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Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Poland, Michael, Asta Miklius, Tim Orr, Jeff Sutton, Carl Thornber, and David Wilson. "New Episodes of Volcanism at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 89, no. 5 (January 29, 2008): 37–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008eo050001.

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2

Sansone, Francis J., and John R. Smith. "Rapid mass wasting following nearshore submarine volcanism on Kilauea volcano, Hawaii." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 151, no. 1-3 (March 2006): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2005.07.026.

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3

McGee, Kenneth A., and Terrence M. Gerlach. "Airborne volcanic plume measurements using a FTIR spectrometer, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii." Geophysical Research Letters 25, no. 5 (March 1, 1998): 615–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98gl00356.

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4

Greenland, L. P., and Philip Aruscavage. "Volcanic emission of Se, Te, and As from Kilauea volcano, Hawaii." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 27, no. 1-2 (January 1986): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(86)90086-7.

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5

Jorge-Villar, Susana E., and Howell G. M. Edwards. "Raman spectroscopy of volcanic lavas and inclusions of relevance to astrobiological exploration." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 368, no. 1922 (July 13, 2010): 3127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2010.0102.

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Volcanic eruptions and lava flows comprise one of the most highly stressed terrestrial environments for the survival of biological organisms; the destruction of botanical and biological colonies by molten lava, pyroclastic flows, lahars, poisonous gas emissions and the deposition of highly toxic materials from fumaroles is the normal expectation from such events. However, the role of lichens and cyanobacteria in the earlier colonization of volcanic lava outcrops has now been recognized. In this paper, we build upon earlier Raman spectroscopic studies on extremophilic colonies in old lava flows to assess the potential of finding evidence of biological colonization in more recent lava deposits that would inform, first, the new colonization of these rocks and also provide evidence for the relict presence of biological colonies that existed before the volcanism occurred and were engulfed by the lava. In this research, samples were collected from a recent expedition to the active volcano at Kilauea, Hawaii, which comprises very recent lava flows, active fumaroles and volcanic rocks that had broken through to the ocean and had engulfed a coral reef. The Raman spectra indicated that biological and geobiological signatures could be identified in the presence of geological matrices, which is encouraging for the planned exploration of Mars, where it is believed that there is evidence of an active volcanism that perhaps could have preserved traces of biological activity that once existed on the planet’s surface, especially in sites near the old Martian oceans.

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6

HARVEY, DANY C., HÉLÈNE GAONAC'H, SHAUN LOVEJOY, JOHN STIX, and DANIEL SCHERTZER. "MULTIFRACTAL CHARACTERIZATION OF REMOTELY SENSED VOLCANIC FEATURES: A CASE STUDY FROM KILAUEA VOLCANO, HAWAII." Fractals 10, no. 03 (September 2002): 265–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x02001191.

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We used a multifractal approach to characterize scale by scale, the remotely sensed visible and thermal-infrared volcanic field, at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, USA. Our results show that (1) the observed fields exhibit a scaling behavior over a resolution range of ~ 2.5 m to 6 km, (2) they show a strong multifractality, (3) the multifractal parameters α, C1 and H are sensitive to volcanic structural classes such as vent cones, lava ponds and active to inactive lava flows, (4) vegetation area and volcanic gas plumes have a strong effect on the multifractal estimates, and (5) vegetation and cloud-free images show statistical characteristics due to topography related albedo in the visible and predominantly solar heating in the thermal infrared wavelengths.

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7

Vernier, J. P., L. Kalnajs, J. A. Diaz, T. Reese, E. Corrales, A. Alan, H. Vernier, et al. "VolKilau: Volcano Rapid Response Balloon Campaign during the 2018 Kilauea Eruption." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 101, no. 10 (October 1, 2020): E1602—E1618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-19-0011.1.

