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Callicoat, Jeffrey Scott. "Significance of Mid-Miocene volcanism in northeast Nevada: petrographic, chemical, isotopic, and temporal importance of the Jarbidge Rhyolite." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/6242.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Geology
Matthew E. Brueseke
The Jarbidge Rhyolite of Elko County, Nevada, is approximately 26 mapped bodies of porphyritic rhyolite. Several of the bodies are truncated by the Idaho or Utah border, and extend into the states for an unknown distance. This study focuses on five bodies, the Mahoganies, two near Wild Horse Reservoir, the outcrop enclosing the Jarbidge Mountains, and one outcrop south of Wells. The study’s focus is providing field, petrography, geochemistry, oxygen isotope, and geochronology information about the five previously mentioned bodies. Physical volcanology encountered during this study indicates the sampled Jarbidge Rhyolite are effusive lava flows and domes that coalesced over the life of the volcanic system. First order approximations indicate that erupted products cover ~1,289 km2 and erupted material totals ~509 km3. Petrography indicates primary anhydrous mineral assemblages, assimilation of granitoid, possible assimilation of metamorphic rock and magma mixing of mafic and silicic bodies. Collectively, the Jarbidge Rhyolite lava flows sampled are compositionally restricted from rhyolite to high silica rhyolite and all samples demonstrate A-type magma characteristics. Compositions from different bodies overlap on Harker diagrams, and trace element ratios distinguish few flows from the other samples. Rare earth element patterns mimic one another, and incompatible trace element ratios overlap between bodies, likely indicating the presence of one large magma body. Oxygen isotope values for selected samples range 6.61-8.95%oVSMOW are coincident with normal igneous values. New 40Ar/39Ar geochronology indicates Jarbidge Rhyolite volcanism initiated ca. 16.7 Ma near Wild Horse Reservoir and was active at Bear Creek Summit ca.15.8 Ma. Local Steens Basalt, geochemistry, and Au-Ag mineralization indicate Jarbidge Rhyolite is similar to Middle Miocene silicic volcanics (e.g. Santa Rosa-Calico volcanic field) further west in the Oregon-Idaho-Nevada tristate region.
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Ryskamp, Elizabeth Balls. "Petrogenesis of Eocene-Oligocene magmatism of the Sulphur Springs Range, central Nevada: The role of magma mixing." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2006. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1607.pdf.
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Brueseke, Matthew Edward. "Mid-Miocene Magmatic System Development in the Northwestern United States." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1144773179.
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Lum, Clinton Chew Lun. "Aspects of the petrogenesis of alkali basalts from the Lunar Crater volcanic field, Nevada." Connect to resource, 1986. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1230660431.
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Ingalls, Andrew. "Reconnaissance Cenozoic volcanic geology of the Little Goose Creek area, northeastern Elko County, NV with an emphasis on the Jarbidge Rhyolite." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/18195.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Geology
Matthew Brueseke
The Little Goose Creek area is located in Elko County, Nevada just south of the central Snake River Plain and in the northeastern Great Basin. During the Miocene, northeastern Nevada was characterized by volcanism as well as prevalent extension and basin development, including widespread occurrences of porphyritic quartz-phyric silicic lavas and domes (e.g., the Jarbidge Rhyolite), ash-flow tuffs, and basaltic volcanism. Recent workers (e.g., Colgan and Henry, 2010) have provided new constraints on the timing of extension in the northern Great Basin (U.S.A.) and indicate that much of it occurred in the mid-Miocene. Other recent work has provided new temporal and petrologic constraints on 16.1 to 15.0 Ma Jarbidge Rhyolite volcanism in the northern Great Basin west of our study area, and suggest that it is intimately linked (spatially and temporally) with the aforementioned extension. This study aims to: [1] understand the spatiotemporal link between the volcanism in the northeastern Nevada study area and potentially correlative volcanism regionally (e.g., Jarbidge Rhyolite and explosive deposits associated with the <13 Ma Bruneau-Jarbidge or Twin Falls eruptive centers); [2] determine if the sampled Jarbidge Rhyolite lavas are chemically similar to those in and around Jarbidge, Nevada. In the Goose Creek area, we report a new laser [superscript]40Ar/[superscript]39Ar age for sanidine of 13.6 ± 0.03 Ma for a crystal-poor rhyolite lava (Rock Springs Rhyolite) and a Jarbidge Rhyolite lava (13.827±0.021 Ma) as well as an age on Jarbidge Rhyolite in Wells, NV (15.249±0.040 Ma) and West Wendover, NV (13.686±0.034 Ma). These lava samples, as well as sampled ash-flow tuffs from the Goose Creek region, plot within the A-type field on discrimination diagrams. The ash-flow tuffs are younger than the Rock Springs Rhyolite based on stratigraphic relationships and are sourced from both the Twin Falls eruptive center as well as the Bruneau Jarbidge eruptive center of the central Snake River Plain based on geochemical analysis. Also, a sequence of basaltic lavas crop out in the Goose Creek drainage; these basalts have ~43 wt.% silica and are chemically similar to <8 Ma olivine tholeiite basalts that crop out to the north, along the southwestern side of the Cassia Mountains, Idaho. These results, field relationships, and prior geological mapping suggest that the lavas and ash-flow tuffs erupted into active extensional basins.
