Relevant bibliographies by topics / VOC measurement

Academic literature on the topic 'VOC measurement'

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Published: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "VOC measurement"

1

Kornilova, A., S. Moukhtar, M. Saccon, L. Huang, W. Zhang, and J. Rudolph. "A method for stable carbon isotope ratio and concentration measurements of ambient aromatic hydrocarbons." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 8, no. 1 (January 30, 2015): 1365–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-8-1365-2015.

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Abstract. A technique for compound specific analysis of stable carbon isotope ratios and concentration of ambient volatile organic compounds (VOC) is presented. It is based on selective VOC sampling onto adsorbent filled cartridges by passing large volumes of air (up to 80 L) through the cartridge. The hydrocarbons are recovered by thermal desorption followed by two step cryogenic trapping and then are separated by gas chromatography in the laboratory. Once separated, individual VOC are subjected to online oxidation in a combustion interface and isotope ratio analysis by isotope ratio mass spectrometry. The method allows measurements of stable carbon isotope ratios of ambient aromatic VOC present in low pptV to ppbV levels with an accuracy of typically better than 0.5‰. The precision of concentration measurements is better than 10%. Examples of measurements conducted as part of a joint Environment Canada-York University (EC-YU) measurement campaign at a semi-rural location demonstrate that the ability to make accurate measurements in air with low VOC mixing ratios is important to avoid bias from an over-representation of samples that are strongly impacted by recent emissions.
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Malley, C. S., C. F. Braban, P. Dumitrean, J. N. Cape, and M. R. Heal. "The impact of speciated VOCs on regional ozone increment derived from measurements at the UK EMEP supersites between 1999 and 2012." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 5 (March 10, 2015): 7267–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-7267-2015.

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Abstract. The impact of 27 volatile organic compounds (VOC) on the regional O3 increment was investigated using measurements made at the UK EMEP supersites Harwell (1999–2001 and 2010–2012) and Auchencorth (2012). Ozone at these sites is representative of rural O3 in south-east England and northern UK, respectively. Monthly-diurnal regional O3 increment was defined as the difference between the regional and hemispheric background O3 concentrations, respectively derived from oxidant vs. NOx correlation plots, and cluster analysis of back trajectories arriving at Mace Head, Ireland. At Harwell, which had substantially greater regional ozone increments than at Auchencorth, variation in the regional O3 increment mirrored afternoon depletion of VOCs due to photochemistry (after accounting for diurnal changes in boundary layer mixing depth, and weighting VOC concentrations according to their photochemical ozone creation potential). A positive regional O3 increment occurred consistently during the summer, during which time afternoon photochemical depletion was calculated for the majority of measured VOCs, and to the greatest extent for ethene and m + p-xylene. This indicates that, of the measured VOCs, ethene and m + p-xylene emissions reduction would be most effective in reducing the regional O3 increment, but that reductions in a larger number of VOCs would be required for further improvement. The VOC diurnal photochemical depletion was linked to the sources of the VOC emissions through the integration of gridded VOC emissions estimates over 96 h air-mass back trajectories. This demonstrated that the effectiveness of VOC gridded emissions for use in measurement and modelling studies is limited by the highly aggregated nature of the 11 SNAP source sectors in which they are reported, as monthly variation in speciated VOC trajectory emissions did not reflect monthly changes in individual VOC diurnal photochemical depletion. Additionally, the major VOC emission source sectors during elevated regional O3 increment at Harwell were more narrowly defined through disaggregation of the SNAP emissions to 91 NFR codes (i.e. sectors 3D2 (domestic solvent use), 3D3 (other product use) and 2D2 (food and drink)). However, spatial variation in the contribution of NFR sectors to parent SNAP emissions could only be accounted for at the country level. Hence, the future reporting of gridded VOC emissions in source sectors more highly disaggregated than currently (e.g. to NFR codes) would facilitate a more precise identification of those VOC sources most important for mitigation of the impact of VOCs on O3 formation. In summary, this work presents a clear methodology for achieving a coherent VOC regional-O3-impact chemical climate using measurement data and explores the effect of limited emission and measurement species on the understanding of the regional VOC contribution to O3 concentrations.
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Hovánszki, Dóra, József Prokisch, and Zoltán Győri. "The study of headspace sampling for the measurement of Volatile Organic Compounds byGC-MS." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 23 (May 23, 2006): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/23/3203.

