Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Voice of Place'
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Percy-Smith, Barry. "Multiple childhood geographies : giving voice to young people's experience of place." Thesis, University of Northampton, 1999. http://nectar.northampton.ac.uk/2837/.
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Cultural geography draws attention to the diverse meanings and values of groups in society, however, despite a growing interest in the geographies of children and youth, there have been few recent empirical studies investigating young people’s experience of place. In particular, comparatively little is known about the multiple realities of young people living in contrasting social and environmental contexts. This study investigates the multiple geographies of young people growing up in inner and outer urban areas of an English Midlands town in the late 1990s. An investigation of this kind is especially apposite in that it provides geographical perspectives on the widening, and increasingly more complex, discourses surrounding young people, space and society. This thesis uses participatory and ethnographic methods to engage young people in evaluating their local environments and to explore in detail the meanings, values and experiences young people associate with different places and place uses. The theoretical framework for this study is based on an extensive cross-disciplinary review of literature and informed by recent theories of childhood and youth, social change, social action, children’s rights, participation and citizenship and contemporary cultural geography. It adopts an holistic approach to understanding the complex and multifaceted world of young people as a product of their reflexive relations with their social and environmental contexts. The study recognises the multiple realities that exist within and between different groups of young people and the variable factors which influence young people’s geographies. It utilises conventional social variables such as gender and age to differentiate between ‘cultures of childhood’, together with contingency factors concerning location and parental influence. The study reveals both commonalities and differences in young people’s experience of place, which cut across social and spatial divides to give rise to a heterogeneity of childhood experiences. A major conclusion is that ‘lifestyle’ or ‘microcultures’ offer a more suitable way forward for future children and youth research. The thesis contributes to discourses of childhood and youth by investigating how childhood is constructed, contested and reproduced in neighbourhood space. The marginal status of young people in urban neighbourhood space is exposed in terms of the neglected spaces of young people, marked by a dearth of appropriate environmental provision, environmental hazards and conflict with adult place users. However, the thesis also reveals young people’s keenness to be more involved in improving their communities, together with a range of different ‘modes’ of participation in local decision making and community development processes. The thesis concludes by highlighting key implications for policy and planning with and for young people with respect to social and environmental provision for young people, environmental quality, and the social integration of young people in everyday community life, local decision making and environmental planning
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Garrett, Stephen. "Unruly conversations with a health council, giving voice a place at the board table." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ59442.pdf.
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Anderson, Isobel. "My words trace a path : encounters with place through voice, performance and field recording." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.695216.
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Through a creative portfolio of autotopographic sound works and a written thesis, this research explores the role of sound within individual and collective constructions of place. The process of walking in specific locations has generated materials such as text, field recordings, photographs, and objects, which together form a body of site-specific work that includes soundwalks, fixed audio pieces, installations and live performances. The voices present in these works are often disembodied, and play with language and time to test the possibilities of re-contextualising, or mis-'placing', the body and the mind within primarily aural surroundings. This practice-as-research. PhD examines the many layers of association, meaning, and significance that interconnect across our surrounding environments, not only in places of physical and conceptual stability but also in sites of liminality. This research offers new insights into the role of sound art in geographic identity, while placing language and voice at the centre of this work. I argue that artworks and discourses that consider interactions between sound and site can contribute to an understanding of these subjective relationships, and their influence on self-identity.
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Skinner, Susan Margaret. "A history of the Cornish male voice choir : the relationship between music, place and culture." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2894.
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This thesis documents and examines the history of Cornish male voice choirs from their origins in the late nineteenth century through to the present day. The evolution of the choirs has hitherto been charted largely through scattered oral testimonies, whereas this work traces the rise, decline and resurgence of the male choral tradition by drawing from a range of primary sources, including newspapers and repertoire in addition to oral history. The thesis is organised chronologically and the main chapters chart the development of Cornish male voice choirs from the Methodist point of origin, to the subsequent expansion of the male choral movement between the wars and thereafter its seeming atrophy. The opening two chapters focus on the background and emergence of the choirs from c.1820 to 1918. The interwar period is covered in three diverse but linked chapters, assessing the socio-economic context, musicological influences and the importance of geographic locality or ‘place’. The impact of the Second World War on the choirs is examined in Chapter Six. The following chapter traces how the choirs remained vibrant in the face of encroaching secularisation during the 1950s and 1960s, and the final chapter assesses the detrimental effects for the choirs of changed musical behaviours and generational issues in the late twentieth century choir. Four key themes which run throughout the chapters are the influence of Methodism, its teachings and choral hymnody; the significance of repertoire and musical directorship; the importance of the male demographic within the local economy; and secularisation and mass popular culture. The connecting thread of the argument for the thesis as a whole is that male voice choirs both reflect and help shape Cornish identity. As will be seen, identity is a fluid, multi-layered concept, but analysis of the changing role and influence of male voice choirs contributes to a deeper understanding of the complex relationship between music, place and culture.
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Walker, Susan. "Finding a voice at the end of life : exploring preferred place of death in a hospice context." Thesis, Keele University, 2016. http://eprints.keele.ac.uk/2484/.
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This study explored the views of patients, carers and staff within one UK hospice on talking about preferred place of death (PPD). The UK Government's End of Life Care Strategy (EOLC, 2008) states that patients' PPD should be identified, documented and reviewed; yet the hospice in this study did not systematically record such information. It was, therefore, important to ask questions about patient, carer and staff views on PPD as this had not yet been explored. Hence the aims of this exploratory study were to: • Explore key considerations about PPD from the perspectives of hospice patients, carers and staff • Generate theory about the participants’ experience of PPD The methodology of constructivist grounded theory enabled a substantive theory to be generated which offered an interpretative explanation of the participants’ concerns regarding PPD. Data collection methods of focus groups amongst hospice staff, and semi-structured interviews with hospice patients and carers, captured the views of a cross-section of people within the hospice context. The grounded theory demonstrated that recording the patient’s PPD is a means of ‘Enabling the Patient Voice to be Heard’. The ways in which the grounded theory impacts the end of life care landscape were explored including questions around contemporary societal discourses on death; current end of life planning; communication issues at the end of life; health service provision and the roles of healthcare professionals, patients and carers. A reflexive account of the research process and the limitations of the study are also presented. The unique contribution of the study is stated and recommendations for further work are suggested.
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Costilow, Cassie E. "Human Frequency Following Responses to Voice Pitch: Relative Contributions of the Fundamental Frequency and Its Harmonics." Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1275684866.
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Thompson, Jennifer. "How we see this place: an intergenerational dialogue about conservation using Photo-Voice around Tiwai Island, Sierra Leone." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66925.
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You can express a different story through art. What happens when you use arts-based inquiry to explore environmental knowledge? How can artistic expression value and construct alternative knowledges that might otherwise be overlooked or silenced? Holistic and justice-oriented trends in environmental education argue for the integration of social identity within ecological issues. This participatory community-based Photo-Voice project takes place in the rural communities around Tiwai Island in Sierra Leone. The project investigates environmental, community and cultural assets to be protected for future generations. The performance pieces that emerge elaborate, nuance, and particularize important features of place for these communities. The study draws attention to the ongoing process of post-war reconstruction within the communities around Tiwai Island. It also raises questions around the role of physical structures in the enactment, negotiation, construction and deconstruction of identity.Vous pouvez exprimer une histoire différente par l'art. Que se passe-t-il quand on utilise l'enquête art-basée pour explorer la connaissance environnementale? Comment les connaissances alternatives artistiques peuvent valoriser et créer des connaissances alternatives qui auraient autrement été oubliées ou négligées? Les tendances holistiques et justice-orientées dans l'éducation environnementale plaident pour l'intégration de l'identité sociale dans les issues écologiques. Ce projet 'Photo-Voice' à caractère communautaire participatoire tient place dans les communautés rurales autour de 'Tiwai Island' au Sierra Leone. Le projet examine les biens environnementaux, communautaires et culturels afin d'être protégés pour les générations à venir. Les poèmes démontrent les nuances, les particularités et le contexte dynamique des aspets d'un endroit important à conserver pour ces communautés. L'étude appelle l'attention sur le processus continu de la reconstruction d'après-guerre au sein des communautés autour de 'Tiwai Island.' Elle soulève également des questions autour du rôle des structures physiques dans l'établissement, la négociation, la construction et le déconstruction de l'identité.
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Kappes, Gabrielle A. F. "Fashioning a voice of her own : the poetics of place in Dorothy Wordsworth's poetry, narratives, and travel writing /." Norton, Mass. : Wheaton College, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10090/8393.
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Sirniö, Janne. "Talande platser : Berättelser om platskommunikation." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för kulturantropologi och etnologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-435116.
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This ethnological study represents personal experiences about the voice of a place and its instrumentality in the Swedish Arctic, based on interviews and observations. The appearance of the voice is connected to the existential meeting between humans and different kinds of bodies, from non-physical beings with metaphysical appearance to non-human bodies such as silicates (sand), rhizomes and animals. The metaphysical voice of a place can be understood as the genius of a place, a spirit or ancestor. It can be understood as a real sound in old forests, tactile feeling in the underground mine and as a whole culture dwelling in a region. The instrumental agency of the place-voice acts through personal characters found in places and is a potential tool in creating liminal places and use of the place creativity.