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McKee, Ryan A. "Structure and volcanic evolution of the northern Highland Range, Colorado River Extensional Corridor, Clark County, Nevada." Thesis, San Jose State University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10255048.
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A geologic map was drafted of the northern Highland Range (1:24,000 scale), rock units defined, and samples of the volcanic units were obtained and analyzed to produce a representative suite of chemical analyses to characterize the range of geochemical variability. The style, relative timing, and orientation of faults and dikes, and the magnitude and variability of stratal tilting was examined to evaluate the structural and magmatic evolution of the northern Highland Range in the context of models for the Colorado River Extensional Corridor and Black Mountains accommodation zone. Methods involved field mapping of the range scale structure and geometry of faulting, structural interpretation, and geochemical analysis of ten representative samples by X-ray spectrometry. Structural data was interpreted with stereonets; geochemical whole rock, and major elemental data was analyzed by comparing elemental oxides; trace elemental data was analyzed by normalizing to chondrite concentrations. The northern Highland Range is a ca. 3,000 m-thick sequence of volcanic and volcaniclastic flows and breccias overlain by regionally extensive tuffs (Mt. Davis and Bridge Spring). Unique mineralogy, geochemistry and lithologic character of some units and volcanic vent facies, as well as the presence of domes and dikes feeding the extrusives argue for local derivation from a dome/stratocone volcanic complex that was mostly restricted to the northern Highland Range.
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B, Jhon Macario Londoño. "A seismic model for the volcanic activity of Nevado del Ruiz Volcano, Colombia." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/149994.
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Page, David. "Fine-grained volcanic toolstone sources and early use in the Bonneville Basin of western Utah and eastern Nevada /." abstract and full text PDF (UNR users only), 2008. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1455650.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2008."May 2008." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 146-158). Library also has microfilm. Ann Arbor, Mich. : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [2009]. 1 microfilm reel ; 35 mm. Online version available on the World Wide Web.
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Kargel, J. S. "The geochemistry of basalts and mantle inclusions from the Lunar Crater volcanic field, Nevada : petrogenetic and geodynamic implications /." Connect to resource, 1987. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1226944070.
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Kargel, Jeffrey Stuart. "The geochemistry of basalts and mantle inclusions from the Lunar Crater Volcanic Field, Nevada : petrogenetic and geodynamic implications." The Ohio State University, 1987. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1226944070.
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Wilson, James Adams. "A New Volcanic Event Recurrence Rate Model and Code For Estimating Uncertainty in Recurrence Rate and Volume Flux Through Time With Selected Examples." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6435.
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Recurrence rate is often used to describe volcanic activity. There are numerous documented ex- amples of non-constant recurrence rate (e.g. Dohrenwend et al., 1984; Condit and Connor, 1996; Cronin et al., 2001; Bebbington and Cronin, 2011; Bevilacqua, 2015), but current techniques for calculating recurrence rate are unable to fully account for temporal changes in recurrence rate. A local–window recurrence rate model, which allows for non-constant recurrence rate, is used to calculate recurrence rate from an age model consisting of estimated ages of volcanic eruption from a Monte Carlo simulation. The Monte Carlo age assignment algorithm utilizes paleomagnetic and stratigraphic information to mask invalid ages from the radiometric date, represented as a Gaussian probability density function. To verify the age assignment algorithm, data from Heizler et al. (1999) for Lathrop Wells is modeled and compared. Synthetic data were compared with expected results and published data were used for cross comparison and verification of recurrence rate and volume flux calculations. The latest recurrence rate fully constrained by the data is reported, based upon data provided in the referenced paper: Cima Volcanic Field, 33 +55/-14 Events per Ma (Dohren- wend et al., 1984), Cerro Negro Volcano, 0.29 Events per Year (Hill et al., 1998), Southern Nevada Volcanic Field, 4.45 +1.84/-0.87 (Connor and Hill, 1995) and Arsia Mons, Mars, 0.09 +0.14/-0.06 Events per Ma (Richardson et al., 2015). The local–window approach is useful for 1) identifying trends in recurrence rate and 2) providing the User the ability to choose the best median recurrence rate and 90% confidence interval with respect to temporal clustering.