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Headspace sampling was studied for GC-MS measurements. A quick, direct method was developed for the measurement of petrol, gasoline and volatile organic solvent contamination of soil. According to our results this method is suitable for quick qualitative analysis of VOC contamination of soil, and helps to make decisions about further measurements. We concluded that an accurate quantitative measurement is not possible.
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Szczurek, Andrzej, Marcin Przybyła, and Monika Maciejewska. "The Relationship between Elemental Carbon and Volatile Organic Compounds in the Air of an Underground Metal Mine." Atmosphere 13, no. 11 (November 21, 2022): 1935. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13111935.

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Elemental carbon (EC) content in air is considered a proxy for the diesel exhaust impact at workplaces. This paper examines the possibility of estimating EC content in mine air on the basis of measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOC). The measurement study was carried out in an underground metal mine. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was applied for VOC determination, and thermal-optical analysis (TOA) with an FID detector was utilized for EC measurements. A correlation was found between the measurements of EC and total VOC (TVOC) as well as the content of individual hydrocarbons C12–C14 in the air of an extraction zone in the mine. A regression model was developed which predicts EC based on C12, C13, and C14, considered individually, and the remaining VOCs detected with GC/MS taken in total. The model was statistically significant (p = 0.053), and it offered an EC prediction error of RMSE = 4.60 µg/sample. The obtained result confirms the possibility of using VOC measurements for the preliminary estimation of EC concentrations in mine air. This approach is feasible given the availability of portable GC/MS and offers easy and fast measurements providing qualitative and quantitative information.
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Kato, Roberta Miyeko, Anne Nord, Erin McGuire, Daniel Gardner, Adam M. Bush, Jon Detterich, Michael Khoo, et al. "Changes in Regional Oxygenation At the Site of Sickle Cell Vaso-Occlusive Pain." Blood 120, no. 21 (November 16, 2012): 4773. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v120.21.4773.4773.

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Abstract Abstract 4773 Background: The pathophysiology of sickle cell disease (SCD) is commonly thought to be in part a result of sickled red blood cells obstructing blood flow leading to hypoxic cellular injury. The most common SCD complication is painful vaso-occlusive crisis (VOC). However, the physiologic changes that occur at the site of VOC are poorly understood and there are no objective measurements of VOC. We hypothesized that regional oxygenation at the site of pain would be decreased from the patient's asymptomatic baseline and could be used as an objective measurement of the VOC process. Methods: Subjects were enrolled at the time of hospitalization for unilateral painful VOC. The subjects completed the adolescent pediatric pain tool (APPT) to assess the location, severity and quality of their pain. Regional oxygenation (RSO2) was measured by near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) at the site that the subject identified as where they experienced the most severe VOC related pain. NIRS measurements were also made on the contralateral body site. NIRS measurements were made for 15 minutes with the subject in the supine position. Measurements were made in the first 24 hours of hospitalization. Blood pressure, heart rate, pulse oximetry, hematologic parameters and use of oxygen were determined. The subject returned 4 weeks after discharge for repeat testing to determine their physiologic post VOC RSO2 baseline. Mean values for the NIRS testing period were determined and the change in RSO2 during VOC from post VOC baseline were calculated. Results: 5 female subjects with SCD were studied, mean age 15.8±3.0years. There was an average pain score of 7.4/10+1.9. Pain occurred in the back of 2 subjects and the lower extremities in the others. The RSO2% in the painful and not painful sites was increased from baseline by an average of 10.6±4.0% and 16.6±5.6%, respectively. The painful site had a decreased RSO2% in comparison to the contralateral side in 2 of 5 subjects (see figure). The RSO2% VOC baseline at the painful site post was higher in 3 of 5 subjects. There was no difference from baseline in blood pressure, heart rate, or arterial oxygen saturations during VOC. There were changes in the hematologic parameters consistent with VOC and active hemolysis. Conclusions: The SCD subjects demonstrated increased regional oxygenation at both the painful and contralateral not painful sites during VOC compared to the post VOC baseline. During VOC there was no predictable difference in regional oxygenation at the site of VOC pain contrary to our original hypothesis. Disclosures: Wood: Ferrokin Biosciences: Consultancy; Shire: Consultancy; Apotex: Consultancy, Honoraria; Novartis: Honoraria, Research Funding. Coates:Novartis: Speakers Bureau; Apopharma: Consultancy.
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Malley, C. S., C. F. Braban, P. Dumitrean, J. N. Cape, and M. R. Heal. "The impact of speciated VOCs on regional ozone increment derived from measurements at the UK EMEP supersites between 1999 and 2012." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, no. 14 (July 28, 2015): 8361–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-8361-2015.

