Academic literature on the topic 'Volcanic'
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Journal articles on the topic "Volcanic"
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Yanev, Yotzo, Vlastimil Konečný, Alexandra Harkovska, Sergiu Peltz, and Pál Gyarmati. "Petrochemical characterisation of the Late Alpine orogenic acid volcanism of the Carpathian-Balkan area." Geologica Balcanica 25, no. 1 (February 28, 1995): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.52321/geolbalc.25.1.3.
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Late Apine orogenic volcanism appears immediately after the main phase of folding and thrusting in the Carpathian-Balkan area. The age of the volcainic manifestations is Priabonian-Oligocene (after Ilirian phase) in the Balkan segment and Miocene-Pliocene (after Savian phase) in the Carpathian segment, respectively. Most of the acid volcanics are formed by crustal melting, whereas a smaller part are differentiates of basaltic and intermediate magmas. The first one has higher SiO2 content than the second. K2O content increases from the North to the South: in the Carpatian segment the acid volcanics are Ca-alkaline and high-K Ca-alkaline, whereas in the Balkan segment they are high-K Ca-alkaline and shoshonitic. The Na2O content of the acld volcanics of both segments show less significant variations. The amount of K2O correlates with the thickness of the crust in the different volcanic regions. The petrochemical data of the Carpathian-Balkan acld volcanlcs permit to draw a boundary between high-K Ca-alkaline and shoshonitic series at a level of K2O=4.75 wt % (at 70 wt % SiO2) and K2O=4.9 wt % (at 78 wt % SiO2) in the Peccerillo & Taylor diagam.
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Ludden, John, Claude Hubert, and Clement Gariépy. "The tectonic evolution of the Abitibi greenstone belt of Canada." Geological Magazine 123, no. 2 (March 1986): 153–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800029800.
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AbstractBased on structural, geochemical, sedimentological and geochronological studies, we have formulated a model for the evolution of the late Archaean Abitibi greenstone belt of the Superior Province of Canada. The southern volcanic zone (SVZ) of the belt is dominated by komatiitic to tholeiitic volcanic plateaux and large, bimodal, mafic-felsic volcanic centres. These volcanic rocks were erupted between approximately 2710 Ma and 2700 Ma in a series of rift basins formed as a result of wrench-fault tectonics.The SVZ superimposes an older volcanic terrane which is characterized in the northern volcanic zone (NVZ) of the Abitibi belt and is approximately 2720 Ma or older. The NVZ comprises basaltic to andesitic and dacitic subaqueous massive volcanics which are cored by comagmatic sill complexes and layered mafic-anorthositic plutonic complexes. These volcanics are overlain by felsic pyroclastic rocks that were comagmatic with the emplacement of tonalitic plutons at 2717 ±2 Ma.The tectonic model envisages the SVZ to have formed in a series of rift basins which dissected an earlier formed volcanic arc (the NVZ). Analogous rift environments have been postulated for the Hokuroko basin of Japan, the Taupo volcanic zone of New Zealand and the Sumatra and Nicaragua arcs. The difference between rift related ‘submergent’ volcanism in the SVZ and ‘emergent’ volcanism in the NVZ resulted in the contrasting metallogenic styles, the former being characterized by syngenetic massive sulphide deposits, whilst the latter was dominated by epigenetic ‘porphyry-type’ Cu(Au) deposits.
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Smellie, John L., Kurt S. Panter, and Jenna Reindel. "Chapter 5.3a Mount Early and Sheridan Bluff: volcanology." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 55, no. 1 (2021): 491–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/m55-2018-61.
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AbstractTwo small monogenetic volcanoes are exposed at Mount Early and Sheridan Bluff, in the upper reaches of Scott Glacier. In addition, the presence of abundant fresh volcanic detritus in moraines at two other localities suggests further associated volcanism, now obscured by the modern Antarctic ice sheet. One of those occurrences has been attributed to a small subglacial volcano onlyc.200 km from South Pole, making it the southernmost volcano in the world. All of the volcanic outcrops in the Scott Glacier region are grouped in a newly defined Upper Scott Glacier Volcanic Field, which is part of the McMurdo Volcanic Group (Western Ross Supergroup). The volcanism is early Miocene in age (c.25–16 Ma), and the combination of tholeiitic and alkaline mafic compositions differs from the more voluminous alkaline volcanism in the West Antarctic Rift System. The Mount Early volcano was erupted subglacially, when the contemporary ice was considerably thicker than present. By contrast, lithologies associated with the southernmost volcano, currently covered by 1.5 km of modern ice, indicate that it was erupted when any associated ice was either much thinner or absent. The eruptive setting for Sheridan Bluff is uncertain and is still being investigated.
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Smellie, John L. "Chapter 3.2a Bransfield Strait and James Ross Island: volcanology." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 55, no. 1 (2021): 227–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/m55-2018-58.
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AbstractFollowing more than 25 years of exploration and research since the last regional appraisal, the number of known subaerially exposed volcanoes in the northern Antarctic Peninsula region has more than trebled, from less than 15 to more than 50, and that total must be increased at least three-fold if seamounts in Bransfield Strait are included. Several volcanoes remain unvisited and there are relatively few detailed studies. The region includes Deception Island, the most prolific active volcano in Antarctica, and Mount Haddington, the largest volcano in Antarctica. The tectonic environment of the volcanism is more variable than elsewhere in Antarctica. Most of the volcanism is related to subduction. It includes very young ensialic marginal basin volcanism (Bransfield Strait), back-arc alkaline volcanism (James Ross Island Volcanic Group) and slab-window-related volcanism (seamount offshore of Anvers Island), as well as volcanism of uncertain origin (Anvers and Brabant islands; small volcanic centres on Livingston and Greenwich islands). Only ‘normal’ arc volcanism is not clearly represented, possibly because active subduction virtually ceased atc.4 Ma. The eruptive environment for the volcanism varied between subglacial, marine and subaerial but a subglacial setting is prominent, particularly in the James Ross Island Volcanic Group.
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Tripathi, C. "Volcanism in Gondwanas." Journal of Palaeosciences 36 (December 31, 1987): 285–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.1987.1587.
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In India the Lower Permian event is marked by a major volcanic episode in the Himalayan belt and rift faulting in the Peninsula which gave rise to various Gondwana basins. The Lower Cretaceous major volcanic episode represented by the Rajmahal Trap represents the termination of Gondwana sedimentation. Lower Permian volcanism is represented by the Panjal Volcanics in Kashmir Basin and its equivalent, the Volcanics in Spiti-Zanskar Basin and Rotung Volcanics (Abor Volcanics) in Arunachal Pradesh. In Karakarom Basin of Ladakh, volcanism is associated with Changtash and Aqtash formations of Permian age.