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Clarke, Christopher Angus Leo. "A Geochemical Exploration of the Sagehen Volcanic Centre, Truckee-Tahoe Region, California, U.S.A." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/22899.
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The assemblage of ca. 6–4 Ma volcanic rocks exposed at the Sagehen Research station in the Truckee-Tahoe region of the northern Sierra Nevada, United States, is interpreted to be, within the Ancestral Cascades volcanic arc, a Lassen-type stratovolcano complex. Sagehen is of particular importance because it is one of the few Tertiary arc volcanic centres in California which has not been heavily glaciated during the Pleistocene. The volcanic rocks are variably porphyritic or aphanitic, including abundant plagioclase with clinopyroxene and amphibole. The rocks range from basalt to basaltic-andesite to andesite in composition. Basalts are olivineand clinopyroxene-bearing with minor phenocrysts of plagioclase. The basaltic-andesites are primarily pyroxene bearing while the andesites contain pyroxene-, plagioclase- and hornblende porphyritic phases. Sagehen arc lavas are calc-alkaline and enriched in the large ion lithophile elements and depleted in High Field Strength Elements. The basalts are depleted in Zr and Hf while the andesites are enriched with Zr and Hf relative to the middle rare earth elements. Compared to previously studied Ancestral Cascade arc samples, Sagehen region basalts have lower 143Nd/144Nd isotopic values that do not correspond to proposed mantle-lithosphere mixing lines, while the andesite samples appear to represent the interplay of these two components on a 87Sr/86Sr vs. 143Nd/144Nd. The trace element data and isotopic plots suggest that the melts that produced the basalts are from subduction modified mantle wedge peridotites that ponded near the base of the lithosphere similar to the generation of other subduction related calc-alkaline lavas along convergent continental margins. The andesitic samples appear to be the result of further modification through crustal assimilation as seen in the higher isotopic Sr contents in the andesites and Ce/Smpmn vs. Tb/Ybpmn plots. Finally, the proposed map units from Sylvester & Raines (2007) were found to contain various geochemical facies based on the samples collected indicating that some map units may have to be redefined or sub-divided.
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Berrios, Guerra Claudia Alicia. "Caracterización geoquímica de sistemas geotermales en zonas de transición: Volcanes nevados de Chillán y Copahue." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2015. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/134130.
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GeólogaLos volcanes Nevados de Chillán y Copahue se ubican a los 36°50 y 38°S, respectivamente, y forman parte del arco volcánico de la zona volcánica sur (ZVS). Se ubican, además, dentro de una zona transicional morfo-tectónica de primer orden (36°-39°S) entre los Andes Centrales y los Andes Patagónicos. Esta zona posee una corteza moderadamente gruesa, teniendo una atenuación cortical de norte a sur (55 km a los 36°S a 45 km a los 38°S), y se caracteriza por la transición de una faja plegada y corrida Plio-Cuaternaria propagada hacia el antepaís, típica de los Andes de Chile Central, a una deformación Cuaternaria controlada por el Sistema de Falla de Liquiñe-Ofqui (SFLO), el cual constituye el rasgo estructural de primer orden en la ZVS. El objetivo principal de esta memoria es realizar una caracterización geoquímica de las manifestaciones termales superficiales asociadas a los volcanes Nevados de Chillán y Copahue, para determinar el origen de los fluidos termales Para esto se tomaron muestras de gases (fumarolas y pozos burbujeantes) y aguas termales en ambos lugares para luego determinar su composición química e isotópica (D y 18O). La caracterización geoquímica reveló que todas las aguas analizadas de Nevados de Chilllán corresponden a aguas vapor calentadas, con alto contenido de sulfatos. En Copahue no se pudo establecer esto mediante análisis de este estudio debido a que los resultados arrojaron altos errores en el balance iónico asociado a la manipulación posterior al muestreo. Sin embargo, según estudios anteriores, las aguas termales de este lugar también corresponden a aguas sulfatadas vapor calentadas. La temperatura superficial de ambos sistemas varía entre 63°-94°C, para las aguas, y entre 93°-94°C para los gases, con excepción de Pucón-Mahuida en Copahue que tiene una temperatura de 45°C. Las aguas de Nevados de Chillán presentan un pH variable entre ácido y neutro (3-7), en cambio, las aguas termales de Copahue presentan un pH ácido (3-4). Los análisis de isótopos estables (D-18O) muestran que la recarga del sistema hidrotermal, que alimenta las emisiones termales de ambos sistemas, es esencialmente meteórica, aunque