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Abstract. The impact of 27 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on the regional O3 increment was investigated using measurements made at the UK EMEP supersites Harwell (1999–2001 and 2010–2012) and Auchencorth (2012). Ozone at these sites is representative of rural O3 in south-east England and northern UK, respectively. The monthly-diurnal regional O3 increment was defined as the difference between the regional and hemispheric background O3 concentrations, respectively, derived from oxidant vs. NOx correlation plots, and cluster analysis of back trajectories arriving at Mace Head, Ireland. At Harwell, which had substantially greater regional O3 increments than Auchencorth, variation in the regional O3 increment mirrored afternoon depletion of anthropogenic VOCs due to photochemistry (after accounting for diurnal changes in boundary layer mixing depth, and weighting VOC concentrations according to their photochemical ozone creation potential). A positive regional O3 increment occurred consistently during the summer, during which time afternoon photochemical depletion was calculated for the majority of measured VOCs, and to the greatest extent for ethene and m+p-xylene. This indicates that, of the measured VOCs, ethene and m+p-xylene emissions reduction would be most effective in reducing the regional O3 increment but that reductions in a larger number of VOCs would be required for further improvement. The VOC diurnal photochemical depletion was linked to anthropogenic sources of the VOC emissions through the integration of gridded anthropogenic VOC emission estimates over 96 h air-mass back trajectories. This demonstrated that one factor limiting the effectiveness of VOC gridded emissions for use in measurement and modelling studies is the highly aggregated nature of the 11 SNAP (Selected Nomenclature for Air Pollution) source sectors in which they are reported, as monthly variation in speciated VOC trajectory emissions did not reflect monthly changes in individual VOC diurnal photochemical depletion. Additionally, the major VOC emission source sectors during elevated regional O3 increment at Harwell were more narrowly defined through disaggregation of the SNAP emissions to 91 NFR (Nomenclature for Reporting) codes (i.e. sectors 3D2 (domestic solvent use), 3D3 (other product use) and 2D2 (food and drink)). However, spatial variation in the contribution of NFR sectors to parent SNAP emissions could only be accounted for at the country level. Hence, the future reporting of gridded VOC emissions in source sectors more highly disaggregated than currently (e.g. to NFR codes) would facilitate a more precise identification of those VOC sources most important for mitigation of the impact of VOCs on O3 formation. In summary, this work presents a clear methodology for achieving a coherent VOC, regional-O3-impact chemical climate using measurement data and explores the effect of limited emission and measurement species on the understanding of the regional VOC contribution to O3 concentrations.
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Dunne, Erin, Ian E. Galbally, Min Cheng, Paul Selleck, Suzie B. Molloy, and Sarah J. Lawson. "Comparison of VOC measurements made by PTR-MS, adsorbent tubes–GC-FID-MS and DNPH derivatization–HPLC during the Sydney Particle Study, 2012: a contribution to the assessment of uncertainty in routine atmospheric VOC measurements." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 11, no. 1 (January 10, 2018): 141–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-141-2018.

