Academic literature on the topic 'Voice passages'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Voice passages.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Voice passages"
1
Hughes, James R. "Generalizing the Orbifold Model for Voice Leading." Mathematics 10, no. 6 (March 15, 2022): 939. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10060939.
Full textAbstract:
We generalize orbifold models for chords and voice leading to incorporate loudness, allowing for the modeling of resting voices, which are used frequently by composers and arrangers across genres. In our generalized setting (strictly speaking, that of orbispaces rather than an orbifolds), passages with resting voices, passages with two or more voices in unison, and fully harmonized passages occupy distinct subspaces that interact in mathematically precise and musically interesting ways. In particular, our setting includes previous orbifold models by way of constant-loudness subspaces, and provides a way to model voice leading between chords of different cardinalities. We model voice leading in this general setting by morphisms in the orbispace path groupoid, a category for which we give a formal definition. We demonstrate how to visualize such morphisms as singular braids, and explore how our approach relates to (and is consistent with) selected previous work.
2
Chan, Eugene Y., and Sam J. Maglio. "The Voice of Cognition: Active and Passive Voice Influence Distance and Construal." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 46, no. 4 (August 8, 2019): 547–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167219867784.
Full textAbstract:
English passages can be in either the active or passive voice. Relative to the active voice, the passive voice provides a sense of objectivity regarding the events being described. This leads to our hypothesis that passages in the passive voice can increase readers’ psychological distance from the content of the passage, triggering an abstract construal. In five studies with American, Australian, British, and Canadian participants, we find evidence for our propositions, with both paragraphs and sentences in the passive voice increasing readers’ felt temporal, hypothetical, and spatial distance from activities described in the text, which increases their abstraction in a manner that generalizes to unrelated tasks. As such, prose colors how people process information, with the active and passive voice influencing the reader in ways beyond what is stated in the written word.
3
Iwamitsu, Yumi, Mitsuko Ando, Ikumi Honda, Akie Hashi, Sachiko Tsutsui, and Naoto Yamada. "Nurses' Comprehension and Recall Process of a Patient's Message with Double-Bind Information." Psychological Reports 88, no. 3_suppl (June 2001): 1135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2001.88.3c.1135.
Full textAbstract:
We examined nurses' comprehension and recall process of patients' passage with double-bind information. We focused on two modes of communication, tone of voice and content of speech. The experiment followed a 2 × 2 × 2 design with respect to listeners (nurse vs student), tone of voice (positive vs negative), and verbal content (positive vs negative). Subjects were 79 nurses who worked at the university hospital and 99 students who were studying at the Faculty of Nursing. Nurses and students were randomly divided into four subgroups; each was presented one of four professionally tape-recorded scripts representing one possible combination of tone of voice and verbal content on the part of a fictitious patient. Listeners then rated the passages on scales and were asked to recall the passages in detail. Listeners recalled and understood passages better when the modes of communication did not conflict. Accuracy in recall reflected comprehension of passages rather than the listener's feelings about the “patient,” especially in double-bind situations. Listeners tended to judge the speaker's feelings by tone of voice rather than verbal content.
4
Henderson, Cecelia A., and Yingchen He. "Screen Reader Voices: Effects of Pauses and Voice Changes on Comprehension." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 66, no. 1 (September 2022): 1839–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181322661291.
Full textAbstract:
This study seeks to investigate the effects of manipulating aspects of a text-to-speech (TTS) voice on the learning and comprehension of a short passage, as well as detection of aspects of the passage such as its organization and key information. Pauses and pitch changes were used to demarcate this type of information. Participants listened to the passages and answered a series of cued and uncued recall questions to measure comprehension and learning, followed by a task to identify header structure. Preliminary results show trends that adding pauses might be beneficial, but more participants are needed to provide conclusive evidence. This study will contribute to the body of research surrounding technology adoption, assistive technology, and how to improve AI voices for the purposes of learning, as well as our understanding of how we process auditory information.
5
Khan, Anam Ahmad, Joshua Newn, Ryan M. Kelly, Namrata Srivastava, James Bailey, and Eduardo Velloso. "GAVIN." ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 28, no. 4 (October 31, 2021): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3453988.
Full textAbstract:
Annotation is an effective reading strategy people often undertake while interacting with digital text. It involves highlighting pieces of text and making notes about them. Annotating while reading in a desktop environment is considered trivial but, in a mobile setting where people read while hand-holding devices, the task of highlighting and typing notes on a mobile display is challenging. In this article, we introduce GAVIN, a gaze-assisted voice note-taking application, which enables readers to seamlessly take voice notes on digital documents by implicitly anchoring them to text passages. We first conducted a contextual enquiry focusing on participants’ note-taking practices on digital documents. Using these findings, we propose a method which leverages eye-tracking and machine learning techniques to annotate voice notes with reference text passages. To evaluate our approach, we recruited 32 participants performing voice note-taking. Following, we trained a classifier on the data collected to predict text passage where participants made voice notes. Lastly, we employed the classifier to built GAVIN and conducted a user study to demonstrate the feasibility of the system. This research demonstrates the feasibility of using gaze as a resource for implicit anchoring of voice notes, enabling the design of systems that allow users to record voice notes with minimal effort and high accuracy.
6
Zayaruznaya, Anna. "‘SHE HAS A WHEEL THAT TURNS …’: CROSSED AND CONTRADICTORY VOICES IN MACHAUT'S MOTETS." Early Music History 28 (August 24, 2009): 185–240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261127909000370.
Full textAbstract:
The tiered structure of Machaut's motets is often taken for granted: the tenor is the lowest voice, the motetus is in the middle, and the triplum is highest. While this is mostly true of Machaut's work and of Ars nova motets more generally, there are a number of significant exceptions – passages in which the upper voices switch roles and the motetus sings at the top of the texture. The most striking of these are consistently linked with the goddess Fortuna. In Motets 12, 14 and 15, moments of voice-crossing serve to illustrate the actions of the goddess, who traditionally raises the low and lowers the high. While they are certainly symbolic, these instances of voice-crossing are also audible: since the voices retain their distinct rhythmic and textual profiles even while their relative ranges are reversed, voice-crossings allow the listener to hear a musical world turned on its head.