en Copahue existiría un enriquecimiento en estos isótopos asociado a una participación de fluidos magmáticos. El geotermómetro de sílice indicó temperaturas entre 150°-200°C para ambos sistemas. Los geotermómetros de cationes indicaron que las muestras de Nevados de Chillán corresponden a aguas inmaduras, que no alcanzan el equilibrio en profundidad. La mayor diferencia entre estos dos sistemas se encuentra en la composición gaseosa. En Nevados de Chillán existe una importante participación atmosférica en la composición gaseosa, atribuible a infiltración de aire en niveles someros. Copahue presenta variaciones dependiendo del lugar. La mayoría tiene aportes desde los sedimentos subductados, mostrando composiciones que son típicas de las zonas de arco. Otras muestran aportes de aguas subterráneas saturadas en aire y otras tienen contaminación por aire relacionado a los sedimentos subductados. Otra diferencia se da en la concentración de CO2 siendo mucho mayor en Copahue que en Nevados de Chillán (hasta 40000 ppm de diferencia). Las temperaturas estimadas mediante geotermómetros gaseosos varían entre 120°-150°C para Nevados de Chillán y 200-250°C. En Copahue existe una marcada influencia volcánica y magmática en la composición de sus emisiones, pero también se encuentran controladas por las condiciones reductoras del sistema hidrotermal presente. En Nevados de Chillán esto no es tan notorio y la geoquímica de los fluidos termales en este lugar refleja procesos superficiales más que de un sistema profundo. Lo anterior tendría relación con las actividades de los volcanes y la profundidad de los sistemas geotermales, siendo más activo y con un sistema geotermal más profundo, el de Copahue. Se presentan dos modelos conceptuales, uno para cada sistema geotérmico. Ambos tienen características de sistemas geotérmicos asociados a fuentes magmáticas, sin embargo varían en profundidad y composición de las fuentes termales. Además que en Copahue existe una serie de fallas que favorecen el flujo de calor y fluidos. Finalmente, se cree que factores como el espesor cortical y la presencia de estructuras podrían ser factores que influyen en la geoquímica de las emisiones termales de estos sistemas geotérmicos, pero, no serían factores determinantes.
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Wang, Runqi. "Fundamental studies of micromechanics, fracturing progression, and flow properties in tuffaceous rocks for the application of nuclear waste repository in Yucca Mountain." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186818.
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Yucca Mountain, Nevada is the proposed site for the underground storage of high-level civilian nuclear waste in the United States. The repository must be isolated from the general environment for at least 10,000 years. Ground water and gases are potential carriers of radioactive materials. Fractures and connected pores in the host rock are the major pathways for ground water and gases. Therefore, the mechanical and flow properties of the host rock should be understood and utilized in the design of the underground repository. Samples of Topopah Spring tuff from Yucca Mountain were used in this study. Cylindrical specimens were prepared to perform uniaxial and triaxial "damage" tests where specimens are loaded to a particular stress level to induce damage and fracturing and then unloaded. Mechanisms of microcracking at different fracturing levels have been studied by using both an optical microscope and a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The original rock sample without loading was also observed under the microscopes. Many kinds of defects including pores, preexisting fractures, and soft inclusions were found in the undamaged Apache Leap tuff samples. Pores were determined to be the main microstructures in Topopah Spring tuff that could influence the mechanical and hydrologic properties. Under compressive stresses, microcracking initiates from some of the pores. These microcracks will interact and coalescence to form large microcracks or macroscopic cracks as the load is increased. Crack propagation phenomena, such as pore cracking, pore linking, pore collapse and the formation of en echelon arrays were all found in specimens unloaded prior to complete failure. The failure of tuff specimens is often through a process of shear localization. In summary, the deformation and failure of both tuffs occurred by progressive fracturing, starting from microcracking on the small scale, and ending as fractures coalesced to form macroscopic fractures and shear localization. On the basis of the experimental studies, micromechanical models such as the pore collapse model and the pore linking model have been developed based on fracture mechanics theory. These models are used to predict the constitutive behavior for tuff and the predicted stress-strain curves match well with the experimental curves.
