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1
Nakamura, Yoichi, Kazuyoshi Fukushima, Xinghai Jin, Motoo Ukawa Teruko Sato, and Yayoi Hotta. "Mitigation Systems by Hazard Maps, Mitigation Plans, and Risk Analyses Regarding Volcanic Disasters in Japan." Journal of Disaster Research 3, no. 4 (August 1, 2008): 297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2008.p0297.
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More than 60 volcanic hazard maps have been published on 38 of Japan’s 108 active volcanoes. Two maps were published before 1990, 17 after the 1991 eruptions of Unzen, and 19 after the 2000 eruptions of Usuzan and Miyakejima. Large eruptions greatly increase concern over volcanic hazards. The earlier academic maps themselves have changed from being specialist-oriented to being designed to be more easily understood with volcanic terms clearly explained. This is especially true of revised maps. The 1961 Disaster Countermeasures Basic Act directs that local disaster management plans be promoted by local governments, but only 5 of the local governments in the 25 prefectures neighboring on active volcanoes have set up established specific volcano-oriented antidisaster programs. Others mention volcanic disaster measures in the context of general or storm and flood disaster measures, and another six make no mention of particular measures for volcanic disasters. This lack of concern is somewhat understandably related to budget policies, but real-time hazard maps with probability tree algorithms for forecasting volcanic events are needed to manage potential volcanic disasters effectively. For this purpose, volcanic disaster measures with volcanic risk, or threat analyses assessments must be completed, but no local governments have yet conducted assessments of volcanic risk analyses. Whatever and however complex the reasons, local governments should, cooperating with volcanologists and supported by local residents, take action before an eruption next occurs.
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Kuri, Miwa, and Anawat Suppasri. "Perceptions of Volcanic Hazard-Related Information Relevant to Volcano Tourism Areas in Japan." Journal of Disaster Research 13, no. 6 (November 1, 2018): 1082–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2018.p1082.
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Perceptions of volcanic hazard-related information relevant to volcano tourism areas in Japan were investigated using an Internet questionnaire survey. This study focused on the possibilities of tourism activities as a method of disseminating disaster information not only to residents but also to visitors. We evaluated the effects of educational programs (EP) including recreational activities at geopark, for the purpose of further enhancing information content and establishment of cooperation system. The survey focused on the roles and perspectives of residents, the tourism industry, scientists, and the government in volcanic disaster mitigation, as well as the dissemination of volcanic information with regard to daily activities and the actions to be taken in the event of an emergency. Hazard perceptions tended to be actuate in areas where knowledge dissemination activities were active, but this did not lead to evacuation awareness. Evacuation awareness was correlated with disaster awareness, specifically regarding the degree of interest in a volcano, eruption frequency and style, perceptions of eruption predictability, and trust in information source. Disaster awareness correlated somewhat with eruption style and with the time elapsed science the most recent eruption. Our results showed that the perceptions of residents living near volcanoes depended on eruption frequency, their experience during previous eruptions, and local government assessments of the severity of the volcanic hazard. Despite advances in tools of social media, that is not yet to take advantage under disaster circumstances. A disaster prevention system that incorporates disaster prevention education and open lines of communication among scientists, government, media, residents, and the tourism industry is necessary to improve the disaster resilience of communities in volcanic areas.
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Cerase, Andrea, Massimo Crescimbene, Federica La Longa, and Alessandro Amato. "Tsunami risk perception in southern Italy: first evidence from a sample survey." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 12 (December 19, 2019): 2887–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-2887-2019.
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Abstract. The Italian Tsunami Alert Centre of the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (Centro di Allerta Tsunami, hereinafter CAT-INGV) supported a computer-assisted telephone interview (CATI) survey to investigate tsunami risk perception in two pilot regions of southern Italy. The survey was carried out on a stratified sample of 1021 interviewees representing about 3.2 million people living in 183 coastal municipalities of the two regions, namely Calabria and Apulia. The main goal of this research is to verify whether and how people's perception of tsunami hazard compares to the results of (PTHA) – probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment (TSUMAPS-NEAM project; Basili et al., 2018). As shown by the results of this project, both investigated regions are characterised by high tsunami hazard. Nonetheless, the long return time of such events could lead people to consider the occurrence of a tsunami in the Mediterranean Sea to be very unlikely. The survey results reveal that people's risk perception is low: for almost half of the whole sample the occurrence of a tsunami in the Mediterranean Sea is considered quite unlikely, with a clear difference between Apulia and Calabria. In the latter region the risk perception is much higher than in the former, probably due to the shorter time elapsed since the last event. Also, belonging to different coastal areas1 appears to have a significant influence on the way tsunami hazard is conceived, having a stronger effect on risk characterisation: the interviewees of Tyrrhenian Calabria are indeed more likely to associate tsunami risk with volcanoes than the Ionian citizens. This is coherent considering the presence of active volcanoes and related tsunami precedents in the Tyrrhenian. Television emerged as the most relevant source of knowledge for almost 90 % of the sample, and the influence of media also results in the way tsunami risk is characterised. In particular, the survey showed that people's perception and understanding of tsunamis are affected by media accounts of large events, such as the 2004 Sumatra and the 2011 Japan tsunamis. At the same time, it is evident that the risk posed by smaller events is underrated. Furthermore, the survey's results show that the word “tsunami” occupies a different semantic space in comparison to the Italian traditional headword maremoto, with differences among sample strata. In other words, the same physical phenomenon would be understood in two different ways by younger, educated people and elders with a low education level. The results of this study, although limited to two regions, provide a first assessment of tsunami risk perception in Italy, also entailing important consequences for both risk communication practice and mitigation policies.
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Ohba, Tsukasa, Shintaro Hayashi, Masao Ban, Takumi Imura, Yusuke Minami, and Masahiro Endo. "Late Holocene Tephrostratigraphy at Chokai Volcano, Northern Japan, and Contribution to Hazard Assessment." Journal of Disaster Research 17, no. 5 (August 1, 2022): 724–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2022.p0724.
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History and pattern of explosive eruptions at Chokai volcano, Japan, in the last 2500 years were investigated from tephra survey and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dating. The tephrostratigraphy was established based on observations at eight hand-dug trenches and three outcrops. The well-correlated tephra layers were dated at c. 2.5 ka, 2.1–1.9 ka, 1.8 ka, and 1.6 ka, indicating major eruptions occurred at these ages. The tephra from the documented 871 CE eruption was also identified. Componentry analysis of ash was carried out for these five eruption deposits. The changes in tephra facies and ash components within an unbroken series of tephra layers indicate a shift from hydrothermal-dominant phreatic or phreatomagmatic eruption to magma-dominant eruptions in a single episode. Common eruption sequences were identified based on the combination of tephra facies variation and records of witnessed eruptions. Every volcanic activity begins with precursory activity of seismicity, fumaroles, and snow melting for weeks to months, then onset hydrothermal-dominant eruption happens. Then, the eruption evolves to a magma-dominant eruption, or alternatively, the hydrothermal-dominant eruption persistently continues until cessation. The eruption sizes are VEI 2 or more minor. Lahar can occur at any stage of the eruption, resulting in damage to the residential area at the base of the volcano. The eruption patterns and the extent of hazard risks elucidated by this study will be utilized to hazard mitigation plans.