7
Mansfeld, Jaap. "'Illuminating What is Thought'. A Middle Platonist Placitum On 'voice' in Context." Mnemosyne 58, no. 3 (2005): 358–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568525054796818.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe Plato κɛπαλαιον in Aëtius' chapter On Voice is the result of the interpretation, modernization, and systematization of brief passages dealing with hearing, voice and speech to be found in several dialogues. This construction of Plato's doctrine of 'voice' was mainly inspired by the systematic and innovative Stoic τóπος On Voice. The 'physical' definition is based on passages in Theaetetus and other works, the 'physiological' on a passage in Timaeus. The distinction and relation between voiceless internal λóγος (or thought) and spoken λóγος in Theaetetus and Sophist was interpreted as being equivalent to that between internal and uttered ϕωνη-cum-λóγος which played an important part in the Stoic view of the relation between thinking and speaking. Because as a rule Plato uses ϕωνη of the human voice, the rigorous distinction between this voice and that of animals and lifeless things postulated by Diogenes of Seleucia and other Stoics could be attributed to him, and his unsystematic usage justified by claiming that he used ϕωνη both in the proper and in a loose (or improper) sense. Approaches such as these are characteristic of Middle Platonism. In the present case the neutralization of Theophrastus' criticism of Plato in the De sensibus played a significant part. Plato's statement that thought is mirrored in what is spoken was updated by replacing it with a (fanciful) etymology of ϕωνη which must be dated to at least the Hellenistic period (it was known to e.g. Philo of Alexandria and used by the grammarian Philoxenus). Surprisingly full parallels for virtually the entire contents of the Aëtian κεϕαλαıον are found in the Commentaria in Dionysium Thracem. The etymology of ϕωνη, and others like it, were quoted and used by grammarians and lexicographers from the later first century BCE up to late Byzantine times. The attempt to understand the doxographer's lemma on Plato on voice thus becomes a case-study demonstrating both the openness and the tenacity of philosophical interpretation in antiquity. But note that the present inquiry is not concerned with the Aristotelian or (partly) Aristotelianizing tradition according to which language is conventional.One of the side-effects of the present inquiry was the unsurprising realization (again) that 'parallel passages', once quoted and interpreted out of context, may sort of drift from one book or paper to the next, while their interpretation hardens into received truth. In the present case the so-called parallels in Plato for the later distinction between the internal and the spoken voice proved to be not so parallel after all.
8
Duarte-Borquez, Claudia, Maxine Van Doren, and Marc Garellek. "Utterance-Final Voice Quality in American English and Mexican Spanish Bilinguals." Languages 9, no. 3 (February 21, 2024): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages9030070.
Full textAbstract:
We investigate utterance-final voice quality in bilinguals of English and Spanish, two languages which differ in the type of non-modal voice usually encountered at ends of utterances: American English often has phrase-final creak, whereas in Mexican Spanish, phrase-final voiced sounds are breathy or even devoiced. Twenty-one bilinguals from the San Diego-Tijuana border region were recorded (with electroglottography and audio) reading passages in English and Spanish. Ends of utterances were coded for their visual voice quality as “modal” (having no aspiration noise or voicing irregularity), “breathy” (having aspiration noise), “creaky” (having voicing irregularity), or “breathy-creaky” (having both aspiration noise and voicing irregularity). In utterance-final position, speakers showed more frequent use of both modal and creaky voice when speaking in English, and more frequent use of breathy and breathy-creaky voice when speaking in Spanish. We find no role of language dominance on the rates of these four voice qualities. The electroglottographic and acoustic analyses show that all voice qualities, even utterance-final creak, are produced with increased glottal spreading; the combination of distinct noise measures and amplitude of voicing can distinguish breathy, creaky, and breathy-creaky voice qualities from one another, and from modal voice.
9
CHARLES-LUCE, JAN, KELLY M. DRESSLER, and ELVIRA RAGONESE. "Effects of semantic predictability on children's preservation of a phonemic voice contrast." Journal of Child Language 26, no. 3 (October 1999): 505–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030500099900389x.
Full textAbstract:
We investigated the effects of semantic predictability on children's preservation of the /t/-/d/ phonemic voice contrast in American English. In Experiment 1, a total of 36 seven-, nine-, and twelve-year-olds produced minimal pairs differing in intervocalic /t/ and /d/ in semantically biasing and semantically neutral passages. The seven-year-olds preserved the phonemic contrast in both passage types. However, for the nine- and twelve-year-olds, total word duration and preceding vowel duration preserved the /t/-/d/ contrast, but this interacted with semantic predictability. The contrast was preserved in the biasing and not in the neutral passages. The production results from the older children replicated previous findings from adults, demonstrating that semantic predictability influences speech production at both a lexical and a segmental level. In Experiment 2, listeners identified the tokens produced in Experiment 1. The identification results suggested that differences produced by speakers may not necessarily have a functional role for listeners. An interactive activation framework is proposed to account for the semantic effects on older children's and adults' production. For the youngest children, however, we suggest that pragmatic compensation and task demands interact with the effects of interactive activation.
10
Bradley, Catherine A. "Re-workings and Chronological Dynamics in a Thirteenth-Century Latin Motet Family." Journal of Musicology 32, no. 2 (2015): 153–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jm.2015.32.2.153.