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Amrhein, Kate E. "Testing models of low-[delta][superscript]1[superscript]8O silicic magmatism in the mid-Miocene Santa Rosa-Calico volcanic field, NV." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/16291.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Geology
Matthew E. Brueseke
Low-[delta][superscript]1[superscript]8O silicic magmas are found in many volcanic provinces throughout the world, including the Snake River Plain-Yellowstone volcanic province (SRPY). The origin of SRPY low-[delta][superscript]1[superscript]8O silicic magmas is controversial, and centers on two disputed models: [1] a caldera collapse model that proposes reworking of the hydrothermally altered intra-caldera fill into the underlying silicic magma body, where each successive eruption lowers the [delta][superscript]1[superscript]8O of the magma eventually producing a low-[delta][superscript]1[superscript]8O magma and [2] melting previously hydrothermally altered mid-upper crust to form low-[delta][superscript]1[superscript]8O magmas. The mid-Miocene Santa Rosa-Calico volcanic field (SC) lies in northern Nevada. Brueseke and Hart (2008) described the geology and petrology of the SC, but did not deal with the [superscript]1[superscript]8O compositions of any locally sourced silicic magma. In the existing geological framework of the SC, this project aims to evaluate the two disputed models for low-[delta][superscript]1[superscript]8O silicic magma generation by analyzing the [delta][superscript]1[superscript]8O values of SC silicic eruptive products. Fifteen representative samples of locally erupted silicic units (e.g. ash-flow tuffs and lavas) were chosen for [superscript]1[superscript]8O analyses based on Sr-Nd-Pb isotope compositions, whole rock geochemistry, and field/temporal relationships. Each sample was crushed, sieved, and quartz and feldspar crystals were handpicked, described, and analyzed for their [superscript]1[superscript]8O compositions. Our results show that low-[delta][superscript]1[superscript]8O values exist in the SC and are limited to the youngest erupted silicic unit, the 15.8 to 15.4 Ma Cold Springs tuff, which was also the only unit erupted from a caldera. Cold Springs tuff [delta][superscript]1[superscript]8O feldspar values range from 2.36 to 4.05[per mil]; the unit is not quartz-bearing. Older silicic lavas that are not petrogenetically related to the Cold Springs tuff are characterized by normal [delta][superscript]1[superscript]8O feldspar values that range from 7.19 to 10.04[per mil]. Magma mixing models indicate that the source of the Cold Springs is a mixture of hydrothermally altered Granite Peak-Sawtooth granitoid and local mid-Miocene basalt, with an approximate range of [delta][superscript]1[superscript]8O values of 2-4[per mil], by fluids (with [delta][superscript]1[superscript]8O values ranging from -12[per mil] to + 7[per mil]) from the nearby hydrothermal system at Buckskin Mountain. This result follows the model by Boroughs et al. (2005) of prior alteration and melting, forming low-[delta][superscript]1[superscript]8O silicic magmas.
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Woodhouse, Elizabeth Gail. "Perched water in fractured, welded tuff mechanisms of formation and characteristics of recharge /." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1997. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_e9791_1997_87_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.
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Jensen, Michael Seth. "40Ar/39Ar Ages, Compositions, and Likely Source of the Eocene Fallout Tuffs in the Duchesne River Formation, Northeastern Utah." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2017. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7220.
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Thin fallout tuffs in the Duchesne River Formation in the Uinta Basin, Utah are evidence that volcanism was active in northern Nevada and Utah in the late Eocene. The Uinta Basin is a sedimentary basin that formed during the Laramide orogeny. Ponded lakes of various salinity filled and emptied and during the late Eocene the northern rim was dominated by a wetland/floodplain depositional setting. Most of the tuffs have rhyolitic mineral assemblages including quartz, biotite, sanidine, and allanite. Rhyolitic glass shards were also found in one of the ash beds. Biotite compositions have Fe/(Fe+Mg) ratios typical of calc-alkaline igneous rocks and clusters of biotite compositions suggest 3 or 4 volcanic events. Sanidine compositions from five samples grouped at Or73 and Or79. Only one sample had plagioclase with compositions ranging between An22 - An49. Some beds also contained accessory phases of titanite, apatite, and zircon. Whole rock compositions of the altered volcanic ash beds indicate these tuffs underwent post-emplacement argillic alteration, typical of a wetland/floodplain depositional setting. Immobile element ratios and abundances, such as Zr/Nb and Y are typical of a subduction zone tectonic setting and rhyolitic composition. 40Ar/39Ar ages constrain the timing of volcanism. One plagioclase and one sanidine separate from two different tuff beds yielded ages of 39.47 ± 0.16 Ma and 39.36± 0.15 Ma respectively. These dates, along with the compositional data seem to limit the eruptive source for these fallout tuffs to the northeast Nevada volcanic field. These new ages, along with previously published ages in the Bishop Conglomerate which unconformably overlies the Duchesne River Formation, constrain the timing of two uplift periods of the Uinta Mountains at 39 Ma and 34 Ma. Finally, the ages also date the fauna of the Duchesnean Land Mammal Age to be about 39.4 Ma as opposed to less precise earlier estimates that placed it between 42 and 33 Ma.
