Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Voice of God'

Masters of Art
Zora Neale Hurston is a significant figure in American fiction and is strongly associated with the Harlem Renaissance, the period noted for the emergence of literature by people of African-American descent. Hurston worked as a writer of fiction and of anthropological research and this mini-thesis will discuss aspects of her novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God, first published in 1937. While the novel traces the psychological development of the central female character, Janie Mae Crawford and, thus, demonstrates several features of a conventional Bildungsroman, the novel also contains some intriguing innovations in respect of narration and voice. These innovations imply that the novel can be read in terms of the qualities commonly associated with the Modernist novel. This contention becomes significant when it is understood that a considerable degree of critical responses to the novel have discounted these connections. The novel is widely accepted to be a story about a woman’s journey to self-actualisation through the relationships she has with the men in her life. Much of the criticism related to the novel is based on this aspect of it, with many stating that Janie’s voice is often silenced by the third-person narrator at crucial moments in the text and that, as a consequence, she does not achieve complete self-actualisation by the end of the novel. This thesis will examine the significance of the shifts between first-person and thirdperson narration and the manifestations of other voices or means of articulation, which give the novel a multi-vocal quality. The importance of this innovation will also be considered, particularly when it is taken into account that Hurston sought to incorporate some elements associated with the oral tradition into her work as a writer of fiction.

This thesis is concerned with engaging a critic who has been neglected by his peers in the field of Joyce studies for more than forty years. This critic, Joseph Campbell, is an American scholar more popularly known for his studies in myth. However, he began his intellectual career contributing to a subject that emerged in the early years of the critical reception of Finnegans Wake: that the dream depicted in Joyce???s final masterpiece is dependent on a Dreamer. The neglect Campbell???s work has endured is largely due, this thesis argues, to an inaccurate treatment of his reading of this dream figure. This inaccuracy largely stems from a critic, Clive Hart, who engages with the debate of the Dreamer as an introductory means to demonstrating the ???structural??? theories involved in the Wake. As a minor feature of Hart???s analysis, Campbell???s theory of the Dreamer is identified with another method, one belonging to a fellow American Joycean, Edmund Wilson, a method incongruent with Campbell theories of dream consciousness. Subsequently, Campbell remains an undeveloped scholar within Joyce criticism. To counter Hart???s inaccurate depiction of Campbell, this thesis argues that there is provision in early scholarship to re-evaluate Campbell???s theory of the Dreamer in more developed terms. In this respect, the thesis is divided up into three sections. The first section is a literary review of this early scholarship, demonstrating certain influential strains of thought equivalent to Campbell???s ???metaphoric??? concept of the Dreamer, one that contrasts with the rigid, ???literal??? ideas his work is predominantly identified. The second section examines Campbell???s account in detail and the specific criticism it drew from Hart. Finally, the third section argues that Campbell???s interpretation of the Dreamer is best engaged through an archetypal account of the Dreamer, one that regards the symbols encountered in the Wake through the ???guiding??? features of a mythological concept of the psyche sensitive to the reflexive tendencies of the dream portrayed, Campbell???s ???cosmogonic cycle???.

This thesis, A Place of Worship, began with particular ideas for the architectural programme. A site was sought in which green design could be implemented for passive solar and water usage. It became apparent that a more important understanding was to be gained: How does an architect touch a site that already has amazing beauty and spiritual voice? Through this work, the answers to this question were lived-out.
Master of Architecture

This paper considers the role of the human body in Octavia E. Butler’s The Parable of theSower and the way it interacts with defined space to stage expressive forms of politicalopposition. Understanding the relationship between physical or metaphorical space and thecontradictions of the societies they encompass is crucial to deciphering Butler’s near-futuredystopia; a world where the problems of real-life Los Angeles and Southern California aredistorted into a gross carnivalesque of gender stereotypes, sociopolitical tensions, and vigilante warfare. This paper places a special emphasis on the areas of social and political stagnation found in Butler’s vision of near-future L.A., and analyses the dangers of clinging to archaic, patriarchal systems that no longer resonate with contemporary audiences. Focus is also placed on potential methods of resistance against oppressive social institutions, particularly exploring the limitations met by protagonist, Lauren Oya Olamina, in her attempts to voice concerns in a society where language is so nuanced by “traditional” gendered qualities that the female voice carries no political value. This papers also questions theories which promote violent confrontation as a means to social reform, disregarding collateral damage and victims of war in favour of insurgency. By exploring the movement of the human body away from defined space, this paper supports Butler’s notion of alternative prosocial action which celebrates the margins of society, positing a nurturing, constructive means to resist political opposition.

The aim of this essay is to critically consider Arundhati Roy’s novel The God of Small Things from a postcolonial feminist perspective, with a special focus on how she models different representations of women, taking as a background the discussions within postcolonial feminism about subalternity and the representations of women from the so-called Third World in theory and literature, as well as the concept of agency from Cultural Studies. This purpose is reached by studying and comparing three main female characters in the novel: Mammachi, Baby Kochamma and Ammu, centering on their different ways of relating to the male hero of the novel, Velutha, an Untouchable in the lingering caste system of India. The essay argues that Roy has contributed with diverse representations of subaltern women in the ‘Third World’ who—despite their oppressed and marginalized status—display agency and are portrayed as responsible for their own actions.