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AbstractAfter nearly 35 years of stable activity, the Kilauea volcanic system in Hawaii went through sudden changes in May 2018 with the emergence of 20 volcanic fissures along the Lower Eastern Rift Zone (LERZ), destroying 700 homes in Leilani Estates and forcing more than 2,000 people to evacuate. Elevated volcanic emissions lasted for several months between May and September 2018, leading to low visibility and poor air quality in Hawaii and across the western Pacific. The NASA-funded VolKilau mission was rapidly mounted and conducted between 11 and 18 June 2018 to (i) profile volcanic emissions with SO2 and aerosol measurements, (ii) validate satellite observations, and (iii) increase readiness for the next large volcanic eruption. Through a series of balloon-borne measurements with tethered and free-released launches, we measured SO2 concentration, aerosol concentration, and optical properties 60–80 km downwind from the volcanic fissures using gas sensors, optical particle counters, backscatter sondes, and an aerosol impactor. While most of the measurements made during the Kilauea eruption were ground based, the VolKilau mission represented a unique opportunity to characterize plume properties, constrain emission profiles, study early chemistry involving the conversion of SO2 into sulfuric acid, and understand the influence of water clouds in the removal of SO2. This unprecedented combination of measurements has significantly improved our team’s ability to assess the atmospheric and human impacts of a major event such as this.

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8

Moore, Richard B. "Volcanic geology and eruption frequency, lower east rift zone of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii." Bulletin of Volcanology 54, no. 6 (August 1992): 475–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00301393.

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9

Phuc, La The, Hiroshi Tachihara, Tsutomu Honda, Luong Thi Tuat, Bui Van Thom, Nguyen Hoang, Yuriko Chikano, et al. "Geological values of lava caves in Krongno Volcano Geopark, Dak Nong, Vietnam." VIETNAM JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES 40, no. 4 (September 18, 2018): 299–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7187/40/4/13101.