Full textAbstract:
This article examines a family of thirteenth-century discant and motets on the tenor LATUS, tracing complex relationships between the various incarnations of its shared musical material: passages of melismatic discant in two- and three-voices, a three-voice Latin conductus motet, a two-voice Latin and French motet, and a three-voice Latin double motet. I query conventional fundamentally linear models of discant-motet interaction, emphasizing the possibility of simultaneously filial and collateral interrelationships between versions: different motet texts can influence each other, while retaining independent connections with an earlier melismatic discant model. This leads to a reevaluation of traditional evolutionary and stylistic perceptions of sub-genres defined within the category of motet. The article addresses questions of compositional process, reflecting on the types of creative and scribal activities involved in the formulation of motets.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Voice passages"
1
Cosnier, Frédérique. "Passages de voix, essai d'anthropologie poétique, à partir des œuvres de Stéphane Bouquet, Christophe Manon et Frank Smith." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 3, 2023. https://bsnum.sorbonne-nouvelle.fr/files/original/1338/6773/These_en_cours_de_traitement.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Entrer dans les poèmes par le concept de voix, c’est s’engager dans une poétique de l’écoute au plus près des corps : corps écrivant, oralisant, performant, traduisant, corps du lecteur, du spectateur. Dès lors qu’on entreprend de déconstruire la métaphore de la voix et d’en observer les modalités de passage, on révèle les liens décisifs qui existent entre le langage comme force physique et la poétique comme éthique et politique. Le concept de passage de voix produit des leviers critiques qui impliquent d’autres déconstructions, rebattant les cartes de nombreux dualismes qui empêchent le plus souvent d’apercevoir l’activité relationnelle du langage, au premier rang desquels l’opposition entre oral et écrit. Envisager les voix non telles des signatures, comme le font souvent la stylistique ou l’histoire littéraire, mais comme des processus, c’est écouter des rythmes de subjectivations dont l’énergie se déploie depuis la vie énonciative du langage, avec leur valeur transformatrice voire émancipatrice. Cela implique des découvertes sur notre conception des lieux et de la temporalité, non comme des catégories thématiques ou ontologiques mais anthropologiques. Questionnant des textes théoriques ayant à cœur d’explorer les enjeux conceptuels de la voix, du rythme, du sujet (Meschonnic, Martin, Rabaté, Dessons, Bernadet), et en s’appuyant sur un corpus principal composé des œuvres protéiformes des poètes français contemporains Stéphane Bouquet, Christophe Manon et Frank Smith (textes, performances, vidéos), la thèse explore trois grandes modalités des passages de voix, en définit les enjeux et les effets : mouvements de diffraction, de spatialisation, de présentationTo enter poems through the concept of voice is to engage in a poetics of listening intently to bodies: the bodies which write, speak aloud, perform and translate, as well as the bodies of the reader and the spectator. When we undertake to deconstruct the metaphor of the voice and observe its forms of passage, we discover the decisive links that exist between language as a physical force and poetics as ethics and politics. The concept of the passage of voice gives rise to critical levers which involve other deconstructions, thereby changing the way we think about many dualisms. These latter usually prevent us from perceiving the relational activity of language, foremost among which is the opposition between oral and written language. To consider voices not as signatures – as stylistics or literary history often do – but as processes is to listen to the rhythms of subjectivations whose energy unfolds from the enunciative life of language, with their transformative or even emancipatory value. This implies discoveries about our conception of places and temporality, not as thematic or ontological categories, but as anthropological ones.This thesis explores three main forms of voice passages and sets out their issues and effects: movements of diffraction, spatialisation and presentation. To do so, it questions theoretical texts which focus on investigating the conceptual issues of voice, rhythm and subject (Meschonnic, Martin, Rabaté, Dessons, Bernadet), based on a main corpus (in the form of texts, performances and videos) made up of the protean works of the contemporary French poets Stéphane Bouquet, Christophe Manon and Frank Smith
2
BONNABRY, CELINE. "Mise au point et validation de modeles d'etude in vitro du passage percutane (doctorat : sciences pharmaceutiques)." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999CLF1PP06.
Full text
3
Seth, Anjali. "Effet de la rétention magnétique sur le passage d'un principe actif peu perméable à travers la membrane intestinale." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066517/document.
Full textAbstract:
La voie orale est le mode d’administration le plus utilisé pour les médicaments. Ce mode d’administration présente de nombreux avantages tels que la facilité d’administration et une grande observance par les patients. Une des principales limitations de l’utilisation de la voie orale pour l’administration de molécules actives est que ces molécules doivent traverser les membranes biologiques pour rejoindre la circulation sanguine systémique et atteindre leur site d’action. C’est cette étape de passage transmembranaire qui détermine la biodisponibilité de la molécule active (ou principe actif, PA). De nombreuses molécules présentent une activité thérapeutique intéressante mais leur développement galénique n’est pas envisageable du fait de leur biodisponibilité trop faible. Dans cette thèse, le principe de la rétention magnétique a été étudié. Nous avons cherché à prouver que le fait de retenir, à l’aide d’un aimant, une formulation magnétique contenant un principe actif, peu perméable, à proximité de son site de passage dans la circulation sanguine, permettrait d’en augmenter l’absorption à travers la membrane biologique et ainsi d’en améliorer la biodisponibilité. Des formes magnétiques contenant des nanoparticules magnétiques d’oxyde de fer ont été mises au point à l’échelle du laboratoire puis transférées à l’échelle industrielle en process galénique. L’efficacité de la rétention magnétique a été testée ex vivo et in vivo sur modèle animal. Ces études pharmacocinétiques couplées à des techniques d’imagerie ont permis de montrer que la biodisponibilité du principe actif pouvait être multipliée par trois grâce à la rétention magnétique. L’accumulation de vecteurs magnétiques à l’endroit désiré du tractus gastro-intestinal provoque une surconcentration du principe actif menant à une augmentation de son passage transmembranaire et ainsi à l’augmentation de la dose absorbée dans la circulation systémiqueOral administration still remains the route of choice for the majority of pharmaceutical dosage forms due to higher patient comfort and reduced cost of treatment. One of the major drawbacks of using the oral route to deliver drugs is that these molecules need to cross biological membranes in order to pass to the bloodstream and reach their physiological target. A large number of drugs with high clinical potential have not yet been employed because of their limited bloodstream access. Therefore, there is a real need to develop new methodologies addressing the problem of low permeable drugs used in oral administration. In this work we studied retention using an external magnetic field as a mean to maintain magnetic carriers near the absorption site of the drug. It was proven that an effective retention can cause over-concentration of the drug near the intestinal membrane thus increasing its bioavailability. For this purpose, we designed magnetic carriers, first, at the lab scale, and then using industrial processes. Magnetic retention efficiency was subsequently studied using ex vivo and in vivo experiments. Pharmacokinetics studies coupled with imaging techniques showed that magnetic retention provided a threefold increase in drug bioavailability. Finally, it was shown that retention of magnetic carriers near the absorption window of the drug can lead to overconcentration of the drug and increased transport through intestinal membrane resulting in a higher absorbed fraction reaching the bloodstream
4
Maldonado, Marc. "VIBRATIONS DUES AU PASSAGE D'UN TRAMWAY : MESURES EXPÉRIMENTALES ET SIMULATIONS NUMERIQUES." Phd thesis, Ecole centrale de nantes - ECN, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00356222.