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Abstract. Understanding uncertainty is essential for utilizing atmospheric volatile organic compound (VOC) measurements in robust ways to develop atmospheric science. This study describes an inter-comparison of the VOC data, and the derived uncertainty estimates, measured with three independent techniques (PTR-MS, proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry; GC-FID-MS, gas chromatography with flame-ionization and mass spectrometric detection; and DNPH–HPLC, 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine derivatization followed by analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography) during routine monitoring as part of the Sydney Particle Study (SPS) campaign in 2012. Benzene, toluene, C8 aromatics, isoprene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were selected for the comparison, based on objective selection criteria from the available data. Bottom-up uncertainty analyses were undertaken for each compound and each measurement system. Top-down uncertainties were quantified via the inter-comparisons. In all seven comparisons, the correlations between independent measurement techniques were high with R2 values with a median of 0.92 (range 0.75–0.98) and small root mean square of the deviations (RMSD) of the observations from the regression line with a median of 0.11 (range 0.04–0.23 ppbv). These results give a high degree of confidence that for each comparison the response of the two independent techniques is dominated by the same constituents. The slope and intercept as determined by reduced major axis (RMA) regression gives a different story. The slopes varied considerably with a median of 1.25 and a range of 1.16–2.01. The intercepts varied with a median of 0.04 and a range of −0.03 to 0.31 ppbv. An ideal comparison would give a slope of 1.00 and an intercept of 0. Some sources of uncertainty that are poorly quantified by the bottom-up uncertainty analysis method were identified, including: contributions of non-target compounds to the measurement of the target compound for benzene, toluene and isoprene by PTR-MS as well as the under-reporting of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone by the DNPH technique. As well as these, this study has identified a specific interference of liquid water with acetone measurements by the DNPH technique. These relationships reported for Sydney 2012 were incorporated into a larger analysis with 61 similar published inter-comparison studies for the same compounds. Overall, for the light aromatics, isoprene and the C1–C3 carbonyls, the uncertainty in a set of measurements varies by a factor of between 1.5 and 2. These uncertainties (∼50 %) are significantly higher than uncertainties estimated using standard propagation of error methods, which in this case were ∼22 % or less, and are the result of the presence of poorly understood or neglected processes that affect the measurement and its uncertainty. The uncertainties in VOC measurements identified here should be considered when assessing the reliability of VOC measurements from routine monitoring with individual, stand-alone instruments; when utilizing VOC data to constrain and inform air quality and climate models; when using VOC observations for human exposure studies; and for comparison with satellite retrievals.
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Bon, D. M., J. A. de Gouw, C. Warneke, W. C. Kuster, M. L. Alexander, A. Baker, A. Beyersdorf, et al. "Measurements of volatile organic compounds at a suburban ground site (T1) in Mexico City during the MILAGRO 2006 campaign: measurement comparison, emission ratios, and source attribution." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 10 (October 8, 2010): 23229–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-23229-2010.

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Abstract. Volatile organic compound (VOC) mixing ratios were measured with two different instruments at the T1 ground site in Mexico City during the Megacity Initiative: Local and Global Research Observations (MILAGRO) campaign in March of 2006. A gas chromatograph with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) quantified 18 light alkanes, alkenes and acetylene while a proton-transfer-reaction ion-trap mass spectrometer (PIT-MS) quantified 12 VOC species including oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) and aromatics. A GC separation system was used in conjunction with the PIT-MS (GC-PIT-MS) to evaluate PIT-MS measurements and to aid in the identification of unknown VOCs. The VOC measurements are also compared to simultaneous canister samples and to two independent proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometers (PTR-MS) deployed on a mobile and an airborne platform during MILAGRO. VOC diurnal cycles demonstrate the large influence of vehicle traffic and liquid propane gas (LPG) emissions during the night and photochemical processing during the afternoon. Emission ratios for VOCs and OVOCs are determined from early-morning enhancement ratios and compared to emission ratios calculated from the PMF results. Average emission ratios for non-oxygenated species relative to CO are on average a factor of 2 higher than measured for US cities. Emission ratios for OVOCs are estimated and compared to literature values the northeastern US and to tunnel studies in California. Positive matrix factorization analysis (PMF) is used to provide insight into VOC sources and processing and to estimate OVOC emission ratios. Three PMF factors were distinguished by the analysis including the emissions from vehicles, the use of liquid propane gas and the production of secondary VOCs + long-lived species. The total PIT-MS signal was summed to estimate the fraction of identified vs. unidentified VOC species.
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Bon, D. M., I. M. Ulbrich, J. A. de Gouw, C. Warneke, W. C. Kuster, M. L. Alexander, A. Baker, et al. "Measurements of volatile organic compounds at a suburban ground site (T1) in Mexico City during the MILAGRO 2006 campaign: measurement comparison, emission ratios, and source attribution." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, no. 6 (March 16, 2011): 2399–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-2399-2011.