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The paper presents the initial results of the study of volcanic cave system and its typical formations in Krongno Volcano Geopark (KVG), Dak Nong, Vietnam. The volcanic caves have been discovered since 2007, under UNESCO sponsored the scientific project, are seen as unique geological heritages. The collaborative surveys and studies between Vietnamese geologists and the members of the Non-Profit Organization, Vulcanospeleological Society of Japan have discovered and surveyed 45 caves, and detailed mapping 20 caves. Using a complex of adequate methods, especially Remote Sensing image interpretation method, Surveying and mapping lava cave method, K/Ar dating isotopic analytical method and Current methodology, the studies aim to affirm endogenous origin of the lava cave system, the formation mechanism, as well as the typical formations of the caves. Up to date, the lava caves and interior formation in lava caves in KVG have been examined and evaluated in term of geological nature and recognized as pillar geological heritages of the Geopark.References Allred K., AllredC., 1997. Development and morphology of Kazumura Cave, Hawaii. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 59(2), 67-80.Allred K., Allred C., 1997. Tubular lava stalactites and other related segregations. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 60(3), 131-140.Barnabás Korbély, 2014. Diverse volcanic features as dominant landscape elements and pillars of geotourism in the Bakony-Balaton Geopark, Hungary. Abstract Book Workshop “Geoparks in volcanic areas: sustainable development strategies”, October 29th to November 1st, 2014. Terceira and Graciosa Islands, Azores Global Geopark, 35-38.Bird Deanne K., et al., 2014. Southern Iceland: Volcanoes, Tourism and Volcanic Risk Reduction.In Volcanic Tourist Destinations. Springer, Editors: Erfurt-Cooper, Patricia (Ed.). ISBN: 978-3-642-16190-2, 35-46. Cooper Malcolm J.M., 2014. Volcanic National Parks in Japan.In Volcanic Tourist Destinations. Springer, Editors: Erfurt-Cooper, Patricia (Ed.). ISBN: 978-3-642-16190-2, 231-246.Dave Bunnell, 2014. The virtual lava cave Created: August 4, 2000.Last update: December 16, 2014. Reviewed by Kevin & Carlene Allred. Available at:<http://www.goodearthgraphics.com/virtual_tube/virtube.html). Date accessed: 02 May 2018.Gadányi P., 2010. Formation, types and morphology of basalt lava caves. PhD. thesises. University of Pécs Faculty of Natural Sciences Doctoral School of Earth Sciences, Hungary, 1-19.Gaki-Papanastassiou, Kalliopi, et al., 2014. Volcano Tourism in Greece: Two Case Studies of Volcanic Islands.In Volcanic Tourist Destinations. Springer, Editors: Erfurt-Cooper, Patricia (Ed.). ISBN: 978-3-642-16190-2, 69-87.Honda T., Tachihara H., 2015. Vietnam Volcanic Cave Survey. e-NEWSLETTER, UIS Commission on Volcanic caves, 69, 11-12. Honda T., Tinsley J.C., 2016. Classification of lava tubes from Hydrodynamic models for active lava tube, filled lava tube and drained lava tube. 17th International Vulcanospeleology symposium in Hawaii, USA. Sponsored by the Commission on volcanic caves of the International Union of Speleology.Larson C.V., 1991. Nomenclatures of lava tube features. 6th International Symposium on Vulcanospeleology in Hawaii. Published by the National Speleological Society, 231-248.Laumanns M., 2013. Important Lava Tube Caves found in Dong Nai Province Southern Vietnam. e-NEWSLETTER, UIS Commission on Volcanic caves, 67, 13. Machado M., Lima E., 2014. Geotourism and sustainable development partnerships in the Azores Geopark. Abstract Book Workshop “Geoparks in volcanic areas: sustainable development strategies”, October 29th to November 1st. Terceira and Graciosa Islands, Azores Global Geopark, 45-48.Moreira Jasmine Cardozo, et al., 2014.Tourism and Volcanism in the Canary Islands, Spain. In Volcanic Tourist Destinations.Springer, Editors: Erfurt-Cooper, Patricia (Ed.). ISBN: 978-3-642-16190-2, 47-55.Nelson S.A., 2017. Volcanoes and Volcanic Eruptions.EENS 1110. Physical Geology.Tulane University. New Orleans, USA.Nguyen Duc Thang (Ed.), 1989. Geology and Mineral Resources of Ben Khe - Dong Nai sheet at scale 1:200,000. General Department of Geology and Minerals of Vietnam. Hanoi. Nunes, João Caros., 2014. The Azores Archipelago: Islands of Geodiversity.In Volcanic Tourist Destinations. Springer, Editors: Erfurt-Cooper, Patricia (Ed.). ISBN: 978-3-642-16190-2, 57-67.Nunes João Caros., 2014. Azores Geopark volcanoes and volcanic landforms. Valuating the Azorean geodiversity and geosites through the geotourism. Abstract Book Workshop “Geoparks in volcanic areas: sustainable development strategies”, October 29th to November 1st. Terceira and Graciosa Islands, Azores Global Geopark, 41-43.Ogawa T., 1993. On lava caves in Japan and vicinity.Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Vulcanospeleology, 56- 73.Patricia Erfurt-Cooper, 2014. Volcanic Geo-heritage.Sustainable Tourism Development in Volcanic Regions: Geoparks, National Parks and World Heritage Sites. Abstract Book Workshop “Geoparks in volcanic areas: sustainable development strategies”, October 29th to November 1st. Terceira and Graciosa Islands, Azores Global Geopark, 23-25.Peterson D.W., Holcomb R.T., Tilling R.I., Christiansen R.L., 1994. Development of lava tubes in the light of observations at Mauna Ulu, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. Bulletin of Volcanology, 56, 343-360.

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10

Goldstein, Peter, and Bernard Chouet. "Array measurements and modeling of sources of shallow volcanic tremor at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 99, B2 (February 10, 1994): 2637–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93jb02639.

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11

Crocket, James H. "PGE in fresh basalt, hydrothermal alteration products, and volcanic incrustations of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 64, no. 10 (May 2000): 1791–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7037(00)00340-9.

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12

Itahashi, Syuichi, Rohit Mathur, Christian Hogrefe, Sergey L. Napelenok, and Yang Zhang. "Incorporation of volcanic SO<sub>2</sub> emissions in the Hemispheric CMAQ (H-CMAQ) version 5.2 modeling system and assessing their impacts on sulfate aerosol over the Northern Hemisphere." Geoscientific Model Development 14, no. 9 (September 16, 2021): 5751–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-5751-2021.