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Fujii, Toshitsutgu, and Kazuhiro Ishihara. "Special Issue on Volcanic Disasters." Journal of Disaster Research 3, no. 4 (August 1, 2008): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2008.p0251.
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The volcanic disasters are quite variable depending on the nature of the volcanic eruptions, the degrees of land-use surrounding the volcanic areas and preparedness against the eruptions. In order to mitigate the volcanic disasters, therefore, multidisciplinary approach is required. The International Volcanic Conference, ``Cities on Volcanoes 5," held in Shimabara Japan on the November 19-23, 2007 encouraged a wide range of people who are engaged in the volcanic disaster mitigation to gather to discuss topics related to volcanic eruptions and their hazards. The aim of this conference was to evaluate and improve mitigation measures, emergency management, and all required to successfully confront volcanic crises in densely populated area and to recover from any devastation. As the main topics discussed during the conference is quite adequate for the aim of this journal, this special issue tried to include papers read at the conference as many as possible. For the mitigation of the volcanic disasters, several different approaches should be included. Volcano monitoring through observation is the basis for most eruption forecasts and other measures for volcanic disaster mitigation. Impacts on human health and sustainability in volcanic areas in the fields of air and water pollution are also important issues to be included in the management of volcanic hazards. The practical lessons learned through the case histories of actual events should be shared to prepare for and respond to volcano crises that may affect communities. Hiroaki Takahashi proposes a method to estimate the real-time eruption magnitude that might be utilized to judge the duration of eruption in the early stage of eruption. Yoshikazu Kikawada et al. summarize arsenic pollution of rivers originated from the Kusatsu volcanic region. Tsuneomi Kagiyama and Yuichi Morita discuss the strategy to understand the preparing process of caldera forming eruption as a first step to assess the risk of gigantic eruption. Hiroshi Ikeya describes the prevention works executed by the central and local governments during and after the Mt. Unzen 1990-1995 eruption. Harry J. R. Keys summarizes the aspects of risk assessment and mitigation for a dome-break lahar that was predicted in 1995 and actually occurred on 18 March 2007 at Ruapehu volcano. Yoichi Nakamura et al. describe the mitigation systems on volcanic disasters in Japan emphasizing the importance of preparing hazard maps. We know the topics covered by this special issue do not represent the wide-ranging aspect of the conference, but include some significant portion. We hope that this special issue will be utilized to share the lessons learned through the practical trial to mitigate the actual disasters during the volcanic crisis.
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Cigna, Francesca, Deodato Tapete, and Zhong Lu. "Remote Sensing of Volcanic Processes and Risk." Remote Sensing 12, no. 16 (August 10, 2020): 2567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12162567.
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Remote sensing data and methods are increasingly being embedded into assessments of volcanic processes and risk. This happens thanks to their capability to provide a spectrum of observation and measurement opportunities to accurately sense the dynamics, magnitude, frequency, and impacts of volcanic activity in the ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), infrared (IR), and microwave domains. Launched in mid-2018, the Special Issue “Remote Sensing of Volcanic Processes and Risk” of Remote Sensing gathers 19 research papers on the use of satellite, aerial, and ground-based remote sensing to detect thermal features and anomalies, investigate lava and pyroclastic flows, predict the flow path of lahars, measure gas emissions and plumes, and estimate ground deformation. The strong multi-disciplinary character of the approaches employed for volcano monitoring and the combination of a variety of sensor types, platforms, and methods that come out from the papers testify the current scientific and technology trends toward multi-data and multi-sensor monitoring solutions. The research advances presented in the published papers are achieved thanks to a wealth of data including but not limited to the following: thermal IR from satellite missions (e.g., MODIS, VIIRS, AVHRR, Landsat-8, Sentinel-2, ASTER, TET-1) and ground-based stations (e.g., FLIR cameras); digital elevation/surface models from airborne sensors (e.g., Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR), or 3D laser scans) and satellite imagery (e.g., tri-stereo Pléiades, SPOT-6/7, PlanetScope); airborne hyperspectral surveys; geophysics (e.g., ground-penetrating radar, electromagnetic induction, magnetic survey); ground-based acoustic infrasound; ground-based scanning UV spectrometers; and ground-based and satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imaging (e.g., TerraSAR-X, Sentinel-1, Radarsat-2). Data processing approaches and methods include change detection, offset tracking, Interferometric SAR (InSAR), photogrammetry, hotspots and anomalies detection, neural networks, numerical modeling, inversion modeling, wavelet transforms, and image segmentation. Some authors also share codes for automated data analysis and demonstrate methods for post-processing standard products that are made available for end users, and which are expected to stimulate the research community to exploit them in other volcanological application contexts. The geographic breath is global, with case studies in Chile, Peru, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Hawai’i, Alaska, Kamchatka, Japan, Indonesia, Vanuatu, Réunion Island, Ethiopia, Canary Islands, Greece, Italy, and Iceland. The added value of the published research lies on the demonstration of the benefits that these remote sensing technologies have brought to knowledge of volcanoes that pose risk to local communities; back-analysis and critical revision of recent volcanic eruptions and unrest periods; and improvement of modeling and prediction methods. Therefore, this Special Issue provides not only a collection of forefront research in remote sensing applied to volcanology, but also a selection of case studies proving the societal impact that this scientific discipline can potentially generate on volcanic hazard and risk management.
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Kumaki, Yohta, and Sumiko Kubo. "Geomorphological maps as the basis of hazard mapping in Japan." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-197-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Japanese Islands are situated along the tectonically very active zone. Earthquakes occur frequently, and there are many active volcanoes. Climatically Japan is located in the east Asian monsoon zone and has high annual precipitation. Tropical cyclones (typhoons) or baiu (early summer rain season) sometimes lead to torrential rainfall. Such natural conditions have created broad high mountain areas and rivers of strong erosional process. Mountain slopes are geologically open to collapse, and debris flows often occur in streams in mountainous areas. While the area of alluvial plains, underlain by thick unconsolidated sediment, account for only 25% of the whole of Japan, approximately 80% of the population is concentrated in these weak-ground areas. Owing to such geographical characteristics, people have suffered many and various natural disasters (earthquake ground motion, liquefaction, landslide, debris flow, river flood, high tide, tsunami, etc.) in Japan.</p><p>In 1959, a very strong typhoon (Isewan Typhoon or Typhoon Vera) brought the greatest flood damage in Nagoya City and its surrounding area. More than 5,000 people were killed or missing by it. The major damage was caused by high tide inundation in the delta of the Nobi plain. Three years before the disaster, Masahiko OYA (1923&ndash;2005) made a 1&thinsp;:&thinsp;50,000 geomorphological map of the plain. The damaged area had been shown in the map which was based on geomorphic features. After this, it became well-known that geomorphological mapping is effective for understanding flood risks.</p><p>Since then, the various natural disasters have been studied by Japanese geomorphologists and the relationship between the damage and geomorphological condition has been revealed. Nowadays we know that the geomorphological land condition influences very much not only the damage by earthquake strong motion but also occurrence of ground liquefaction. It is also well-known that landforms derived by landslide or debris flow shown in a geomorphological map mean that the place is open to damage in the future.</p><p>The national government carried out and is carrying out some geomorphological mapping projects for the purpose of hazard assessments. Nowadays, national and local governments prepare various kinds of “hazard map” which show probably dangerous zones, and some of them are made using the information provided from geomorphological maps.</p><p>Major geomorphological mapping projects are as follows:</p><p>Chikei Burui Zu (Landform Classification Map) 1&thinsp;:&thinsp;50,000, 1953&ndash;</p><p>This project intended not to use for hazard assessment but to contribute to the development conservation and higher utilization of land in the rapid population growth period. At first, this project executed by the Geographical Survey Institute (national survey and mapping agency of Japan, present name: Geospatial Information Authority of Japan, GSI), but most of maps has been prepared by prefectural governments. Most part of Japan has been covered. We can see the maps on a website of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport and on the web-GIS (Chiriin Chizu) of GSI.</p><p>http://nrb-www.mlit.go.jp/kokjo/inspect/landclassification/land/l_national_map_5-1.html</p><p>Suigai Chikei Bunrui Zu (Geomorphological Survey Map of River Basins Showing Classification of Flood Stricken Areas) 1956&ndash;2001</p><p>35 maps of this series, the scale of which are mainly 1&thinsp;:&thinsp;50,000 or 1&thinsp;:&thinsp;25,000, were made by OYA and his co-workers. The above-mentioned geomorphological map of the Nobi plain is the first one. The mapping was made from a viewpoint that the micro-landforms of a plain reflect the history of flooding because they have been formed by the deposition process during the flood time, and therefore they enable us to estimating flooding in the future. The project was sponsored by some government organizations, especially river offices. Oya and his co-workers also made 10 maps in foreign countries of Asia and Africa. Today, we can see the maps on the website of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience (NIED).</p>
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Hübscher, Christian, Martin Hensch, Torsten Dahm, Ali Dehghani, Iordanis Dimitriadis, Matthias Hort, and Tuncay Taymaz. "Toward a risk assessment of central Aegean volcanoes." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 87, no. 39 (2006): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006eo390002.