Full textAbstract:
La circulation des tramways peut produire des vibrations se propageant dans le sol, et induire une gêne pour les personnes résidant et travaillant dans les bâtiments voisins de la voie. Par conséquent, lors de la réalisation d'une ligne de tramway, il est important de considérer ces phénomènes vibratoires. Dans ce contexte, l'objectif de ce travail est double. Premièrement, les procédures expérimentales permettant d'analyser les vibrations générées par le tramway sont présentées, prenant en compte notamment : la vitesse et le type de rame (deux constructeurs), le type de pose (classique ou sur dalle flottante), et les caractéristiques du sol. Le traitement des données expérimentales fournit des informations sur le sol (procédure Sasw), une validation du comportement de la voie (mobilités de transfert voie-sol et réceptance du rail) en comparaison avec les données constructeurs, et l'estimation des efforts dynamiques exercés par les essieux sur les rails (mesures de vibrations sur un bogie porteur). Le second objectif correspond à la validation des modèles numériques (prenant en compte la voie et le sol) pour la prédiction des vibrations générées. Les efforts dynamiques provenant des essieux sont estimés à partir de rugosités simplifiées pour les rails et les roues, ces rugosités étant validées par comparaison avec les mesures. Les équations couplées sont résolues dans le domaine des nombres d'onde, à l'aide de transformées de Fourier (une ou deux dimensions). L'effet de la rotation de la dalle flottante ou d'assise est pris en compte et intervient de façon significative dans la réponse du sol. Étant donné que la précision des amplitudes vibratoires calculées dans le cas d'un passage de tramway est correcte, ce travail peut être utilisé pour l'analyse et la validation de nouvelles lignes de tramways.
5
Demoy, Marina. "Etude de la capture et des modalites de passage de nanoparticules a l'interface sang-tissu splenique (doctorat : pharmacotechnie et biopharmacie)." Paris 11, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA114854.
Full text
6
Kemel, Kamilia. "Mécanismes de passage transcutané : étude des interactions nanoparticules / peau." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS075.
Full textAbstract:
De nombreux systèmes nanoparticulaires ont été développés pour modifier la délivrance de molécules par la voie cutanée. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés aux nanoparticules lipidiques type Janus (JNP), une forme galénique innovante caractérisée par la combinaison de deux compartiments, de polarité chimique opposée, un compartiment aqueux accolé à un compartiment lipidique. L’objectif principal a été la caractérisation des JNP. La spectroscopie ATR-FTIR a permis de mettre au point un descripteur IR permettant de suivre la stabilité physique des JNP à l’air libre et en fonction du temps. Le même descripteur a permis de suivre leur devenir à la surface de la peau, et de constater une pénétration significative à partir de 3 heures d’application. Nous avons prouvé que l’AFM-IR est une technique prometteuse pour étudier la nanostructure de la peau. De plus, elle a permis de montrer qu’après 24 heures d’application, les JNP se sont accumulées dans les premières couches du SC avec un gradient dans les couches plus profondes du SC. En revanche, il n’a pas été possible de déterminer si elles ont pénétré à l’état intact ou dégradé. Les JNP semblent avoir une influence sur la pénétration cutanée de l’acide hyaluronique, elles ont permis une augmentation significative de son flux de pénétration. La caractérisation de la phase lipophile des JNP par différentes techniques (LC-MS, DLS, Cryo-TEM, diffraction des rayons X…) a permis de mieux comprendre leur instabilité aux températures élevées (32°C - 43°C)Many nanocarriers have been developed to improve the delivery of molecules into the skin. In this PhD thesis, we are interested in lipid-based Janus nanoparticles (JNP), an innovative galenic form characterized by the combination of two compartments of opposite chemical polarity, an aqueous compartment associated to a lipid compartment. The main aim was the characterization of JNP. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy allowed to identify an infrared descriptor to follow the physical stability of JNP in open air and over time. The same descriptor allowed to follow their behavior on the surface of the skin, and to note a significant penetration from 3 hours of application. AFM-IR has been shown to be a promising technique for studying the nanostructure of the human skin. In addition, it has shown that after 24 hours of application, JNP were accumulated in the first layers of the SC with a gradient in the deeper layers of the SC. However, it was not possible to conclude if they have penetrated in the intact or degraded form. JNP seem to have an influence on the cutaneous penetration of the hyaluronic acid, they allowed a significant increase of its penetration flux. The characterization of the lipophilic phase of JNP by different techniques (LC-MS, DLS, Cryo-TEM, X-ray diffraction...) allowed to better understand their instability at high temperatures (32°C - 43°C)
7
Wu, Wen. "Développement de nanoparticules composites polymériques de S-nitrosoglutathion dédiés au traitement oral des maladies cardiovasculaires." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0115.