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Abstract. The state-of-the-science Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) Modeling System has recently been extended for hemispheric-scale modeling applications (referred to as H-CMAQ). In this study, satellite-constrained estimation of the degassing SO2 emissions from 50 volcanoes over the Northern Hemisphere is incorporated into H-CMAQ, and their impact on tropospheric sulfate aerosol (SO42-) levels is assessed for 2010. The volcanic degassing improves predictions of observations from the Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia (EANET), the United States Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNET), and the United States Integrated Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE). Over Asia, the increased SO42- concentrations were seen to correspond to the locations of volcanoes, especially over Japan and Indonesia. Over the USA, the largest impacts that occurred over the central Pacific were caused by including the Hawaiian Kilauea volcano, while the impacts on the continental USA were limited to the western portion during summertime. The emissions of the Soufrière Hills volcano located on the island of Montserrat in the Caribbean Sea affected the southeastern USA during the winter season. The analysis at specific sites in Hawaii and Florida also confirmed improvements in regional performance for modeled SO42- by including volcanoes SO2 emissions. At the edge of the western USA, monthly averaged SO42- enhancements greater than 0.1 µg m−3 were noted within the boundary layer (defined as surface to 750 hPa) during June–September. Investigating the change on SO42- concentration throughout the free troposphere revealed that although the considered volcanic SO2 emissions occurred at or below the middle of free troposphere (500 hPa), compared to the simulation without the volcanic source, SO42- enhancements of more than 10 % were detected up to the top of the free troposphere (250 hPa). Our model simulations and comparisons with measurements across the Northern Hemisphere indicate that the degassing volcanic SO2 emissions are an important source and should be considered in air quality model simulations assessing background SO42- levels and their source attribution.

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13

Mazzeo, Giuseppe, Micheal S. Ramsey, Francesco Marchese, Nicola Genzano, and Nicola Pergola. "Implementation of the NHI (Normalized Hot Spot Indices) Algorithm on Infrared ASTER Data: Results and Future Perspectives." Sensors 21, no. 4 (February 23, 2021): 1538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21041538.

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The Normalized Hotspot Indices (NHI) tool is a Google Earth Engine (GEE)-App developed to investigate and map worldwide volcanic thermal anomalies in daylight conditions, using shortwave infrared (SWIR) and near infrared (NIR) data from the Multispectral Instrument (MSI) and the Operational Land Imager (OLI), respectively, onboard the Sentinel 2 and Landsat 8 satellites. The NHI tool offers the possibility of ingesting data from other sensors. In this direction, we tested the NHI algorithm for the first time on Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data. In this study, we show the results of this preliminary implementation, achieved investigating the Kilauea (Hawaii, USA), Klyuchevskoy (Kamchatka; Russia), Shishaldin (Alaska; USA), and Telica (Nicaragua) thermal activities of March 2000–2008. We assessed the NHI detections through comparison with the ASTER Volcano Archive (AVA), the manual inspection of satellite imagery, and the information from volcanological reports. Results show that NHI integrated the AVA observations, with a percentage of unique thermal anomaly detections ranging between 8.8% (at Kilauea) and 100% (at Shishaldin). These results demonstrate the successful NHI exportability to ASTER data acquired before the failure of SWIR subsystem. The full ingestion of the ASTER data collection, available in GEE, within the NHI tool allows us to develop a suite of multi-platform satellite observations, including thermal anomaly products from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+), which could support the investigation of active volcanoes from space, complementing information from other systems.

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14

Scholl, M. A., S. E. Ingebritsen, C. J. Janik, and J. P. Kauahikaua. "Use of Precipitation and Groundwater Isotopes to Interpret Regional Hydrology on a Tropical Volcanic Island: Kilauea Volcano Area, Hawaii." Water Resources Research 32, no. 12 (December 1996): 3525–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95wr02837.

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15

Corsa, Brianna, Magali Barba-Sevilla, Kristy Tiampo, and Charles Meertens. "Integration of DInSAR Time Series and GNSS Data for Continuous Volcanic Deformation Monitoring and Eruption Early Warning Applications." Remote Sensing 14, no. 3 (February 8, 2022): 784. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14030784.

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With approximately 800 million people globally living within 100 km of a volcano, it is essential that we build a reliable observation system capable of delivering early warnings to potentially impacted nearby populations. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) document comprehensive ground motions or ruptures near, and at, the Earth’s surface and may be used to detect and analyze natural hazard phenomena. These datasets may also be combined to improve the accuracy of deformation results. Here, we prepare a differential interferometric SAR (DInSAR) time series and integrate it with GNSS data to create a fused dataset with enhanced accuracy of 3D ground motions over Hawaii island from November 2015 to April 2021. We present a comparison of the raw datasets against the fused time series and give a detailed account of observed ground deformation leading to the May 2018 and December 2020 volcanic eruptions. Our results provide important new estimates of the spatial and temporal dynamics of the 2018 Kilauea volcanic eruption. The methodology presented here can be easily repeated over any region of interest where an SAR scene overlaps with GNSS data. The results will contribute to diverse geophysical studies, including but not limited to the classification of precursory movements leading to major eruptions and the advancement of early warning systems.