The Agglomeratic Slates in Kashmir are supposed to have originated as explosive volcanism in the form of pyroclastic which was followed later by flows of the Panjal Volcanics represented by subaqueous and subaerial tholeiitic basalt with occasional basaltic, andesitic and rhyolitic volcanics. The Agglomeratic slates are divided into two divisions, the Lower Diamicites and the Upper Pyroclastic. At the base of the Pyroclastic division and at the top of the Diamictite division, we get Eurydesma-Deltopecten Fauna of Lower Permian age. It is thus established that volcanism in Kashmir, Spiti-Zanskar and Ladakh is restricted to Lower Permian only. The sills and dykes associated with the underlying sequence in Syringothyris Limestone and Fenestella Shale in Kashmir, in Lipak and Po Formations in Spiti are related to this volcanism.
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Ganelin, A. V., E. V. Vatrushkina, and M. V. Luchitskaya. "Geochemistry and geochronology of cretaceous volcanism of Chauna region, Central Chukotka." Геохимия 64, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 20–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0016-752564120-42.
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New geochronological and geochemical data on the age and composition of Cretaceous volcanism of Palyavaam River basin (Central Chukotka, Chauna region) are presented. First complex is composed of rhyolites, ignimbrites and felsic tuffs of Chauna Group of Okhotsk-Chukotka volcanic belt (OCVB). Second complex is represented by volcanic rocks of latite-shoshonite series of Early Cretaceous age, distinguished as Etchikun’ Formation. Its origin is still debatable. Some researchers refer deposits of Etchikun’ Formation to magmatic stage before OCVB activity. Other authors include in Chauna Group composition. Obtained data indicate heterogeneity of Etchikun’ Fomation volcanics and allow to divide them in two groups. Andesites of the first group (Etchikun’ Formation sensu stricto) have Early Cretaceous age and belong to magmatic stage before OCVB activity. Andesites of the second group correlate in age and composition with OCVB volcanic rocks. They occur at the base of Chauna Group and indicate homodromous character of volcanism evolution in the Central-Chukotka of Okhotsk-Chukotka volcanic belt.
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Helgason, Jóhann, and Robert A. Duncan. "Stratigraphy, 40Ar–39Ar dating and erosional history of Svínafell, SE-Iceland." Jökull 63, no. 1 (December 15, 2013): 33–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33799/jokull2013.63.033.
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The interplay of volcanism and erosion in the Svínafell massif, on the western slope of the Öræfajökull volcanic center, SE-Iceland, is traced with geological mapping, magnetostratigraphy and $^{40}$Ar–$^{39}$Ar age determinations. The volcanic strata are mainly of Quaternary age, i.e., geomagnetic chrons of lower Matuyama to upper Brunhes. The 1832 m thick sequence in Svínafell is composed of 37 discrete lithologic formations, assigned to seven volcano-stratigraphic groups beginning with the onset of volcanism in the Öræfajökull stratovolcano during lower Brunhes magnetic chron (C1n < 781 ka). A regional basin formed shortly before the initiation of volcanism, generating a depocenter for the plant-fossil bearing Svínafell sediments between 0.70 and 1.78 Ma. The Svínafell volcanic strata accumulated during a minimum of eight glacial and inter-glacial stages. We document the Svínafell erosion history and landscape evolution, including 12 erosion surfaces. Erosion has led to extended stratigraphic hiatuses and removal of thick volcanic sequences.
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McDOUGALL, IAN. "Age of volcanism and its migration in the Samoa Islands." Geological Magazine 147, no. 5 (February 10, 2010): 705–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756810000038.
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AbstractPotassium–argon (K–Ar) ages on whole rock samples have been measured on lavas from the subaerial Samoa Islands, which form a broadly linear volcanic chain that extends from the ESE to the WNW for about 360 km. The Manu'a Islands near the southeast limit of the chain exhibit youthful ages, with most <0.4 Ma, in keeping with the geological observations. Tutuila consists of several volcanoes, and previous work yielded a mean K–Ar age of 1.26 ± 0.15 Ma for the shield-building volcanism. Upolu, to the WNW of Tutuila, gives a mean age of 2.15 ± 0.35 Ma for the shield-building phase, represented by the Fagaloa Volcanics, with much of the island covered by significantly younger volcanic rocks. Savai'i, further to the WNW, is dominated by youthful volcanism, extending into historic times. In a restricted area, adjacent to the NE coast of Savai'i, previously thought to have volcanic rocks correlating with the Fagaloa Volcanics of Upolu, the ages are much younger than those on Upolu, lying between 0.32 and 0.42 Ma. Considering only the subaerial volcanism from Ta'u to Upolu, but also including Vailulu'u, the volcanism has migrated in a systematic ESE direction at 130 ± 8 mm a−1 over 300 km in the last 2.2 Ma. This rate is nearly twice that obtained from GPS measurements of Pacific Plate motion of 72 mm a−1 at N64°W in this area. However, if the much older age of shield-building volcanism from the submarine foundations of Savai'i is included, the regression yields a volcanic migration rate of 72 ± 14 mm a−1, in keeping with the measured GPS rate and consistent with a hotspot origin for the island chain. This suggests that the volcanic migration rates determined from the age of subaerial volcanism can be considerably overestimated, and this is now evident in other Pacific Ocean island chains. Clearly, the ages of the main shield-building volcanism from subaerial volcanism are minima, and if the older submarine lavas can be measured, these may yield a migration rate more in keeping with current plate motions.
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Koloskov, A. V., M. Yu Puzankov, V. V. Ananiev, and D. V. Kovalenko. "BOLSHOI PAYALPAN VOLCANO (SREDINNY RANGE, KAMCHATKA). PROBLEMATIC ASPECTS OF CONVERGENCE OF ISLAND-ARC AND INTRAPLATE PETROLOGICAL AND GEOCHEMICAL SIGNATURES IN THE MAGMATIC SYSTEM." Tikhookeanskaya Geologiya 41, no. 2 (2022): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.30911/0207-4028-2022-41-2-3-24.
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The paper presents the data on age, mineralogy, geochemistry, and isotope composition of rocks from the Bolshoi Payalpan Volcano (Sredinny Range, Kamchatka). We compared these data with those on the Nosichan and Belogolovsky volcanoes, located within the Belogolovsky volcanic center. The basalts of the neck and the upper lava complex of Bolshoi Payalpan are compositionally similar to the intraplate-type trachybasalts of the Belogolovsky Volcano, and the basaltic andesites of the lower lava and the cone complex are similar to the island arc rocks of the Nosichan Volcano. Analysis of the data obtained evidences that spatial and temporal manifestations of intraplate and island-arc volcanism at the Bolshoi Payalpan Volcano are not accidental, but may be a consequence of a change in the degree and depth of melting of the same deep source with the involvement of a mantle diapir. The Belogolovsky volcanic center formed in a setting of the Late Miocene-Early Pliocene rifting. Its evolution, right up to its extinction, proceeded in the same geodynamic setting with an increase in depth of the mantle source and a decrease in the degree of its melting. Rock compositions of the Lower-Middle Pliocene Nosichan Volcano remain of the island-arc type under conditions of rifting, since they are associated with the mantle reservoir located at a shallower depth, which has experienced a higher degree of melting. There is good reason for considering large volcanic centers as spontaneously-developing geological entities. As the endogenous activity dies down, the degree of melting decreases and the depth of melting increases with the replacement of island-arc volcanism by intraplate volcanism. The volcanic center becomes extinct.