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Jensen, Michael Seth. "40Ar/39Ar Ages, Compositions, and Likely Source of the Eocene Fallout Tuffs in the Duchesne River Formation, Northeastern Utah." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2017. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7270.
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Thin fallout tuffs in the Duchesne River Formation in the Uinta Basin, Utah are evidence that volcanism was active in northern Nevada and Utah in the late Eocene. The Uinta Basin is a sedimentary basin that formed during the Laramide orogeny. Ponded lakes of various salinity filled and emptied and during the late Eocene the northern rim was dominated by a wetland/floodplain depositional setting. Most of the tuffs have rhyolitic mineral assemblages including quartz, biotite, sanidine, and allanite. Rhyolitic glass shards were also found in one of the ash beds. Biotite compositions have Fe/(Fe+Mg) ratios typical of calc-alkaline igneous rocks and clusters of biotite compositions suggest 3 or 4 volcanic events. Sanidine compositions from five samples grouped at Or73 and Or79. Only one sample had plagioclase with compositions ranging between An22 - An49. Some beds also contained accessory phases of titanite, apatite, and zircon. Whole rock compositions of the altered volcanic ash beds indicate these tuffs underwent post-emplacement argillic alteration, typical of a wetland/floodplain depositional setting. Immobile element ratios and abundances, such as Zr/Nb and Y are typical of a subduction zone tectonic setting and rhyolitic composition. 40Ar/39Ar ages constrain the timing of volcanism. One plagioclase and one sanidine separate from two different tuff beds yielded ages of 39.47 ± 0.16 Ma and 39.36± 0.15 Ma respectively. These dates, along with the compositional data seem to limit the eruptive source for these fallout tuffs to the northeast Nevada volcanic field. These new ages, along with previously published ages in the Bishop Conglomerate which unconformably overlies the Duchesne River Formation, constrain the timing of two uplift periods of the Uinta Mountains at 39 Ma and 34 Ma. Finally, the ages also date the fauna of the Duchesnean Land Mammal Age to be about 39.4 Ma as opposed to less precise earlier estimates that placed it between 42 and 33 Ma.
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Mee, Katy. "The use of volcanic facies as tools for reconstructing former eruptive environments at Nevados de ChillaÌn volcano, Chile." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.428638.
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Kuentz, Adèle. "Dynamiques actuelle et holocène de la Puna (Andes sèches du Pérou) à partir des observations de terrain, de la cartographie (SIG) et de la palynologie (Région du Nevado Coropuna)." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009CLF20013.
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Les Andes Centrales présentent une multitude de milieux biogéographiques qui ont évolué à différents rythmes durant l'Holocène et au cours de l'histoire. L'objectif de cette thèse est de définir et de caractériser l'étage biogéographique actuel de la Puna (3 500 -5 200 m) au sud du Pérou puis d'y étudier les changements de la végétation durant l'Holocène. Les géosystèmes entourant le volcan du Nevado Coropuna sont cartographiés selon une approche systémique. Un atlas de grains de pollen actuels de la région comprenant 81 taxons est réalisé. Un gradient altitudinal est établi sur le versant occidental du sud du Pérou pour ce qui relève de la pluie pollinique, avec la succession d'Ambrosia (1 800-2 200 m), de Malvaceae (2 700-3 300 m), de Senecio (3 500-4 100 m) et d'Apiaceae (plus de 4 600 m). D'après nos résultats, la dynamique holocène de la végétation au sud du Pérou suit le schéma suivant : entre 9750 et 5255 ans cal BP, des espèces caractéristiques de la Puna supérieure dominent le couvert végétal et sont associées à un climat plus humide et plus froid que l'actuel. Entre 5255 et 3000 ans cal BP, le couvert végétal est dominé par des arbustes de la Puna sensu stricto. Durant cette période, des conditions climatiques sèches pourraient être à l'origine de la quasi-disparition des forêts de Polylepsis. A partir de 3000 ans cal BP la végétation est semblable à celle observée aujourd'hui. Le développement de terrasses cultivées est attesté par l'augmentation de taxons cultivés à partir de 2215 ans cal BP. Vers 1 000 ans cal BP, une forte sécheresse est reliée à la construction de canaux d'irrigation. Une période froide est mise en évidence entre 1565 et 1890, puis les glaciers reculent ) partir de 1890
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Blein, Olivier. "Les séquences magmatiques d'arc du Paléozoïque supérieur et Trias du Nevada (Etats-Unis d'Amérique) et de Colombie britannique (Canada) : structure, pétrologie et géochimie : implications dans l'évolution géodynamique des Cordillères nord-américaines et des processus d'accrétion continentale." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00690779.