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16

Chouet, Bernard, Gaetano De Luca, Giuliano Milana, Phillip Dawson, Marcello Martini, and Roberto Scarpa. "Shallow velocity structure of Stromboli volcano, Italy, derived from small-aperture array measurements of Strombolian tremor." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 88, no. 3 (June 1, 1998): 653–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0880030653.

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Abstract The properties of the tremor wave field at Stromboli are analyzed using data from small-aperture arrays of short-period seismometers deployed on the north flank of the volcano. The seismometers are configured in two semi-circular arrays with radii of 60 and 150 m and a linear array with length of 600 m. The data are analyzed using a spatiotemporal correlation technique specifically designed for the study of the stationary stochastic wave field of Rayleigh and Love waves generated by volcanic activity and by scattering sources distributed within the island. The correlation coefficients derived as a function of frequency for the three components of motion clearly define the dispersion characteristics for both Rayleigh and Love waves. Love and Rayleigh waves contribute 70% and 30%, respectively, of the surface-wave power. The phase velocities of Rayleigh waves range from 1000 m/sec at 2 Hz to 350 m/sec at 9 Hz, and those for Love waves range from 800 to 400 m/sec over the same frequency band. These velocities are similar to those measured near Puu Oo on the east rift of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, although the dispersion characteristics of Rayleigh waves at Stromboli show a stronger dependence on frequency. Such low velocities are consistent with values expected for densely cracked solidified basalt. The dispersion curves are inverted for a velocity model beneath the arrays, assuming those dispersions represent the fundamental modes of Rayleigh and Love waves.

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17

Gerlach, Terrence M., Kenneth A. McGee, A. Jefferson Sutton, and Tamar Elias. "Rates of volcanic CO2degassing from airborne determinations of SO2Emission rates and plume CO2/SO2: test study at Pu′u ′O′o Cone, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii." Geophysical Research Letters 25, no. 14 (July 15, 1998): 2675–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98gl02030.

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18

Realmuto, Vincent J., and Helen M. Worden. "Impact of atmospheric water vapor on the thermal infrared remote sensing of volcanic sulfur dioxide emissions: A case study from the Pu'u ‘O’ vent of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 105, B9 (September 10, 2000): 21497–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000jb900172.

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19

Halliday, William. "Hollow volcanic tumulus caves of Kilauea Caldera, Hawaii County, Hawaii." International Journal of Speleology 27, no. 1 (January 1998): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1827-806x.27.1.10.

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20

Revil, A., Y. Qi, A. Ghorbani, M. Gresse, and D. M. Thomas. "Induced polarization of volcanic rocks. 5. Imaging the temperature field of shield volcanoes." Geophysical Journal International 225, no. 3 (January 28, 2021): 1492–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggab039.

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SUMMARY Kilauea is an active shield volcano located in Hawaiʻi. An induced polarization survey was performed in 2015 at the scale of the caldera. The data were acquired with a 2.5 km cable with 64 electrodes and a spacing of 40 m between the electrodes. A total of 6210 measurements were performed. The apparent chargeability data were inverted using a least square technique to obtain a chargeability tomogram. The normalized chargeability tomogram is obtained by multiplying cell-by-cell the chargeability by the conductivity. Once the conductivity and normalized chargeability tomograms are obtained, they are jointly interpreted using a dynamic Stern layer conduction/polarization model, which explains the low-frequency polarization spectra of volcanic rocks. This conductivity/polarization model is tested here on new laboratory experiments performed on 24 samples from a drill-hole located on the Kilauea East Rift Zone (Hole SOH-2). We show that for Kilauea, the ratio between the normalized chargeability and the conductivity is equal to a dimensionless number R = 0.10 ± 0.02 proving that the conductivity and the normalized chargeability are both controlled by the alteration products of the volcanic rocks with a minor role of magnetite except close to the ground surface. In turn, the degree of alteration is controlled by temperature and therefore normalized chargeability and electrical conductivity can both be used as a non-intrusive temperature sensor. This approach is then applied to the field data. Meaningful temperature tomograms can be produced from both electrical conductivity and normalized chargeability tomograms.