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Lévêque, Yohana. "Le lien perception-production en voix chantée : place des représentations motrices." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM3089.
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Un nombre croissant d'études révèle combien les processus cérébraux de production et de perception de l'action sont intriqués. En particulier, on sait maintenant que la perception de la parole induit l'activation de représentations motrices articulatoires chez l'auditeur. Dans ce travail, nous explorons la perception de la voix chantée, une action vocale non-linguistique. L'écoute d'une voix chantée provoque-t-elle une activation du système moteur ? Cette activité motrice est-elle plus forte pour la voix que pour un son musical non-biologique ? Ces questions sont abordées en utilisant de façon complémentaire deux protocoles comportementaux, une technique de lésion virtuelle par stimulation magnétique transcrâniale, l'étude des oscillations en EEG et celle de la variabilité métabolique en IRMf. Nos résultats montrent que la perception d'une voix chantée est effectivement associée à une activité du cortex sensorimoteur dans des tâches de répétition et de discrimination. De façon intéressante, les plus mauvais chanteurs ont montré la plus forte résonance motrice. Le système moteur pourrait, par la génération de modèles internes, faciliter le traitement des stimuli ou la préparation de la réponse vocale quand le traitement acoustique seul est insuffisant. L'ensemble des résultats présentés ici suggère que les interactions audiomotrices en perception de la voix humaine sont modulées par la dimension biologique du son et par le niveau d'expertise vocale des auditeursA growing body of research reveals that action production and action perception interact. In particular, it has been shown that speech perception entails articulatory motor representations in the listener. In the present work, we investigate the perception of a singing voice, a stimulus that is not primarily linked to articulatory processes. Does listening to a singing voice induce activity in the motor system? Is this motor activity stronger for a voice than for a non-biological musical sound? Two behavioral tasks, a og virtual lesionfg{} paradigm using TMS, the study of brain oscillations with EEG and an fMRI experiment carried out during my PhD have shed some light on these questions. Our results show that the perception of a singing voice is indeed associated with sensorimotor activity in repetition and discrimination tasks. Interestingly, the poorer singers displayed the stronger motor resonance. The motor system could facilitate the processing of sound or the preparation of the vocal response by internal model generation when the acoustic processing is not effective enough. The set of studies presented here thus suggests that audiomotor interactions in human voice perception are modulated by two factors: the biological dimension of sound and the listeners' vocal expertise. These results suggest new perspectives on our understanding of the auditory-vocal loop in speech and of sound perception in general
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Ralph, Thomas. "Constructing places of resistance and non-participatory identities in a secondary school undergoing radical change." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/23094.
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This thesis is an ethnography that took place in an ‘underperforming’ school in the South of England. The school is located on a deprived estate, taking its pupils from an area in the bottom quintile with regard to deprivation indicators, and regularly features at the bottom of local league tables. Recently converted to academy status, the school was in the process of being rebuilt. The school in question is seen as abject by the broader community and features a large number of disruptive and disaffected students. The overarching research questions that this study focuses on are: What kind of person do resistant pupils want to be recognised as and what kind of place do they want school to be? Within this, the thesis examines how students develop an identity of non-participation as well as how they act in order to make their voice heard and affect the nature of the place they are in. In order to investigate these questions the paper draws on the work of Foucault (1979, 1982, 2003) who suggested that in order to understand how power relations work it is necessary to investigate resistance rather than trying to understand power from the perspective of its own rationality. This approach is useful since students in school do not resist specific institutions or groups, but specific instances of power personified by those that they come into immediate contact with on a day to day basis. It also mobilises concepts of space and place developed by Doreen Massey (2005) and Tim Ingold (2008) whereby space is a product of interrelations permanently under construction as opposed to simply a surface and place becomes a product of these intersections within the wider power geometry of space. This is particularly relevant to the context of a failing school, seen as abject by the surrounding community and struggling to maintain any improvement. The concept of voice as defined by Nick Couldry (2010) and the students’ belief that they lack control over their lives in school is also key in terms of understanding the motivations for their resistance. The thesis argues that the fact that the school is gradually being demolished and rebuilt is seen as a threat as well as an opportunity by the participants. Since the school was intimately bound up with their identity, the changes made were an assault on their identity. However, the cracks opened up by the construction work offered them opportunities to carve out places for themselves. The participants suggest that the lip service paid to student voice by the school is a key issue in causing students’ resistant behaviour. The students in the study find that their agency is denied by the school and this, coupled with their desire to be seen as adults with legitimate opinions about their schooling, results in their resistant behaviour.
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Henson, SΣndra Lee Allen. "To See Her Face, To Hear Her Voice: Profiling the Place of Women in Early Upper East Tennessee, 1773-1810." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2005. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1051.
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Following the Proclamation Act of 1763 growing numbers of colonists arrived in upper East Tennessee to settle and build wherever they could make arrangements with local groups of Cherokee. While these first families were occupied with survival, the British colonies continued to thrive. Concurrent with growing prosperity was the increasing determination of colonists to exercise control over their property and economic interests. Frontier exigencies affected family strategies for dividing labor and creating economic endeavors. A commonly held view asserts that where women were scarce and needed, rigid sex-role distinctions could not prevail. This thesis will present research of the earliest Washington County Court records and other primary evidence from the late eighteenth-century through the early Republic period to examine the place of women in the upper East Tennessee frontier and argue that despite frontier conditions the underlying attitudes about women did not change.
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Wright, Heather Lynn. "Supporting Rural Adolescent Voices in the Secondary English Language Arts Classroom." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/104465.
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The purpose of this qualitative study was to employ a sociocultural, anti-deficit, and dialogic rural theoretical framework to examine the ways teachers seek to support the lived experiences of rural adolescent students in the secondary English language arts classroom as students make meaning with the content of the curriculum. This study worked with the social constructs of rurality (Azano, 2011; Azano and Biddle, 2019; Corbett, 2007; Gruenewald, 2008), critical literacy (Freire, 1990, 2018; Gee, 1990), and learning-centered pedagogy (Fecho et al., 2021) to develop insights into ways that teachers navigate opportunities and challenges in contemporary rural schools. The study focused on secondary English language arts teachers teaching in rural school districts. The participant selection criteria included being employed fulltime as an English language arts teacher at a secondary rural high school, having taught for at least three years, and identifying as teaching from a learning-centered pedagogical stance. All three participants taught at rural North Carolina high schools. The method used was adapted from the three-phase interview approach (Seidman, 1990), with an intake interview, a midpoint interview, and a final interview. The midpoint interview was adapted to consist of three separate post-classroom observation interviews. The post-classroom observation interviews were preceded each round by a co-planning lesson and a classroom observation. There were three stages of data generation, spanning from February 2021 to May 2021. To learn about participants' experiences supporting rural student voices, triangulation (Guba and Lincoln, 1981) was used through multiple data sources: teacher interviews, collaborative lesson planning, classroom observations, post-observation conferences, field notes, memos, and email correspondences. Thematic analysis (Maxwell, 2013) was used to analyze and code the data. From the data analysis, three understandings were generated about the ways in which rural English language arts teachers support students in the classroom. Participants were (1) supporting student voice through instructional design, (2) attending to biases and seeking to dialogue within the classroom, and (3) utilizing lived experiences and literacies. The implications of the study include that rural students can face stereotypes due to the deficit mindset of rurality (Azano et al., 2021a, 2021b, Azano and Biddle, 2019; Theobald and Wood, 2010) and that the utilization of bringing their lived experiences into the classroom can serve as a means to help them make meaning with the content of the classroom. The English language arts classroom can be a space for students to be supported through the use of a learning-centered stance that seeks to collapse traditional hierarchies in the classroom (Fecho et al., 2021).Doctor of Philosophy
The purpose of this study was to use a sociocultural, anti-deficit, and dialogic rural theoretical framework to examine ways teachers can draw on the lived experiences of rural adolescent students in secondary English language arts classrooms as students make meaning with curriculum content. This study worked with the social constructs of rurality (Azano, 2011; Azano and Biddle, 2019; Corbett, 2007; Gruenewald, 2008), critical literacy (Freire, 1990, 2018; Gee, 1990), and learning-centered pedagogy (Fecho et al., 2021) to develop insights into ways that teachers navigate opportunities and challenges in contemporary rural schools. Participant criteria included being employed fulltime as an English language arts teacher at a rural secondary school, having taught for at least three years, and The study's three participants were rural North Carolina secondary English language arts teachers. Utilizing an adapted three-phase interview process, the study had three stages for each participant: (1) an intake interview, (2) three rounds per participant of co-planning, classroom observations, and post-observation conferences, and (3) a final interview. Thematic analysis (Maxwell, 2013) was used to analyze and code the data. Understandings were that participants, in their success and challenges of supporting rural student voices (1) supported student voice through instructional design, (2) attended to biases and seeking to dialogue within the classroom, and (3) utilized the lived experiences and literacies.
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Alnaji, Ahmad. "Graffiti as Voice for Voiceless People : Critical Discourse Analysis of Sudanese Graffiti During Sudanese Revolution 2019." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-40747.