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Widodo, Edi, and H. Hastuti. "Local Wisdom in Responding to Disaster of Merapi Eruption: Case Study of Wonolelo Village." Geosfera Indonesia 4, no. 3 (November 25, 2019): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/geosi.v4i3.14066.
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The people who live in the Merapi area have been going on for years. Merapi is the most active volcano in Central Java that can threaten the community, but the community still exists today, of course, having local wisdom in responding to the eruption of Merapi. This study aims to determine the local wisdom of Wonolelo Village before, during, and after the Merapi eruption. In addition, to find out the historical relationship of the Merapi eruption to local wisdom and the challenges faced by Wonolelo Village in maintaining the sustainability of local wisdom. This research was used as a descriptive qualitative method. The method of collecting data is done through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. Data sources of this study are community leaders, spiritual leaders, and people who are more than 70 years old. Analysis of the data used is sourced triangulation based on the Miles & Huberman model. The results showed that local wisdom in responding to the Merapi eruption in Wonolelo Village still exists today. Local wisdom is divided into three segments, namely before, during, and after the eruption of Merapi. Local wisdom before the Merapi eruption is a notification that Merapi eruption activity will occur. Local wisdom in Wonolelo Village has challenges in the form of modernization and not running the local wisdom relay to young people.
Keywords: Disaster, Local wisdom, Merapi volcano.
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Kagawa, Jun. "Risk Assessment and Risk Management in Japan." Toxicology and Industrial Health 7, no. 5-6 (September 1991): 347–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074823379100700538.
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Yokoyama, Eiji. "Risk Assessment and Risk Management in Japan." Toxicology and Industrial Health 7, no. 5-6 (September 1991): 409–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074823379100700545.
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Fujita, Eisuke, Masato Iguchi, Yuichi Morita, Setsuya Nakada, Mitsuhiro Nakagawa, and Yuki Suzuki. "Special Issue on Future Volcano Research in Japan: Integrated Program for Next-Generation Volcano Research." Journal of Disaster Research 17, no. 5 (August 1, 2022): 585–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2022.p0585.
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Since Japan has 111 active volcanoes, we living there need to be prepared for the volcanic disasters that we will likely encounter in our lifetime. The Integrated Program for Next Generation Volcano Research and Human Resource Development (INeVRH), a research project of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), started in 2016 and is now in its 7th year. It is approaching its final stage will be ready to make proposals that will improve our knowledge from both scientific and practical points of view. In theme A, the Japan Volcanic Data Network (JVDN) system started its function as a volcanic research platform, providing the observation and analysis data of many universities, governmental agencies, and institutes. The JVDN system promotes collaborative, multidisciplinary study. In theme B, many strategic observation techniques now deployed have revealed the characteristics of volcanoes in detail. For example, a dense seismic and magnetic survey has clarified the fine structure of the hydrothermal system beneath volcanoes, providing information that can be used to evaluate their phreatic eruption potential. In addition, brand-new volcanic gas observation techniques using drones now obtain in-situ information effectively. Theme C has obtained geologic and petrologic findings at many volcanoes and has come to the stage in which systematic compilation of this database would be useful to comparative studies of many volcanoes. These findings are also used in numerical simulations that combine geologic, petrologic, and geophysical formulations to produce more comprehensive models used to interpret volcanic activity. Theme D focuses on the development of practical technologies for volcanic disaster mitigation, mainly related to volcanic ash. A scheme for the quick detection and evaluation of volcanic ash is proposed through observation and numerical simulation, and an experiment is performed to reveal the thickness threshold of volcanic ash deposits on air-conditioners. This special issue reports on some up-to-date topics that could become the basis of dynamic and effective links between themes A, B, C, and D, which may serve as a base and direction for discussions that summarize and conclude this 10-year project.
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Douglas, J. "Physical vulnerability modelling in natural hazard risk assessment." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 7, no. 2 (April 5, 2007): 283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-7-283-2007.
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Abstract. An evaluation of the risk to an exposed element from a hazardous event requires a consideration of the element's vulnerability, which expresses its propensity to suffer damage. This concept allows the assessed level of hazard to be translated to an estimated level of risk and is often used to evaluate the risk from earthquakes and cyclones. However, for other natural perils, such as mass movements, coastal erosion and volcanoes, the incorporation of vulnerability within risk assessment is not well established and consequently quantitative risk estimations are not often made. This impedes the study of the relative contributions from different hazards to the overall risk at a site. Physical vulnerability is poorly modelled for many reasons: the cause of human casualties (from the event itself rather than by building damage); lack of observational data on the hazard, the elements at risk and the induced damage; the complexity of the structural damage mechanisms; the temporal and geographical scales; and the ability to modify the hazard level. Many of these causes are related to the nature of the peril therefore for some hazards, such as coastal erosion, the benefits of considering an element's physical vulnerability may be limited. However, for hazards such as volcanoes and mass movements the modelling of vulnerability should be improved by, for example, following the efforts made in earthquake risk assessment. For example, additional observational data on induced building damage and the hazardous event should be routinely collected and correlated and also numerical modelling of building behaviour during a damaging event should be attempted.
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Hayashi, Yuzo. "Risk assessment of carcinogens in Japan." Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology 48, no. 2-3 (February 1996): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0940-2993(96)80042-x.