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21

McNamara, Daniel E., Emily Wolin, Peter M. Powers, Allison M. Shumway, Morgan P. Moschetti, John Rekoske, Eric M. Thompson, Charles S. Mueller, and Mark D. Petersen. "Evaluation of Ground-Motion Models for U.S. Geological Survey Seismic Hazard Forecasts: Hawaii Tectonic Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 110, no. 2 (January 21, 2020): 666–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120180336.

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ABSTRACT The selection and weighting of ground-motion models (GMMs) introduces a significant source of uncertainty in U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Seismic Hazard Modeling Project (NSHMP) forecasts. In this study, we evaluate 18 candidate GMMs using instrumental ground-motion observations of horizontal peak ground acceleration (PGA) and 5%-damped pseudospectral acceleration (0.02–10 s) for tectonic earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, to inform logic-tree weights for the update of the USGS seismic hazard model for Hawaii. GMMs are evaluated using two methods. The first is a total residual visualization approach that compares the probability density function (PDF), mean and standard deviations σ, of the observed and predicted ground motion. The second GMM evaluation method we use is the common total residual probabilistic scoring method (log likelihood [LLH]). The LLH method provides a single score that can be used to weight GMMs in the Hawaii seismic hazard model logic trees. The total residual PDF approach provides additional information by preserving GMM over- and underprediction across a broad spectrum of periods that is not available from a single value LLH score. We apply these GMM evaluation methods to two different data sets: (1) a database of instrumental ground motions from historic earthquakes in Hawaii from 1973 to 2007 (Mw 4–7.3) and (2) available ground motions from recent earthquakes (Mw 4–6.9) associated with 2018 Kilauea eruptions. The 2018 Kilauea sequence contains both volcanic eruptions and tectonic earthquakes allowing for statistically significant GMM comparisons of the two event classes. The Kilauea ground observations provide an independent data set allowing us to evaluate the predictive power of GMMs implemented in the new USGS nshmp-haz software system. We evaluate GMM performance as a function of earthquake depth and we demonstrate that short-period volcanic eruption ground motions are not well predicted by any candidate GMMs. Nine of the initial 18 candidate GMMs fit the observed ground motions and meet established criteria for inclusion in the update of the Hawaii seismic hazard model. A weighted mean of four top performing GMMs in this study (NGAsubslab, NGAsubinter, ASK14, A10) is 50% lower for PGA than for GMMS used in the previous USGS seismic hazard model for Hawaii.

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22

Vergniolle, Sylvie, and Claude Jaupart. "Dynamics of degassing at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii." Journal of Geophysical Research 95, B3 (1990): 2793. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jb095ib03p02793.

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23

Wolfe, C. J. "Mantle Fault Zone Beneath Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii." Science 300, no. 5618 (April 18, 2003): 478–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1082205.

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24

Wright, Thomas L., and Fred W. Klein. "Deep magma transport at Kilauea volcano, Hawaii." Lithos 87, no. 1-2 (March 2006): 50–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2005.05.004.

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25

Okubo, Chris H., and Stephen J. Martel. "Pit crater formation on Kilauea volcano, Hawaii." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 86, no. 1-4 (November 1998): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-0273(98)00070-5.

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26

Davis, P. M., P. A. Rydelek, D. C. Agnew, and A. T. Okamura. "Observation of tidal tilt on Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii." Geophysical Journal International 90, no. 1 (July 1, 1987): 233–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1987.tb00682.x.

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27

Dvorak, John J. "Mechanism of explosive eruptions of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii." Bulletin of Volcanology 54, no. 8 (October 1992): 638–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00430777.

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28

Brooks, B. A., J. Foster, D. Sandwell, C. J. Wolfe, P. Okubo, M. Poland, and D. Myer. "Magmatically Triggered Slow Slip at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii." Science 321, no. 5893 (August 29, 2008): 1177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1159007.

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29

Sheth, Hetu. "The active lava flows of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii." Resonance 8, no. 6 (June 2003): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02837866.