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Zakharikhina, L. V., and Yu S. Litvinenko. "Volcanism and geochemistry of soil and vegetation cover of Kamchatka. Communication 2. Specificity of forming the elemental composition of volcanic soil in cold and humid conditions." Вулканология и сейсмология, no. 3 (May 14, 2019): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0203-03062019325-33.
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Volcanic soils of Kamchatka have the low contents of most the chemical elements in relation to their overall prevalence in the soils of continents and volcanic soils of Europe. Relatively increased gross contents of elements typical for volcanic rocks of medium and basic composition: Na, Ca, Mg, Cd, Mn, Co, Cu, and steadily low contents of elements characteristic of acid volcanics: La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Nb, Hf, Tl, Rb and Th, is most characteristic of the soils of different areas of the peninsula. The existing in the past and currently observed different conditions of volcanism in the previously allocated soil areas of Kamchatka determine the diversity of the chemical composition of the soils in these territories.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Volcanic"
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Purdy, David John. "Volcanic stratigraphy and origin of the Wallangarra Volcanics, Wandsworth volcanic group, northern NSW, Australia." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2003.
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Smith, R. T. "Eruptive and depositional models for units 3 and 4 of the 1.85 ka Taupo eruption: Implications for the nature of large-scale 'wet' eruptions." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geological Science, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5928.
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Phreatomagmatic eruptions result from the explosive interaction between magma and some external source of water, and produce deposits which are usually distinctive in nature from those of magmatic eruptions. The widespread deposits of large-scale phreatomagmatic eruptions (usually termed Phreatoplinian) are poorly studied relative to their magmatic counterparts and, consequently, current models for large-scale phreatomagmatic volcanism remain speculative. The Hatepe ash and Rotongaio ash (units 3 and 4 of the 1.85 ka Taupo eruption) are two classical widespread phreatomagmatic fall deposits. These have been examined in fine detail and sampled, for the first time, at a mm-scale, with the intention of quantifying vertical and lateral variations within these deposits and improving our understanding of the eruptive mechanisms and depositional processes during large-scale 'wet' eruptions.
The Hatepe ash (1.75 km3) is a widespread (>15 000 km2, individual subunit bt values = 4.4 to 5.5 km), multiple-bedded, poorly-sorted pumiceous fall deposit. The fines-rich character and widespread occurrence of ash aggregates in the proximal to medial dispersal areas are indicators of a phreatomagmatic origin. Subunits contain multiple layers with a wide range of dispersal and grain size characteristics, and a number of distinctive primary lithofacies have been defined which characterise the changes in eruptive conditions and main depositional modes during Hatepe volcanism. The
predominantly fine grained clasts (Mdø= 3.3-4.5), along with perhaps 20-25 wt.% liquid, were transported and deposited in the form of damp to wet 'mud lumps' and accretionary lapilli. Dispersal was from dense, 'wet' plumes which promoted the cohesion and aggregation of liquid-coated fine particles. This mode of transport and deposition was dominant during relatively long-lived episodes of relatively low discharge rate, with higher water/magma ratios at the vent and liquid/particle ratios in plumes. When magma discharge rate was relatively high and water/magma ratios low, fines-poor, plinian-style deposits (Mdø = -2.2 to 0.63) were produced by discrete particle fall from high (~25-30 km), relatively 'dry' plumes. Minor, short-lived fluctuations in discharge rate produced episodes of mixed discrete and ash aggregate fall which produced poly- and bimodal deposits (Mdø = 2.5-3) in proximal and inner-medial areas. Lateral emplacement by dilute, turbulent pyroclastic density currents was important in the proximal environment.
The range and indices of Hatepe ash juvenile clast vesicularities (50-90%, and 75% vesicles, respectively) indicate that fragmentation was driven by magmatic volatiles but that water played some part in quenching. The minimal variation in juvenile clast vesicularity through the deposit and between the facies types indicates that the state of the Hatepe magma remained a uniform foam, and that the mechanism of fragmentation (but not the water/magma ratio) was consistent throughout Hatepe volcanism.
Facies analysis and mapping of internal variations in ash dispersal confirm that the Hatepe ash is not the product of simple sustained magma discharge, but was actually the result of a continuous but highly irregular flux, with fluctuations in magma supply, sometimes over very short time intervals, resulting in a range of eruptive styles and depositional modes.
The Rotongaio ash (0.8 km3) is a widespread (>10 000 km2, subunit bt values = 2.9 to 5km), poorly-sorted fall deposit with abundant evidence for the important involvement of liquid water at the vent and in the plume. Modes of deposition were similar to the Hatepe ash; dominantly damp to wet mud lump fallout (Mdø= 3.9 to 5.5), but with minor episodes of discrete particle fall (Mdø = -1.1 to 1.9) and mixed discrete and aggregate fall (Mdø= 1.2 to 2.9) caused by fluctuations in discharge rate. An additional depositional mode in medial areas during Rotongaio volcanism was by dilute, turbulent density currents, derived from particle-laden downbursts from the umbrella region of dense, wet, convectively-unstable plumes. Such a process may account for occurrences of cross-stratification in the medial-distal parts of other widespread ash falls.
Secondary processes such as fluvial erosion and reworking, and soft-sediment deformation and slurry-flow were important depositional modes that operated syneruptively during Rotongaio (and Hatepe ash) volcanism. The very close association in time and space between primary and secondary lithofacies implies that there was a strong genetic link between the style of primary eruptive processes and the nature and extent of the secondary modification. In many cases the 'secondary' processes formed a continuum with primary depositional processes, influenced by the liquid/particle ratio of ash fallout and inherent to the mode of eruption. Throughout deposition of the Rotongaio ash a delicate balance always existed between primary accumulation, erosion and redeposition.
The Rotongaio ash differs from the Hatepe ash, and most other widespread ash fall deposits, in a number of important ways which indicate the Rotongaio ash is not a typical phreatoplinian deposit; 1) it is extremely finely laminated in proximal exposures and many of these beds cannot be traced into the medial environment indicating it is the product of multiple, discrete and non-sustained explosions which dispersed material along a number of axes and with a wide range of thinning rates, 2) juvenile clasts are mostly poorly- to non-vesicular and clast populations span a very wide range of densities (0-65% vesicles) indicating that the Rotongaio magma was partially degassed and heterogeneous (unlike the Hatepe ash and other pumiceous phreatoplinian deposits), and fragmentation was driven not by vesiculation, but largely by external volatiles, 3) the lack of any significant coarse component compared to the Hatepe ash at anyone site supports a fundamentally different mode of fragmentation for Rotongaio volcanism and vent processes which probably involved significant recycling of clasts through the vent.
Detailed analysis of the Hatepe ash and Rotongaio ash has provided some interesting insights into the nature of large-scale phreatomagmatic eruptions. Ash dispersal patterns for subunits of the two deposits indicate that 'wet' and 'dry' plumes, even of comparatively small magnitudes (0.02 to 0.8 km3 subunit volumes) behave in distinctive ways which hint at fundamentally different dynamics of dispersal. Assessment of lateral variations in clast size populations suggest the differences between proximal strongly fines-segregated 'dry' facies and the fines-rich 'wet' facies is an artefact controlled mostly by the initial liquid/solid ratio in the plume rather than the mechanism of fragmentation.
