source for sulfur cannot be discarded. The δ34S (+19.2 and +20.0‰) and δ18O (+12.5 and +14.2‰) values of anhydrite-gypsum nodules are also consistent with a seawater sulfate source and suggest crystallization in equilibrium with aqueous sulfides at temperatures higher than 250 °C. These data point to a classification of Romero as a volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposit formed in an axial position of the Greater Antilles paleo-arc in connection with island arc tholeiitic magmatism during a steady-state subduction regime. Circulation of hydrothermal fluids could have been promoted by a local extensional tectonic regime expressed in the Tres Palmas district as a graben structure.
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23

Hou, Zengqian, Shuxian Wang, Andao Du, Xiaoming Qu, and Weidong Sun. "Re-Os Dating of Sulfides from the Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposit at Gacun, Southwestern China." Resource Geology 53, no. 4 (December 2003): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-3928.2003.tb00179.x.

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24

Abraham, S., B. Konka, and S. Gebreselassie. "Geology of volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit near Meli, northwestern Tigray, northern Ethiopia." Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science 7, no. 1 (May 19, 2015): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/mejs.v7i1.117239.

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25

White, D. J., C. J. Mwenifumbo, and M. H. Salisbury. "Seismic Properties of Rocks from the Flin Flon Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Camp." Economic Geology 111, no. 4 (May 13, 2016): 913–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.111.4.913.

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26

Solomon, Michael, and Khin Zaw. "Formation on the sea floor of the Hellyer volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit." Economic Geology 92, no. 6 (October 1, 1997): 686–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.92.6.686.

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27

QUERUBIN, Cliff L., and Graciano P. YUMUL. "Stratigraphic Correlation of the Malusok Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposits, Southern Mindanao, Philippines." Resource Geology 51, no. 2 (June 2001): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-3928.2001.tb00087.x.

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28

Rui-Xue, LI, WANG He, XI Zhen-Zhu, LONG Xia, HOU Hai-Tao, LIU Yuan-Yuan, and JIANG Huan. "THE 3D TRANSIENT ELECTROMAGNETIC FORWARD MODELING OF VOLCANOGENIC MASSIVE SULFIDE ORE DEPOSITS." Chinese Journal of Geophysics 59, no. 6 (November 2016): 725–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjg2.30020.

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29

Stix, John, Ben Kennedy, Mark Hannington, Harold Gibson, Richard Fiske, Wulf Mueller, and James Franklin. "Caldera-forming processes and the origin of submarine volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits." Geology 31, no. 4 (2003): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0375:cfpato>2.0.co;2.

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30

WALKER, J. A., D. R. LENTZ, and S. H. McCLENAGHAN. "The Orvan Brook Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposit: Anatomy of a Highly Attenuated Massive Sulfide System, Bathurst Mining Camp, New Brunswick." Exploration and Mining Geology 15, no. 3-4 (July 1, 2006): 155–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsemg.15.3-4.155.

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31

Almodóvar, Gabriel R., Lola Yesares, Reinaldo Sáez, Manuel Toscano, Felipe González, and Juan Manuel Pons. "Massive Sulfide Ores in the Iberian Pyrite Belt: Mineralogical and Textural Evolution." Minerals 9, no. 11 (October 24, 2019): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9110653.

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The Iberian Pyrite Belt (IPB) is recognized as having one of the major concentrations of volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits on Earth. Original resources of about 2000 Mt of massive sulfides have been reported in the province. Recent classifications have considered the IPB deposits as the bimodal siliciclastic subtype, although major differences can be recognized among them. The main ones concern the hosting rocks. To the north, volcanic and volcaniclastic depositional environments predominate, whereas to the south, black shale-hosted VMS prevail. The mineral composition is quite simple, with pyrite as the main mineral phase, and sphalerite, galena, and chalcopyrite as major components. A suite of minor minerals is also present, including arsenopyrite, tetrahedrite–tennantite, cobaltite, Sb–As–Bi sulfosalts, gold, and electrum. Common oxidized phases include magnetite, hematite, cassiterite, and barite. The spatial relationship between all these minerals provides a very rich textural framework. A careful textural analysis reported here leads to a general model for the genetic evolution of the IPB massive sulfides, including four main stages: (1) Sedimentary/diagenetic replacement process on hosting rocks; (2) sulfides recrystallization at rising temperature; (3) metal distillation and sulfides maturation related to late Sb-bearing hydrothermal fluids; and (4) metal remobilization associated with the Variscan tectonism. The proposed model can provide new tools for mineral exploration as well as for mining and metallurgy.
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32

Ioannou, S. E., E. T. C. Spooner, and C. T. Barrie. "Fluid Temperature and Salinity Characteristics of the Matagami Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide District, Quebec." Economic Geology 102, no. 4 (June 1, 2007): 691–715. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.102.4.691.