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30

Nachbar-Hapai, Marlene, B. Z. Siegel, Christa Russell, S. M. Siegel, Mei Li Siy, and Doris Priestley. "Acid rain in the kilauea Volcano area (Hawaii)." Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 18, no. 1-2 (1989): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01056191.

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31

Longo, Bernadette M., and Wei Yang. "Acute Bronchitis and Volcanic Air Pollution: A Community-Based Cohort Study at Kilauea Volcano, Hawai`i, USA." Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 71, no. 24 (October 21, 2008): 1565–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15287390802414117.

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32

Li, Yingping, and Clifford H. Thurber. "Source properties of two microearthquakes at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 78, no. 3 (June 1, 1988): 1123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0780031123.

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Abstract The source-time functions of two microearthquakes with magnitudes 2.1 and 2.3 at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, are determined by using the deconvolution technique. P-wave seismograms of a smaller event with magnitude 1.6 in a nearby location are treated as empirical Green's functions and deconvolved from the waveforms of the larger earthquakes by spectral division. From the time-domain analysis of the source-time functions, some of the source properties, such as the complexity and directivity, and some of the source parameters, such as pulse width, rise time, and source dimension, are determined. With a good azimuthal distribution of stations, the direction and magnitude of rupture velocity are estimated for one of the events. The rupture direction is about N85°W and rupture velocity is 0.75 Vs, assuming Vp = 1.73 Vs. The result for direction agrees with one of the nodal planes of the focal mechanism. Our results indicate that there exist obvious variations in rupture durations for nearby small events with similar seismic moments, suggesting significant differences in the static stress drops. The stress drops of two events (1.5 and 16.5 bar) estimated from the rise times differ by an order of magnitude, implying heterogeneity of the stress distribution over this small area.

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33

Rydelek, Paul A., Paul M. Davis, and Robert Y. Koyanagi. "Tidal triggering of earthquake swarms at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 93, B5 (May 10, 1988): 4401–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jb093ib05p04401.

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34

Dvorak, John J., and Daniel Dzurisin. "Variations in magma supply rate at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 98, B12 (December 10, 1993): 22255–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/93jb02765.

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35

Dawson, Phillip B., M. C. Benítez, Bernard A. Chouet, David Wilson, and Paul G. Okubo. "Monitoring very-long-period seismicity at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii." Geophysical Research Letters 37, no. 18 (September 2010): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010gl044418.

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36

Montgomery-Brown, E. K., C. H. Thurber, C. J. Wolfe, and P. Okubo. "Slow slip and tremor search at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii." Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 14, no. 2 (February 2013): 367–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ggge.20044.

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37

Liebherr, James K. "Hawaiian Paratachys Casey (Coleoptera, Carabidae): small beetles of sodden summits, stony streams, and stygian voids." ZooKeys 1044 (June 16, 2021): 229–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.59674.

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Five Hawaiian species of Paratachys Casey are revised, including four newly described: Paratachys terryli from Kauai; P. perkinsi from Moloka‘i; P. haleakalae from Maui; and P. aaa from Hawai‘i Island. A lectotype is designated for the fifth Hawaiian species currently combined with Paratachys, Tachys arcanicola Blackburn, 1878 of Oahu. Hawaiian Paratachys spp. known from more than one specimen exhibit some degree of ocular polymorphism, that variation being extreme in P. terryli where individuals range in ocular development from macrophthalmic with broadly convex eyes to microphthalmic with small, flat eyes. All Hawaiian Paratachys species comprise individuals with vestigial wings, with the exception of P. terryli, where a single macropterous, macrophthalmic female complements the other 18 brachypterous specimens. Based on a transformation series of characters from the male aedeagus, the biogeographic history of Hawaiian Paratachys is consistent with progressive colonization of the Hawaiian Island chain. Three of the species do not appear to represent species of conservation concern, with P. terryli and P. haleakalae known from terrestrial deep soil, litter, and streamside microhabitats in montane wet rain forest, and the troglobitic P. aaa occupying the dark zone of numerous, recently developed lava tube caves within the Mauna Loa and Kilauea volcanic massifs. The conservation status of the other two species is much more dire, with P. arcanicola of O‘ahu not seen in nature since the early 20th Century, and P. perkinsi known only from a single specimen fortuitously collected in 1894 near sea level on Moloka‘i.