Full textAbstract:
Le S-nitrosoglutathion (GSNO), donneur d’oxyde nitrique (NO) physiologique, présente une application potentielle dans le traitement des maladies cardiovasculaires (CVD). Cependant, avec une demi vie supérieure à celle de NO, GSNO reste labile limitant ainsi son application. Cette étude vise au développement de particules nanocomposites (NCP) incluant des nanoparticules polymériques chargées en GSNO (GSNO-NP) dans une matrice polysaccharidique pour la voie orale. Bien que les GSNO-NP encapsulant efficacement GSNO, le libèrent rapidement in vitro, elles retardent la S-nitrosation (biomarqueur de NO) des protéines de cellules musculaires lisses en culture (18 h). Par conséquent, pour une libération prolongée, les GSNO-NP ont été incluses dans une matrice d’alginate (a), chitosan (c) ou un mélange des deux (acNCP). Les GSNO-acNCP avec une encapsulation élevée (76%) et une libération in vitro jusqu’à 24 h, ont significativement favorisé le passage de GSNO au travers d’un modèle de barrière intestinale (Caco-2). A la lumière de cette compatibilité avec un traitement oral journalier, le gavage de rats Wistar avec ces GSNO-acNCP 17 h avant prélèvement de l’aorte a diminué la contraction maximale phényléphrine (PHE) dépendante d’anneaux aortiques isolés. De plus, la N-acétylcystéine (NAC) (thiol déstockant NO tissulaire) produit la relaxation d’anneaux précontractés avec la PHE, prouvant le stockage de NO au sein de la paroi vasculaire. En augmentant le temps de résidence gastrointestinale et donc le passage de GSNO au travers de l’intestin, les GSNO-acNCP produisent un effet prolongé (17 h après administration) par l’intermédiaire du stockage de NO au niveau tissulaireAs a physiologic nitric oxide (NO) donor, S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) has potential therapeutic application for the treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD). With a longer in vivo half-life than NO, GSNO is still sensitive to many factors leading to poor applicability. This study aimed at the development of nanocomposite particles (NCP) based on synthetic polymeric nanoparticles encapsulating GSNO (GSNO-NP) embedded in a polysaccharidic matrix for oral delivery of GSNO. Although GSNO-NP, with a high encapsulation efficiency, showed an in vitro burst release, they succeeded in the preservation of GSNO stability and bioavailability for smooth muscle cells as they delayed in vitro protein S-nitrosation (NO biomarker) until 18 h. Therefore, to reach the sustained release, GSNO-NP were embedded in a matrix of alginate (a), chitosan (c) or a blend (acNCP). GSNO-acNCP with high encapsulation efficiency (76%) and an in vitro release until 24 h, promoted the highest permeation rate of GSNO through an intestinal barrier model (Caco-2). With this daily oral treatment compatibility Wistar Rat pretreatment by gavage with GSNO-acNCP 17 h before aorta removal decreased the maximal contractile effect induced by phenylephrine (PHE) on isolated aortic rings. Furthermore, the N-acetylcysteine (a thiol displacing NO stores from tissues) produced the relaxation of PHE precontracted aortic rings, proving NO storage in the vessel wall. By increasing the residence time in the gastrointestinal tract thus promoting GSNO crossing through the intestinal barrier, GSNO-acNCP induced a long lasting effect (17 h after administration) through NO storage in vessels
8
Bol, Ludivine. "Conception d’un microsystème pour l’évaluation du passage de biomolécules à travers la barrière pulmonaire." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112118/document.
Full textAbstract:
La voie pulmonaire suscite un intérêt grandissant pour l’administration systémique des peptides et protéines thérapeutiques, aujourd’hui encore administrés essentiellement par voie parentérale. Un microsystème a été conçu pour permettre de faciliter et accélérer les études in vitro de criblage de différentes biomolécules actives et de sélectionner les formulations les plus adaptées à leur pénétration à travers l’épithélium pulmonaire, en vue de sélectionner les meilleurs candidats à une administration par voie pulmonaire. Organisé en deux configurations distinctes, ce microsystème permet dans un premier temps d’obtenir des barrières épithéliales pulmonaires polarisées et jointives (cellules Calu-3) en seulement 7 jours dans des micropuits de 1mm², sans avoir à renouveler le milieu nutritif ni avoir recours à un appareillage externe associé au microsystème. Grâce à la mise au point d’une technique simple de fabrication, des plateformes de culture contenant jusqu’à 12 micropuits en parallèle sont aujourd’hui fabriquées de manière standardisée. L’évaluation du passage de molécules est ensuite réalisée sous une deuxième configuration dédiée à la mesure de la perméabilité des barrières épithéliales cultivées en micropuits. La capacité de différents candidats (nanoparticules et biomolécules) à traverser l’épithélium pulmonaire a été étudiée. Le passage de nanoparticules de PLGA revêtues de chitosane ainsi que le passage de l’insuline ont été démontrés avec succès. Enfin, l’électrophorèse capillaire couplée à une détection par fluorescence induite par laser (EC-LIF), compatible avec les faibles volumes manipulés dans ce microsystème, a été exploitée pour la détection et la quantification de l’insuline après passage des barrières pulmonaires miniaturisées. A cette fin, l’insuline a soit été marquée par le FITC, soit complexée à un anticorps ou a un aptamère fluorescents. A l’heure actuelle, seule la méthode développée pour le marquage de l’insuline par le FITC est utilisable à des fins de quantification, mais le recours à un aptamère a montré des premiers résultats encourageantsThe pulmonary route is of increasing interest for the systemic administration of therapeutic proteins and peptides, still largely administered parenterally. A microdevice was designed to facilitate and accelerate the in vitro screening studies of various active biomolecules and to select the most suitable formulations for penetration through the lung epithelium, in order to select the best candidates for an administration via the lungs. Organized in two distinct configurations, this microdevice allows as a first step the culture of tight polarized bronchial epithelial barriers (Calu-3 cells) in 7 days in 1 mm² microwells, without the need for medium renewal or the use of an external apparatus. A simple manufacturing technique was developed and glass culture platforms containing 12 parallel microwells can be obtained in a standardized manner. The ability of molecules to cross the pulmonary barrier is then performed in the second configuration of the microdevice, which is dedicated to the permeability measurement of the tight epithelial Calu-3 barriers cultured in microwells. Among the different candidates studied (nanoparticules and biomolecules), the pulmonary barrier permeability regarding PLGA nanoparticules coated with chitosan and regarding insulin has been successfully demonstrated. Finally, capillary electrophoresis with laser induced-fluorescence (CE-LIF), a technique compatible with the low volumes handled in this microdevice, has been exploited for insulin detection and quantification after its transport across the miniaturized pulmonary barriers. To this end, insulin was either FITC-labeled or complexed with a fluorescent antibody or aptamer. Currently, only the derivatization method can be used for a quantification purpose, but the use of an aptamer to indirectly quantitate insulin has shown encouraging results
9
Iffli, Sandie. "L'injonction surmoïque chez le criminel non psychotique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM3054.