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33

Halley, S. W., and R. H. Roberts. "Henty; a shallow-water gold-rich volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit in western Tasmania." Economic Geology 92, no. 4 (July 1, 1997): 438–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.92.4.438.

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34

Yakushi, Daigoro, and Mamoru Enjoji. "Chemical Composition of Ores from the Takara Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposit, Central Japan." Resource Geology 54, no. 4 (December 2004): 437–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-3928.2004.tb00219.x.

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35

Wang, Changming, Jun Deng, Shouting Zhang, and Liqiang Yang. "Metallogenic Province and Large Scale Mineralization of Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposits in China." Resource Geology 60, no. 4 (November 23, 2010): 404–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-3928.2010.00127.x.

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36

Kuzebnyy, V. S., Ye A. Kaleyev, and V. A. Makarov. "VOLCANOGENIC-SEDIMENTARY MASSIVE SULFIDE MINERALIZATION OF THE KYZYL-TASHTYG ORE FIELD, EASTERN TUVA." International Geology Review 32, no. 4 (April 1990): 384–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00206819009465785.

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37

Cathles, Lawrence M. "What processes at mid-ocean ridges tell us about volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits." Mineralium Deposita 46, no. 5-6 (June 24, 2010): 639–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00126-010-0292-9.

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38

Saunders, James A., and Gilles O. Allard. "The Scott Lake deposit: a contact-metamorphosed volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit, Chibougamau area, Quebec." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 27, no. 2 (February 1, 1990): 180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e90-018.

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The Scott Lake volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit lies near the margin of a large, early kinematic granitoid intrusion in the vicinity of Chibougamau, Quebec. The deposit was contact metamorphosed by the intrusion, and subsequently it was metamorphosed to the greenschist facies during the Kenoran Orogeny. Pyrite, magnetite, and sphalerite are the most abundant metallic minerals, and minor amounts of chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, and loellingite are also present. Both pyrite and magnetite locally occur as porphyroblasts up to several centimetres in diameter. Metamorphic textures developed in the massive sulfide ore appear to have formed during contact metamorphism, and they remained intact through the subsequent regional event. However, silicate minerals (biotite and possibly amphibole) that grew during contact metamorphism were largely retrograded during regional metamorphism. The presence of biotite indicates that contact metamorphism took place at 400°–500 °C. Application of the sphalerite geobarometer gives a pressure of approximately 4.5 kbar (450 MPa), which probably reflects the later regional event.
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39

SERAVINA, Tatyana, Svetlana KUZNETSOVA, and Ludmila FILATOVA. "Compositional peculiarities of the host rocks and ores of the Lazursky ore field, Zmeinogorsk ore region of the Rudny Altai minerogenic zone." Domestic geology, no. 3-4 (September 14, 2021): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.47765/0869-7175-2021-10020.

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The article describes composition of the host rocks and ores of the Lazursky and Maslyansky polymetallic volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits of the Lazursky ore field located within the Zmeinogorsk ore region of the Rudny Altai minerogenic zone. The ore field is composed of various facies of the Devonian (Late Givetian – Frasnian) ore-bearing siliceous-terrigenous basalt-rhyolite formation containing horizons of synvolcanic metasomatites. All rocks of the ore field were subjected to folding and schistosity with zones of tectonic brecciation. Hydrothermal alterations are represented by carbonatization and chloritization. The ore bodies exposed at the Lazursky and Maslyansky ore deposits are represented by copper-pyrite, copper, and zinc-copper-pyrite massive sulfide ores and other varieties. The major ore minerals of the deposits are chalcopyrite, pyrite, sphalerite, marcasite, and pyrrhotite.
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40

Vallée, Marc A., Richard S. Smith, and Pierre Keating. "Case history of combined airborne time-domain electromagnetics and power-line field survey in Chibougamau, Canada." GEOPHYSICS 75, no. 2 (March 2010): B67—B72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3343573.