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Aguilar Contreras, Rigoberto, Edu Taipe Maquerhua, Yanet Antayhua Vera, Mayra Ortega Gonzales, Fredy Apaza Choquehuayta, and Luis Cruz Mamani. "Hazard assessment studies and multiparametric volcano monitoring developed by the Instituto Geológico, Minero y Metalúrgico in Peru." Volcanica 4, S1 (November 1, 2021): 73–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.30909/vol.04.s1.7392.
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Urban development in the areas surrounding active volcanoes has led to increasing risks in southern Peru. In order to evaluate the hazard, the Instituto Geológico, Minero y Metalúrgico (INGEMMET) created a Volcano Observatory (OVI) to carry out detailed geological investigations to understand eruption histories and provide volcanic hazard maps. The generation of geological information on volcanoes has allowed the identification of scenarios and zoning of potentially impacted areas. This information has also allowed OVI to implement surveillance networks giving priority to the volcanoes that pose the greatest risk to the population, infrastructure, and economic activities. Since 2006, OVI has been running volcanic monitoring networks with a multidisciplinary approach, improving real-time transmission, and making timely forecasts. Based on geological information and the risk posed by the volcanoes, the greatest efforts have been made to monitor Sabancaya, Misti, Ubinas, and Ticsani volcanoes. Following the order of priorities, monitoring of Coropuna, Huaynaputina, Tutupaca and, Yucamane volcanoes has also been developed. In addition, OVI carries out routine education activities and diffusion of information that serve to manage volcanic risk in Peru. El desarrollo urbano en zonas aledañas a volcanes activos ha conllevado a la generación de riesgos cada vez mayores en el sur del Perú. Con la finalidad de evaluar el peligro, el Instituto Geológico, Minero y Metalúrgico (INGEMMET) creó un observatorio vulcanológico (OVI) para realizar estudios geológicos detallados que permitan conocer las historias eruptivas y elaborar mapas de peligros volcánicos. La generación de información geológica sobre los volcanes ha permitido la identificación de escenarios y la zonificación de áreas con potencial a ser afectadas. Esta información también ha permitido al OVI implementar sus redes de monitoreo priorizando los volcanes que representan mayor riesgo para la población, la infraestructura y las actividades económicas. Desde el año 2006, el OVI viene implementando redes de vigilancia volcánica con un enfoque multidisciplinario, mejorando la transmisión en tiempo real y realizando pronósticos oportunos. En base a la información geológica y el nivel de riesgo de los volcanes, se han puesto los mayores esfuerzos en monitorear los volcanes Sabancaya, Misti, Ubinas y Ticsani. Siguiendo el orden de prioridades, el OVI ha comenzado, también, el monitoreo de los volcanes Coropuna, Huaynaputina, Tutupaca y Yucamane. Además, el observatorio desarrolla actividades permanentes de educación y difusión de la información que sirven a la gestión del riesgo volcánico en el Perú.
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Ohba, Tsukasa. "Case study and event analysis for mitigation of unpredictable volcanic hazard." Impact 2020, no. 3 (May 13, 2020): 26–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2020.3.26.
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Volcanology is an extremely important scientific discipline. Shedding light on how and why volcanoes erupt, how eruptions can be predicted and their impact on humans and the environment is crucial to public safety, economies and businesses. Understanding volcanoes means eruptions can be anticipated and at-risk communities can be forewarned, enabling them to implement mitigation measures. Professor Tsukasa Ohba is a scientist based at the Graduate School of International Resource Studies, Akita University, Japan, and specialises in volcanology and petrology. Ohba and his team are focusing on volcanic phenomena including: phreatic eruptions (a steam-driven eruption driven by the heat from magma interacting with water); lahar (volcanic mudflow); and monogenetic basalt eruptions (which consist of a group of small monogenetic volcanoes, each of which erupts only once). The researchers are working to understand the mechanisms of these phenomena using Petrology. Petrology is one of the traditional methods in volcanology but has not been applied to disastrous eruptions before. The teams research will contribute to volcanic hazard mitigation.
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Bagirov, E., R. Nadirov, and I. Lerche. "Flaming Eruptions and Ejections from Mud Volcanoes in Azerbaijan: Statistical Risk Assessment from the Historical Records." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 14, no. 6 (December 1996): 535–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459879601400603.
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Information from approximately 220 mud volcanoes in Azerbaijan over the last 183 years has been used to assess the likelihood of: (a) new mud volcano formation; (b) new gryphon or salse formation: (c) mud flow parameters; (d) flame production and flame height distribution. These computations have been undertaken to provide a risk assessment for offshore rig siting based on historical information, with the offshore Chirag area, of major interest to oil exploration corporations, being used as an example of probable hazard evaluation. The results show that: over the past 100 years only four new mud volcanoes have been observed onshore in Azerbaijan. Furthermore, newly-formed mud volcanoes are usually very small, and their eruptions do not present a serious hazard. The most probable waiting time for the formation of a new volcano in the Chirag area is about 1600 years. The probability that a new volcano will not form in this area over the next 100 years is greater than 90%. The formation of new gryphons and salses is probable. These gryphons usually lie within the area of the crater field and along faults. In the volcanoes studied the average diameter of the crater field is about 120 m. The most probable waiting time for a first eruption is about 95 years, and for a powerful or average-strength eruption is about 270 years. On land there is a 95% probability that the length of mud flow from an eruptive center is less than about 340 m, and that the mud width does not exceed 260 m; the average values of these parameters are 74 m and 56 m, respectively. For the marine environment establishing the corresponding values presents particular hydrodynamic problems. The gas volume distribution during eruptions can be described by an exponential distribution with an average value of about 590 × 106m3. Small volumes of gas are also given off by degassing of volcanic breccia, but the mean value is only about 560 m3, many orders of magnitude lower than the gas volume emitted during the eruptive phase. The gas composition is mostly methane (averaging 95%), with smaller amounts of carbon dioxide (3.5%), and minor quantities of nitrogen, ethane, heavy hydrocarbons, hydrogen and helium. The hydrogen sulfide content is extremely low, of order of 10−5%. Gas ignition depends both on volume and on the rate at which gas moves along exit channels and is emitted from such channels. The ignition coefficient, characterizing the probability that the gas will self-ignite during an eruption, is about 42% which is the average likelihood that gas will flame spontaneously. The flame height, which can reach hundreds of meters, averages 77 m, and there is a 95% probability that a flame will be in the range 60 m to 100 m, although in the majority of eruptions there is no flame recorded.
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ISHIKAWA, Toshinori, Takahiro KAZAMA, Yoshihide NAKAGAWA, Shinichi AOKI, Shuji TANAKA, Tsutomu KOMINE, and Akira NAKAYAMA. "PROPOSAL OF BEACH RISK ASSESSMENT METHOD OF JAPAN." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B3 (Ocean Engineering) 72, no. 2 (2016): I_826—I_831. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejoe.72.i_826.
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Tabei, Yutaka. "Environmental Risk Assessment of Transgenic Melon in Japan." Plant Biotechnology 16, no. 1 (1999): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5511/plantbiotechnology.16.65.
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ISHIKAWA, Yuriko, and Akihiro TOKAI. "Watershed Model for Chemical Risk Assessment in Japan." Shigen-to-Sozai 122, no. 9 (2006): 433–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2473/shigentosozai.122.433.