Full textAbstract:
À partir de notre expérience clinique auprès de personnes incarcérées, notre travail de recherche propose une modélisation théorique du concept de passage à l’acte dans son rapport à l’instance du Surmoi. Il s’agit ainsi de dégager les enjeux métapsychologiques du concept de Surmoi tels qu’ils se présentent dans la clinique des passages à l’acte, et plus spécifiquement dans le versant de l’acte criminel, en retraçant les conditions de son élaboration théorique. Si Freud pose les fondements essentiels à notre réflexion, les concepts kleiniens de Surmoi primitif et de position schizo-paranoïde nous seront bien plus précieux pour tenter de penser le retour de certains fonctionnements placés sous la domination d’un Surmoi particulièrement cruel et destructeur. Cet aspect repris par Lacan sous la forme impérative du Surmoi servira de base à nos propos. Si l’instance surmoïque est initialement repérée dans sa fonction de conscience morale en tant qu’instance légiférante, il est également question d’une double polarité plus paradoxale qui se fait l’envers de la Loi par une injonction féroce et cruelle de jouissance. Dans cette perspective, le passage à l’acte criminel se présente comme la réponse irrépressible à l’injonction d’un Surmoi fort aux actions sévères et virulentes. Ce travail insiste notamment sur l’acte criminel comme ultime recours. Un recours pour se dégager de la position d’objet de jouissance de l’Autre et la tentative de surgir ailleurs, comme sujetFrom our clinical experience with prison inmates, our research work proposes a theoretical paradigm of the concept of acting-out in relation with the superego instance. The purpose is thus to bring out the metapsychological stakes and issues of the superego concept as they appear in the clinical approach of the acting-out, and more specifically in relation with the criminal act, while tracing back the conditions of its theoretical elaboration. Even if the foundations that Freud laid is essential to our reflection, the kleinian concepts of primitive superego and of paranoid-schizoid position will be far more precious to us in this endeavour to reflect on the reappearance of certain modes of functioning which are under the supremacy of a particularly cruel and destructive superego. This aspect, which Lacan has reformulated with his view of an imperative superego, will provide the basis for our discourse. While the superego instance is first identified through its function of moral consciousness, as a legislating instance, there also exists a more paradoxical double polarity whereby the reverse side of the Law is expressed through a ferocious and cruel injunction to have enjoyment (“jouissance”). Within this perspective, the criminal acting-out appears like the irrepressible response to the injunction of a strong Superego pushing to commit harsh and virulent actions. This thesis notably insists on the criminal act seen as a last resort. A resort which aims at releasing oneself from the position where one has become the object of the Other's “jouissance”, while one tries, at the same time, to be a subject
10
Bol, Ludivine. "Conception d'un microsystème pour l'évaluation du passage de biomolécules à travers la barrière pulmonaire." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01061867.
Full textAbstract:
La voie pulmonaire suscite un intérêt grandissant pour l'administration systémique des peptides et protéines thérapeutiques, aujourd'hui encore administrés essentiellement par voie parentérale. Un microsystème a été conçu pour permettre de faciliter et accélérer les études in vitro de criblage de différentes biomolécules actives et de sélectionner les formulations les plus adaptées à leur pénétration à travers l'épithélium pulmonaire, en vue de sélectionner les meilleurs candidats à une administration par voie pulmonaire. Organisé en deux configurations distinctes, ce microsystème permet dans un premier temps d'obtenir des barrières épithéliales pulmonaires polarisées et jointives (cellules Calu-3) en seulement 7 jours dans des micropuits de 1mm², sans avoir à renouveler le milieu nutritif ni avoir recours à un appareillage externe associé au microsystème. Grâce à la mise au point d'une technique simple de fabrication, des plateformes de culture contenant jusqu'à 12 micropuits en parallèle sont aujourd'hui fabriquées de manière standardisée. L'évaluation du passage de molécules est ensuite réalisée sous une deuxième configuration dédiée à la mesure de la perméabilité des barrières épithéliales cultivées en micropuits. La capacité de différents candidats (nanoparticules et biomolécules) à traverser l'épithélium pulmonaire a été étudiée. Le passage de nanoparticules de PLGA revêtues de chitosane ainsi que le passage de l'insuline ont été démontrés avec succès. Enfin, l'électrophorèse capillaire couplée à une détection par fluorescence induite par laser (EC-LIF), compatible avec les faibles volumes manipulés dans ce microsystème, a été exploitée pour la détection et la quantification de l'insuline après passage des barrières pulmonaires miniaturisées. A cette fin, l'insuline a soit été marquée par le FITC, soit complexée à un anticorps ou a un aptamère fluorescents. A l'heure actuelle, seule la méthode développée pour le marquage de l'insuline par le FITC est utilisable à des fins de quantification, mais le recours à un aptamère a montré des premiers résultats encourageants.
Books on the topic "Voice passages"
1
Armand, Claudine. Voix et silence dans les arts: Passages, poïèsis et performativité. Nancy: PUN-éditions universitaires de Lorraine, 2019.
Find full text
2
Fox, Rogers Susan, ed. Alaska passages: 20 voices from above the 54th parallel. Seattle: Sasquatch Books, 1996.
Find full text
3
1897-1962, Faulkner William, ed. Yoknapatawpha, images and voices: With passages from classic William Faulkner texts. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2009.
Find full text
4
The appropriated voice: Narrative authority in Conrad, Forster, and Woolf. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1990.
Find full text
5
1945-, Hensler Hélène, Baillauquès Simone, and Université de Sherbrooke. Faculté d'éducation., eds. La Recherche en formation des maîtres: Détour ou passage obligé sur la voie de la professionnalisation? [Sherbrooke] Québec: Éditions du CRP, 1993.
Find full text
6
1939-, Williams-Myers Albert James, ed. In their own words-- voices from the middle passage students as surrogates to the terrorism down in the hold of a slave ship crossing the Atlantic ocean: An introductory reader. Trenton NJ: Africa World Press, 2009.
Find full text
7
Sheep Hear His Voice: 30 Devotional Passages to Help You Recognize God's Gentle Voice. Independently Published, 2020.