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This paper highlights street art in the social movement in Sudan and the role of murals andpolitical graffiti in relation to the Sudanese revolution of 2019. Characteristic for thismovement is the appearance of murals depicting the events of the revolutions. In particular,the colourful graffiti during the Sudanese uprisings of 2019 has been a crucial element in thesocial movement in the country.This study explores role of graffiti, its function as an art of resistance and as a communicationmedium during Sudanese movement, how graffiti contributes to Sudanese revolution 2019.Sudanese graffiti creates a profound understanding of the social transformation in Sudan,including most important events after revolution such as the third of June massacre inKhartoum and the political process and solidarity against discrimination. It establishes asocial relational space that ranks high values on collaboration and sharing significance, aswell introduces emancipatory alternative for better future in Sudan.The study uses four-dimensional analytical framework including graffiti as communicationtool, illegality and call for place, visual and verbal language, and graffiti as a public memory.Furthermore, it uses critical discourse analysis method through utilizing three-dimensionalframework including text, discursive practice, and sociocultural context. At the same time, thestudy uses telephone interviews method and photo-elimination method as data collectionmethods and encompassing structure for the research.
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Wehby, Janet Been. "A Place of Worship: An Architecture Celebrating the Interconnectedness of God, Nature, and Man." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33906.
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This thesis, A Place of Worship, began with particular ideas for the architectural programme. A site was sought in which green design could be implemented for passive solar and water usage.
It became apparent that a more important understanding was to be gained: How does an architect touch a site that already has amazing beauty and spiritual voice? Through this work, the answers to this question were lived-out.Master of Architecture
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Barwin, Lynn. "Places of Tradition, Places of Research: The Evaluation of Traditional Medicine Workshops Using Culturally and Locally Relevant Methods." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/22870.
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This thesis examines how traditional medicine workshops offered by an Aboriginal health centre contribute to capacity re-building through self-care in two local communities in Manitoulin Island, Ontario. Health disparities that exist between Aboriginal people and the rest of the population have prompted a need to better understand health determinants that are of relevance in these communities including the importance of culture, tradition, and self-determination. A variety of qualitative methods were employed in this work including in-depth interviews, focus groups and “art voice.” The use of art voice on Manitoulin Island advances decolonizing methodologies by emphasizing how the incorporation of locally and culturally relevant methods or “methods-in-place,” is an effective way to engage communities in the research process. Results show the need to approach traditional teachings, health programs, and research from an Aboriginal worldview and indicate that more frequent workshops are required to empower youth and adults to practice and share traditional knowledge. Furthermore, a continuum exists in which the interest in language, culture, and tradition increases with age. Capacity can therefore be re-built over time within communities promoting autonomy and self-determination through self-care. Findings can be expected to further inform the traditional programming in participating communities, enhance existing Aboriginal determinants of health models by including traditional medicine as an element of self-care, and can act as a springboard for the inclusion of unique place-based methods into community-based research projects in the future.
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Lafford, Erin. "Forms of health in John Clare's poetics." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c4171968-0d36-4c33-9536-dc75c4d02b4e.
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This thesis is the first sustained study of the poet John Clare and his relationship to health. It considers health as an under-explored physical and mental state evoked across his poetry and prose that has heretofore been overshadowed by a critical preoccupation with his supposed madness. Under the banner of the Medical Humanities, I angle a critical lens on Clare and health beyond biographical readings of his mental deterioration and onto his written responses to the medical, cultural, and social understandings of health by which he was surrounded. Specifically, I argue that Clare articulates both his comprehension and also experience of health through poetic form. I take a thematic approach to the reach of Clare's works composed between 1804-1864, and focus on what I argue to be the most predominant 'forms' that health takes across his poetics: voice, breath, and place. The chapters unfold the poet's engagement with eighteenth- and nineteenth-century medical contexts such as nosology and theories of insanity, speech and elocution, climatic and atmospheric medicine, phrenology, and botany, in order to consider how the local formal techniques of his poems (metre and prosody, rhyme and other sonic devices, caesura, enjambment, and line-endings) shape and re-work the ideas of mental and physical health that these contexts put forward. Throughout the thesis I bring together formal and historical methodologies with modern phenomenological and cultural theories in order to draw out how Clare's exploration of health is both facilitated by the thinking of his own period, and also speaks to current research into health and illness as subjective experiences. Ultimately, I read health across Clare's poetry at the level of form in order to reveal how health inspires a textual mode that defies determinacy and unsettles distinctions between the healthy and the pathological. This thesis is the first sustained study of the poet John Clare and his relationship to health. It considers health as an under-explored physical and mental state evoked across his poetry and prose that has heretofore been overshadowed by a critical preoccupation with his supposed madness. Under the banner of the Medical Humanities, I angle a critical lens on Clare and health beyond biographical readings of his mental deterioration and onto his written responses to the medical, cultural, and social understandings of health by which he was surrounded. Specifically, I argue that Clare articulates both his comprehension and also experience of health through poetic form. I take a thematic approach to the reach of Clare's works composed between 1804-1864, and focus on what I argue to be the most predominant 'forms' that health takes across his poetics: voice, breath, and place. The chapters unfold the poet's engagement with eighteenth- and nineteenth-century medical contexts such as nosology and theories of insanity, speech and elocution, climatic and atmospheric medicine, phrenology, and botany, in order to consider how the local formal techniques of his poems (metre and prosody, rhyme and other sonic devices, caesura, enjambment, and line-endings) shape and re-work the ideas of mental and physical health that these contexts put forward. Throughout the thesis I bring together formal and historical methodologies with modern phenomenological and cultural theories in order to draw out how Clare's exploration of health is both facilitated by the thinking of his own period, and also speaks to current research into health and illness as subjective experiences. Ultimately, I read health across Clare's poetry at the level of form in order to reveal how health inspires a textual mode that defies determinacy and unsettles distinctions between the healthy and the pathological.
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Self, Stephen Daniel. "The si placet voice : an historical and analytical study /." The Ohio State University, 1990. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487677267728619.
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Berenfeld, Alain. "Place de l'echocardiographie trans-oesophagienne dans les traumatismes thoraciques fermes." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991CLF13828.
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Zedeño, M. Nieves, Alex K. Carroll, and Richard W. Stoffle. "Ancient Voices, Storied Places: Themes in Contemporary Indian History." Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology, University of Arizona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277393.
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This collection of essays addresses the history of Numic-speaking American Indians of the Great Basin–Colorado Plateau–Mohave Desert area since these lands passed into the sovereign control of the United States after the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. The goal of this study is to revisit historical processes and events that transformed the lives of these Americans so profoundly that their effects are still being felt today.
The perspective of contemporary Indians who shared their views with the authors, wrote portions of this history, advised on its production, and reviewed its contents, informed the versions of history relayed throughout this book. The themes explored in this collection interweave oral histories, collected by the authors through interviews with Indian people, and data from primary archival sources and publications.
The essays that follow represent a small sample of themes that concern Indian people, who believe that their values, opinions, and version of historical processes and events are seldom portrayed fairly, if at all, in Western literature. This preoccupation with telling their history is all the more relevant in the context of government–to–government consultation between American Indian tribes and federal agencies, wherein productive debates about land management and resource preservation issues hinge on a shared understanding of why the land and its resources are important to Indian people and how Indian people lost control over them. It is precisely under the auspices of such a shared understanding between the Nevada Test Site and Nellis Air Force Base and several Indian tribes and organizations from Nevada, California, Arizona, and Utah that this historical study was conducted.
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FOSSOUD, FREDERIC. "La polypose naso-sinusienne invalidante : place de l'ethmoidectomie par voie endo-nasale." Toulouse 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991TOU31518.
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PIETRI, PHILIPPE. "Hysteroplastie par voie abdominale : place actuelle dans le traitement des synechies uterines." Aix-Marseille 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988AIX20256.
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Pasquier, Claire Olivier Christophe. "Photosensibilisation par voie systémique place du pharmacien et rôle dans la photoprotection /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2004. http://theses.univ-nantes.fr/thesemed/PHpasquier.pdf.
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BOYRIVENT, VIOLAINE. "Place de l'intubation lacrymo-nasale dans le traitement du larmoiement du nourrisson." Lyon 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LYO1M256.
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Wernesjö, Ulrika. "Conditional Belonging : Listening to Unaccompanied Young Refugees’ Voices." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-216417.
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This thesis explores negotiations of belonging among unaccompanied young refugees in Sweden. The thesis further aims to shed light on methodological aspects of bringing out their voices. The analysis draws on postcolonial and poststructuralist approaches to belonging and relates belonging to the concepts of home, place, racialization and notions of “Swedishness”. The thesis analyses qualitative interviews with 17 young people, who arrived in Sweden as unaccompanied asylum-seeking minors and have been granted permanent residency. The interviews are complemented with walk-alongs and photography-based interviews. Paper 1 gives an overview and discussion of research on unaccompanied asylum-seeking minors. I argue that there is a lack of their voices in the research, and that their own agency and perspectives are not addressed due to a focus on vulnerability and emotional health (or lack thereof). Paper II, which is delimited to participants in a rural village, shows that they negotiate belonging and a sense of home related to places but that othering is constraining. In paper II and III I suggest that the participants’ belongings and position in Sweden can be understood as conditional due to othering and racialization. In paper III, I argue that expressing gratitude can be understood as a form of impression management and, thus be a strategy to negotiate their position in the interview setting as in the host country. I finally argue that in order to understand the participants’ negotiations of belonging attention has to be paid to their agency as well as the conditioning of belonging in discourses and in interactions on the local level.