Thesis (MTh)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Yale Center for Faith and Culture has held seven Consultations on God and Human Flourishing, 2007 to 2013, where it was affirmed that human relation to God is reason enough for human flourishing. The seven consultations indicate a growing conversation on God and human flourishing in theology. With this is mind the three female theologians are considered and argued to be important as participants in a conversation on God and human flourishing. The three female theologians are Serene Jones, a feminist theologian, Ellen Charry a systematic-pastoral theologian, and Jennifer Herdt, a virtue ethicist. Serene Jones is presented in the thesis as the first voice to engage theologically with the notions of happiness and human flourishing from a feminist critical position. Serene Jones argues, by means of feminist theory, that gendered constructions of women’s nature are present in readings of doctrine and Scripture. The way in which happiness and human flourishing is understood to characterise the lives of women is consequently challenged and critiqued. Due to the oppressive logic inherent in gender insensitive readings of doctrine and Scripture, Serene Jones opts for a re-reading where the agency of women is affirmed. The doctrines of justification and sanctification are re-formulated by Serene Jones as justifying and sanctifying grace. Grace is described by Serene Jones as an envelope that enfolds the substance of women, presenting women with a redemptive narrative that they are able to identify with. Serene Jones’ contribution lies in her affirmation of the graced agency of women. Ellen Charry, a female theologian who is concerned with the salutary effect of knowledge on an individual represents the second voice. Ellen Charry understands the dichotomy between goodness and pleasure established by modernity to be false. In the notion of asherism Ellen Charry seeks to bridge the gap by asserting that obedience to God’s commandments evokes both goodness and pleasure. Pleasure is described as the enjoyment of God and creation. Ellen Charry goes further by affirming that God enjoys creation when creation flourishes. A mutual enjoyment between God and creation takes place which brings about a happy disposition. Happiness accordingly is a way of life established through a particular knowledge of God attained when one obeys God’s norm for living. In addition, happiness is not just marked by an excellent life but also by the enjoyment of both God and creation. Ellen Charry contributes to the conversation by affirming that happiness is established when humans and God flourish. Jennifer Herdt, a virtue ethicist, starts with the secularisation of moral thought present since the sixteenth century. The secularisation of moral thought caused morality to be separated from its religious moorings. A shift in emphasis occurred, moving from the person doing the action to the action itself. With this shift in emphasis the possibility of virtue to bring humans into relation with God through grace was negated. The result was a recapitulated Augustinian anxiety of acquired virtue. Jennifer Herdt seeks to negate the Augustinian anxiety by returning the emphasis to the agent of the action. Jennifer Herdt delineates an account of mimetic performance, where she argues that by imitating a divine exemplar through virtue, grace progressively brings one into relation with God. Virtue is a means by which an individual partakes in and is formed by a liturgy. As virtue is practiced the agent participates in God, an act denoting happiness. Jennifer Herdt’s account of human happiness takes into consideration how virtue assimilates an agent to Christ. From the three female perspectives, happiness and human flourishing is understood to pertain to one’s relation to God, a perspective which resonates with the God and Human Flourishing Consultations. In light of the female theological contributions, the suggestion that each female theological voice may be important for a diverse conversation on God and human flourishing as well as future initiatives for God and Human Flourishing is warranted.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die “Yale Center for Faith and Culture” het sewe konsultasies gehad, 2007 tot 2013, oor “God and Human Flourishing” waar daar beklemtoon is dat die menslike verhouding tot God genoegsame rede is vir menslike florering. Die sewe konsultasies weerspieël ʼn toenemende gesprek oor God en menslike florering in teologie. Dié toenemende gesprek het daartoe gelei dat drie vroulike stemme geidentifiseer word en geargumenteer word dat hulle belangrike deelnemers in ʼn gesprek rondom God en menlike florering is. Die drie vroulike stemme is Serene Jones, ʼn feministiese teoloog, Ellen Charry, ʼn sistematies-pastorale teoloog, en Jennifer Herdt, ʼn deugde etikus. Serene Jones word in die tesis eerste aangebied om teologies, vanuit ʼn feministies kritiese oogpunt, in gesprek te tree met die konsepte van geluk en menslike florering. Serene Jones argumenteer, deur middel van feministiese teorie, dat geslagskonstruksies van vrouens se natuur teenwoordig is in die lees van die Bybel en leerstellings. Die konsepte van geluk en florering, wat beskrywende woorde is, moet daarom ook krities gelees word en by tye uitgedaag word. Weens die geslags onsensitiewe lees van die Bybel en leerstellinge, onderneem Serene Jones om die leerstellings van regverdiging en heiligmaking te heroorweeg, met die klem op vrouens se agentskap. Die leerstelllings van regverdiging en heiligmaking word heroorweeg en benoem as geregverdigde en geheiligde genade. Genade word deur Serene Jones beskryf as ʼn koevert wat die wese van vrouens omvou. Vrouens word hiermee van ʼn verlossingsnarratief voorsien waarmee hulle kan identifiseer. Serene Jones se bydrae lê dus in haar prioriteit teenoor vrouens se genadigde agentskap. Ellen Charry, ʼn vroue teoloog wat besorg is oor die pastorale effek van kennis, verteenwoordig die tweede stem. Ellen Charry is krities oor die tweedeling van goedheid en genot wat deur die modernisme ingestel is en beskou dit as vals. Deur die konsep van asherisme probeer Ellen Charry die tweedeling oorbrug deur te argumenteer dat gehoorsaamheid aan God se gebooie beide goedheid en genot meebring. Sy beskryf genot as die wedersydse plesier wat mense beleef wanneer hulle God geniet deur gehoorsaam te wees aan God. Ellen Charry gaan verder deur te verduidelik dat God ook die mensdom geniet wanneer die mensdom floreer en God daardeur floreer. Die wedersydse florering van beide skepping en God bring ʼn gelukkige disposisie mee. Geluk word vervolgens beskryf as ʼn manier van leef, gebaseer op die uitlewing van die kennis wat deur God se gebooie geopenbaar word. Ellen Charry dra by tot die gesprek van geluk en florering deur die wedersydse genot wat mens en God beleef as kardinaal te beskou vir die verstaan van geluk. Jennifer Herdt, ʼn deugde etikus en die derde vroulike stem, begin met die verwêreldliking van moraliteit wat sedert die sestiende eeu teenwoordig is. Die verwêreldliking van morele nadenke het moraliteit en godsdiens van mekaar geskei. Die skeiding van moraliteit en godsdiens het tot gevolg gehad dat die klem verskuif is van die agent na handeling self. Met dié verskuiwing is die rol van genade om die agent geleidelik in gemeenskap met God te bring ondermyn. Die resultaat was die herhaling van die Augustiniese angs oor verkrygde deugde. Jennifer Herdt probeer die Augustiniese angs vermy deur die klem weer op die agent te laat val. Die konsep van nabootsende uitvoerings word deur Jennifer Herdt gebruik om te beskryf hoe die individu wat deugde beoefen, deur die nabootsing van Christus, toenemend in verhouding met God gebring word deur middel van genade. Deugde is ʼn wyse waarop ʼn persoon deelneem aan en gevorm word deur ʼn bepaalde liturgie. Wanneer die persoon deugde beoefen, word daar deelgeneem aan God deur Christus, ʼn daad wat geluk vergestalt. Jennifer Herdt se weergawe van menslike geluk neem in ag hoe ʼn persoon geassimileer word tot God deur deugde te beoefen. Deur die drie vroulike stemme se bydrae word daar verstaan dat geluk en die florering van mense verband hou met hulle verhouding tot God, ʼn perspektief wat resoneer met die “God and Human Flourishing Consultations.” In die lig van die onderskeie vroulik teologiese bydrae, is die voorstel dat elke stem belangrik is vir ʼn gediversifiseerde gesprek oor God en menslike florering so wel as toekomstige initiatiewe waar daar besin word oor God en menslike florering geregverdig.