Find full text
8
Cosden, Rose. Give Me a Voice: Life Passages in Poems and Reflections. Writer's Showcase Press, 2000.
Find full text
9
Sanders, John J. Voices of Passage. Createspace Independent Publishing Platform, 2017.
Find full text
10
Gordon, Matthew S. Abbasid Courtesans and the Question of Social Mobility. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190622183.003.0003.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter considers the rise to prominence by enslaved and freed persons in the major urban centers of the first Abbasid period (c. 750–900 CE). It uses the example of elite female performers at the Abbasid court, and, as evidence, a set of passages concerning three of the women, all of which occur in the 10th-century Kitab al-Aghani (Book of Songs) by Abu al-Faraj al-Isbahani (d.c. 972). The passages voice the same complaint: that the singer in question was wrongly enslaved. These texts are then weighed in light of the question of upward social mobility. The singers, despite the odds, achieved and, in certain cases, sustained preeminence. The phenomenon is familiar to historians, as a number of Abbasid–era notables emerged from slavery to achieve elite standing, whether as members of political, commercial, and military circles or at the highest levels of culture and scholarship.
Book chapters on the topic "Voice passages"
1
Hutchings, William. "9. Homer, The Iliad." In ‘Wit’s Wild Dancing Light’, 99–112. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/obp.0372.10.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 9 proposes that Pope’s translation of Homer’s Iliad can be fruitfully read as perhaps the most significant of all contributions to a cultural history of maintaining the tradition of epic. The key principle driving this endeavour is that the authentic voice of ancient epic should be preserved and made comprehensible for a readership living in the ethos of, and accustomed to the poetic modes of, a different world. Two passages, one from book eight and one from book twelve of the Iliad , are examined alongside versions by Sir John Denham (seventeenth century), William Cowper (later eighteenth century) and Alice Oswald (twenty-first century) to show how the inner voice of the original is maintained within living language.
2
Calvo, Marcos, Davide Buscaldi, and Paolo Rosso. "Voice-QA: Evaluating the Impact of Misrecognized Words on Passage Retrieval." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 462–71. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34654-5_47.
Full text
3
"Index of Passages Cited." In Your Voice Like a Ram's Horn, 506–12. Hebrew Union College Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt169ztgn.23.
Full text
4
Marzette, DeLinda. "Coming to Voice:." In MIDDLE PASSAGES AND THE HEALING PLACE OF HISTORY, 32–51. Ohio State University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1cvvb9s.7.
Full text
5
"Index of Passages Cited." In A Great Voice that Did Not Cease, 298–306. Hebrew Union College Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt14jxrv2.14.
Full text
6
Huron, David. "Ear Teasers." In Voice Leading. The MIT Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262034852.003.0016.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter addresses the “what for” question regarding voice leading. Experiments show that listeners perceive adding streams to a texture as pleasurable. At the same time, increasing the textural density makes it more difficult for listeners to parse an acoustic scene. This chapter suggests that the brain rewards itself for successfully parsing scenes and that the evoked pleasure is proportional to the scene’s complexity. Inspired by the concept of the brain teaser, this phenomenon is dubbed ear teasing. In addition to explaining why passages constructed according to voice-leading principles would be heard as sounding better, ear teasing also provides a plausible explanation of the preference for reverberant musical sounds (in contrast to speech) and stereo reproduction (in contrast to mono).
7
Huron, David. "Scene Setting." In Voice Leading. The MIT Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262034852.003.0014.
Full textAbstract:
Musical passages exhibit a wide range of textures. These can include monophony, tune-and-accompaniment, homophony, close harmony, polyphony, pseudo-polyphony, heterophony, and a wealth of specially tailored arrangements with various hierarchical structures. Introductory music theory textbooks generally focus on Baroque voice-leading rules to the virtual exclusion of other types of part-writing. Although most music-making bears little resemblance to Baroque-style four-part chorale writing, there are excellent reasons why this particular practice has formed the core theory curriculum for so long. The evidence suggests that late Baroque practice most closely reflects known principles of auditory scene analysis. The perceptual principles underlying voice leading provide an important entry point for understanding any musical texture—no matter what the style, culture, or genre of music-making. Like a theatrical stage, composers set a “musical scene.” Auditory scene analysis is the process by which listeners subjectively apprehend that scene.
8
Hardy, Thomas. "'Fine Passages in Verse and Prose'." In Thomas Hardy's Public Voice: The Essays, Speeches, and Miscellaneous Prose, edited by Michael Millgate. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oseo/instance.00226668.
Full text
9
Trombley, Justine L. "Introduction." In A Diabolical Voice, 1–32. Cornell University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501769610.003.0001.
Full textAbstract:
This introductory chapter provides a background of Marguerite Porete's The Mirror of Simple Souls. Marguerite wrote the Mirror as a mystical dialogue, in which various allegorical characters discuss how a human soul becomes completely annihilated in love and union with the divine. For many years, the remarkable success of the Mirror—its positive acceptance into late medieval spiritual reading—has been the dominant story in scholarship of its post-1310 career. However, where some readers saw passages that merely needed additional explanation, others, like those who burned Marguerite Porete, saw the “pestilential sickness” of heresy. Late-medieval theologians, preachers, inquisitors, and canon lawyers—none of whom knew of the Mirror's 1310 condemnation or the identity of its author—preached or wrote against the Mirror as a heretical text; some even physically destroyed it. Their attention this time was trained on copies of the Mirror in Latin. These Latin manuscripts tell another side of the Mirror's story: they reveal renewed persecution and condemnation of the Mirror, entirely in ignorance of its earliest troubles, and in some cases more than a century after those took place.
10
"“Two Scriptural Passages That Teach a Single Principle” and “Two Restrictions”." In A Great Voice that Did Not Cease, 240–66. Hebrew Union College Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt14jxrv2.8.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Voice passages"
1
Park, Joo Hyun, Ja Rang Seo, Joo Hye Hong, and Soon-Bum Lim. "Development of the Mobile Voice Book Reader Enabling Playback of Specific Passages." In Mobile and Wireless 2014. Science & Engineering Research Support soCiety, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/astl.2014.60.15.