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Horie, Seichi. "Occupational Health Policies on Risk Assessment in Japan." Safety and Health at Work 1, no. 1 (September 2010): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5491/shaw.2010.1.1.19.
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Osman, Sara, Eduardo Rossi, Costanza Bonadonna, Corine Frischknecht, Daniele Andronico, Raffaello Cioni, and Simona Scollo. "Exposure-based risk assessment and emergency management associated with the fallout of large clasts at Mount Etna." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 3 (March 20, 2019): 589–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-589-2019.
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Abstract. Fallout of ballistic blocks and bombs ejected from eruptive vents represents a well-known hazard in areas proximal to volcanoes (mostly <5 km from the vent). However, fallout of large clasts sedimenting from plume margins that extend to medial areas and have the potential to produce severe injuries to people and cause damage to infrastructure, is often overlooked. Recent eruptive events at Mount Etna (Italy) provide a clear example where large-clast fallout from plume margins (>5 cm) has posed a real threat both to the many visitors reaching the summit area and to local infrastructure, and, therefore, has been selected as a case study. To quantify this hazard, a new particle sedimentation model was calibrated with field data and then used for probabilistic hazard assessments. For a fully probabilistic scenario the hazard zone covered 72 km2 and included some 125 km of paths and roads, as well as 15 buildings. Evacuation on foot to a safe area was estimated at almost 4 h, but this could be reduced to less than 3 h if two shelters were provided. Our results show the importance of integrating probabilistic hazard analysis of large-clast fallout within effective strategies of risk management and reduction, especially in the case of volcanoes where visitors can reach the summit areas.
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Gattuso, Alessandro, Francesco Italiano, Giorgio Capasso, Antonino D'Alessandro, Fausto Grassa, Antonino Fabio Pisciotta, and Davide Romano. "The mud volcanoes at Santa Barbara and Aragona (Sicily, Italy): a contribution to risk assessment." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 11 (November 10, 2021): 3407–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-3407-2021.
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Abstract. The Santa Barbara and Aragona areas are affected by mud volcanism (MV) phenomena, consisting of continuous or intermittent emission of mud, water, and gases. This activity could be interrupted by paroxysmal events, with an eruptive column composed mainly of clay material, water, and gases. They are the most hazardous phenomena, and today it is impossible to define the potential parameters for modelling the phenomenon. In 2017, two digital surface models (DSMs) were performed by drone in both areas, thus allowing the mapping of the emission zones and the covered areas by the previous events. Detailed information about past paroxysms was obtained from historical sources, and, with the analysis of the 2017 DSMs, a preliminary hazard assessment was carried out for the first time at two sites. Two potentially hazardous paroxysm surfaces of 0.12 and 0.20 km2 for Santa Barbara and Aragona respectively were defined. In May 2020, at Aragona, a new paroxysm covered a surface of 8721 m2. After this, a new detailed DSM was collected with the aim to make a comparison with the 2017 one. Since 2017, a seismic station was installed in Santa Barbara. From preliminary results, both seismic events and ambient noise showed a frequency of 5–10 Hz.
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Biass, S., C. Scaini, C. Bonadonna, A. Folch, K. Smith, and A. Höskuldsson. "A multi-scale risk assessment for tephra fallout and airborne concentration from multiple Icelandic volcanoes – Part 1: Hazard assessment." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 14, no. 8 (August 29, 2014): 2265–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-2265-2014.
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Abstract. In order to assist the elaboration of proactive measures for the management of future volcanic eruptions in Iceland, we developed a new scenario-based approach to assess the hazard associated with tephra dispersal and sedimentation at various scales and for multiple sources. The target volcanoes are Hekla, Katla, Eyjafjallajökull and Askja, selected either for their high probabilities of eruption and/or their high potential impact. By coupling tephrostratigraphic studies, probabilistic techniques and modelling, we developed comprehensive eruption scenarios for both short- and long-lasting eruptions and compiled hazard maps for tephra ground deposition at a national scale and air concentration at a European scale using the TEPHRA2 and FALL3D models, respectively. New algorithms for the identification of realistic sets of eruptive source parameters are investigated, which assist the generation of probability density functions of eruption source parameters for the selected scenarios. Aggregation processes were accounted for using various empirical models. Outcomes, i.e. probabilities conditioned to the occurrence of an eruption, help the assessment and comparison of hazard levels at different scales. For example, at a national scale Askja has a 5–10% probability of blanketing the easternmost half of the country with a tephra accumulation of at least 1 kg m−2. At a continental scale, Katla has a 5–10% probability of producing ash clouds with concentrations of 2 mg m−3 over the UK, Scandinavia and northern Europe with a mean arrival time of 48–72 h and a mean persistence time of 6–18 h. In a companion paper, Scaini et al. (2014) present a vulnerability assessment for Iceland to ground deposition of tephra and for the European air traffic to airborne ash which, combined with the outcomes of the present paper, constitute one of the first comprehensive multi-scale risk assessment associated with tephra dispersal and sedimentation.
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Biass, S., C. Scaini, C. Bonadonna, A. Folch, K. Smith, and A. Höskuldsson. "A multi-scale risk assessment for tephra fallout and airborne concentration from multiple Icelandic volcanoes – Part 1: Hazard assessment." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 2, no. 4 (April 9, 2014): 2463–529. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-2-2463-2014.
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Abstract. In order to assist the elaboration of proactive measures for the management of future volcanic eruptions in Iceland, we developed a new approach to assess the hazard associated with tephra dispersal and sedimentation at various scales and for multiple sources. The target volcanoes are Hekla, Katla, Eyjafjallajökull and Askja, selected either for their high probabilities of eruption and/or their high potential impacts. By coupling tephrostratigraphic studies, probabilistic techniques and modelling, we developed comprehensive eruption scenarios for both short and long lasting eruptions and compiled hazard maps for tephra ground deposition at a national scale and air concentration at a European scale using the TEPHRA2 and FALL3D models, respectively. New algorithms for the identification of realistic sets of eruptive source parameters are investigated, which assist the generation of probability density functions of eruption source parameters for the selected scenarios. Aggregation processes were accounted for using various empirical models. Outcomes help assessing and comparing hazard levels at different scales. For example, at a national scale Askja has a 5–10% probability of blanketing the easternmost half of the country with a tephra accumulation of at least 1kg m-2. At a continental scale, Katla has a 5–10% probability of producing ash clouds with concentrations of 2 mg m-3 over the UK, Scandinavia and northern Europe with a mean arrival time of 48–72 h and a mean persistence time of 6–18 h. In a companion paper, Scaini et al. (2014) present a vulnerability assessment for Iceland to ground deposition of tephra and for the European air traffic to airborne ash which, combined with the outcomes of the present paper, constitute one of the first multi-scale risk assessment associated with tephra dispersal and sedimentation.
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Caniaux, Guy. "Statistical analysis of the volcanic eruption frequency in the azores islands : a contribution to risk assessment." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 176, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 107–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/176.1.107.
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Abstract The datations of the last eruptive events which have occurred on 13 active volcanic complexes of the Azores are presented. By supposing that these events follow a statistical Poisson distribution, we estimate the occurrence period of these events, as well as the eruption probabilities for the next 300 years. Pico Mountain, Região dos Picos (São Miguel Island), the stratovolcano of Sete Cidades (São Miguel Island), the linear volcanic complexes of São Roque – Piedade (Pico Island) and of Capelo (Faial Island) must be considered as the most active volcanoes of the archipelago. The eruption styles of next eruptions are also specified.