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Abstract. Volatile organic compound (VOC) mixing ratios were measured with two different instruments at the T1 ground site in Mexico City during the Megacity Initiative: Local and Global Research Observations (MILAGRO) campaign in March of 2006. A gas chromatograph with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) quantified 18 light alkanes, alkenes and acetylene while a proton-transfer-reaction ion-trap mass spectrometer (PIT-MS) quantified 12 VOC species including oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) and aromatics. A GC separation system was used in conjunction with the PIT-MS (GC-PIT-MS) to evaluate PIT-MS measurements and to aid in the identification of unknown VOCs. The VOC measurements are also compared to simultaneous canister samples and to two independent proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometers (PTR-MS) deployed on a mobile and an airborne platform during MILAGRO. VOC diurnal cycles demonstrate the large influence of vehicle traffic and liquid propane gas (LPG) emissions during the night and photochemical processing during the afternoon. Emission ratios for VOCs and OVOCs relative to CO are derived from early-morning measurements. Average emission ratios for non-oxygenated species relative to CO are on average a factor of ~2 higher than measured for US cities. Emission ratios for OVOCs are estimated and compared to literature values the northeastern US and to tunnel studies in California. Positive matrix factorization analysis (PMF) is used to provide insight into VOC sources and processing. Three PMF factors were distinguished by the analysis including the emissions from vehicles, the use of liquid propane gas and the production of secondary VOCs + long-lived species. Emission ratios to CO calculated from the results of PMF analysis are compared to emission ratios calculated directly from measurements. The total PIT-MS signal is summed to estimate the fraction of identified versus unidentified VOC species.
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Zaini, Zaini, Dwi Mutiara Harfina, and Agung P. Iswar. "Real-Time SoC Estimation for Li-Ion Batteries using Kalman Filter based on SBC Raspberry-Pi." Andalas Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technology 1, no. 2 (December 10, 2021): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/ajeeet.v1i2.12.

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Measurement of electric charge on the battery in real-time cannot be separated from external noise and disturbances such as temperature and interference. An optimal State of Charge (SoC) estimator model is needed to make the estimation more accurate. To obtain the model, the battery was tested under room temperature conditions and at a temperature of 40oC to obtain a second-order RC model for the Li-Ion battery used. Based on the test data obtained, the data will be tested first using the Kalman Filter method to get an estimate of the State of Charge (SoC). Tests were carried out using MATLAB software. After the method was tested, the online SoC Estimator design began using the Raspberry Pi Single Board Computer (SBC). After that, the estimator will be tested first using data from offline measurements and then used in real-time (online) SoC estimation measurements. The Voc before the battery discharge test was 13.16 V and after the test, the measured Voc was 11.58 V. During the discharge the Voc was reduced by 1.58 V. While the discharge data from the battery manufacturer showed the reduced Voc during the discharge was 1.2V.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "VOC measurement"

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Ibrahim, Najib Bin. "Development of the methodology for the measurement of the indoor pollutants in problem-solving research : as applied to the assessment of health hazards in office buildings." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321750.

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KHAN, BILAL ALAM. "Measurement methods of Gas-Solid Interactions." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2942142.

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Blenkhorn, Daniel John. "Novel approaches to the measurement of complex atmospheric VOC mixtures using proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2019. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/8695/.

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Proton Transfer Reaction - Mass Spectrometry (PTR-MS) is a soft chemical ionisation mass spectrometry technique frequently applied to measurement of volatile organic compound (VOC) abundance. The overarching aim of this thesis is to improve the quantification of compounds that have proved difficult or even impossible to separate or to quantify, through advanced understanding of the detection and ionisation mechanisms and developments in the instrumental design and operation of PTR-MS for deconvolution of mixtures. A new method for the preparation and use of diffusion tube methods as gas standards is reported. Detailed investigation of the ion-molecule reactions with chloroalkanes, chloroalkenes and other atmospherically important molecules, such as isoprene / 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, benzene / ethylbenzene / o,m,p-xylene and methyl vinyl ketone / methacrolein were undertaken to determine the ion- molecule reaction mechanisms, allowing quantification of isomeric species through understanding of the reaction products and novel approaches to the switching of the reduced electric field strength (E/n). The modification of instrumental parameters of PTR-MS were investigated further for the quantification of semi volatile compounds (SVOCs) and more specifically, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Use of a radio frequency (RF) ion funnel and high temperature instrumentation allowed for sub nanogram limits of detection for many PAHs, including Benzo[a]pyrene.
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Moore, Tim Orland II. "Application of a Mobile Flux Lab for the Atmospheric Measurement of Emissions (FLAME)." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29046.