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Barbeau, Pascal. "Place de l'échocardiographie transœsophagienne dans un hôpital cardiologique : à propos de 1375 examens." Bordeaux 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BOR23089.
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POPPER, LAURENT. "Place actuelle des endoprotheses inserees par voie percutanee dans le traitement des stenoses de l'arbre biliaire." Toulouse 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991TOU31508.
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NUVOLI, DELIGNETTE ALEXANDRA. "Traitement de la lithiase des voies biliaires : place de la lithotritie par voie percutanee transhepatique." Lyon 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990LYO1M413.
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Taft, Kimberly E. "Absent Voices: Searching for Women and African Americans at Historic Stagville and Somerset Place Historic Sites." NCSU, 2010. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-03272010-120644/.
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This thesis examines the interpretation at Somerset Place and Historic Stagville, two North Carolina Historic Sites. While the interpretation of slavery at plantation museums has received increased attention, much remains to be explored regarding the interpretation of women. In addition to examining the interpretation, this thesis explores the history of both Somerset Place and Stagville as active plantations and later historic sites. This thesis proposes that interpretations of race and gender are interconnected but not always concurrent at plantation museums. While the first chapter explores the history of Somerset Place, the second examines Stagville. The final chapter focuses on the current interpretation found at both sites.
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Radhi, Mazin. "La place de l'industrie dans la politique d'un pays en voie de développement : le cas de l'Irak." Montpellier 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985MON10049.
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Kentheswaran, Vasuki. "Alliages réfractaires à forte entropie : comportement mécanique sous sollicitations complexes, mise en place d’une nouvelle voie d’élaboration." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCD052.
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Des sabres japonais aux moteurs d’avions modernes, les éléments d’addition ont été utilisés pour améliorer les propriétés mécaniques des alliages. L’ajout d’éléments d’addition à un élément principal permet d’obtenir une microstructure particulière souhaitée ou d’associer des propriétés mécaniques. Les alliages à haute entropie de mélange (AHEs) (ou de configuration), c’est-à-dire des alliages métalliques multi-constituants revisitent la métallurgie traditionnelle en contenant plusieurs éléments principaux en proportion équiatomique ou quasi-équiatomique et formant une solution solide désordonnée unique, stabilisée par son entropie de configuration augmentant avec le nombre de constituants, d’où le nom attribué à ces alliages. Ils ouvrent la voie à de nouvelles stratégies de design d’alliages et donc à un nouveau type de matériaux métalliques. Leurs propriétés remarquables ont suscité l’intérêt de la communauté scientifique et plus particulièrement la capacité à combiner des propriétés antagonistes comme la résistance mécanique et la ductilité.Les alliages réfractaires à haute entropie de mélange sont des matériaux très prometteurs pour des applications à hautes températures et nécessitent d’être élaborés et caractérisés en amont sous des sollicitations diverses avant de les envisager pour de potentielles applications. En sollicitation dynamique, les AHEs réfractaires étudiés ont soit un comportement d’adoucissement thermique soit d’écrouissage important. Le rapport d’endurance limite en fatigue à la résistance mécanique a une valeur élevée de 0,43 en flexion quatre points. Enfin, l’élaboration de ces alliages par métallurgie des poudres et plus précisément par combustion auto-propagée (procédé SHS)et par frittage Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) est exploréFrom Japanese sabres to modern aircraft engines alloying elements have been used to enhance mechanical properties. Adding alloying elements to a main constituent enables to achieve a desired microstructure or to combine mechanical properties. High-entropy alloys, namely multicomponent metallic alloys, break with the past traditional approach since they contain several major elements in equiatomic or quasi-equiatomic proportions resulting in a single-phase disordered solid solution stabilised by its configurational entropy increased with the number of constituents, hence the name of such alloys. High-entropy alloys blaze a trail to new alloy design strategies and new type of metallic materials. The enthusiasm of the scientific community has been triggered by the oustanding mechanical properties of these alloys and particularly upon combining antagonist properties such as strength and ductility. Refractory high-entropy alloys are very promising materials for high temperature applications and need to be characterised upon various types of loading before considering them for potential applications. Process and characterisation are considered in the framework of this thesis. Under dynamic loading, the studied refractory high-entropy alloys with BCC structure exhibited either a thermal softening behaviour or a work-hardening behaviour. Fatigue endurance ratio has an oustanding level of 0.43 under four-point bending fatigue loading. The other aspect investigated in this study is the ability to process these alloys by powder metallurgy route and especially by Self-propagating High temperature Synthesis (SHS) and Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS)
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Laurent, Olivier. "Reconstitution in vitro des fusions d'endosomes chez Dictyostelium discoideum : mécanismes moléculaires et place dans la voie endocytaire." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE10287.
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Le cytoplasme des cellules eucaryotes contient de nombreux compartiments membranaires fermes, capables de fusionner entre eux afin de maintenir leurs proprietes et leur composition. Ces fusions sont etroitement regulees dans le temps et l'espace. Ce manuscrit decrit l'etude des mecanismes moleculaires permettant cette regulation au sein de la voie endocytaire de l'amibe dictyostelium discoideum. Afin de realiser cette etude, un protocole permettant de reconstituer in vitro les fusions des compartiments endocytaires a ete mis au point. Il repose sur le marquage de la voie endocytaire par de la peroxydase de raifort biotinylee ou par de l'avidine, deux marqueurs dont l'internalisation par pinocytose a ete caracterisee chez dictyostelium discoideum. Grace a cette approche, il a ete possible de demontrer que chez cette amibe, seuls les compartiments endocytaires precoces ne contenant pas d'enzymes hydrolytiques sont capables de fusionner. Cette fusion est controlee par la petite proteine g rab7 dont l'implication dans le recyclage des enzymes depuis les post-lysosomes a ete recemment evoquee dans la litterature. Sur la base de ces resultats, la voie endocytaire de dictyostelium discoideum serait constituee d'une etape precoce de fusions permettant le melange du materiel nouvellement ingere et d'enzymes recyclees depuis la fin de la voie endocytaire, suivie d'une etape de maturation. Il a egalement ete possible de demontrer que l'atp soluble n'est pas necessaire aux fusions des endosomes precoces de dictyostelium discoideum. Paradoxalement le nem et l'a485 sont capables d'inhiber la fusion de ces endosomes, donnees dans la litterature comme dependant de l'atpase nsf. Pris ensemble, ces resultats suggerent un recrutement tres precoce de nsf lie a de l'atp sur les membranes allant fusionner, precedant meme leur association (<<<>docking<>>>). Le role de nsf reste neanmoins posterieur a celui de rab7.
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Jarysta, Amandine. "Rôle du gène fancg de la voie Fanconi dans la mise en place des cellules germinales primordiales." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS190/document.
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L’anémie de Fanconi (FANC) est une maladie génétique humaine causant chez les patients une anémie sévère, une susceptibilité accrue à certains cancers, ainsi que des anomalies du développement dont un hypogonadisme. La voie FANC est impliquée dans la réponse au stress réplicatif et la réparation de l’ADN, et joue un rôle potentiel dans la régulation physiologique des cellules souches fœtales et adultes. Dans les modèles murins de la voie FANC, le phénotype majeur est une infertilité liée à un problème de développement du lignage germinal, qui est un paradigme pour l’étude des mécanismes contribuant à la pathologie. Notre étude a porté sur la caractérisation du défaut des cellules germinales primordiales (CGP) dans les embryons murins fancg-/-. Nous avons mis en évidence un défaut numérique des CGP très tôt dans le développement du lignage germinal dès les stades 9,5-10,5 jours post coïtum (jpc). Les CGP présentent un léger défaut de la prolifération à 10,5-11,5 jpc, mais aucun blocage de cycle. L’atteinte proliférative semble trop faible pour expliquer à elle seule la diminution drastique du nombre de CGP, ainsi que le profil mosaïque des gonades embryonnaires avec la présence de cordons dépourvus de CGP observé à 13,5 jpc. L’étude in vivo et ex vivo du comportement migratoire des CGP fancg-/- a permis de mettre en évidence des anomalies de la motilité des CGP, probablement liée à une activation anormale de la GTPase RAC1. Nous avons observé à 11,5 jpc une diminution du nombre de cellules au niveau du front de migration de la population de CGP. Ces anomalies entraîneraient ainsi un retard de migration et l’incapacité pour une fraction des GCP fancg-/- d’atteindre correctement les crêtes génitales à 11,5 jpc. La déplétion des CGP semble ainsi liée principalement à un défaut migratoire conduisant à une augmentation de la mort des CGP à 11,5 jpc, associé au défaut prolifératif intrinsèque des CPG fancg-/-Fanconi Anemia (FANC) is a genetic human disease, causing in patient a severe anemia, a higher risk to develop some cancers, and developmental anomalies including hypogonadism. The FANC pathway is involved in the replicative stress response and DNA repair, and has a potential role in the physiological regulation of fetal and adult stem cells. In mice models of the FANC pathway, the main phenotype is the sterility issue, associated to a developmental defect of the germ cell lineage, and is so a paradigm to study the pathology. Our study aimed to characterize the primordial germ cell (PGC) defect in fancg-/- mouse embryos. We showed a numerical defect of PGC early in the germ cell lineage development, as soon as 9.5–10.5 days post coitum (dpc). PGC show a mild defect of proliferation at 10.5–11.5 dpc, but no cell cycle arrest. This low proliferative defect can neither fully explain the drastic decrease of the PGC number, nor the mosaic profile of fetal gonads displaying cords without PGC at 13.5 dpc. In vitro and ex vivo studies of the migration behavior of fancg-/- PGC highlight abnormalities of the PGC’s motility, probably linked to abberant RAC1 GTPase activity. We also observed at 11.5 dpc a decrease of the cell number at the front of migration of the PGC population in 11.5 dpc fancg-/- embryos. Those motility defects could induce a migration delay, preventing a fraction of the fancg-/- PGC population to reach correctly the genital crests by 11.5 dpc. Hence, PGC depletion seems mainly linked to a migratory defect leading to increased cell death in PGC at 11.5 dpc, associated to an intrinsic proliferation defect of fancg-/- PGC
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Boutaourout, El Houcine. "La place des pays en développement dans le système commercial multilatéral : (de la création du GATT à nos jours)." Paris 5, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA05D008.