Despite being trapped within an outdated mode of biographical criticism, the poetry of Edwin Muir contains a symbolic language which is deeply significant for the twentieth century. Such a language, evidently in the process of being formulated within The Structure of the Novel, deserves to be examined in its own right, not merely in the context of Muir's own biography but within a theoretical model of reading, which takes into consideration the relationship of the poetic voice to the reader. Such a relationship is analogous to the psychoanalytic discourse, which---according to Lacan---is the paradigm communication model. Lacan's theory of child development corresponds very well with Muir's own theme of the Fall from Eden, in that the mirror stage initiates a fall out of the childhood imaginary state into society's symbolic state, which event occurs in all persons. Such a Lacanian imaginary state can be seen to correspond to the non-temporal mode of perception which Muir experienced in Orkney, and the symbolic state to the social order of language, exemplified for Muir by his conversion experiences in Kirkwall. The poetic voice often attempts to regain such a non-temporal mode. Muir's themes of conflict and the journey can be seen to correspond to the two ways in which Derrida's differance can be translated into English, that is, as difference and deferment, respectively. Such an analysis of Muir's thematic symbolism allows a reading of poems such as 'The Labyrinth' to stress the Derridean 'play' which is inherent in the opposition of faith and doubt in Muir's ontology. Finally, Muir's eschatological themes can be analysed using a Jungian model. The reader's unconscious takes part in an archetypal projection upon the text, which thus mirrors his or her own unconscious functions. Furthermore, the individuation process, governed by alchemical principles of opposition and conjunction of elements, is necessitated by Muir's poetic voice.

The following thesis examines the way “revelatory acts of God” in each of the canonical Gospels engender reverence for Jesus. “Revelatory acts of God” are disclosures of God by vision or audition (also called, “revelatory experiences”). Thus, any event in which characters hear a voice from heaven or see a vision from heaven is a “revelatory experience.” But what role do these accounts have in the four Gospel for engendering reverence for Jesus? That is, how do God’s direct interventions within these narratives inspire characters to respond to Jesus? The answer to this question is the focus of this thesis. Scholars have noted the power of revelatory experience to “drive and shape” the veneration of Jesus in early Christian devotional practices. Hurtado notes the “demonstrable efficacy of such experiences in generating significant innovations in various religious traditions” (Hurtado, Lord Jesus Christ, 65). However, one wonders what “faith-producing” role revelatory experiences actually have in the Gospels. The Synoptic Gospels include revelatory experiences as a distinguishing feature of their accounts, with the baptism and transfiguration being two of the most commented-on passages of Matthew, Mark, and Luke. However, such revelatory acts of God are curiously rare in John prior to Jesus’ resurrection. This thesis will analyze the role of revelatory experiences for producing reverence for Jesus in each Gospel and explore the differences between the Gospels in how these accounts are employed. This research focuses primarily on the responses of characters to the revelatory in the Gospel narratives. The purpose of this thesis is to highlight the way audiences in the four Gospels are or are not “shaped” by such revelatory experiences and what implications these findings may have for the interpretation of each Gospel.

La voie de l’acide γ-aminobutyrique (GABA) est une alternative pour la conversion d’acide glutamique en acide succinique qui met en jeu une glutamate décarboxylase, une GABA amino-transférase et une succinate semi-aldéhyde deshydrogénase, codées respectivement chez S. Cerevisiae par GAD1, UGA1 et UGA2. L’analyse fonctionnelle de cette voie montre qu’elle ne contribue que de façon limitée au catabolisme de l’acide glutamique au cours de la fermentation œnologique. Par contre, le GABA exogène est efficacement converti en acide succinique par Uga2p et d'Uga1p, avec un rendement maximal de 0,7 mole/mole. Une partie du GABA est par ailleurs accumulée dans la cellule, très probablement dans la vacuole. Enfin, nous avons mis en évidence une voie alternative à Uga2p pour la dégradation du GABA, permettant sa réduction en acide γ-hydroxybutyrique (GHB), ensuite utilisé en tant que monomère pour la formation de polyhydroxybutyrates (PHB). L’impact du catabolisme du GABA sur le métabolisme de la levure a ensuite été étudié au niveau métabolique et transcriptomique. L’assimilation de GABA affecte l’expression de gènes impliqués dans des fonctions métaboliques (voie GABA, acides carboxyliques, composés azotés, stérols) et s’accompagne d’une réorientation des flux au niveau de l’acide pyruvique, cohérente avec les variations d’expression observées. Ces modifications, qui favorisent la voie TCA au détriment de la voie acide acétique/éthanol, traduisent la réponse métabolique de la levure à une demande accrue en d’acide 2-cétoglutarique pour la transamination du GABA d’une part, et d’autre part, aux variations de la disponibilité en cofacteurs rédox liées à l’activité de la déshydrogénase Uga2p. En plus d’apporter un nouvel éclairage sur le fonctionnement de cette voie métabolique et son rôle physiologique, ce travail révèle que le GABA, acide aminé présent dans le moût de raisin, peut être à l’origine d’une part importante de l’acide succinique des vins
The γ-aminobutyrate (GABA) shunt is an alternative route for the conversion of glutamate into succinate, which involves a glutamate decarboxylase, a GABA amino-transferase and a succinate semi-aldehyde dehydrogenase, encoded in S. Cerevisiae by GAD1, UGA1 and UGA2 respectively. A functional analysis of this pathway showed that glutamate is metabolised through this pathway at a very low rate. On the other hand, exogenous GABA is efficiently converted into succinate via Uga2p and Uga1p, with a yield up to 0,7 mol/mol. A significant part of GABA is accumulated intracellularly, probably in the vacuolar compartment. In addition, we demonstrated the existence in yeast of an alternative pathway for GABA degradation, which involves its reduction in γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), this compound being used as a monomer for the formation of polyhydroxybutyrates (PHB). The impact of GABA catabolism on yeast metabolism was then investigated at the metabolic and transcriptomic levels. Genes differentially expressed in the presence of GABA were mostly involved in metabolic functions (GABA pathway, carboxylic acids, nitrogen compounds, sterols). The assimilation of GABA resulted in fluxes redistribution at the pyruvate node, which was well correlated with the transcriptional changes. These modifications, which favour the TCA pathway at the expense of the ethanol/acetate route might reflect the metabolic response of yeast to a higher demand for α-ketoglutarate, used for GABA transamination and to the changes in the availability in redox cofactors due to the dehydrogenase activity of Uga2p. In addition of providing new insights on the role of the GABA pathway in yeast, this work also highlights the role of GABA, which is found in grape must, as a significant source of succinic acid in wine