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Bartolini, Stefania. "Volcanic hazard assessment in monogenetic volcanic fields." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/284845.
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One of the most important tasks of modern volcanology, which represents a significant socio-economic implication, is to conduct hazard assessment in active volcanic systems. These volcanological studies are aimed at hazard that allows to constructing hazard maps and simulating different eruptive scenarios, and are mainly addressed to contribute to territorial planning, definition of emergency plans or managing volcanic crisis. The impact of a natural event, as a volcanic eruption, can significantly affect human life, property, infrastructures, and the environment. Long periods of quiescence are quite common in many volcanic areas and this often leads to a fall in the alert. The consequence is lack of preparation to deal with a volcanic crisis.
The present Ph.D. Thesis is focused on the development and application of different tools for the spatial and temporal analyses to assess volcanic hazard in monogenetic volcanic fields. Monogenetic volcanic fields are commonly not regarded as potentially dangerous and only a few studies concerning hazard assessment have been conducted in such environments. In the long-term hazard assessment, we assume that the future eruptive behaviour in the volcanic field could be similar to the last eruptive activity. First, we have developed a new tool, QVAST (QGIS for VolcAnic SuscepTibility), designed to carry out the spatial analysis. This tool allows to calculate the volcanic susceptibility of the area, i.e. the probability of new vent opening, using direct and indirect structural data. Second, we have developed a new tool, HASSET (Hazard Assessment Event Tree), to conduct temporal analysis. Combining both tools and the previous one, VORIS 2.0.1, that uses simulation models to predict the most probable eruptive scenarios and which areas could be affected by a future eruptive event, we can evaluate in a probabilistic way long-term hazard represented by a qualitative hazard map that allows us to identify different levels of hazard in the study area. In this thesis we present different case studies. The first example was carried out at El Hierro Island (Canary Islands), an island essentially characterized by basaltic volcanism with both Strombolian and Hawaiian activity. The last eruption on El Hierro occurred in 2011–2012 demonstrates the importance of reliable data and tools that can enable scientific advisors and decision-makers to consider possible future eruptive scenarios. The second case study was Deception Island (Southern Shetland Archipelago, Antarctica), which is the most active volcano in the South Shetland Islands and has been the scene of more than twenty eruptions over the past two centuries. We identified a number of significant scenarios using our GIS-based tools and evaluated the potential extent of the main volcanic hazards to be expected on the island. The last case study presented is La Garrotxa Volcanic Field (NE of Spain), which is a quaternary volcanic field, located in the Northeast of the Iberian Peninsula, and includes more than 50 well preserved volcanoes.
Finally, considering the importance of both quantity and quality of the available volcanic data and an optimum storage mechanism and as complement to the e-tools we have developed, we describe the design of a new spatial database structure, VERDI (Volcanic managEment Risk Database desIgn), which allows different types of data to be manipulated, organized, managed. The design of purpose-built databases should facilitate spatial and temporal analysis that will produce probabilistic hazard models for future vent opening, simulate volcanic hazards and assess their socio-economic impact, avoiding any duplication of information.
The methodologies described in this thesis establish the general guidelines of a procedure that facilitates undertaking volcanic hazard assessment in a systematic way, which can be easily applied to any volcanic area or system, and in particular to any monogenetic volcanic field.Una de las tareas más importantes de la vulcanología moderna, que representa una implicación socio-económica significativa, es llevar a cabo la evaluación de la peligrosidad en los sistemas volcánicos activos. Estos estudios vulcanológicos están enfocados a la elaboración de mapas de peligro y la simulación de diferentes escenarios eruptivos, y están dirigidas para contribuir a la planificación territorial, a la definición de los planes de emergencia o la gestión de crisis volcánicas. La presente Tesis doctoral está enfocada al desarrollo y aplicación de diferentes herramientas informáticas para los análisis espacial y temporal del peligro volcánico en campos volcánicos monogenéticos. En primer lugar, hemos desarrollado una nueva herramienta, QVAST, diseñada para llevar a cabo el análisis espacial, que permite calcular la susceptibilidad volcánica de la zona de estudio, utilizando datos estructurales directos e indirectos. En segundo lugar, hemos desarrollado una nueva herramienta, HASSET, para llevar a cabo el análisis temporal. La combinación de ambos instrumentos y una herramienta anterior, VORIS 2.0.1, que utiliza modelos de simulación para predecir los escenarios eruptivos más probables y aquellas áreas que podrían verse afectadas por un futuro evento eruptivo, nos permite evaluar de forma probabilística el peligro a largo plazo, representado por un mapa cualitativo que nos permite identificar los diferentes niveles de peligro en el área de estudio. En esta tesis se presentan diferentes casos de estudio en campos volcánicos monogenéticos: la isla de El Hierro (Islas Canarias), la isla Decepción (archipiélago de las Shetland del Sur, Antártida), el campo volcánico de La Garrotxa (NE de España). Por último, teniendo en cuenta la importancia de la cantidad y la calidad de los datos volcánologicos disponibles y un mecanismo de almacenamiento óptimo, se describe el diseño de una nueva estructura de base de datos espaciales, VERDI, que permite manipular, organizar y gestionar diferentes tipos de datos. Las metodologías descritas en esta tesis establecen líneas guía generales de un procedimiento que facilita la realización de la evaluación del peligro volcánico de forma sistemática, los cuales se pueden aplicar a cualquier zona volcánica o sistema, y en particular, a cualquier campo volcánico monogenético.
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Wetie, Ngongang Ariane. "Seismic and Volcanic Hazard Analysis for Mount Cameroon Volcano." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/60871.
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Mount Cameroon is considered the only active volcano along a 1600 km long chain of volcanic complexes called the Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL). It has erupted seven times during the last 100 years, the most recent was in May 2000. The approximately 500,000 inhabitants that live and work around the fertile flanks are exposed to impending threats from volcanic eruptions and earthquakes.
In this thesis, a hazard assessment study that involves both statistical modelling of seismic hazard parameters and the evaluation of a future volcanic risk was undertaken on Mount Cameroon. The Gutenberg-Richter magnitude-frequency relations, the annual activity rate, the maximum magnitude, the rate of volcanic eruptions and risks assessment were examined.
The seismic hazard parameters were estimated using the Maximum Likelihood Method on the basis of a procedure which combines seismic data containing incomplete files of large historical events with complete files of short periods of observations. A homogenous Poisson distribution model was applied to previous recorded volcanic eruptions of Mount Cameroon to determine the frequency of eruption and assess the probability of a future eruption.
Frequency-magnitude plots indicated that Gutenberg-Richter b-values are partially dependent on the maximum regional magnitude and the method used in their calculation. b-values showed temporal and spatial variation with an average value of 1.53 ± 0.02. The intrusion of a magma body generating the occurrence of relatively small earthquakes as observed in our instrumental catalogue, could be responsible for this high anomalous b-value.