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La place des pays en développement dans le système commercial multilatéral a évolué en plusieurs étapes pour arriver à la situation actuelle. La naissance du système commercial multilatéral a commencé avec l'échec de la Charte de la Havane et avec la création du GATT en 1947. Ce dernier était à ses débuts loin de toutes préoccupations touchant les pays en développement. L'évolution de la prise en compte des intêrets des pays en développement a commencé avec l'adoption de la Partie IV, sous l'impulsion de la CNUCED, du SPG et enfin de la clause d'habilitation et de graduation. L'Uruguay Round, a été une étape majeure dans ce processus qui a permis l'adoption des Accords de Marrakech en 1994 et la naissance de l'OMC. Le bilan de ces accords est mitigé, certain préservent l'intérêt des pays en développement, d'autre non. La suite a été marquée par les six Conférences ministérielles de l'OMC et le lancement d'un nouveau Cycle de négociation qui a des difficultés à prendre finThe place of the developing countries in the multilateral commercial système evolved in several stages to arrive at the current situation. The birth of the multilateral commercial system started with the failure of the Charter of Havana and with the creation of GATT in 1947, whish was at its beginnings far from all concerns concerning the developing countries. The interests of the developing countries started with the adoption of Part IV, under the impluse of the UNCTAD, the SGP and then with the clause of enabling and graduation. Uruguay Round, was a major stage in this process which allowed the adoption of the Agreements of Marrakech in 1994 and the birth of OMC. The assessment of these agreements is mitigated, certain preserve the interest of the developing countries, other not. The rest was marked by the six ministerial Conferences of OMC and the launching of a new Cycle of negotiation which has difficulties to end
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Mahasneh, Quhafah. "La place et le rôle des banques internationales privées dans l'endettement des pays en développement." Nice, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991NICE0014.
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Étudier la crise de la dette internationale est assurement l'une des questions auxquelles nous sommes confrontés. L'origine et les causes qui l'ont engendrée sont en effet d'une complexité extrême qui rend très délicat tout essai de résoudre ce phénomène. L'étude du système bancaire international et son rôle dans les pays en développement nous permettra d'analyser les points de faiblesse au sein du système en matière d'emprunt international. Notre objectif est double. Il consiste d'une part à apporter quelques élements de réponse à cette question, et d'autre part à exposer quelques orientations relevant d'un consensus généralThe purpose of our thesis is to study the role of the international banking system in the third world. In order to understand this relationship we have to pose the question of what went wrong during the last two decades. To pose this question presupposes that something is awry with banks' international financial intermediation. Therfore, in terms of the principles of banking we have to prove that there were problems with the way banks handled international lending. Our point of view is that borrover countries must regain their financial credibility in order to stimulate foreign capital
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El, Khoury Alexis. "Conception et mise en place d'un procédé automatisé d'oxydation par voie humide en catalyse hétérogène (OVHC) : application au traitement d'effluents aqueux pollués au méthyltertiobutyléther (MTBE)." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066146.
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L’identification dans l’eau de produits organiques réfractaires, non biodégradables et toxiques, provenant de l’industrie chimique et pétrochimique, a défié les techniques conventionnelles de traitement des effluents aqueux tels que l’incinération ou l’abattement biologique. Le développement de technologies alternatives permettant de traiter efficacement ces contaminants s’est avéré nécessaire. Parmi les procédés de traitement développés, l’Oxydation par Voie Humide (OVH) se présente comme une technologie destructive basée sur l’oxydation en phase aqueuse des polluants organiques ou inorganiques, en utilisant de l’oxygène moléculaire ou de l’air comme source d’oxydant. Généralement, le polluant n’est pas complètement éliminé mais partiellement converti, selon un mécanisme radicalaire, en plusieurs intermédiaires de toxicité significativement réduite. L’OVH à l’oxygène ou à l’air peut être non catalysée ou effectuée en présence de catalyseur homogène ou hétérogène. Dans le cadre de cette étude, l’OVH est effectuée en présence d’un catalyseur (à base de ruthénium et de cérium) déposé sur un support solide (billes d’alumine) afin de traiter des déchets organiques persistants en phase aqueuse dans des conditions de pression et température nettement plus douces que l’OVH simple. L’essentiel du travail réside dans la conception et la commande du procédé d’OVHC : notamment la régulation de la température du réacteur à lit fixe gaz/liquide/solide, le contrôle de sa pression et son maintien en régime stationnaire par le contrôle de la sortie liquide du procédé. Dans cette optique, la conduite du système développé est assurée par un ensemble de modules intelligents permettant la commande de la partie opérative du procédé. Le pilotage à distance du système est rendu possible grâce au développement d’une interface numérique de supervision répondant aux aspects ergonomiques et techniques requis pour le maintien de la bonne conduite et de la sécurité de l’installationThe identification of highly refractory and non-biodegradable organic pollutants in wastewater, especially coming from the chemical and petrochemical industry, has challenged the conventional wastewater treatment such as incineration or biological abatement. There is a clear need to test and set-up emerging alternative technologies that can deal with highly concentrated and/or toxic non-biodegradable organic water pollutants. Among the novel water treatment processes, Wet Air Oxidation (WAO) is described as a destructive technology based upon the oxidation of organic and inorganic pollutants. The system uses molecular oxygen or air as a potential source of oxidant. Generally, the pollutant is not totally eliminated but partially converted, through a radical mechanism, to multiple intermediates of less toxicity. WAO either could be a non-catalytic process or could occur in the presence of homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysts. In this work, catalytic tests of WAO had been conducted using a supported catalyst of ruthenium and cerium over alumina in order to treat aqueous contaminated effluents. The major part of the work consists of the conception and control of the developed process. Regulation loops integrated within a set of sensor modules had been developed in order to control the gas flow, the reactor temperature and the liquid evacuation unit. The process supervision and monitoring had been achieved through the deployment of a SCADA software application compliant with the latest technical and esthetical specifications needed for the proper operation of the system. The graphical interface developed for this purpose monitors the major parts of the process. We have tested the process efficiency and performance through the destruction of Methyl ter-butyl ether (MTBE) dissolved in water. This compound, commonly added to gasoline as an octane enhancer, has been recognized as a groundwater pollutant. It is highly soluble in water and transports easily in ground and surface water. Some typical results are presented pointing out the most important parameters of the process and showing the behavior of the catalyst prepared at the laboratory. Almost, a total destruction (more than 99% of conversion rate) of the pollutant could be obtained at 200°C using 200 g of catalyst for an oxygen pressure of 16 bar. Under theses conditions, the oxidation of the pollutant yields to 10% of intermediates among which we have identified acetic acid, acetone and tertiarybutylalcohol (TBA)
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DELIGNETTE, MARC. "Place de l'administration par voie intra-veineuse des prostaglandines e2 dans la maturation cervicale avant declenchement artificiel du travail." Lyon 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LYO1M274.
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Raynaud, Myriam. "Place de la fibrinolyse intra-artérielle locale dans les accidents emboliques cérébraux per angiographiques : à propos de 3 cas." Bordeaux 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BOR23023.
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Elbaz, Alain. "La rhinoplastie par voie externe : à propos de 25 cas ; son intérêt dans la mise en place des greffons osseux." Nantes, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991NANT001M.
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BOURDES, VALERIE. "Place de la pharyngo-laryngo-oesophagectomie totale avec coloplastie dans les cancers des voies aerodigestives superieures : a propos de 57 cas de 1979 a 1992 a l'hopital de la croix-rousse." Lyon 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LYO1M345.
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Aksoy, Alp Eylem. "L’énonciation et la polyphonie dans l’œuvre d’Annie Ernaux." Thesis, Paris 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA040167.