Inledning: Studien syftar till att undersöka och lära av familjehemsplacerade ungdomars upplevelser och erfarenheter av bra relationer med sina familjehemsföräldrar. Många barn och ungdomar placeras i familjehem varje år, och avbrott och oplanerade avslut är relativt vanligt. Samtidigt vittnar många ungdomar om att tiden i familjehemmet varit avgörande för hur de kunnat bemästra komplicerade familjeförhållanden och nå ett fungerande vuxenliv. Frågeställningar: Vilka erfarenheter och upplevelser uppmärksammar familjehemsplacerade ungdomar som tycker att de har en bra relation till sina familjehemsföräldrar? Hur kan man förstå ungdomarnas upplevelser och erfarenheter? Metod: Kvalitativ intervjuundersökning Resultat: Studien visar på betydelsen av bland annat trygghet och tillhörighet som centrala teman och att detta skapas bland genom frånvaron av utskällningar och de ”pratvanor” som etableras i familjehemmen. Diskussion: Resultaten diskuteras och analyseras bland annat utifrån ett systemiskt perspektiv och ett anknytningsteoretiskt perspektiv.
Introduction: The study aims to understand and learn from the experiences of foster children with good relationships with foster parents. Many children and youth are placed in foster homes every year, and disruptions and unplanned terminations of care are common. At the same time, many youth give evidence that the time in the foster home has been crucial for their possibilities to master difficult family relationships and reach a functional life. Research questions: What experiences do foster children pay attention to when telling about their good relationship with foster parents? How can their experiences be explained and understood? Research method: Qualitative study using semi-structured interviews with five teenagers in foster care. Results: The study shows the significance of safety and belonging for the youth, and that the experiences are created from, among other, absence of conflicts and scolding, and from the conversational practices established in the foster home. Discussion: The results are discussed in the light of attachment theory and a systemic perspective.

Historically, Black women have often been excluded from the discussion on leadership. This thesis argues that the leadership roles of the women in the Nation of Gods and Earths are consis-tent with the concepts of both Africana womanism and Black women’s leadership. However, through an analysis of Earth’s oral testimonies, this research concludes that though racism is the most pervading obstacle faced by Black people, The Nation of Gods and Earths must address and reevaluate the sexism that exists within its doctrine and practice. By doing so, the group can be-gin to recognize Black women’s leadership and utilize it more effectively. The Nation should collectively transform its gender inequality, in a way that does not compromise its culture, as a means of successfully sustaining and strengthening itself and the communities of which it serves.

This thesis analyses the interlayering of voices or discourses in certain of Scott's Waverley Novels. It takes as its basis the insights of Bakhtin and Kristeva, discussed in chapter one. Chapters two and three relate to the Kristevan interest in the whole of language as a recognisable system: chapter two discusses the changes made to Scott's Scots by his printers, and the emergence of a standard of printed Scots in the late-eighteenth century: chapter three analyses Scott's use of dialect forms in manuscript in comparison to the printed tests, through The Antiquary, Saint Ronan's Well, and Redgauntlet. Chapters four and five analyse the use of quotation and allusion in Scott, in other words, that which is marked apart as recognisably other. The functioning of socio-ideological languages in direct speech is discussed in chapter four, which analyses the use of legal and military terminology, with detailed reference to The Antiquary, Redgauntlet, and A Legend of the Wars of Montrose. The final chapter analyses the use of direct and indirect textual quotation and allusion, with reference to the The Antiquary, The Bride of Lammermoor, and Redgauntlet.

Urban Education
Ph.D.
Black males are more likely than others to attend alternative education programs and schools (McCall, 2003; Howard, 2008). Alternative high schools and programs tend to serve a disproportionate number of male students, students of color, at risk students, and economically disadvantaged students (McNulty & Roseboro, 2009; Watson, 2011). A significant number of Black male students will pursue the GED credential in these programs. This ethnographic study focuses on Black male students who have dropped out of traditional high school prior to attending a GED program in a Northeastern city. This study addresses the following questions: How do Black males' perceptions of caring and educational experiences in an alternative GED program differ from experiences in their former traditional high school? This study uses an intersectionality theoretical framework. As Black males are more likely to attend alternative schools, prioritizing race, gender, and class are essential in this study. Findings indicate that students experience more caring environments in the alternative GED program. The results also indicate that students' experiences in their formal high schools are fraught with disciplinary problems and uncaring environments.
Temple University--Theses

Speech work, as it relates to actor training, has undergone many important changes since its formal introduction to the field over a century ago by Edith Skinner. Unfortunately, there are many who hold on to antiquated, misinformed and often harmful approaches to this kind of training. This thesis questioned the traditional models of speech pedagogy by creating a narrative for its development, questioning its efficacy, and exploring the alternatives that have developed over the years. I looked at the texts and approaches of Edith Skinner, Patricia Fletcher, Louis Coliaini, and Dudley Knight/Phil Thompson. I acknowledge that each practitioner has made a substantial contribution to the field. In this thesis I question what place each has in the future of speech pedagogy in America. I gathered opinions from both critics and proponents of each work in the hopes of creating a more cohesive understanding of how speech pedagogy should be handled in the future according to those who will be teaching it. This thesis includes considerable usage of phonetic symbols found on the International Phonetic Alphabet establish by the International Phonetic Association.