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Le continent nord-américain présente sur sa bordure Pacifique un domaine constitué par l'accrétion du Paléozoïque supérieur au Cénozoïque de fragments lithosphériques : les Cordillères nord-américaines. Ces fragments lithosphériques sont caractérisés par des séquences volcaniques d'arc ou de bassin océanique. Les séquences volcaniques d'arc du Paléozoïque supérieur et du Trias ont longtemps été considérées comme un seul arc. Depuis une dizaine d'années, des équipes françaises ont montré que les séquences d'arc du Paléozoïque et du Trias des Klamath orientales et de Sierra Nevada (Californie du Nord) étaient établies respectivement sur une lithosphère océanique et un bloc continental. Dans le Nevada occidental, les séquences d'arcs du Paléozoïque supérieur affleurent dans deux régions distinctes : Black Rock Desert et Excelsior Mountains. Dans le Black Rock Desert, la séquence permo-triasique de Bilk Creek ressemble en tout point à celle * des Klamath orientales et des Blue Mountains. Il s'agit d'un magmatisme d'arc permo-triasique continu, reposant sur des calcaires permiens inférieurs à affinité téthysienne. Ce magmatisme dériverait d'une source mantellique de type-MORB. Dans les Excelsior Mountains, la formation Black Dyke est constituée de laves et de pyroclastites recouvertes en concordance par des turbidites volcanoclastiques. Cette activité volcanique se produit au Permien inférieur autour de 276 Ma. Ce magmatisme d'arc présente de nombreuses similitudes avec celui de Sierra Nevada. Dans les deux cas, il s'agit d'un magmatisme exclusivement Permien, caractérisé par : (i) des roches volcaniques calco-alcalines; et (ii) de faibles valeurs d'eNd (T=275Ma) comprisent entre -11 et +5,5. Cet arc est séparé du continent nord-américain par un domaine océanique, le bassin de Golconda. En Sierra Nevada, cet arc paléozoïque est établi sur une séquence sédimentaire du Palézoïque inférieur tectonisée. Les faibles valeurs de l'eNd(T) des roches magmatiques de Sierra Nevada et des Excelsior Mountains suggèrent que les magmas dérivent d'une source mantellique, contaminée par une vieille croûte continentale, probablement protérozoïque. Ces magmas subissent au cours de leur remontée et leur stockage dans des chambres des assimilations de matériel crustal lors de leur fractionnement et de leur cristallisation. Le Paléozoïque supérieur volcanique et sédimentaire d'arc de Sierra Nevada et des Excelsior Mountains est plissé, puis recouvert en discordance par des sédiments respectivement du Trias ou du Jurassique. Ces déformations et cette discordance sont liées à la phase orogénique Sonoma, induite par la collision de cet arc avec la marge nord-américaine. Après l'accrétion de cet arc, un magmatisme calco-alcalin à shoshonitique se développe au Trias en bordure du craton. Sa diversité reflète vraisemblablement des variations dans la nature et l'épaisseur de de la croûte qui forme la marge occidentale cratonique américaine et sur laquelle s'édifie cet arc de type andin.
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Roberts, Sarah Elizabeth. "Breccia of Frog Lakes : reconstructing Triassic volcanism and subduction initiation in the east-central Sierra Nevada, California." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/4085.
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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)The Antler and Sonoma orogenies occurred along the southwest-trending passive Pacific margin of North America during the Paleozoic concluding with the accretion of the McCloud Arc. A southeast-trending sinistral transform fault truncated the continental margin in the Permian, becoming a locus for initiation of an east-dipping subduction zone creating the Sierran magmatic arc. Constrained in age between two early Triassic tuff layers, the volcanic clasts in the breccia of Frog Lakes represent one of the earliest records of mafic magmatism in the eastern Sierra Nevada. Tholeiitic rock clasts found in the breccia of Frog Lakes in the Saddlebag Lake pendant in the east central Sierra Nevada range in composition from 48% to 63% SiO2. Boninites produced by early volcanism of subduction initiation by spontaneous nucleation at the Izu-Bonin-Mariana arc are more depleted in trace element concentrations than the clasts while andesites from the northern volcanic zone of the Andes produced on crust 50 km thick have similar levels of enrichment and provide a better geochemical modern analogue. Textural analysis of the breccia of Frog Lakes suggest a subaqueous environment of deposition from a mature magmatic arc built on continental crust > 50 km thick during the Triassic. The monzodiorites of Saddlebag and Odell Lakes are temporal intrusive equivalents of the breccia of Frog Lakes and zircon geochemistry indicates a magmatic arc petrogenesis.
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Titus, Sarah J. "Geological and geophysical investigation of two fine-grained granites, Sierra Nevada, California evidence for structural controls on volcanism /." 2002. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/51571503.html.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 2002.Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 86-100).