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Ueda, Hideki, Taishi Yamada, Takahiro Miwa, Masashi Nagai, and Takanori Matsuzawa. "Development of a Data Sharing System for Japan Volcanological Data Network." Journal of Disaster Research 14, no. 4 (June 1, 2019): 571–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2019.p0571.
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In Japan, a number of universities, research institutes, and administrative organizations continue to conduct observations on volcanoes according to their respective roles. They also promote the distribution and sharing of observation data and have collaborated with each other. Japan Volcanological Data Network (JVDN) is a framework that strengthens this cooperation, promotes volcano research, and contributes to volcanic disaster mitigation. In this paper, we report the overview, progress, tasks, and future prospects of the system being developed for JVDN that was initiated in 2016. The observational data collected from each organization is stored in a database and shared using visualization tools to promote collaborative research, (e.g., multi-disciplinary research for eruption prediction) and cooperation between organizations. Furthermore, this database will contribute to volcanic disaster mitigation measures through collaboration between the volcano research community and administrative organizations responsible for volcanic crisis management. Adaptation to the standards of the international WOVOdat database will also promote cooperation with research institutes worldwide.
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Miyazaki, Shigeru. "Risk Assessment of Mycotoxins by Food Safety Commission, JAPAN." JSM Mycotoxins 68, no. 1 (2018): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2520/myco.68-1-1.
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Yoshida, Kikuo, Shino Ikeda, and Junko Nakanishi. "Assessment of human health risk of dioxins in Japan." Chemosphere 40, no. 2 (January 2000): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-6535(99)00253-2.
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Higashino, Haruyuki, Kazuaki Mita, Hiroshi Yoshikado, Mitsuo Iwata, and Junko Nakanishi. "Exposure and risk assessment of 1,3-butadiene in Japan." Chemico-Biological Interactions 166, no. 1-3 (March 2007): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2006.10.002.
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Soehaimi, Asdani, Tatang Padmawidjaja, S. R. Sinung Baskoro, Fitriani Agustin, and Mohamad Ridwan. "Seismotectonic, Potential Seismic and Volcano Hazard of Minahasa Peninsula, Eastern Indonesia." Jurnal Geologi dan Sumberdaya Mineral 23, no. 2 (June 3, 2022): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.33332/jgsm.geologi.v23i2.683.
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The Minahasa Peninsula is located in the western flank of Mollucca seismotectonic zone existed, where are four active tectonic plates colliding from east to west are the Philippine Oceanic Plate, Halmahera Micro Continental Plate, Mayu Ridge Micro Oceanic Slab Plate and the Minahasa Peninsula Micro Continental Plate. The result of the probabilistic seismic hazard assessment in Manado City and surrounding area, Zone I (site class SE), Zone II (site class SD) and Zone III (site class SC), shows the building and non building for risk category I, II, III and IV, has the seismic disign category D. Building and non building in Zone I (SD1=0,80g) with risk category I, II, III has structure seismic design category E and risk category IV has seismic design category F.The correlation of seismotectonic, structural geology, and seismicity to the volcanic centers distribution in this region, shows the Minahasa Peninsula volcanoes can be divided into two regions are the compressional and extentional volcanoes tectonic regions. To mitigate the seismic risk in this region, the structure for building and non building contraction is recommended to follow the procedures for planning earthquake resistance for building structures and non building (BSN, SNI 1726-2019). On another hand, for potential volcano hazard, recommended followed the guidance map of the volcanic hazard prone region by The Center for Volcano and Geological Hazard Mitigation, Geological Agency of Indonesia.Keywords: Mollucca seismotectonic zone, potential seismic and volcanoes hazard.
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Oramas-Dorta, Delioma, Giulio Tirabassi, Guillermo Franco, and Christina Magill. "Design of parametric risk transfer solutions for volcanic eruptions: an application to Japanese volcanoes." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 1 (January 14, 2021): 99–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-99-2021.
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Abstract. Volcanic eruptions are rare but potentially catastrophic phenomena, affecting societies and economies through different pathways. The 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption in Iceland, a medium-sized ash-fall-producing eruption, caused losses in the range of billions of dollars, mainly to the aviation and tourism industries. Financial risk transfer mechanisms such as insurance are used by individuals, companies, governments, etc., to protect themselves from losses associated with natural catastrophes. In this work, we conceptualize and design a parametric risk transfer mechanism to offset losses to building structures arising from large, ash-fall-producing volcanic eruptions. Such a transfer mechanism relies on the objective measurement of physical characteristics of volcanic eruptions that are correlated with the size of resulting losses (in this case, height of the eruptive column and predominant direction of ash dispersal) in order to pre-determine payments to the risk cedent concerned. We apply this risk transfer mechanism to the case of Mount Fuji in Japan by considering a potential risk cedent such as a regional government interested in offsetting losses to dwellings in the heavily populated prefectures of Tokyo and Kanagawa. The simplicity in determining eruptive column height and ash fall dispersal direction makes this design suitable for extrapolation to other volcanic settings worldwide where significant ash-fall-producing eruptions may occur, provided these parameters are reported by an official, reputable agency and a suitable loss model is available for the volcanoes of interest.
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Rösch, Moritz, and Simon Plank. "Detailed Mapping of Lava and Ash Deposits at Indonesian Volcanoes by Means of VHR PlanetScope Change Detection." Remote Sensing 14, no. 5 (February 26, 2022): 1168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14051168.
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Mapping of lava flows in unvegetated areas of active volcanoes using optical satellite data is challenging due to spectral similarities of volcanic deposits and the surrounding background. Using very high-resolution PlanetScope data, this study introduces a novel object-oriented classification approach for mapping lava flows in both vegetated and unvegetated areas during several eruptive phases of three Indonesian volcanoes (Karangetang 2018/2019, Agung 2017, Krakatau 2018/2019). For this, change detection analysis based on PlanetScope imagery for mapping loss of vegetation due to volcanic activity (e.g., lava flows) is combined with the analysis of changes in texture and brightness, with hydrological runoff modelling and with analysis of thermal anomalies derived from Sentinel-2 or Landsat-8. Qualitative comparison of the mapped lava flows showed good agreement with multispectral false color time series (Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8). Reports of the Global Volcanism Program support the findings, indicating the developed lava mapping approach produces valuable results for monitoring volcanic hazards. Despite the lack of bands in infrared wavelengths, PlanetScope proves beneficial for the assessment of risk and near-real-time monitoring of active volcanoes due to its high spatial (3 m) and temporal resolution (mapping of all subaerial volcanoes on a daily basis).
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Scaini, C., S. Biass, A. Galderisi, C. Bonadonna, A. Folch, K. Smith, and A. Hoskuldsson. "A multi-scale risk assessment for tephra fallout and airborne concentration from multiple Icelandic volcanoes – Part 2: Vulnerability and impact." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 2, no. 4 (April 9, 2014): 2531–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-2-2531-2014.