This thesis uses the work of Mikhail Bakhtin and John Macmurray to inform a detailed reading of selected works by Janice Galloway, James Kelman, A.L. Kennedy and Irvine Welsh. The thesis argues that these writers depict versions of an ideologically pluralist and socially fragmented Scottish society in which the construction and maintenance of personal identity is particularly problematic. Bakhtin’s concept of ‘ideological becoming’ is used to discuss protagonists who are variously exploited by, or exploiters of, the many ideologically charged voices that surround and assail them. Chapters one and two explore selected works by Janice Galloway, James Kelman and A.L. Kennedy, examining the means by which their protagonists attempt a Bakhtinian (re)becoming after traumatic events leave them in a state of psychic confusion. Chapter three looks at the very different characters of Irvine Welsh, arguing that they respond to ideological pluralism in kind, avoiding the process of ‘ideological becoming’ altogether to indulge in an egotistic progress of continual reinvention which assists in the characters’ being able to satisfy limited, and contextual, needs and desires. The work of philosopher John Macmurray is employed in the thesis to provide an examination of self-other relations that contrasts with, yet enhances, Bakhtin’s model as a means for examining dialogic interaction between social forces in the Scottish novel. The thesis concludes that each writer depicts a society which lacks any stable meta-narrative which may allow protagonists to enact a satisfactory process of ‘ideological becoming’; instead, each character’s reality exists as a multitude of simultaneous ‘semantic centres’ which cannot be ordered with any consistency or coherence.

L’or, habituellement considéré comme catalytiquement inactif, fait preuve d’une activité étonnante pour diverses réactions d’oxydation pourvu qu’il soit supporté sur un oxyde approprié. Ces dix dernières années, des méthodes de synthèse par dissolution sélective du composé le moins noble d’un alliage métallique (dealloying) ont permis l’obtention de catalyseurs d’or nanoporeux. Ces catalyseurs font preuve d’une très forte activité catalytique vis-à-vis de la réaction d’oxydation du monoxyde de carbone. Cependant, des études plus récentes semblent montrer que cette activité est due aux impuretés présentes dans les catalyseurs, qui sont imputables aux limitations de la méthode de synthèse utilisée. Dans cette étude, un catalyseur nanoporeux d’or pur a été obtenu par oxydation spontanée d’un alliage AuZr à température ambiante puis dissolution sélective totale de ZrO2 dans HF. Ce catalyseur démontre des caractéristiques structurales et morphologiques similaires à celles des échantillons obtenus par dealloying. Leur évaluation catalytique a été réalisée par réaction d’oxydation du CO et en PrOx : les résultats montrent que l’or pur nanoporeux n’est pas catalytiquement actif. La préparation de catalyseurs AgAu selon la même méthode a permis l’obtention de catalyseurs de différentes teneurs en argent, proches des résidus obtenus par dealloying. L’impact de la présence de l’impureté d’argent sur la catalyse est avéré : elle permet d’exacerber l’activité de l’or à température ambiante par synergie des deux éléments. Cependant, l’effet promoteur de l’hydrogène disparaît en PrOx et l’impact de la concentration d’argent est faible lors de l’oxydation du CO. Une étude exploratoire sur les nanomousses NiPd a été menée en parallèle. Le palladium, qui présente le meilleur compromis activité/sélectivité pour les hydrogénations sélectives, voit son activité exacerbée lorsqu’il est déposé à la surface d’un monocristal de Nickel. Cet effet n’existe pas pour des nanoparticules Pd/Ni supportées. Un catalyseur NiPd a donc été préparé dans cette étude selon la méthode des nickels de Raney® afin de combiner les propriétés des monocristaux et des nanoparticules
Gold, generally considered as catalytically inactive, demonstrates a surprising activity toward several oxidation reactions when supported on a proper oxide. New synthesis ways have been developed for ten years to obtain nanoporous gold catalysts based on selective dissolution of the less noble component of a metallic alloy (dealloying). These catalysts exhibit very high activity towards the carbon monoxide oxidation reaction. However recent studies seem to reveal that this activity could be due to impurities inherent to dealloying. In this study a very pure nanoporous catalyst was obtained by spontaneous oxidation of a AuZr alloy at room temperature; a total selective dissolution of ZrO2 was then carried out in HF. Its structural and morphological characteristics proved to be similar to the dealloyed catalysts ones. The evaluation of its catalytic properties by CO oxidation showed that pure nanoporous gold was not catalytically active. Besides bimetallic AgAu catalysts were prepared following the same preparation method with three silver concentrations chosen close to the residual impurities concentrations obtained by dealloying. Their catalytic properties proved to be impacted by silver impurities: gold activity was emphasized at room temperature by synergy between the two elements. However, the promotional effect of hydrogen disappeared in PrOx and the role of silver concentration was low for CO oxidation. In parallel an exploratory study was carried out on NiPd nanofoams. The catalysts were prepared following the Raney® nickel method to improve the palladium activity towards the selective hydrogenation reaction. The results showed a slight increase of the catalytic activity

Les nanofils d'or ultrafins sont des objets fascinants présentant une morphologie quasi 1D, leur diamètre n'excédant par 2 nm pour une longueur micrométrique. Les quelques 30 atomes qui composent la section de ses fils sont principalement des atomes de surface, permettant d'envisager des applications de type capteurs. De plus, l'anisotropie de forme unique pourrait permettre un confinement électronique unidimensionnel, menant à de nouvelles propriétés physiques. Nous avons réalisé une étude fondamentale de la synthèse et réaliser une première étude de transport sur une assemblée de nanofils.La première partie du manuscrit, divisée en quatre chapitres, consiste en l'étude du mécanisme de croissance de ces nanofils ultrafins. Suite à une analyse détaillée des modèles proposés, nous introduisons la technique de diffusion des rayons X aux petits angles (SAXS) utilisée pour nos études mécanistiques. Le chapitre 3 est consacré à l'étude de la synthèse de nanofils en milieu confiné. Contrairement aux postulats précédents, un suivi cinétique in-situ par SAXS nous a permis de montrer que la phase lamellaire n'intervenait pas dans la croissance des objets, voir même qu'elle était détrimentaire à leur formation. Le dernier chapitre présente la synthèse en milieu isotrope. Un mécanisme de croissance efficace où les sphères jouent le rôle de germe est avancé. L'auto-organisation des fils en solution suivant une phase hexagonale appuie l'hypothèse d'une stabilisation des fils par une double couche d'oleylamine et de chlorure d'ammonium. Un mécanisme de croissance analogue aux mécanismes proposés pour les bâtonnets d'or dans l'eau est donc proposé.La deuxième partie du manuscrit, divisée en trois chapitres, consiste en une caractérisation des propriétés de transport électronique dans ces nanofils d'or ultrafins. Nous dressons, dans un premier temps, un bilan des différents régimes de transport observés au sein de nano-objets de basse dimensionnalité. Suite aux étapes indispensables de dépôt et de connexion, le troisième chapitre présente les premières mesures de transport effectuées sur des assemblées de nanofils d'or faiblement couplées. Nous mettons ainsi en évidence, grâce à une étude sur une large gamme de températures et de tensions de polarisation, un transport de charge coopératif dans le cadre d'un régime de blocage de Coulomb.