An epicentre map of locally recorded earthquakes revealed that the southeastern zone is the most seismically active part of the volcano. The annual mean activity rate of the seismicity strongly depends on the time span of the seismic catalogue and results showed that on average, one earthquake event occurs every 10 days. The maximum regional magnitude values which had been determined from various approaches overlap when their standard deviations are taken into account. However, the magnitude distribution model of the Mt. Cameroon earthquakes might not follow the form of the Gutenberg-Richter frequency magnitude relationship.
The datations of the last eruptive events that have occurred on Mt. Cameroon volcanic complex are presented. No specific pattern was observed on the frequency of eruptions, which means that a homogenous Poisson distribution provides a suitable model to estimate the rate of occurrence of volcanic eruptions and evaluate the risk of a future eruption. Two different approaches were used to estimate the mean eruption rate (λ) and both yielded a value of 0.074. The results showed that eruptions take place on average once every 13 years and, with the last eruption occurring over 15 years ago, it is considered that there is at present a high risk of an eruption to occur.Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2016.
Geology
MSc
Unrestricted
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Hellwig, Bridget M. "The viscosity of dacitic liquids measured at conditions relevant to explosive arc volcanism determing the influence of temperature, silicate composition, and dissolved volatile content /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4597.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (February 7, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.
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Vallejo, Vargas Silvia Ximena. "Numerical models of volcanic flows for an estimation and delimitation of volcanic hazards, the case of Reventador volcano (Ecuador)." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CLFAC100/document.
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Les coulées de laves sont les produits volcaniques les plus représentatifs des éruptions effusives. Elles sont formées quand le magma est extrudé et se répand à la surface de la Terre. Quand la lave arrive en surface, elle perd de la chaleur et refroidit. Le refroidissement affecte directement les propriétés rhéologiques de la lave, jusqu’à arrêter son écoulement. Les paramètres rhéologiques qui contrôlent la dynamique des coulées de laves sont la viscosité et le seuil de plasticité, qui dépendent eux-mêmes de la composition chimique, de la cristallinité et de la teneur en bulles. Il existe de nombreux modèles d’estimation de la rhéologie, la plupart développés pour les coulées de lave basaltiques et quelque uns pour les coulées de lave andésitiques. Les coulées de laves peuvent grandement affecter les régions peuplées, les infrastructures et l’environnement. Un moyen de prévoir les futurs dégâts est de développer des modèles numériques pour prévoir la propagation des coulées de laves sur des topographies volcaniques réelles. Cette méthode difficile combine la topographie, la rhéologie, la perte de chaleur et la dynamique de l’écoulement pour simuler l’emplacement d’une coulée de lave précise. Le code numérique VolcFlow, qui est basé sur une approche moyennée verticale, est capable de reproduire les caractéristiques principales des dépôts comme la morphologie, la longueur et l’épaisseur. Dans cette étude sont proposés trois modèles implémentés dans VolcFlow et ayant pour but de simuler des coulées de laves. Le premier est isotherme, le deuxième inclut le refroidissement et les variations rhéologiques associées, et le troisième prend en considération la déformation de la croûte à la surface de la coulée et son effet sur l’emplacement de la coulée. Afin de vérifier la validité des différentes approches, les modèles sont testés sur quatre cas d’étude : deux coulées de lave de composition basaltique (expérience de basalte fondu de Syracuse lava Project et la coulée de lave d’août novembre 2015 du Piton de la Fournaise, France) et deux de compositions andésitique (la coulée de lave du 4-5 décembre 2015 du Tungurahua et trois coulées de lave du Reventador, Equateur). Les résultats des simulations montrent que le modèle isotherme peut reproduire les coulées même s’il ne prend pas en compte les variations de rhéologie et le refroidissement. Le modèle incluant la cristallisation, induite par le refroidissement de la lave au cours de son écoulement, et les variations rhéologiques associées donne de très bons résultats mais est très sensible aux paramètres d’entrée, en particulier à la viscosité, elle-même très dépendante de la composition chimique et de la température. Enfin, le modèle prenant en compte le refroidissement et les variations de rhéologie par une loi synthétique sigmoïde montre une bonne cohérence dans tous les cas simulés, sauf pour le Piton de la Fournaise. Le modèle visant à simuler la formation d’une croûte à la surface de la lave et sa percée par l’écoulement sous-jacent amène uniquement à l’épaississement de la croûte. Le mécanisme de percée n’est pas reproduit avec VolcFlowLava flows are the most representative volcanic products of effusive eruptions and are formed whenthe magma is extruded and flows on the surface. When lava flows reach the surface they lose heat and cool.Cooling affects directly the rheology of the lava up to a point where it cannot flow anymore. Rheologicalparameters that control the dynamics of lava flows are the viscosity and the yield strength which in turndepends on the chemical composition, crystallinity and bubble content. There exist numerous models forthe rheology estimation, mostly developed for basaltic lava flows and few for andesitic ones.Lava flows can highly affect populated areas, infrastructures and environment. A way to forecastthe future damages is to developed numerical codes of the lava propagation on real volcanic topography.This challenging method combines the topography, the rheology, the heat loss, and flow dynamics tosimulate the emplacement of a particular lava flow. The numerical code VolcFlow which is based on thedepth-averaged approach is able to reproduce the main physical characteristics of the deposits likemorphology, length and thickness. Here 3 models are proposed for their implementation in VolcFlow withthe aim to simulate lava flows. One model is isothermal, the second includes cooling and the associatedrheological variations, and the third takes into account the crust formation and its effect on the flowemplacement. To check the validity of the different approaches, the models were tested with four studycases, two with basaltic compositions (molten basalt experiment of the Syracuse lava Project and the August-November, 2015 lava flow from Piton de la Fournaise, France) and two with andesitic compositions (theDecember 4th-5th lava flow from Tungurahua, Ecuador, and three lava flows from El Reventador,Ecuador). Results of the simulations shows that the isothermal model can reproduce the flows even if itdoes not consider the cooling and rheology variation. The model that includes rheological laws as functionof crystallization induced by cooling down flow can give very good results but is very sensitive to the inputdata, in particular to the fluid viscosity that is very dependent on chemical composition and temperature.Finally, the model that includes cooling and synthetic sigmoid rheological law shows good coherence for allthe cases except at Piton de la Fournaise. The model that aims to simulate the formation of a crust on thelava flow surface, lava flowing underneath and break-out mechanisms leads to the thickening of the crust.Hence, break-out mechanism is not reproduced with VolcFlow
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Smith, Cassandra M. "Volcanic Electrification: A Multiparametric Case Study of Sakurajima Volcano, Japan." Scholar Commons, 2019. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7950.