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Abstract. We perform a multi-scale impact assessment of tephra fallout and dispersal from explosive volcanic activity in Iceland. A companion paper (Biass et al., 2014) introduces a multi-scale probabilistic assessment of tephra hazard from 4 Icelandic volcanoes (Hekla, Askja, Eyjafjallajökull and Katla) and presents probabilistic hazard maps for tephra accumulation in Iceland and tephra dispersal across Europe. Here, we present the subsequent vulnerability and impact assessment, that accounts the relevance of single features at national and European levels and considers several vulnerability indicators for tephra dispersal and deposition. At national scale, we focus on physical, systemic and economic vulnerability of Iceland to tephra fallout, whereas at European scale we focus on the systemic vulnerability of the air traffic system to tephra dispersal. Results include vulnerability maps for Iceland and European airspace and allow identifying the expected impacts of the different eruptive scenarios considered. Results at national scale show that tephra accumulation from the considered eruptive scenarios can disrupt main electricity network, in particular in case of eruption at Askja volcano. Results also show that if eruptive scenarios occurred at Hekla, Askja and Katla volcanoes, many power plants would be affected, causing a substantial systemic impact due to their importance for the Icelandic economy. Moreover, the considered scenarios at Askja and Katla could produce substantial impact on agricultural activities (crops and pastures). At European scale, tephra dispersal from explosive volcanic activity at Askja and Katla volcanoes is likely to produce substantial impacts at European level and, in particular, at Keflavik and London Flight Information Regions (FIRs), but also at FIRs above France, Germany and Scandinavia, in particular for long-lasting activity at Katla volcano. Explosive activity at Hekla volcano is likely to produce high impacts at Keflavik FIR and London FIRS, but in case of higher magnitude scenario, can impact also France FIRs. Results could support land use and emergency planning at national level and risk management strategies of the European air traffic system. Although we focus on Iceland, the proposed methodology could be applied to other active volcanic areas, enhancing the long-term tephra risk management.
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Nojiri, Shuko, and Hiroyuki Daida. "Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk in Japan." Japanese Clinical Medicine 8 (January 1, 2017): 117906601771271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1179066017712713.
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Increased global mortality is associated with atherosclerosis, which appears to be independent of race. Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in Japan. Atherosclerosis, an inflammatory disease characterized by abnormal lipid accumulation and inflammation in the arterial wall, is the main underlying cause of cardiovascular disease. Numerous cardiovascular risk scores have been developed and are used to prioritize patients’ treatment needs. The predictive performance of risk scores established in Western nations needs to be examined in Japanese populations. For secondary prevention, it is imperative to control hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, smoking, and local interventions. In this review, we present a historical overview of atherosclerotic risk research and the risk factors for atherosclerosis in Japan and compare the situation in Japan with that in Western nations. In addition, we discuss relevant cardiovascular risk assessment tools in the context of clinical practice in Japan.
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Kuri, Miwa. "Recent Perceptions of Volcanic Hazard-Related Information in Japan: Expectation of Eruption Predictability and Acceptance of Uncertainty." Journal of Disaster Research 14, no. 8 (November 1, 2019): 1072–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2019.p1072.
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In this study, recent perceptions of volcanic hazard-related information in Japan were investigated through an Internet questionnaire survey administered via the Internet following the 2018 volcanic eruption at Kusatsu-Shirane. The survey was focused on the change in perceptions over the course of two years, following after a 2016 survey. Additional perceptions were investigated, such as the respondents’ perceptions of eruption predictability and acceptance of uncertainty. The results of 2018 survey indicated that interest in volcanoes led to greater disaster and evacuation awareness compared with those of the 2016 survey, excessive expectations for eruption predictability decreased from 2016 to 2018. One-half of the respondents considered active information openness from experts to be of a high priority and accepted the uncertainty of hazard information.
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MAKITA, Kohei, Kazuto INOSHITA, Taishi KAYANO, Katsuro HAGIWARA, Mitsuhiko ASAKAWA, Kenta OGAWA, Jun NODA, et al. "Environmental Risk Assessment of Tsunami-affected Areas in Ishinomaki, Japan." Journal of Veterinary Epidemiology 16, no. 1 (2012): 9–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2743/jve.16.9.
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Sugita-Konishi, Y., T. Sato, S. Saito, M. Nakajima, S. Tabata, T. Tanaka, H. Norizuki, et al. "Exposure to aflatoxins in Japan: risk assessment for aflatoxin B1." Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 27, no. 3 (March 2010): 365–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19440040903317497.
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Naya, Masato, and Junko Nakanishi. "Risk assessment of formaldehyde for the general population in Japan." Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 43, no. 3 (December 2005): 232–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2005.08.002.
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Kawagoe, Saeki, So Kazama, and Priyantha Ranjan Sarukkalige. "Assessment of snowmelt triggered landslide hazard and risk in Japan." Cold Regions Science and Technology 58, no. 3 (September 2009): 120–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2009.05.004.
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Kadohira, M., M. A. Stevenson, H. R. Høgåsen, and A. de Koeijer. "A Quantitative Risk Assessment for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in Japan." Risk Analysis 32, no. 12 (May 29, 2012): 2198–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01846.x.
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Hashimoto, Takeshi, Wataru Kanda, Yuichi Morita, Midori Hayakawa, Ryo Tanaka, Hiroshi Aoyama, and Makoto Uyeshima. "Significance of Electromagnetic Surveys at Active Volcanoes: Toward Evaluating the Imminence of Wet Eruptions." Journal of Disaster Research 14, no. 4 (June 1, 2019): 580–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2019.p0580.
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The detection capability of various anomalous phenomena preceding volcanic eruptions has considerably progressed as the geophysical monitoring networks have become denser and multi-disciplinary. However, current eruption forecasting techniques, from a practical perspective, still have much scope for improvement because they largely depend on empirical techniques. In the past decade, three-dimensional modeling based on the electromagnetic sounding methods such as magnetotellurics (MT) have become a practical choice, and its recent applications to active volcanic fields has revealed certain common features among volcanoes. Information about the resistivity structure, especially in ‘wet’ volcanic fields, is useful for the provisional screening of the eruption potential from the viewpoint of the subsurface structure, and, thus, may contribute to the evaluation of eruption imminence in a broad sense. In this study, for evaluation purposes, we present the roles and possible further applications of the subsurface resistivity structure studies by demonstrating the preliminary results and interpretations of an MT survey that we performed in the Kuttara Volcanic Group, northern Japan.
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Sarjito, Aris. "Crisis Management Policy of Natural Disaster." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 7, no. 9 (September 14, 2020): 183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.79.8985.
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Abstract
Indonesia is the country that has the most active volcanoes in the entire world. The Eurasian Plate, the Pacific Plate, and the Indo-Australian Plate are three active tectonic plates that cause collision zones to form these volcanoes. Indonesia is estimated to have 129 volcanoes, all of which are carefully monitored by the Centre for Volcanology and Geological Disaster Mitigation. This is done because several volcanoes in Indonesia continue to show activity. Moreover, it is estimated that more than five million people live in the "danger zone" of a volcano where they must be immediately evacuated if the mountain shows significant upward activity (Indonesia-Investment, 2019). However, efforts to reduce the risk of natural hazards remain largely uncoordinated in different types of hazards and do not necessarily focus on areas with the highest disaster risk.