Mestrado em Biomedicina Farmacêutica
Duo to all of the challenges related with the production and logistics of the investigational medicinal products, this project aims to make an overview about the development of an investigational medicinal product, and the main details that must be considered in the preparation, packaging, labelling and distribution of investigational medicinal products, in order to provide a quick reference tool in a professional and academic context. A review was made in the international literature to identify studies focusing on development and handling of investigational medicinal products, mainly through PubMed and Medline databases, although it has also resorted to guidelines, some books on the subject, and master and doctoral thesis. Only English language papers were selected. Whenever possible, it were selected the most recent articles. During the development of IMP, solubility, as well as bioavailability assessment and bioequivalence studies, are the most challenging steps in the early phase of preparation of IMPs. Concerning the IMP production, the critical aspects, such as comparators, blinding and package, will determine the success of the entire clinical trial. When the IMP is fully prepared, it enters in the different clinical trials phases, with the aim of providing a range of information, such as efficacy and safety. This whole process must meet a series of requirements previously established, and adequate trained staff, in order to minimize the costs associated with the development of the IMP, as well as accelerate its market entry. It is important to note some limitations in the review. Although there is a wide range of information on the preparation of investigational medicinal products, little information was found on the logistics. In a future work, it would be interesting to further explore the distribution of investigational medicinal products, addressing the main unsatisfactory results of audits, in a clinical trial environment, and find tools and procedures to prevent nonconformities.
Face a todos os desafios relacionados com a produção e logística do medicamento experimental, este projeto tem como objetivo fornecer uma visão geral sobre o desenvolvimento de um medicamento experimental, assim como os principais detalhes que devem ser considerados na preparação, embalagem, rotulagem e distribuição de medicamentos experimentais, de forma a fornecer uma ferramenta de referência rápida em contexto profissional e académico. Foi realizada uma revisão na literatura internacional para identificar estudos com foco no desenvolvimento e distribuição de medicamentos experimentais, principalmente através de bases de dados como o PubMed e Medline, embora também se tenha recorrido a guidelines, e alguns livros e teses de mestrado e doutoramento sobre o objeto de estudo. Foram selecionados apenas artigos na língua inglesa. Sempre que possível, foram selecionados os artigos mais recentes. Durante o processo de desenvolvimento de um medicamento experimental, os estudos de solubilidade, assim como os de biodisponibilidade e bioequivalência, são os maiores desafios nas fases iniciais de desenvolvimento. Atendendo à produção do medicamento experimental, aspectos críticos, como os comparadores, os processos de blinding e embalamento, são determinantes para o sucesso de todo o ensaio clínico. Após a completa preparação do medicamento experimental, este é introduzido nas diferentes fases de ensaio clínico, com o objetivo de fornecer uma ampla informação, como a eficácia e a segurança. Todo este processo deve englobar uma série de requisitos previamente estabelecidos, assim como uma equipa devidamente treinada, de forma a minimizar os custos associados ao desenvolvimento do medicamento experimental, acelerando a sua entrada no mercado. É importante ressalvar que embora exista uma ampla gama de informação sobre a preparação de medicamentos experimentais, foi encontrada pouca informação sobre a logística, sendo fundamental, no futuro, explorar mais a temática da distribuição de medicamentos experimentais, abordando os principais resultados não satisfatórios das auditorias, no âmbito dos ensaios clínicos, e encontrar ferramentas e procedimentos para evitar as nãoconformidades.

Depuis 1994, l’ANRS mène en tant que promoteur des études cliniques dans les pays à ressources limitées. Ces études sur le Sida et les hépatites virales sont principalement menées dans les huit sites de l’agence en Afrique Subsaharienne, au Moyen Orient, en Asie du Sud-Est et en Amérique Latine. Les chercheurs dans les pays à ressources limitées font face à deux problématiques majeures : (i) les règles des Bonnes Pratiques Cliniques (BPC) n’intègrent pas leurs particularités fonctionnelles et culturelles ; et (ii) aucun outil n’existe dans la littérature pour évaluer l’adhésion des études cliniques à ces règles. Les objectifs de cette thèse sont premièrement d’identifier les particularités des études cliniques menées dans les pays à ressources limitées et développer par consensus des Indicateurs de Qualité (IQ) adaptés à leur contexte. Ensuite, d’appliquer ces IQ à des études cliniques menées dans les sites ANRS pour évaluer leur faisabilité et leur pertinence. Les IQ proposés ont couvert essentiellement huit processus : (i) rédaction du protocole et demande des autorisations ; (ii) inclusion et suivi des participants ; (iii) monitorage des sites ; (iv) gestion du médicament ; (v) examens biologiques ; (vi) gestion de l’archivage ; (vii) gestion de la base informatique ; (viii) clôture des sites cliniques. Le recueil des données a été réalisé dans neuf essais cliniques (2137 patients inclus) dans les six pays partenaires. Parmi les 58 IQ prédéfinis, 45 IQ ont été faisables et pertinents. Cette démarche originale a permis la mobilisation des acteurs des recherches financées par l’ANRS dans les pays à ressources limitées autour d’une véritable démarche qualité. Les résultats des IQ recueillis dans le cadre de ce programme ont montré que pour les notions essentielles les essais de l'ANRS sont conformes aux références BPC, ICH, et CIOMS. Le maintien et le suivi de cette démarche permettra à l’ANRS de veiller en permanence sur la qualité et la fiabilité des données des études et garantira la transparence des procédures et la sécurité des participants
Since 1994, the ANRS has funded research sites in resource-limited countries (RLCs). Studies on AIDS and viral hepatitis are mainly conducted in the eight ANRS sites in Sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, Southeast Asia and Latin America. Researchers in RLCs face two major problems: (i) little guidance exists on how recommendations and regulations should be interpreted and applied in non-investigational new product trials and in the context of RLCs and (ii) in the literature there is not a standard tool assessing adherence of clinical studies to these guidelines. Objects of this thesis were firstly to identify specific considerations of clinical studies in RLCs and to develop by consensus methods Quality Indicators (QIs) adapted to their context. Then evaluate QIs feasibility and relevance through data collection in ANRS clinical trials. The proposed QIs covered eight main processes: (i) Protocol conception and seeking authorizations, (ii) participant enrollment and follow up, (iii) site monitoring, (iv) drug management, (v) biological investigations; (vi) records management, (vii) data management (viii) site close out. Data collection was carried out in nine trials (2137 patients) in the six participating sites. Of the 58 proposed IQ, 45 were feasible. This innovative program allowed ANRS sites located in resource-limited countries to share their GCP implementation experiences in order to build a list of relevant indicators for clinical trials. QI were able to assess the quality of all major processes of clinical trials and showed that major ethical and GCP requirements were respected in all nine ANRS trials. This permanent monitoring can be used to enable continuous practice improvement, ensure participants’ safety transparent procedures and guarantee data quality and reliability in all studies funded in resource-limited countries