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Electrical activity at volcanoes has been recently recognized as a potential new remote sensing technique for plume-forming eruptions. Volcanic electrical activity takes place in the conduit and plume and therefore has the benefit of being a direct indicator of surface activity. This is unlike seismic signals, which indicate magma/gas movement underground, and infrasound signals, which indicate a surface explosion but not necessarily the formation of an ash plume. There are two distinct types of volcanic electrical discharges: volcanic lightning and continual radio frequency (CRF) impulses. This dissertation explores the relationships between these two electrical signals and other commonly monitored volcanic parameters. For volcanic electrical activity to be widely adopted into monitoring platforms it is important to understand how electrical discharges at volcanoes are related to other monitored signals. I present a case study of the electrical activity at Sakurajima Volcano, Japan. The lightning mapping array (LMA) is used to record both lightning and CRF. I relate CRF to ash properties and show that CRF corresponds to eruptions containing more juvenile magma that has undergone milling as it is transported out of the conduit. Seismic, infrasound, and video data are used in conjunction with multivariable statistical methods on a suite of electrical parameters to show that high levels of volcanic electrical activity are related to eruptions with large infrasound signals (> 107 J), high initial velocities (> 55 m/s), and relatively tall plume heights (> 1 km). Finally, an examination of globally detected lightning at Bogoslof Volcano, AK shows the potential for volcanic lightning in plume tracking (0-100 km), even after the end of the explosive phase of the eruption.
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Longobardi, Mariantonietta <1983>. "Locating the source of volcanic tremor at stromboli volcano, italy." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5181/1/Tesi.pdf.
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We have developed a method for locating sources of volcanic tremor and applied it to a dataset recorded on Stromboli volcano before and after the onset of the February 27th 2007 effusive eruption. Volcanic tremor has attracted considerable attention by seismologists because of its potential value as a tool for forecasting eruptions and for better understanding the physical processes that occur inside active volcanoes. Commonly used methods to locate volcanic tremor sources are: 1) array techniques, 2) semblance based methods, 3) calculation of wave field amplitude. We have choosen the third approach, using a quantitative modeling of the seismic wavefield. For this purpose, we have calculated the Green Functions (GF) in the frequency domain with the Finite Element Method (FEM). We have used this method because it is well suited to solve elliptic problems, as the elastodynamics in the Fourier domain. The volcanic tremor source is located by determining the source function over a regular grid of points. The best fit point is choosen as the tremor source location. The source inversion is performed in the frequency domain, using only the wavefield amplitudes. We illustrate the method and its validation over a synthetic dataset. We show some preliminary results on the Stromboli dataset, evidencing temporal variations of the volcanic tremor sources.
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Longobardi, Mariantonietta <1983>. "Locating the source of volcanic tremor at stromboli volcano, italy." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5181/.
Full textAbstract:
We have developed a method for locating sources of volcanic tremor and applied it to a dataset recorded on Stromboli volcano before and after the onset of the February 27th 2007 effusive eruption. Volcanic tremor has attracted considerable attention by seismologists because of its potential value as a tool for forecasting eruptions and for better understanding the physical processes that occur inside active volcanoes. Commonly used methods to locate volcanic tremor sources are: 1) array techniques, 2) semblance based methods, 3) calculation of wave field amplitude. We have choosen the third approach, using a quantitative modeling of the seismic wavefield. For this purpose, we have calculated the Green Functions (GF) in the frequency domain with the Finite Element Method (FEM). We have used this method because it is well suited to solve elliptic problems, as the elastodynamics in the Fourier domain. The volcanic tremor source is located by determining the source function over a regular grid of points. The best fit point is choosen as the tremor source location. The source inversion is performed in the frequency domain, using only the wavefield amplitudes. We illustrate the method and its validation over a synthetic dataset. We show some preliminary results on the Stromboli dataset, evidencing temporal variations of the volcanic tremor sources.
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NOGUEIRA, LAGES Joao Pedro. "Constrains on mantle, slab and crustal contributions to major volatiles and noble gases along the Andean Volcanic Belt." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Palermo, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10447/395502.
Full textBooks on the topic "Volcanic"
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Jean-Claude, Thouret, Chester David K, Ollier Cliff, Joyce B, and International Association of Geomorphology. Working Group on "Volcanic Geomorphology"., eds. Volcanic landforms, processes and hazards. Berlin: Gebrüder Borntraeger, 2005.
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Ewert, John W. An assessment of volcanic threat and monitoring capabilities in the United States: Framework for a national volcano early warning system. Reston, Va: U.S. Geological Survey, 2005.
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L, Van Camp Mary, ed. Lassen Volcanic. [Las Vegas, NV]: KC Publications, 1988.
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Volcanic visions. London, England: Arkana, 1991.
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Tilling, I., ed. Volcanic Hazards. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/sc001.
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Kenneth, Wohletz, ed. Volcanic ash. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985.
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Gasparini, Paolo, Roberto Scarpa, and Keiiti Aki, eds. Volcanic Seismology. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77008-1.
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Latter, John H., ed. Volcanic Hazards. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73759-6.
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Gottsmann, Joachim, Jürgen Neuberg, and Bettina Scheu, eds. Volcanic Unrest. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58412-6.
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Dobran, Flavio. Volcanic Processes. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0647-8.
Full textBook chapters on the topic "Volcanic"
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Németh, Károly. "Volcanic Geoheritage in the Light of Volcano Geology." In Geoheritage, Geoparks and Geotourism, 1–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07289-5_1.
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AbstractVolcanic geoheritage relates to the geological features of a region that are associated with the formation of a volcanic terrain in diverse geoenvironmental conditions. These features include the volcanic processes, volcanic landforms and/or the eruptive products of volcanism that form the geological architecture of that region. Volcanic geoheritage is expressed through the landscape and how it forms and evolves through volcanic processes on various spatio-temporal scales. In this sense it is directly linked to the processes of how magma released, transported to the surface and fragmented, the styles of eruption and accumulation of the eruptive products. Volcanic geoheritage is directly linked to the natural processes that generated them. Geocultural aspects are treated separately through volcanic geosite identification and their valorization stages. Identification of volcanic geosites, based on various valorization techniques, have been applied successfully in the past decades to many geological heritage elements. Volcanism directly impacts societal, cultural, and traditional development of communities, hence the “living with volcanoes” concept and indigenous aspects and knowledge about volcanism can and should play important roles in these valorization methods through co-development, transdisciplinary approaches by including interconnected scientists in discussions with local communities. Elements of volcanism and volcanic geoheritage benefit of the geoculture of society so volcanic geoheritage sites are ideal locations for community geoeducation where resilience toward volcanic hazard could be explored and applied more effectively than it is done today. Geoparks within volcanic terrains or volcanism-influenced regions should be the flagship conservation, education and tourism sites for this message. Volcanism can be an integral part of processes operating in sedimentary basins. Here volcanic eruptive products and volcanic processes contribute to the sediment fill and geological features that characterize the geoheritage of that region.
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Gill, Jim. "Island Arc Volcanism, Volcanic Arcs." In Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences, 1–7. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6644-0_20-2.
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Gill, Jim. "Island Arc Volcanism, Volcanic Arcs." In Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences, 379–83. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6238-1_20.
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Schmincke, Hans-Ulrich. "Volcanic Edifices and Volcanic Deposits." In Volcanism, 127–54. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18952-4_9.
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Dobran, Flavio. "Overview of Volcanic Processes." In Volcanic Processes, 1–40. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0647-8_1.
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Dobran, Flavio. "Foundations of Transport Theory." In Volcanic Processes, 41–179. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0647-8_2.