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38

Clague, David A., and Andrew T. Calvert. "Postshield stage transitional volcanism on Mahukona Volcano, Hawaii." Bulletin of Volcanology 71, no. 5 (August 29, 2008): 533–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00445-008-0240-z.

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39

Dunfield, Kari E., and Gary M. King. "Molecular Analysis of Carbon Monoxide-Oxidizing Bacteria Associated with Recent Hawaiian Volcanic Deposits." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 7 (July 2004): 4242–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.7.4242-4248.2004.

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ABSTRACT Genomic DNA extracts from four sites at Kilauea Volcano were used as templates for PCR amplification of the large subunit (coxL) of aerobic carbon monoxide dehydrogenase. The sites included a 42-year-old tephra deposit, a 108-year-old lava flow, a 212-year-old partially vegetated ash-and-tephra deposit, and an approximately 300-year-old forest. PCR primers amplified coxL sequences from the OMP clade of CO oxidizers, which includes isolates such as Oligotropha carboxidovorans, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Pseudomonas thermocarboxydovorans. PCR products were used to create clone libraries that provide the first insights into the diversity and phylogenetic affiliations of CO oxidizers in situ. On the basis of phylogenetic and statistical analyses, clone libraries for each site were distinct. Although some clone sequences were similar to coxL sequences from known organisms, many sequences appeared to represent phylogenetic lineages not previously known to harbor CO oxidizers. On the basis of average nucleotide diversity and average pairwise difference, a forested site supported the most diverse CO-oxidizing populations, while an 1894 lava flow supported the least diverse populations. Neither parameter correlated with previous estimates of atmospheric CO uptake rates, but both parameters correlated positively with estimates of microbial biomass and respiration. Collectively, the results indicate that the CO oxidizer functional group associated with recent volcanic deposits of the remote Hawaiian Islands contains substantial and previously unsuspected diversity.

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40

Tribble, Gordon W. "Underwater observations of active lava flows from Kilauea volcano, Hawaii." Geology 19, no. 6 (1991): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0633:uooalf>2.3.co;2.

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41

Shaw, Herbert R., and Bernard Chouet. "Singularity spectrum of intermittent seismic tremor at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii." Geophysical Research Letters 16, no. 2 (February 1989): 195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gl016i002p00195.

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42

Flynn, Luke P., Peter J. Mouginis-Mark, Jonathan C. Gradie, and Paul G. Lucey. "Radiative temperature measurements at Kupaianaha Lava Lake, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 98, B4 (April 10, 1993): 6461–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/92jb02698.

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43

Owen, S., P. Segall, J. Freymueller, A. Mikijus, R. Denlinger, T. Arnadottir, M. Sako, and R. Burgmann. "Rapid Deformation of the South Flank of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii." Science 267, no. 5202 (March 3, 1995): 1328–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.267.5202.1328.

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44

Sedwick, P. N., G. M. McMurtry, and G. W. Tribble. "Chemical alteration of seawater by lava from Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii." Marine Geology 96, no. 1-2 (January 1991): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(91)90212-m.

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45

Denlinger, Roger P., and Paul Okubo. "Structure of the mobile south flank of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 100, B12 (December 10, 1995): 24499–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95jb01479.

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46

Mattox, Tari N., Christina Heliker, Jim Kauahikaua, and Ken Hon. "Development of the 1990 Kalapana Flow Field, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii." Bulletin of Volcanology 55, no. 6 (August 1993): 407–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00302000.

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47

Heslop, Sally E., Lionel Wilson, Harry Pinkerton, and James W. Head. "Dynamics of a confined lava flow on Kilauea volcano, Hawaii." Bulletin of Volcanology 51, no. 6 (September 1989): 415–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01078809.

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48

Kauahikaua, Jim. "Geophysical characteristics of the hydrothermal systems of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii." Geothermics 22, no. 4 (August 1993): 271–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(93)90004-7.

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49

Dorsey Wanless, V., Michael O. Garcia, J. Michael Rhodes, Dominique Weis, and Marc D. Norman. "Shield-stage alkalic volcanism on Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawaii." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 151, no. 1-3 (March 2006): 141–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2005.07.027.

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50

Dvorak, John. "An earthquake cycle along the south flank of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 99, B5 (May 10, 1994): 9533–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94jb00040.

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