碩士
國立中正大學
外國語文學系
82
As the foremother of the contemporary black female writers, Zora Neale Hurston articulates the black female voice and expresses her identity with black culture through the employment of folklore and dialect in Their Eyes Were Watching God, which serves as a paradigm for black female writers to imitate and to revise. The goals of the thesis are to explore how Hurston expresses the black female self and identity through the description of the black female protagonist's quest, to trace the connection between Hurston and the black female literary tradition, and to find out Hurston's influences on black female writers. In the first chapter, a brief introduction of Hurston's biographical information and her relationship with black (female) literary tradition and the common features of black female writing shown in her works are proposed. In the second chapter, I will explore Hurston's introduction of the "speakerly text," through the employment of free indirect discourse, so as to transform the orality into textuality. This chapter also includes a discussion of her employment of black folklore and dialect. Chapter Three is focused on the examination of issues of black female identity, consciousness, voice,and the quest of black female subjectivity in the novel. In the conclusion I will examine the connection between this novel and the black female literary tradition,the influence on and the feedback of the latecomers, particularly the black female writers.

The “Holy Spirit” is a familiar concept in Christianity, but in its original Hebrew construction as Ruah ha-Kodesh, it also plays an active role in classical Rabbinic literature. This dissertation surveys uses of the term Ruah ha-Kodesh in major texts from the Tannaitic period through the Aggadic Midrash and the two Talmuds. Drawing on Scriptural roots, the Rabbis identify Ruah ha-Kodesh as the divinely given power that enables individuals to prophesy. While the term never loses this biblical meaning, the Rabbis take Ruah ha-Kodesh further by personifying it as a metonym for God, and more specifically, as “the divine voice in Scripture.” This dissertation first surveys the historical background of the term in pre-Rabbinic ancient Judaism, and then turns to a detailed textual analysis of its uses as both prophecy and personification in Rabbinic literature. The study notes and examines conventional and formulaic terms associated with Ruah ha-Kodesh. Four major Ruah ha-Kodesh traditions are analyzed in depth over the course of their diachronic development. There are numerous Rabbinic sources that claim that Ruah ha-Kodesh has ended, yet others offer advice on how to achieve it or indicate its existence in the Rabbinic present. The solution to this paradox is that Ruah ha-Kodesh has not gone, but changed. Even as Ruah ha-Kodesh is said to have departed from Israel in her role of inspiring the prophets, she continues to speak actively as part of the ongoing Midrashic dialogue with the Sages. The final chapter examines Ruah ha-Kodesh as a metonym for God, particularly as it contrasts and interacts with other divine metonyms of feminine grammatical gender: the Shekhinah and the Bat Kol. The Shekhinah and Ruah ha-Kodesh are frequently identified, but not identical. The changing role of Ruah ha-Kodesh exemplifies a shift in the locus of divine communication, from prophecy to the Midrashic study of Torah.
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Nas sociedades contemporâneas, nas quais os jovens têm à sua disposição tecnologia avançada que é educativa e lhes serve para ocupar os tempos livres (telemóveis, computadores portáteis, internet, Playstation, X-box e Wii), procura-se incentivá-los para a leitura, não só porque esta contribui para o seu desenvolvimento, ao nível da aquisição de conhecimentos linguísticos e cognitivos mas também ao nível do desenvolvimento pessoal e social. Embora tenhamos autores portugueses de literatura infanto-juvenil, existe no mercado muita literatura traduzida que, por sua vez, também assume um papel decisivo na formação desta faixa etária e também contribui para promover a interculturalidade porque através da leitura o jovem poderá conhecer uma cultura diferente da sua. Por este motivo, o presente projeto centrou-se na temática de tradução de literatura infanto-juvenil, nomeadamente com o objetivo de descobrir quais os fatores que poderão influenciar as escolhas do tradutor e que poderão estar na origem da seleção de um texto para ser traduzido. Refleti sobre as especificidades que distinguem este tipo de texto da literatura geral, especificamente as características do público-alvo, a comunicação assimétrica, os intermediários no processo e finalmente as funções que a literatura infanto- -juvenil poderá desempenhar. Pretendi investigar a posição que a tradução e a literatura para os mais jovens ocupam nos sistemas cultural e literário e como estes poderão determinar as estratégias de tradução adotadas pelo tradutor. Como a tradução de uma obra surge num contexto sociocultural diferente do da cultura de partida, tentei compreender as exigências da cultura de chegada que poderão ter influência no processo tradutório. Por fim, tentei saber qual é o leitor da tradução e refletir brevemente sobre as vozes no texto narrativo traduzido. Apresentei um excerto da tradução da obra Are You There, God? It’s Me, Margaret, da escritora Judy Blume, argumentando a sua importância e mais-valia para o mercado português da literatura infanto-juvenil, nomeadamente como proposta de leitura extensiva no âmbito do ensino da educação sexual nas escolas, justificando as opções tradutórias e as estratégias adotadas na tradução.
In modern societies, where youth have advanced technology at their disposal for educational purposes and also to occupy their leisure time (mobile phones, laptops, the Internet, PlayStation, X-box and Wii), we wish to motivate them to read. Reading not only contributes to their linguistic and cognitive development but it also contributes to their personal and social growth. Although there are Portuguese children’s book authors, there is also much translated literature, which in turn also plays a decisive role in educating this age group, as well as contributing to the promotion of interculturalism because through reading young people can get to know different cultures other than their own. For these reasons, this project focuses on the translation of children’s literature, mainly with the aim of unveiling which factors influence the translator’s choices and can be at the heart of the selection of a text to be translated. I reflected about the characteristics that make this type of literature different from the rest, specifically the characteristics of the target audience, the asymmetrical communication, the intermediaries in the process and finally the functions of children’s books. Another aim was to investigate which position translation and children’s literature occupy in the cultural and literary systems and how they can determine the translation practices adopted by the translator. Since a translation of a book emerges in a different sociocultural context than that of the source culture, I endeavoured to understand the demands of the target culture that can influence the translation process. Finally, I tried to find out who the reader of the translation is and reflect briefly about the voices heard in the translated narrative text. I presented an excerpt of the translation of Judy Blume´s Are You There, God? It’s Me, Margaret and argued that this book could be of value in the Portuguese market of children’s literature, mainly as a recommendation for extensive reading in the scope of sex education in schools. I also presented an analysis and justification of the translation choices and global strategies.