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Dobran, Flavio. "Properties of Igneous Materials." In Volcanic Processes, 181–255. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0647-8_3.
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Dobran, Flavio. "Mantle Convection and Melt Segregation." In Volcanic Processes, 257–325. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0647-8_4.
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Dobran, Flavio. "Magma Chambers." In Volcanic Processes, 327–410. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0647-8_5.
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Dobran, Flavio. "Magma Ascent in Conduits." In Volcanic Processes, 411–85. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0647-8_6.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Volcanic"
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Septama, E. "Java Volcanic Arc, what lies beneath?" In Indonesian Petroleum Association 44th Annual Convention and Exhibition. Indonesian Petroleum Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29118/ipa21-g-257.
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Java Island is an active volcanic arc that resides in the southwestern - southern boundary of Sundaland edges. The volcanic arc consists of several volcanism episodes, with a relatively younging trend northward (Late Oligocene to Pleistocene), following the Indo-Australian plates inward migration. In contrast to the prolific neighboring Northwest and Northeast Java Basins in the Northern edges of Java Island; the basin reconstruction and development in the East-West trending depression in median ranges of Java (from Bogor to Kendeng Troughs) are overlooked and lays bare the challenge to the seismic imaging due to the structural complexity of the overthrusted Neogene unit as well as immense Quaternary volcanic eruption covers. On the other hand, oil and gas seepages around the northern and central parts of the Island confirmed the active petroleum generation. Five focused window areas are selected for this study. A total of 1,893 Km sections, 584 rock samples, 1569 gravity, and magnetic data, and 29 geochemical samples (rocks, oil, and gas samples) were acquired during the study. Geological fieldwork was focused on the stratigraphic unit composition and the observable features of deformation products from the outcrops. Due to the scarcity of the Paleogene deposit exposure in the Central-East Java area, the rock samples were also collected from the mud volcano ejected materials in the Sangiran Dome. Both Bogor and Kendeng Troughs are active petroleum systems that generate type II /III Kerogen typical to the reduction organic material derived from transition to the shallow marine environment. The result suggests that these basins are secular from the neighboring basins, The Northwest and Northeast Java Basins, characterized by oxidized terrigenous type III Kerogen. The contrasting subsurface configuration between Bogor and Kendeng Troughs mainly concerns the fold-thrust belt basement involvement and the tectonic shortening effect on the formerly rift basin.
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Hadiyanto, Imam Fikri, Dina Hanifah, and Wildan Nur Hamzah. "Distribution of Volcanic Rocks Porosity of Dissected Kromong Paleovolcano: Analogue of Volcanic Reservoir." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-21240-ms.
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Abstract The potentiality of unconventional play on the volcanic reservoir was evaluated for the purpose to deliver an integrated evaluation of shallow reservoir target associated with the Northwest Java Basin (NWJB). This study provides basis discovery for further exploration and dissemination of volcanic reservoir by presenting an overview of geometric and porosity type analysis of Kromong paleo-volcano complex deposits associated with the NWJB comprehensively. Furthermore, reservoir lithofacies and pore space deployment of Kromong volcanic deposits were studied. The detailed lithofacies analysis was carried out based on field observations from several dissected- and obscure dipping-outcrops in Kromong area associated with NWJB. Following this, a set of outcrop samples were processed for megascopic description integrated with thin-section analysis by using the polarized light microscope and XRF, respectively to assess different types of reservoir pore spaces and structure. Subsequently, the physical properties-porosity measurement was conducted using ImageJ software tools to understand the potentiality of high-quality reservoir formation. The results of this study show that rocks in Kromong area associated with NWJB can be comprehensively classified into reefal limestone for carbonate deposit and into 4 categories, including volcaniclastic lava, sheeting joint lava, pyroclastic breccia, volcanic intrusion, for volcanic deposits. The proposed volcanic reservoirs of volcanic play in this study are lithologically composed of autobreccia lava, sheeting joint lava, pyroclastic breccia to andesitic- and andescitic-dikes, which comprises explosive facies and intrusive facies. Pyroclastic breccia reservoirs are primary pore-type reservoirs with devitrified micropores as main reservoir space. Whilst volcanic dikes reservoirs are mainly porous-fractured-type reservoirs with cooling fracture porosity. In conclusion, following factors that control the presence of a volcanic reservoir are lithology, lithofacies, tectonism and vulcanism. Despite worldwide discoveries of volcanic reservoirs, neither the detailed potentiality evaluation nor the postulated assumption of volcanic reservoir development in NWJB field has been examined sufficiently. This contribution offers knowledge benefits by discussing the potentiality of the Cenozoic-Quarternary volcanic reservoir of the NWJB field and providing a reference for future exploration in the petroleum industry.
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Valero, Francisco P. J., Thomas P. Ackerman, and Walter L. Starr. "Changes in Solar Heating Rates and Planetary Albedo Induced by the El Chichon Volcanic Cloud." In Optical Remote Sensing. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ors.1985.wc4.
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The eruption of the Mexican volcano El Chichon (17.33°N, 93.20°W) on March 28, April 3, and April 4, 1982 injected particulate and gaseous matter into the stratosphere. This volcanic cloud ranked as one of the most massive of this century. DeLuisi et al, (1983) reported that "the atmospheric radiative effects of the El Chichon cloud far exceed the effects of all other volcanic clouds observed at Mauna Loa since observations were began in 1958". Very large optical depths were reported for this volcanic cloud in the northern tropics during the first few months since its formation.
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Satyana, A. H. "Trilogy Of Southeast Sundaland Terranes: Re-Uniting Drifted Terranes of Southeast Sundaland Using Common Marker ff The Late Cretaceous Volcanics to Volcanic-Clastics of The Meratus Mountains, South Sulawesi, And Sumba - Implications For Petroleum Opportunities." In Indonesian Petroleum Association 44th Annual Convention and Exhibition. Indonesian Petroleum Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29118/ipa21-g-39.
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Amalgamation and dispersion of terranes characterized the growth and slivering of Southeast Sundaland into the present configuration of central Indonesia. Amalgamation of the Paternoster-West Sulawesi terrane which docked, in mid-Cretaceous time, onto the Southwest Borneo terrane, thus closed the Meso-Tethys Ocean at the Meratus suture. This made Sundaland expand its area to the east and southeast. In the Late Cretaceous time, the Ceno-Tethys oceanic plate subducted beneath Southeast Sundaland, giving rise to coeval volcanism in the Meratus Mountains and the surrounding areas. Dispersion of some terranes in Southeast Sundaland occurred in the Paleogene through successive rifting and the opening of the Makassar Straits and the Flores Sea, with an eastern drift of South Sulawesi and Sumba away from Southeast Kalimantan to their present positions. Prior to the dispersion, the Meratus Mountains, South Sulawesi, and Sumba (called here the Trilogy of Southeast Sundaland) were united or adjacent to each other and underwent similar Late Cretaceous volcanism. The Late Cretaceous Volcanics and/or Volcanic-Clastics are therefore the common marker of their union. Our field studies in 2018-2019 at Sumba, South Sulawesi, and the Meratus Mountains (South Kalimantan) in the program, called the “Trilogy of Southeast Sundaland Terranes,” sampled the Late Cretaceous volcanics/ volcanic-clastics in these areas to prove that they were once united. Petrographic, petrochemical, isotopic, and geochronological data of the rock formations, based on the recent and previous analyses, show that these rocks, in the three terranes, are co-genetic spatially and temporally thus indicating their previous unity. The paired Paleogene dispersions of South Sulawesi from South Kalimantan, and successively Sumba from South Sulawesi, had resulted in rifted structures in the present Makassar Straits, the Flores Sea, and offshore Sumba. The rifted structures contain source rocks, reservoirs, seals, and structural-stratigraphic traps. Oil has been discovered therein, so further exploration is required since these objectives have not been sufficiently explored in the past and are thus still interesting.