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Exploration for volcanogenic massive sulfides requires good geologic understanding. Geologic knowledge often is limited by a lack of outcrops. This is especially true in Canada under residual glacial covers. Geologic information must therefore be complemented by information obtained using means such as geophysical and geochemical observations. Electromagnetic (EM) methods extend lithological understanding to depths beyond the overburden. Massive sulfides are highly conductive and, depending on their depth and volume, may be detected easily by airborne EM surveys. They are more often equant than graphitic sediments, which typically have longer strike length. Current EMtechniques that identify massive sulfides operate in the frequency or time domain, the latter being more common. Additional information can be provided by using power-line fields as a source of EM signals when the powerlines are appropriately located in the area of interest. We have worked in an active exploration area near Chibougamau, Canada, known for a large occurrence of massive sulfide deposits. The geology is a sequence of volcanic formations with felsic and mafic intrusions. Our magnetic technique responded well to mafic rocks. An airborne time-domain EM survey mapped localized and intrasedimentary conductors in that area. We learned in our study that power-line EM fields can be used to map large-extent conductive formations and narrow geologic faults.
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41

Yartsev, E. I., I. V. Vikentyev, and V. Yu Prokofiev. "Mineralogical and geochemical evidenceof contact transformation of Dzhusа base metal massive sulfide deposit (South Urals)." Moscow University Bulletin. Series 4. Geology, no. 1 (February 28, 2017): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33623/0579-9406-2017-1-39-44.

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Dzhusа volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit is characterized by a high concentration of dykes of basic and intermediate rocks. Thermal metamorphism of ore and recrystallization of ore minerals were caused by formation of post-ore dykes. It was shown that homogenization temperature regular increased from 156 °С at a distance of the dyke to 287-305 °С in its contact zone. Highly saline (6,4-15,7 wt.% eq. NaCl) water fluids saturated with CO2 suggest high pres- sure conditions (up to 1500 bars) and can result from contact and regional metamorphism.
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42

Pehrsson, Sally, Harold L. Gibson, and Kelly Gilmore. "A Special Issue on Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposits of the Trans-Hudson Orogen: Preface." Economic Geology 111, no. 4 (May 13, 2016): 803–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.111.4.803.

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Schmidt, Jeanine M. "Stratigraphic setting and mineralogy of the Arctic volcanogenic massive sulfide prospect, Ambler District, Alaska." Economic Geology 81, no. 7 (November 1, 1986): 1619–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.81.7.1619.

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Gemmell, J. Bruce, and Ross R. Large. "Stringer system and alteration zones underlying the Hellyer volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit, Tasmania, Australia." Economic Geology 87, no. 3 (May 1, 1992): 620–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.87.3.620.

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Syme, E. C., and A. H. Bailes. "Stratigraphic and tectonic setting of early Proterozoic volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits, Flin Flon, Manitoba." Economic Geology 88, no. 3 (May 1, 1993): 566–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.88.3.566.

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Brauhart, Carl W., David I. Groves, and Peter Morant. "Regional alteration systems associated with volcanogenic massive sulfide mineralization at Panorama, Pilbara, Western Australia." Economic Geology 93, no. 3 (May 1, 1998): 292–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.93.3.292.

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Hassan, Lee Y., and Malcolm P. Roberts. "Tellurides associated with volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) mineralization at Yuinmery and Austin, Western Australia." Ore Geology Reviews 80 (January 2017): 352–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2016.07.005.

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Dergachev, A. L., and N. I. Eremin. "Volcanogenic massive sulfide and sedimentary-exhalation lead-zinc ore formation during the Earth’s history." Doklady Earth Sciences 423, no. 1 (November 2008): 1220–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1028334x08080084.

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Barrie, C. Tucker, Craig Taylor, and Doreen E. Ames. "Geology and Metal Contents of the Ruttan volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit, northern Manitoba, Canada." Mineralium Deposita 39, no. 8 (January 12, 2005): 795–812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00126-004-0455-7.

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Barrie, C. Tucker, Craig Taylor, and Doreen E. Ames. "Geology and metal contents of the Ruttan volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit, northern Manitoba, Canada." Mineralium Deposita 41, no. 8 (October 18, 2006): 837. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00126-006-0087-1.

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