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L’œuvre d’Annie Ernaux, bien que l’écriture soit « plate », est un bel exemple de l’écriture polyphonique où différentes voix interviennent. Afin de mettre à jour ces différentes voix qui s’opèrent dans son œuvre, nous avons mené notre analyse en deux parties. Dans un premier temps, nous avons fait une analyse énonciative des instances énonciatrices en essayant de distinguer les différents actants de l’énonciation selon diverses analyses qui ont été développées jusqu’à présent : les instances émettrices d’une part (l’énonciateur, le locuteur et le narrateur) et les instances réceptrices d’autre part (le lecteur, l’interlocuteur et le narrataire). Dans un second temps, nous avons tenté de mettre au jour les différentes voix qui s’y font entendre à travers les diverses formes de la représentation de la parole d’autrui dans le discours telles que les formes monologales / monologiques, dialogales / dialogiques et polyphoniques, ainsi que les diverses formes de discours rapportés, de modalisation et d’utilisation des marques typographiques dans le but de retrouver les voix socio-culturelles dans son œuvreDespite her “flat” writing, the work of Annie Ernaux is an appropriate example of polyphonic writing in which different voices intervene. In order to reveal these different voices operating in her work we have undertaken a two-step analysis. First, we have analysed the enunciative instances in an attempt to make a distinction between the different actants of enunciation: senders (the enunciator, the locutor and the narrator) on the one hand and the receptors (the reader, the interlocutor and the narratee) on the other. Second, we have tried to put forth the different voices which can be heard by means of various forms of representation of the other’s parole in discourse in order to find the socio-cultural voices in her work. Such forms include the monological, dialogical and polyphonic forms, as well as various forms of reported speech, modalisation and the use of typographical icons
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Malki, Safia. "Étude de la voie de signalisation prostaglandine D2/SOX9 dans la mise en place de la gonade mâle et dans l'ovaire pathologique." Montpellier 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON1T007.
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Le facteur de transcription SOX9 contrôle en aval du facteur de détermination testiculaire SRY, l'ensemble des transformations morphologiques conduisant à la différenciation des cellules de Sertoli et à la formation de la gonade mâle chez les vertébrés. La translocation nucléaire de SOX9 est une étape cruciale pour la différenciation des cellules de Sertoli. J'ai identifié la prostaglandine D2 (PGD2) comme inducteur autocrine de la translocation nucléaire de SOX9 dans les cellules de Sertoli, proposant ainsi un nouveau rôle pour la PGD2 dans la gonade et une nouvelle pièce dans le "puzzle" de la détermination du sexe. De plus, j'ai montré que la régulation de la rétention cytoplasmique de SOX9 se fait via le réseau de microtubules. Mon travail a également mis en évidence un rôle de cette voie PGD2/SOX9 dans l'ovaire, à la fois dans l'ovaire sain en fonction du cycle folliculaire et surtout dans le processus de tumorigenèse ovarienne avec un rôle anti-prolifératif et pro-apoptique.
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ALVARADO, DUBOST CHRISTINE. "Le test a la dexamethasone par voie intraveineuse : interet dans les etats d'hypercortisolemie ; place dans la strategie diagnostique des syndromes de cushing." Lyon 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LYO1M164.
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Garric, Laurence. "Rôle de la voie Nodal et du facteur de transcription pitx2c dans la mise en place des asymétries neurales dans l'épithalamus du poisson zèbre." Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2312/.
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Malgré notre apparente symétrie, il existe de nombreuses différences entre nos côtés gauche et droit tant au niveau de nos viscères qu'au niveau de notre cerveau. Ces asymétries neuroanatomiques sous-tendent des asymétries fonctionnelles et comportementales : le langage, par exemple, est un processus principalement réalisé dans l'hémisphère gauche. Des défauts dans la latéralisation (ou orientation droite ou gauche des asymétries) ont été corrélés à des désordres neuropathologiques comme la schizophrénie, l'autisme ou des maladies neurodégénératives. Il semble donc nécessaire d'étudier la mise en place de ces asymétries dans un modèle plus simple pour pouvoir en disséquer les étapes. Le poisson zèbre émerge depuis plusieurs années comme un modèle de choix pour étudier la mise en place de ces asymétries grâce à une structure asymétrique, l'épithalamus, qui appartient au diencéphale. L'épithalamus est constitué des noyaux gauche et droit des habenulae situés de part et d'autre de la ligne médiane et du complexe pinéal, lui même composé de la glande pinéale médiane et de la glande parapinéale. La localisation de la parapinéale pointe une asymétrie flagrante car cette glande est située dans 95% des cas à gauche de l'axe médian. Mais en plus de cette asymétrie neuroanatomique, l'épithalamus comporte une asymétrie moléculaire au niveau des noyaux de l'habenula : l'expression préférentielle dans le noyau droit ou dans le noyau gauche de certains marqueurs comme kctd12. 1/leftover vont définir des sous domaines au sein de l'habenula. Il s'avère qu'une corrélation parfaite entre la latéralité de la parapinéale et la distribution des sous domaines existe grâce à une communication bidirectionnelle entre parapinéale et habenulae. Par ailleurs, il existe également une asymétrie de neurogenèse entre les noyaux habénulaires. En effet, des neurones apparaissent plus précocement au sein du noyau gauche de l'habenulae. La voie de signalisation TGF-ß/Nodal a été décrite comme coordonnant la mise en place des différentes asymétries présentes dans l'épithalamus du poisson zèbre : l'activité de cette voie dans le territoire gauche de l'épithalamus biaise la migration de la parapinéale vers la gauche et impose l'asymétrie de la neurogenèse. La façon dont Nodal régule latéralité et asymétries dans l'épithalamus reste néanmoins inconnue. Le projet dans lequel s'inscrit ce projet de thèse vise à révéler les gènes cibles de Nodal qui jouent un rôle dans la mise en place des différentes asymétries de l'épithalamus. Pitx2c, facteur de transcription appartenant à la famille des gènes à homéodomaines, connu pour être une cible directe de la voie Nodal, est un candidat de choix pour faire le lien entre la voie de signalisation Nodal, neurogenèse asymétrique et latéralité de l'épithalamus. De nombreuses études montrent le rôle essentiel de pitx2c dans la latéralité et l'asymétrie de structures viscérales comme le cœur ou les poumons. De plus, il est exprimé dans le territoire gauche de l'épithalamus. Dans ce contexte, mes travaux de thèse ont pu mettre à jour l'implication de pitx2c dans la mise en place des asymétries de l'épithalamus ; Pitx2c permet d'imposer l'asymétrie de neurogenèse des habenulae. De façon inattendue, pitx2c régule également la taille de la glande parapinéale qui est essentielle à l'établissement correct de l'identité des neurones habénulairesAlthough we consider ourselves to be symmetric along the left-right axis, our bodies display obvious asymmetries in structure and position of organs; our heart, for instance, is on the left side. Structural differences can also be found in the brain between the left and right hemispheres. These neuroanatomical asymmetries underlie functional and behavioural asymmetries, an example being language that is processed predominantly by the left hemisphere of our brain. Intriguingly, defects in brain lateralisation (the left or right orientation of asymmetries) have been recently correlated to neuropathological disorders such as schizophrenia, autism or neurodegenerative diseases. It seems, thus, that the correct establishment of neuroanatomical asymmetries is essential for a functional nervous system. In the zebrafish, Danio rerio, the establishment of left-right brain asymmetries is being addressed thanks to an asymmetrical brain structure, the epithalamus, which is located in the dorsal diencephalon. The epithalamus is made up of right and left habenular nuclei and the pineal complex, which contains the epiphysis (or pineal gland) and the parapineal gland. Parapineal location is an obvious neuroanatomical asymmetry because in 95% of cases it is located on the left side. Habenular nuclei also display asymmetries at neuroanatomic, cytoarchitectural and molecular levels which are conserved through vertebrate evolution. In the zebrafish, habenula asymmetries can be detected by differential expression of molecular markers, which define left and right nuclei identity. For instance, the kctd12. 1/leftover gene is preferentially expressed in the left nucleus. An asymmetry in habenular neurogenesis is also present: a pool of neurons appears earlier in the left habenular nuclei. A perfect correlation exists between the laterality (left or right orientation) of the parapineal migration and the distribution of the subdomains markers of habenulae. Studies have showed that this association is established through a stepwise series of interactions between the habenulae and parapineal during development. The TGF-ß/Nodal signaling pathway is a key factor in the establishment of epithalamic asymmetries: its activity in the left epithalamic territory biases the parapineal migration to the left and imposes asymmetry on neurogenesis. How Nodal impose laterality and asymmetries in the epithalamus remains unknown. My PhD project aims to identify Nodal targets genes that are involved in the establishment of asymmetry in the epithalamus. Pitx2c, a transcription factor, known to be a Nodal direct target gene, is a good candidate to bridge the gap between Nodal signaling, asymmetrical neurogenesis and laterality. Moreover, pitx2c has been shown to be involved in the positioning of organs relative to the midline and in asymmetrical organogenesis. In this context, my PhD work revealed the implication of pitx2c in building an asymmetrical epithalamus: pitx2c imposes asymmetric neurogenesis upon the impulsion of Nodal signalling. Unexpectedly, in parallel to its role in habenular neurogenesis, pitx2c also controls parapineal size which is crucial for correct acquisition of habenular neuronal identities
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Revaud, Julien. "Les mécanismes impliqués dans la mise en place de la réponse immunitaire dans le cadre d'une administration par voie orale de vaccins vectorisés dérivés des adénovirus et effets des adjuvants." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC028.