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Asgary, Ali. "Holovulcano: Augmented Reality simulation of volcanic eruptions." In The 8th International Defence and Homeland Security Simulation Workshop. CAL-TEK srl, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.46354/i3m.2018.dhss.007.
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"This paper describes an interactive holographic simulation of volcanic eruption. The aim of the project is to use Augmented Reality (AR) technology to visualize different volcanic eruptions for public education, emergency training, and preparedness planning purposes. To achieve this goal, a 3D model of the entire Vulcano Island in Italy has been created using real elevation data. Unity game engine and Microsoft Visual Studio have been used to develop HoloVulcano augmented/virtual reality simulation application. The current version of HoloVulcano simulates normal and unrest situations, single and long lasting Vulcanian, Plinian, and Strombolian eruptions. HoloVulcano has been developed for Microsoft HoloLens AR device. Wearing the HoloLens, users can interact with the volcano through voice, gazing, and gestures and view different eruptions from different points in the island. HoloVulcano will be used for training emergency exercises and public education."
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Yamano, Hidemasa, Hiroyuki Nishino, Kenichi Kurisaka, Yasushi Okano, Takaaki Sakai, Takahiro Yamamoto, Yoshihiro Ishizuka, et al. "Development of Risk Assessment Methodology of Decay Heat Removal Function Against Natural External Hazards for Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactors: Project Overview and Volcanic PRA Methodology." In 2016 24th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone24-60023.
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This paper describes mainly volcanic probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) methodology development for sodium-cooled fast reactors in addition to the project overview. In the volcanic PRA, only the effect of volcanic tephra (ash) was taken into account because there is a great distance between a plant site assumed in this study and volcanos. The volcanic ash could potentially clog air filters of air-intakes that are essential for the decay heat removal. The degree of filter clogging can be calculated by atmospheric concentration of ash and tephra fallout duration and also suction flow rate of each component. The atmospheric concentration can be calculated by deposited tephra layer thickness, tephra fallout duration and fallout speed. This study evaluated a volcanic hazard using a combination of tephra fragment size, layer thickness and duration. In this paper, each component functional failure probability was defined as a failure probability of filter replacement obtained by using a grace period to a filter failure limit. Finally, based on an event tree, a core damage frequency was estimated about 3 × 10−6/year in total by multiplying discrete hazard probabilities by conditional decay heat removal failure probabilities. A dominant sequence was led by the loss of decay heat removal system due to the filter clogging after the loss of emergency power supply. A dominant volcanic hazard was 10−2 kg/m3 of atmospheric concentration, 0.1 mm of tephra diameter, 50–75cm of deposited tephra layer thickness, and 1–10 hr of tephra fallout duration.
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Chapanov, Yavor. "LATITUDINAL VARIATIONS OF VOLCANIC SULFATE AND ITS INFLUENCE ON AIR TEMPERATURE." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/4.1/s19.43.
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The climate change is strongly affected by the increase of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated gases. Other important atmospheric factors of climate change are stratospheric sulfur aerosols, whose ability to reflect solar radiation back to the space cause cooling effect. Sulfur aerosols have common natural and anthropogenic origin. The volcanos are a major source of particles in the stratosphere, whose lifetime depends on various atmospheric processes � water condensation, rains and winds. Chapanov determines long-term influence of Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) on global volcanic sulfate with periodicity 93-230 years in [1]. A new monthly volcanic forcing dataset had been created by Ammann et al. [8,9]. This dataset presents the seasonal and latitudinal influence on global climate, where negative radiative forcing from volcanic activity is visible in the early 20th century and after 1960. The monthly volcanic data cover the period between 1890 and 1999. The volcanic aerosols are calculated in 64 zonal band with latitude step of 2.8 degrees. The variations of sulfur aerosols over European latitude belt (39.2 N � 56 N) are compared with mean temperature and cycles of solar Indices. Common temperature and sulfur cycles are investigated by means of the Method of Partial Fourier Approximation (PFA). These cycles have good agreement in 11 narrow frequency bands, whose periodicity are between 2.9 and 36.6 years. Possible use of the results in climate study and forecast is discussed.
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Crumpler, L. S., Jayne C. Aubele, and C. D. Condit. "Volcanics and neotectonic characteristics of the Springerville volcanic field, Arizona." In 45th Annual Fall Field Conference. New Mexico Geological Society, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.56577/ffc-45.147.
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Blatter, Dawnika, Seth Burgess, and Julie M. Donnelly-Nolan. "EARLY PRIMITIVE VOLCANISM AT CLEAR LAKE VOLCANIC FIELD, CA." In Cordilleran Section-117th Annual Meeting-2021. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2021cd-363121.
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Prata, Fred A. J., Claus Zehner, and Kerstin Stebel. "Earth observations and volcanic ash. A report from the ESA/Eumetsat Dublin workshop, 4-7 March 2013, April 2014." In ESA/EUMETSAT volcanic ash and aviation User Workshop. ESA/NILU, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5270/atmva-14-04.
Full textReports on the topic "Volcanic"
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Edwards, B. R., J. K. Russell, R. G. Anderson, and M. Harder. Overview of Neogene to Recent volcanism in the Atlin volcanic district, Northern Cordilleran volcanic province, northwestern British Columbia. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/214025.
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Kirkham, R. V. Volcanic redbed copper. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/207986.
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Gandhi, S. S., and R. T. Bell. Volcanic-associated uranium. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/207992.
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Sherlock, R. L., and D. W. Lindsay. Volcanic stratigraphy of the QSP area, Hope Bay volcanic belt, Nunavut. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/213182.
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Souther, J. G. Chapter 14: Volcanic Regimes. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/134103.
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Rogers, N. Geochemistry of volcanic rocks. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/223356.
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Skulski, T., W. R. A. Baragar, J. Bédard, R. E. Ernst, D. Francis, A. Hynes, S. Modeland, et al. Geochemistry of volcanic suites. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/223371.
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Hickson, C. J., and B. R. Edwards. Volcanoes and volcanic hazards. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/212217.
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Wilson, A. M., J. K. Russell, M. C. Kelman, and C. J. Hickson. Geology of the Monmouth Creek volcanic complex, Garibaldi volcanic belt, British Columbia. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/298798.
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Poulsen, K. H., and M. D. Hannington. Volcanic-associated massive sulphide gold. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/207976.
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