This paper uses a descriptive qualitative approach as the main writing approach and uses crisis management theory by Rosenthal, that crisis management involves efforts: (1) to prevent a crisis from occurring; (2) to prepare better protection against the impact of crisis agents; (3) to make effective responses to the actual crisis; and (4) to provide plans and resources for post-crisis recovery and rehabilitation.
The results of this study are: (1) to accelerate forest recovery, the government can engage the community with security and welfare approach; (2) natural disaster management is the main responsibility of the government; (3) In crises due to natural disasters, form a team that is responsive to critical situations. This team was formed by involving government agencies, community leaders, and NGOs; and (4) to increase the government's capacity to reduce the impact of natural disasters, assessment of potential damage, the establishment of an early warning system, and the improvement of disaster-resistant capabilities are needed.
Keywords: Crisis Management; Natural Disaster; Policy.
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Sagala, Saut Aritua Hasiholan, and Hadian Idhar Yasaditama. "Analisis Bahaya dan Resiko Bencana Gunungapi Papandayan (Studi Kasus: Kecamatan Cisurupan, Kabupaten Garut)." Forum Geografi 26, no. 1 (July 20, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/forgeo.v26i1.5046.
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Risk assessment is an important step to be carried out for disaster management. It provides information for decision makers and communities in pre-disaster, during disaster and post disaster event. Nevertheless, risk assessment in Indonesia, especially on active volcanoes is still limited. This paper presents the risk assessment of Mt. Papandayan (2.665 m), the most active volcano in West Java. The unit of analysis in this study follows the administrative boundaries of village so that the identification can be applied at village level using GIS. Hazard analysis refers to the official hazard map produced by PVMBG while the vulnerability analysis is carried out in 3 sub-analysis, physical vulnerability (7 indicators), social vulnerability (7 indicators), and economic vulnerability. The hazard and vulnerability were overlayed in order to produce the risk which is subsequently made into risk map. The findings indicate that the villages located near and on the direction of the crater have relatively higher risk compared to other villages. The risk map can be incorporated as one of references for spatial planning that integrates disaster mitigation.
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Jenkins, Susanna F., Sébastien Biass, George T. Williams, Josh L. Hayes, Eleanor Tennant, Qingyuan Yang, Vanesa Burgos, et al. "Evaluating and ranking Southeast Asia's exposure to explosive volcanic hazards." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 22, no. 4 (April 7, 2022): 1233–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-1233-2022.
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Abstract. Regional volcanic threat assessments provide a large-scale comparable vision of the threat posed by multiple volcanoes. They are useful for prioritising risk-mitigation actions and are required by local through international agencies, industries and governments to prioritise where further study and support could be focussed. Most regional volcanic threat studies have oversimplified volcanic hazards and their associated impacts by relying on concentric radii as proxies for hazard footprints and by focussing only on population exposure. We have developed and applied a new approach that quantifies and ranks exposure to multiple volcanic hazards for 40 high-threat volcanoes in Southeast Asia. For each of our 40 volcanoes, hazard spatial extent, and intensity where appropriate, was probabilistically modelled for four volcanic hazards across three eruption scenarios, giving 697 080 individual hazard footprints plus 15 240 probabilistic hazard outputs. These outputs were overlain with open-access datasets across five exposure categories using an open-source Python geographic information system (GIS) framework developed for this study (https://github.com/vharg/VolcGIS, last access: 5 April 2022). All study outputs – more than 6500 GeoTIFF files and 70 independent estimates of exposure to volcanic hazards across 40 volcanoes – are provided in the “Data availability” section in user-friendly format. Calculated exposure values were used to rank each of the 40 volcanoes in terms of the threat they pose to surrounding communities. Results highlight that the island of Java in Indonesia has the highest median exposure to volcanic hazards, with Merapi consistently ranking as the highest-threat volcano. Hazard seasonality, as a result of varying wind conditions affecting tephra dispersal, leads to increased exposure values during the peak rainy season (January, February) in Java but the dry season (January through April) in the Philippines. A key aim of our study was to highlight volcanoes that may have been overlooked perhaps because they have not been frequently or recently active but that have the potential to affect large numbers of people and assets. It is not intended to replace official hazard and risk information provided by the individual country or volcano organisations. Rather, this study and the tools developed provide a road map for future multi-source regional volcanic exposure assessments with the possibility to extend the assessment to other geographic regions and/or towards impact and loss.
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Augendre, Marie. "Le risque naturel devenu symbiose ? Les volcans actifs d'Hokkaidô, Japon / Natural risk converted into symbiosis? Active volcanoes in Hokkaido, Japan." Géomorphologie : relief, processus, environnement 10, no. 2 (2004): 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/morfo.2004.1207.
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Kil, Jihyon, Saeromi Mun, and Chang-Gi Kim. "Risk Assessment Tools for Invasive Alien Species in Japan and Europe." Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure 2, no. 3 (September 30, 2015): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17820/eri.2015.2.3.191.
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Satou, Ryouichi, Haruka Aikawa, and Naoki Sugihara. "Risk assessment by seasonal variation of well water fluoride in Japan." French-Ukrainian Journal of Chemistry 8, no. 2 (2020): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/fujcv8i2p104-112.
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This study clarified the existence of seasonal variations of Fluoride concentrations in multiple wells with different depths, and determined the appropriate time to assess chronic Fluoride toxicity considering these variations. There was up to 3.6 times more seasonal variation in F concentration at the same point. The mean F ion concentration was the lowest at 0.0766 ± 0.0197 mg/L in March, and highest at 0.2412 ± 0.0345 mg/L in December. The hazard quotients (HQ) were all < 1 at all points, and the risk of chronic Fluoride toxicity in children was low. It is necessary to carry out multiple measurements, including in periods with low rainfall, due to seasonal variations.
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Toosty, Nishat Tasnim, Aya Hagishima, and Ken-Ichi Tanaka. "Heat health risk assessment analysing heatstroke patients in Fukuoka City, Japan." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 21, 2021): e0253011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253011.
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Background Climate change, as a defining issue of the current time, is causing severe heat-related illness in the context of extremely hot weather conditions. In Japan, the remarkable temperature increase in summer caused by an urban heat island and climate change has become a threat to public health in recent years. Methods This study aimed to determine the potential risk factors for heatstroke by analysing data extracted from the records of emergency transport to the hospital due to heatstroke in Fukuoka City, Japan. In this regard, a negative binomial regression model was used to account for overdispersion in the data. Age-structure analyses of heatstroke patients were also embodied to identify the sub-population of Fukuoka City with the highest susceptibility. Results The daily maximum temperature and wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT), along with differences in both the mean temperature and time-weighted temperature from those of the consecutive past days were detected as significant risk factors for heatstroke. Results indicated that there was a positive association between the resulting risk factors and the probability of heatstroke occurrence. The elderly of Fukuoka City aged 70 years or older were found to be the most vulnerable to heatstroke. Most of the aforementioned risk factors also encountered significant and positive associations with the risk of heatstroke occurrence for the group with highest susceptibility. Conclusion These results can provide insights for health professionals and stakeholders in designing their strategies to reduce heatstroke patients and to secure the emergency transport systems in summer.
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Hisashige, Akinori. "Risk Assessment/Management and Education for Medical Decision Making in Japan." Toxicology and Industrial Health 7, no. 5-6 (September 1991): 485–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074823379100700555.
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