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Templeton, Jeffrey H. "Petrology of the reversely zoned Mickey Pass Tuff, west-central Nevada." Thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/33567.
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Flint, Lorraine E. "Characterization of unsaturated zone hydrologic properties and their influence on lateral diversion in a volcanic tuff at Yucca Mountain, Nevada." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/32771.
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The study of the subsurface flow and distribution of water is critical to the
evaluation of the unsaturated zone for a potential geologic high-level radioactive
waste repository. This site is located at Yucca Mountain, Nevada in the northern
Mojave Desert. and was chosen on the basis of its low precipitation, deep unsaturated
zone, and layered volcanic rocks providing the potential for natural hydraulic barriers
to reduce the downward percolation of water through the waste storage area. The
detailed characterization of hydrologic properties is necessary to evaluate the
mechanisms responsible for the distribution and flow of water in the unsaturated
zone. Analyses in this study have provided detailed hydrogeologic units with unique
hydrologic properties and hydraulic parameters. Porosity was determined to be a
useful physical property for predicting hydraulic parameters, as it relates to the largescale
deterministic processes that created the volcanic rocks. The detailed property
dataset, along with field measurements of moisture status, temperature, and
chemistry, were used to evaluate the potential for lateral diversion in the rocks above
the potential repository. It was determined that lateral diversion is a small-scale
process in this natural system. On the basis of analyses performed in this study, it is
suggested that large-scale diversion is not likely to occur at this site. This mechanism
should not, therefore, be relied upon to perform as a natural hydraulic barrier to flow
reducing percolation through the unsaturated zone.Graduation date: 2002
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Jeon, Seong Yeol 1972. "Dynamic and cyclic properties in shear of tuff specimens from Yucca Mountain, Nevada." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/17873.
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Yucca Mountain was designated as the proposed high-level radioactive waste repository by the U.S. Government in 1987. The proposed repository design requires high safety for a long maintenance period of 10,000 years. To satisfy this requirement, evaluation of the influence of earthquakes on the repository is necessary. Prediction of earthquake-induced ground motions around the repository requires knowledge of the dynamic properties of the geologic materials around the repository. The main geologic materials in the vicinity of Yucca Mountain are tuffs (ignimbrites) which are formed by the deposition of volcanic ash mixed with erupted volcanic gas, water vapor and pyroclastic material. Two types of dynamic tests, (1) the free-free, unconfined, resonant column and direct arrival test (freefree URC test) and (2) the fixed-free resonant column and torsional shear test (fixed-free RCTS test), were used to measure the dynamic properties of tuffs. The emphasis in this dynamic testing was evaluation of shear modulus (G) and material damping ratio (D) of the tuffs in the small-strain (linear) and mildly nonlinear (to strains of about 0.02 %) ranges. To evaluate the influence of various parameters on G and D of tuffs, correlations with other features such as total unit weight, porosity and stratigraphic unit were performed and general relationships between them are proposed. In addition, an unconfined, slow-cyclic torsional shear (CTS) device was developed and used to measure the cyclic shear properties of the tuffs from Yucca Mountain at larger strain amplitudes than possible in the fixed-free RCTS tests. Additionally, the CTS device was also used to determine the shear failure strength of the tuffs. By combining the cyclic shear properties of the tuffs from the CTS tests and the dynamic properties of the tuffs from the fixed-free RCTS tests, complete dynamic property curves from small-strain to failure strain were evaluated.
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Choi, Won Kyoung 1975. "Dynamic properties of ash-flow tuffs." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/3991.
Full textAbstract:
Ash-flow tuff (ignimbrite) is a general term indicating consolidated deposits of volcanic ash flow; a flow of a mixture of gas and pyroclastic materials as products of explosive volcano eruptions (Smith, 1960). Two different ash-flow tuffs are studied in this research: 1. Topopah Spring Tuff at Yucca Mountain, Nevada and 2. the Bandelier Tuff at Pajarito Plateau, New Mexico. Various dynamic test parameters (e.g. confining pressure, shearing strain, etc) were studied with two existing devices: (1) the combined resonant column and torsional shear (RCTS) device, and (2) the free-free, unconfined, resonant column (URC) device. The effects of these parameters are evaluated for two different types of ash-flow tuffs. In addition, a Large Resonant Column (LgRC) device was developed and used to test the some tuffs from Yucca Mountain at larger strain amplitudes than possible with the RCTS and URC devices. Relationships between the linear and nonlinear dynamic properties and lithostratigraphic features were further investigated. Finally, potential problems related to sample disturbance and specimen size are considered based on comparisons of small-strain shear wave velocity (VS) values measured in the laboratory and in the field.text