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Le développement de nouveaux vaccins administrables par voie orale est un objectif important. De tels vaccins permettraient l'induction de réponses immunitaires au niveau des muqueuses, qui constituent les principales voies d'entrée des agents pathogènes dans l'organisme, et seraient plus pratiques et plus sûrs pour l'Homme. La voie orale est aussi la voie la plus adaptée à la vaccination de la faune sauvage. À l'heure actuelle peu de vaccins sont administrés par voie orale et la plupart sont des vaccins vivants atténués, qui présentent certains risques. Les vaccins vectorisés non réplicatifs dérivés des adénovirus (VVA) représentent une alternative attractive. Ils sont plus sûrs et sont très efficaces lorsqu'ils sont administrés par voie parentérale. Néanmoins, leur efficacité est diminuée après administration par voie orale. Les objectifs de ce travail se divisent en trois points : 1. Comprendre les différentes étapes de mise en place de la réponse immunitaire après une administration par voie orale d'un VVA. 2. Explorer diérentes stratégies d'optimisation de ces vaccins. 3. Déterminer l'impact des adjuvants sur les étapes précoces de-mise en place de la réponse Immunitaire. Par des techniques utilisant la bioluminescence et la RT-PCRq, nous avons montré qu'après une administration par voie infra-gastrique d'un VVA chez deux souches de souris (C57BL/6 et BALB/c), l'expression du transgène était restreinte à l'intestin et limitée à certaines régions anatomiques. Nous avons également évalué l'action de plusieurs adjuvants sur les réponses immunitaires induites par les VVA par voie orale ainsi que leurs eets sur l'expression du transgène Chez les souris C57BL/6 et BALB/cThe development of new vaccines for oral delivery is a desirable objective. Such vaccines would permit induction of immune responses at mucosal surfaces, which constitute the principal portais of entry for pathogens. Moreover, the oral delivery route, as compared with parenteral routes, would be safer and more practical for human usage, and would facilitate the vaccination of wildlife. At present, bowever, few vaccines are administered by die oral route. Of these, most are live attenuated vaccines, which present a certain risk. Non-replicative vectored vaccines derived from adenoviruses (rAd) tepresent an attractive alternative, as they are much safer than live attenuated vaccines and are capable of eliciting robust immune responses when delivered by parenteral routes. Nevertheless, their efficacy is diminished upon oral administration. The objectives of this study were three-fold : 1. To understand the different steps leading to induction of an immune response after oral delivery of rAd, 2. To explore different strategies for optimisation of such vaccines, 3. To determine the impact of adjuvants on the early steps involved in the induction of the immune response. After intragastric delivery of rAd, we measured transgene activity by bioluminescence and RT-qPCR, and showed that transgene expression was confined to the intestine, and restricted to delimited anatomical zones. Moreover, the distribution of bioluminescence and antigen-encoding transcripts was dissimilar in C57B1/6 and BALB/c mice. Finally, after intragastric delivery of rAd, we showed that adjuvants affect transgene expression and the ensuing immune response in both C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice
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Faye, Ousmane. "Place d’un programme de lutte pour la prise en charge des Maladies de peau courantes dans les pays en voie de développement : expérience du Mali." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066437.
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Dans les pays en voie de développement (PVD), les maladies de peau constituent des pathologies négligées malgré les fortes prévalences enregistrées et la nuisance physique qu’elles peuvent occasionner. Jusqu’ici, il n’existe aucune recommandation internationale ou nationale ciblant le problème. Au Mali, dans le cadre d’une initiative de recherche visant à améliorer la santé cutanée des populations, nous avons réalisé plusieurs travaux de recherche. L’algorithme décisionnel élaboré s’est montré particulièrement adapté au niveau primaire du système de santé : sensibilité et spécificité de 75% à 100%. L’essai thérapeutique de non infériorité comparant l’efficacité de l’amoxicilline à celle de l’érythromycine n’a pas mis en évidence de différence entre ces deux molécules qui ont, toutes les deux, montré un taux d’efficacité de 80% (DNS). La prévalence des taches hypochromiques dans la population rurale infantile était de 4%. La formation d’agents de santé primaire sur quelques dermatoses prioritaires a permis d’améliorer leur compétence sur la reconnaissance et la prise en charge de ces affections. La proportion de malades sans diagnostic précis est passée de 36,8% à 10,8 % respectivement avant et après la formation (DS, p<10-6). Le dépistage de la lèpre s’est également amélioré: 5 nouveaux cas dépistés en un an. Par contre, la formation n’a pas eu d’impact sur la prévalence des MDP dans la population générale : 41,8% contre 31,3% (DNS). Notre programme pourrait être une solution raisonnable pour améliorer la santé cutanée des populations dans les PVD.
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Bejjany, Bouchra. "Oxydation par voie humide catalytique dans un réacteur à lit fixe gaz/liquide/solide de micropolluants organiques : mise en place du pilote : étude du catalyseur hétérogène." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066013.
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L’oxydation par Voie Humide Catalytique (OVHC) permet de réduire la pollution aqueuse due à la présence de certains micropolluants, difficilement ou non biodégradables tels que methytertiobutylether (MTBE) ou les pesticides (phénylurées). Cette technique consiste à chauffer un effluent à une température comprise entre 130 et 250°C sous une pression comprise entre 20 et 50 bar en présence d’oxygène et d’un catalyseur en vue de transformer la matière organique en rejet gazeux propre, un liquide facilement biodégradable. Le travail de thèse a porté, dans un premier temps sur la conception et l’automatisation de l’installation, qui comporte un réacteur tubulaire en acier inoxydable Uranus B6 d’une hauteur de 700 mm et de 70 mm de diamètre interne. Ce réacteur est fixé au centre d’un four à résistance électrique entourée d’une épaisse couche d’isolation. Une pompe haute pression permet l’acheminement de la solution à traiter vers le réacteur. Deux condenseurs, un cyclone, un détendeur et une vanne de régulation permettent d’assurer la séparation gaz/liquide en sortie de réacteur. L’ensemble du procédé est équipé de sondes de température et de pression, des débitmètres, ainsi que des éléments de sécurité indispensables pour un circuit multiphasique sous pression. L’installation est enfin polyvalente, puisqu’elle permet la préparation des catalyseurs dans le réacteur lui-même. L’étude s’est axée dans un deuxième temps sur la mise au point raisonnée de la méthode de préparation des catalyseurs, à base de métaux nobles (Ruthénium et Cérium) supportés sur des billes d’alumine. Pour démontrer son efficacité et valider l’installation, le catalyseur Ru(0,3%)/Ce(3%)-Al2O3 a été utilisé pour l’OVHC du methyltertiobutylether : une élimination totale de la molécule cible a été obtenue ainsi qu’un abattement de plus de 90% de la charge carbonée. Le catalyseur a été caractérisé avant utilisation pour vérifier qu’il avait les qualités attendues, et après utilisation pour s’assurer qu’il n’a été que peu modifié. Dans un troisième temps, un test d’extension de l’OVHC à un pesticide l’isoproturon a été réalisé et un abattement de la charge carbonée de 50% a été obtenu. L’effluent traité contient plusieurs sous-produits de réaction, dont l’identification n’a pu être que partielle avec les moyens disponibles. Toutefois, la molécule cible a été dégradée à 90%The Catalytic Wet Air Oxidation (CWAO) enables to remove toxic and/or non-biodegradable water pollutants such as methyl-tert-butylether (MTBE) or pesticides (phenylureas). This technique involves heating effluent at high temperatures (generally between 130 and 250°C) for a pressure domain ranging from 20 to 50 bar. This operation is conducted by using oxygen as an oxidant source and heterogeneous or homogeneous catalysts in order to convert the organic substance into a clean gas rejection and a biodegradable liquid. This work is initially based on the design and set up of an installation, which includes a tubular reactor made of stainless steel “Uranus B6” with a height of 700 mm and 70 mm internal diameter. It is set at the centre of a furnace resistance which is surrounded by a thick layer of insulating material. A high-pressure pump enables the introduction of the feed solution into the reactor. The oxygen is supplied by a high-pressure oxygen bottle and its flow rate is controlled by a flowmeter regulator. Two condensers, one cyclone, one regulator valve and one gas regulator ensure the separation of gas and liquid at the outlet of the reactor. The whole process is equipped with temperature and pressure sensors. The installation is also versatile, since it allows the preparation of the catalysts in the reactor itself. The second part of the study focuses on the development and the understanding of the preparation of the catalysts, composed by precious metals (Ruthenium and Cerium) supported on alumina. To demonstrate its efficiency and validate the installation, the catalyst Ru(0. 3%)/Ce(3%)-Al2O3 was used for the CWAO of methyl-tert-butyleter : the target molecule has been completely transformed and a reduction of more than 90% of the total organic carbon has been obtained. The fresh catalyst was characterized to check that it had the expected qualities. The used catalyst was also characterized to ensure that there were no significant changes. In a third step, the oxidation test of pesticide (isoproturon) has been performed with 50% of total organic carbon reduction. The treated effluent contains a lot of complex sub-products of reaction, whose identification could not be totally obtained by available means. However 90% of isoproturon has been transformed
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Cordier-Picouet, Marie-Jeanne. "Organisation du systeme visuel et mise en place de la retinotopie tectale chez les amphibiens anoures." Paris 7, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA077104.