Full text
2
Liu, Dongliang, Kimi Ueda, Hirotake Ishii, Hiroshi Shimoda, and Fumiaki Obayashi. "Effects of speaker’s voice pitch variation on listener’s intellectual concentration during online lecture." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002413.
Full textAbstract:
Background & PurposeUnder the Covid-19 pandemic, most schools all over the world had to suspend their face-to-face lectures and adopted online courses instead. Some surveys have revealed that while this new educational format has advantages of convenience and flexibility, there also exist some problems, such as students' increased fatigue and lower intellectual concentration. However, it's difficult to find any effective solutions that can directly improve the intellectual concentration from the students' side currently.To solve this problem, we have focused on the online course system. From the viewpoint of cognitive psychology, sound is one of the essential factors that can influence people's intellectual concentration, and the speakers' voice is one of the most important parts of the sound source in online courses.The purpose of this study is, therefore, to explore the influence of speakers' vocal parameters, specifically pitch variation, on listeners' intellectual concentration during online lectures.Outline of this study(Step1) Selection of the optimal vocal pitch level This step is aiming to select the optimal vocal pitch level that does no harm in keeping intellectual concentration nor increasing the cognitive fatigue among the listeners during the online course system. (Step 2) Exploration of the optimal pitch variation on listeners' intellectual concentrationIn this step, the optimal pitch variation of different patterns on listeners' intellectual concentration will be explored by experiments. For example, Normal Pitch→High Pitch→Normal Pitch (NHN pattern), or Normal Pitch→Low Pitch→Normal Pitch (NLN pattern) etc.(Step 3) Development of feedback control to recover listeners’ intellectual concentrationAfter finding optimal pitch variation for refreshing listeners’ intellectual concentration in step 2, then in this step, feedback-control will be developed to recover listeners’ intellectual concentration during the online course system.In this presentation, we will report the method and result of Step 1.MethodAn experiment was conducted with 6 students at Kyoto University (3 males and 3 females), and all of them are native Chinese speakers.The stimulus given to the participants were lecture videos in which audios in 3 pitch levels (Low, High and Normal) and 2 types of timbre (Male and Female) were prepared.Since this study is focusing on the auditory factors, to simulate the online course system, the audio stimuli using the content of passages of the Reading part in the TOEFL iBT exam were used because they are similar to university-level online course content. Furthermore, to alleviate the influence of different English levels between each participant, all the contents have been translated into Chinese.After listening to each audio, each participant was asked to answer a problem related to the content, and the correct answer rate would be used as a scale of their intellectual concentration level.In addition, their brain waves were measured by a single-channel device, NeuroSky MindWave Mobile 2 headset while they were listening to the audio. The index ‘Attention’ calculated by NeuroSky software has been also used as a reference of listeners’ intellectual concentration level.As a result of the experiment, female voice under normal pitch has been verified as the optimal pitch level to proceed to the next step of this study.
3
Somaya, Kei, and Takao Okabe. "Numerical Investigation of Bearing Characteristics of a Hydrostatic Thrust Bearing with a Flow-Control Restrictor Using a Bending Beam." In 2022 International Conference on Machining, Materials and Mechanical Technologies. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-a0wtbl.
Full textAbstract:
In general, high-precision machines, such as machine tools and measuring equipment, have employed moving tables with hydrostatic bearings. Hydrostatic bearings for these high-precision applications require high bearing stiffness and response speed. Various flow-control restrictors inserted in oil passages were proposed to improve bearing characteristics. However, the active control of conventional flow-control restrictors has some shortcomings because most flow-control restrictors employ voice coil motors (VCMs), which generally consume a large amount of electricity and raise the oil temperature. The increased oil temperature decreases the oil viscosity, which reduces bearing stiffness and damping. Although piezo actuators can solve the above problems and are suitable candidate alternatives to VCMs, their small range of travel has prevented their use in flow-control restrictors. In this paper, a novel flow-control restrictor using a bending beam in stroke expansion is proposed for the purpose of employing piezo actuators. In addition, the bearing characteristics of the hydrostatic bearing with the proposed flow-control restrictor were investigated numerically. In this investigation, the Rayleigh-Ritz method for solving the deformation equations of the bending beam and the divergence formulation method to obtain the pressure distribution in the hydrostatic bearing were adopted in the numerical calculations. The results showed that the hydrostatic thrust bearing with the proposed restrictor has higher stiffness compared with conventional hydrostatic bearings using a capillary restrictor.
4
Fontanille, Jacques. "La sémiotique est-elle un art ? Le faire sémiotique comme « art libéral »." In Arts du faire : production et expertise. Limoges: Université de Limoges, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.25965/as.3343.
Full textAbstract:
En référence à la classification médiévale des activités et domaines culturels, la sémiotique, saisie principalement comme un « faire », serait un des « arts libéraux » contemporains, c’est-à-dire, selon l’acception courante, « ceux dans lesquels le travail intellectuel est dominant », ce en quoi ils s’opposent par exemple aux « arts mécaniques » ou aux « beaux-arts », qui mettent en œuvre d’autres facultés dominantes. Dans cette perspective, bien entendu, la sémiotique perd son caractère de « projet scientifique », au sens où l’entendait Greimas, c’est-à-dire de connaissance généralisable, projective, construite par voie hypothético-déductive, reposant sur une théorie, des modèles et des méthodes empiriques. Mais elle ne le perd pas plus, pour autant, que la médecine, quand cette dernière passe de la recherche dite « in vitro » à la recherche dite « clinique » ; tout comme pour la médecine, en effet, il s’agit du passage d’une science fondamentale à une « pratique scientifique ». La sémiotique considérée comme un art est donc une pratique, où l’intelligence, la sensibilité, l’émotion et le goût ont également part. Et, tout comme la médecine encore, c’est une pratique dont le « texte » est un discours scientifique. C’est donc sur le fond de cette problématique générale qu’après avoir circonscrit le faire sémiotique comme « art » et comme « pratique », je voudrais ébaucher la description de quelques pratiques sémiotiques typiques : celles, notamment, de Jean-Marie Floch, d’Eric Landowski, d’Algirdas Julien Greimas ou de Claude Zilberberg.