Poster exhibited at GPSC Student Showcase, November 7th, 2014, University of Arizona. This research has been presented at the 2014 Annual Student Showcase, where first prize recognition in the College of Humanities was received. An earlier version was presented at the 24th Annual Graduate and Professional Symposium on Hispanic and Luso-Brazilian Literature, Language and Culture. Recognition as the first undergraduate poster presented at the graduate symposium was received, as well as an award for Best Paper. Special recognition is due primarily to Dr. Katia Bezerra, head of the Department of Spanish & Portugese, for extending an offer for me to present, to Edgard Ore-Giron for private mentorship of my work, and to Akeem Flavors in the Department of Art History for willingly assisting me practice my presentation skills.
No amount research need be referenced to justify the consensus that a power differential exists among women and men. The outcome that this power differential has created, however, varies from one society to another. The role of women in male-dominated societies is deconstructed through two films, each situated in the drug trafficking industry—one set in Latin America and the other in the United States-Mexico border. While substantial literature explores the gender power differential in the United States and developing countries, little attention is given to the impact of gender participation in the developing world. Each of these countries has diverse expectations with gender politics; that is, some countries have women as leaders in suffrage reforms and corporations, while women in other countries are not even granted the right to divorce. This paper examines the relationship between gender participation of women and their defiance of the power differential as depicted in the Brazilian film City of God and the American film Traffic. While no evidence is independently presented that economic development provides a basis for equal participation, the most important factors such as gender violence and civil liberties provide a means of understanding the gender gap from a sociopolitical perspective.

The main aim of the dissertation is to analyse the motives of silence in the poetry of the Victorian poet Gerard Manley Hopkins, the repesentative of High Modernism - T. S. Eliot and the contemporary Welsh poet - R. S. Thomas. It seeks not only to contribute to the understanding of the three poets, but also to explore the idea of silence in the poetry of religious experience as well as the dynamics between the textual and structural aspects of silence.
Głównym celem mojej dysertacji jest prześledzenie semantycznej i ekspresywnej "wielogłosowości" ciszy w poezji wiktoriańskiego poety Gerarda Manleya Hopkinsa, modernisty T. S. Eliota oraz współczesnego walijskiego poety R. S. Thomasa, ze szczególnym naciskiem na dynamikę pomiędzy tematyczym i struturalnym aspektami ciszy.

Die objektive Stimmanalyse ist für die tägliche phoniatrische Praxis von grundlegender Bedeutung bezüglich der Diagnostik und Therapie von Stimmstörungen. Als Goldstandard gilt das Göttinger Heiserkeits-Diagramm (GHD), welches die Aufzeichnung von 28 Vokalen durch geschultes Fachpersonal mit einem zeitlichen Aufwand von ca. 15 Minuten pro Patient erfordert. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde untersucht, ob das GHD auch dann valide Ergebnisse für die Stimmqualität liefert, wenn statt des Standardprotokolls gehaltene Phonationen aus indirekter Laryngoskopie oder Videostroboskopie analysiert werden (sog. „reduziertes Protokoll“). Wäre dies der Fall, ließe sich Stimmanalyse und Untersuchung des Larynx in einem Arbeitsschritt durchführen und somit der zeitliche und personelle Aufwand deutlich reduzieren. Es wurden Stimmaufnahmen aus Stroboskopie und Laryngoskopie von 213 Patienten (97 männlich, 116 weiblich) mit Hilfe des GHD analysiert. Am gleichen Untersuchungstag erfolgte zudem eine typische Mikrophonaufnahme gehaltener Phonationen zur Analyse nach dem vollständigen GHD-Protokoll. Die aus reduziertem und vollständigem Protokoll ermittelten Werte für die Irregularität und die Rauschkomponente des Stimmsignals als objektive Marker der Stimmqualität wurden jeweils korreliert. Sowohl für die Irregularitätskomponente (r=0,65) als auch für die Rauschkomponente (r=0,55) ergaben sich signifikante Korrelationen (p<0,001) zwischen beiden Verfahren. Außerdem zeigte sich, dass bereits eine einzige Stimmgebung aus Laryngoskopie und Stroboskopie ein zuverlässiges Ergebnis liefert. Es konnte eine Mindesttonhaltedauer von 1 Sekunde ermittelt werden. Die Vereinfachung des Vokals während Laryngoskopie beeinflusst das Ergebnis nicht und beide Methoden eignen sich zur klinischen Verlaufskontrolle.