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Deschamps, Claire. "Etude de l'expression de la molécule de guidage éphrine-A5 dans le cerveau de souris au cours du développement : implication dans la mise en place de la voie mésostriatale." Poitiers, 2010. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/2010/Deschamps-Claire/2010-Deschamps-Claire-These.pdf.
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Le fonctionnement du système nerveux dépend de la mise en place d'un réseau complexe de connexions neuronales au cours du développement embryonnaire et postnatal. Comprendre comment ces réseaux neuronaux s'établissent est un axe majeur de la neurobiologie du développement. Au-delà de son importance fondamentale, la compréhension des mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires du guidage axonal représente un enjeu capital pour appréhender les situations pathologiques consécutives à des troubles lésionnels ou dégénératifs du système nerveux, compte tenu de l'importance des mécanismes développementaux dans la réparation des circuits neuronaux adultes. Au sein de l'équipe Physiopathologie des Troubles Neurodégénératifs et Adaptatifs de l’unité CNRS UMR 6187, le Pr. Afsaneh Gaillard a récemment réussi à reconstruire la voie nigrostriée dans un modèle murin de la maladie de Parkinson, par greffe de cellules embryonnaires issues du mésencéphale ventral. Afin d'identifier les mécanismes moléculaires mis en jeu, nous nous sommes attachés à étudier les mécanismes de guidage axonal des neurones dopaminergiques issus du mésencéphale ventral vers leur région cible, le striatum, pendant l’embryogenèse chez la souris. De précédentes études ont suggéré l'implication du couple de molécules de guidage éphrine-A5/EphA5 en se basant sur l'expression de leurs ARNm respectivement mis en évidence dans le striatum et dans le mésencéphale ventral. Cependant, aucune implication fonctionnelle n'a été démontrée. Ainsi, nous sommes-nous tout d'abord attachés à décrire, in vivo, l'expression de la protéine éphrine-A5 par immunohistochimie dans le système nerveux central de la souris au cours du développement, avant d'émettre l'hypothèse de l'implication de l'interaction éphrine-A5/EphA5 dans la mise en place de la voie mésostriatale. Nous avons notamment détecté à proximité des axones dopaminergiques, pendant l'embryogenèse et le développement post-natal, l'expression de la protéine éphrine-A5 dans le thalamus, dans le télencéphale ventral selon un gradient décroissant rostro-caudal et ventro-dorsal, et dans le striatum. Nous avons montré, in vitro par immunocytochimie et in vivo par immunohistochimie, qu'une proportion de neurones dopaminergiques exprime la protéine réceptrice EphA5. De plus, nous avons observé, par stripe assay, que la protéine purifiée éphrine-A5 exerce un effet répulsif sur la majorité des projections dopaminergiques. Chez l'embryon dont le gène codant pour éphrine-A5 a été invalidé, nous avons mis en évidence, par western blot, une diminution de l’expression de la tyrosine hydroxylase, marqueur des neurones catécholaminergiques, dans le mésencéphale ventral. L'ensemble de ces résultats suggèrent que les éphrines-A, et plus particulièrement éphrine-A5, participent au guidage axonal et à la mise en place topographique des connexions dopaminergiques mésostriatales. Ce travail nous a amenés à proposer un nouveau modèle de guidage axonal des connexions dopaminergiques mésostriatales chez la souris, dans lequel l'interaction répulsive éphrine-A5/EphA5 participerait au maintien de la trajectoire rostro-ventrale de la voie mésostriatale et à la distribution topographique des projections dans le striatumNervous system activity depends on the establishment of a complex network of neuronal connections during embryonic and postnatal development. Understanding how these neural networks are established is a major focus of developmental neurobiology. Beyond its fundamental importance and given the significance of developmental mechanisms in the repair of adult neural circuits, elucidating the cellular and molecular mechanisms of axon guidance is necessary to understand the pathological conditions resulting from lesions or degenerative disorders of the nervous system. In the “Physiolopathologie des Troubles Neurodégénératifs et Adaptatifs” CNRS UMR 6187 laboratory, Prof. Afsaneh Gaillard managed to restore the nigrostriatal pathway in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease by grafting embryonic cells from the ventral midbrain in the substantia nigra. This work suggests that guidance cues are present in the adult tissue and may help to repair this pathway. In order to identify the molecular mechanisms that may be involved in this pathological condition, we investigated the mechanisms of guidance of dopaminergic neurons arising from the ventral midbrain during embryogenesis and connecting onto the striatum. Previous studies have suggested the involvement of ephrin-A5/EphA5 guidance molecules. However, no functional role neither expression of these proteins have been demonstrated up to now. We then showed, using immunohistochemistry, that ephrin-A5 protein is widely expressed in the central nervous system of mice during development. We more particularly detected ephrin-A5 in the vicinity of midbrain dopaminergic axons in the thalamus, the ventral forebrain and the striatum. Moreover, we showed, that a proportion of dopaminergic neurons express the receptor protein EphA5. In addition, we observed, in stripe assay, that the purified protein ephrin-A5 has a repellent effect on dopaminergic projections. Finally, the study of ephrin-A5 knock-out mouse embryos exhibited a decrease of tyrosine hydroxylase (used as marker for midbrain dopaminergic neurons) expression in the substantia nigra. Overall, this study suggests that ephrins-A and particularly ephrin-A5 may participate in the axon guidance of the dopaminergic mesostriatal pathway. This led us to propose a new model of axon guidance of dopaminergic mesostriatal connections in mice, in which the repulsive interaction between ephrin-A5, expressed in the microenvironnement of dopaminergic fibers, and EphA5, expressed on midbrain dopaminergic neurons, participate in the maintenance of the rostro-ventral trajectory of this pathway and in the topographic distribution of dopaminergic projections onto the striatum
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Drougard, Anne. "Implication de l'apeline hypothalamique dans la transition entre un statut sain et un statut obèse/diabétique via la mise en place d'une voie péroxyde d'hydrogène hypothalamique-système nerveux autonome-foie." Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2462/.
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L'hypothalamus est une région cérébrale impliquée dans le contrôle de l'homéostasie glucidique. En réponse à de nombreux facteurs, l'activité neuronale hypothalamique va être modifiée, générant une modification d'activité de tissus périphériques, via le recrutement du système nerveux autonome. Il en résulte un ajustement du métabolisme glucidique tandis que son altération conduit à des pathologies dont le diabète de type 2. Durant ce doctorat, nous nous sommes intéressés à l'apeline, une adipokine également libérée par les neurones hypothalamiques. Dans le cadre d'un diabète de type 2, les taux d'apeline sont augmentés dans le sang et dans l'hypothalamus. Ainsi nous avons mis en évidence que l'injection en intra-cérébroventriculaire chez des souris saines, de forts taux d'apeline similaires à ceux retrouvés chez des animaux obèses/diabétiques, génère des caractéristiques d'un diabète de type 2. Ces forts taux d'apeline entrainent une libération hypothalamique d'Espèces Actives de l'Oxygène telles que l'H2O2 génèrant une sur-activation du système nerveux orthosympathique, ciblant le foie et augmentant la production hépatique de glucose par glycogénolyse et néoglucogenèse. Cette voie de régulation H2O2 hypothalamique-système nerveux-autonome-foie est retrouvée dans un modèle de souris surexprimant l'apeline dans le noyau ventromédian. Cette voie est toujours présente et même amplifiée chez des animaux obèses/diabétiques révélant une absence de résistance à l'apeline. Ainsi ces travaux de thèse ont permis de mettre en lumière que les forts taux d'apeline hypothalamiques sont impliqués dans la mise en place d'un diabète de type 2Hypothalamus is brain area involved in the control of glucose homeostasis. In response to many factors, hypothalamic activity will be modified, generating a change in activity of peripheral tissues via the autonomic nervous system. This loop of regulation generates an adjustment of glucose metabolism while its alteration leads to diseases such as diabetes type 2. During this thesis, we are interested in apelin, an adipokine also released by hypothalamic neurons. In the context of type 2 diabetes, apelin levels are increased in the blood and in the hypothalamus. Thus, we have demonstrated that the intracerebroventricular injection in normal mice, of high levels of apelin similar to that observed in the hypothalamus of obese and diabetic mice generates type 2 diabetes characteristics. This high level of apelin triggers hypothalamic Reactive Oxygen Species release such as H2O2 which over-activates sympathetic nervous system and targets liver increasing hepatic glucose production by glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. This hypothalamic H2O2 - autonomous nervous system - liver pathway is also found in a mouse model overexpressing apelin in the ventromedial nucleus. This pathway is always present and amplified in obese/diabetic mice demonstrating a lack of resistance to apelin. Thus this thesis brings to highlight that high levels of hypothalamic apelin are involved in the onset of type 2 diabetes