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According to the World Health Organization, urban air pollution is a high public health priority due its linkage to cardio-pulmonary disease and association with increased mortality and morbidity (1, 2). Additionally, air pollution impacts climate change, visibility, and ecosystem health. The development of effective strategies for improving air quality requires accurate estimates of air pollutant emissions. In response to the need for new approaches to measuring emissions, we have designed a mobile Flux Lab for the Atmospheric Measurement of Emissions (FLAME) that applies a proven, science-based method known as eddy covariance for the direct quantification of anthropogenic emissions to the atmosphere. The mobile flux lab is a tool with novel, multifaceted abilities to assess air quality and improve the fidelity of emission inventories. Measurements of air pollutant concentrations in multiple locations at the neighborhood scale can provide much greater spatial resolution for population exposure assessments. The labâ s mobility allows it to target specific sources, and plumes from these can be analyzed to determine emission factors. Through eddy covariance, the lab provides the new ability to directly measure emissions of a suite of air pollutants. We have deployed the FLAME to three different settingsâ a rural Appalachian town where coal transport is the dominant industry; schools in the medium-sized city of Roanoke, Virginia; and the large urban areas around Norfolk, Virginiaâ to measure neighborhood-scale emissions of air pollution. These areas routinely experience high ozone and particulate matter concentrations and include a diverse array of residential neighborhoods and industries. The FLAME is able to capture emissions from all ground-based sources, such as motor vehicles, rail and barge traffic, refuse fires and refueling stations, for which no direct measurement method has been available previously. Experiments focus on carbon dioxide (CO2), the principal greenhouse gas responsible for climate change; nitrogen oxides (NOx), a key ingredient in ground-level ozone and acid rain; volatile organic compounds (VOCs), a second key ingredient in ozone and many of which are air toxics; and fine particulate matter (PM2.5), a cause of mortality, decreased visibility, and climate change. This research provides some of the first measurements of neighborhood-scale anthropogenic emissions of CO2, NOx, VOCs and PM2.5 and as a result, the first opportunity to validate official emission inventories directly. The results indicate that a mobile eddy covariance system can be used successfully to measure fluxes of multiple pollutants in a variety of urban settings. With certain pollutants in certain locations, flux measurements confirmed inventories, but in others, they disagreed by factors of up to five, suggesting that parts of the inventory may be severely over- or underestimated. Over the scale of a few kilometers within a city, emissions were highly heterogeneous in both space and time. FLAME-based measurements also confirmed published emission factors from coal barges and showed that idling vehicles are the dominant source of emissions of air toxics around seven schools in southwest Virginia. Measurements from this study corroborate existing emission inventories of CO2 and NOx and suggest that inventories of PM2.5 may be overestimated. Despite the tremendous spatial and temporal variability in emissions found in dense urban areas, CO2 fluxes on average are very similar across the areas in this study and other urban areas in the developed world. Nevertheless, the high level of variability in spatial and temporal patterns of emissions presents a challenge to air quality modelers. The finding that emissions from idling vehicles at schools are likely responsible for creating hot spots of air toxics adds to the urgency of implementing no-idling and other rules to reduce the exposure of children to such pollutants. Ultimately, the results of this study can be used in combination with knowledge from existing emission inventories to improve the science and policies surrounding air pollution.
Ph. D.
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Jiang, Mei. "Mobile Laboratory Measurement of Black Carbon, Particulate Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Other Exhaust Emissions in Mexico City." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41133.

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Black carbon (BC) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are two atmospheric pollutants produced by motor vehicles using carbonaceous fuels. As a part of the Mexico City Project, measurements of BC, PPAHs and many other gas- and particle-phase emissions were measured in Mexico City using a mobile laboratory during the Mexico City Metropolitan Area field campaign in April 2003 (MCMA-2003). The main goal of this research is to estimate emissions of BC and particulate PAHs (PPAHs) for Mexico Cityâ s vehicle fleet. The emissions of gas-phase pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), total nitrogen oxides (NOy) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) are also estimated. The mobile lab has previously been used to chase vehicles and measure their emissions, but analysis has traditionally focused on determining emission factors of individual vehicles associated with specific chasing events. The laboratory continuously samples ambient air from an inlet at the front of the van, and it is always â seeingâ exhaust plumes from the vehicles around it while driving through traffic. We have developed an algorithm that automatically identifies the exhaust plume measurement points, which are then used as the basis for calculation of emission factors. In the nearly 90 hours of on-road sampling during the field campaign, we have identified ~30,000 exhaust measurement points. The large sample size enables us to estimate fleet-average emission factors and thus the emission inventory. Motor vehicles are estimated to emit annually 1,960 tons of BC, 56.2 tons of PPAHs, 1,320,000 tons of CO, 125,000 tons of NOy and 2440 tons of VOCs. The spatial and temporal patterns of BC and PPAHs in different locations with in MCMA are also studied.
Master of Science
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Baudic, Alexia. "Caractérisation expérimentale et statistique des sources de Composés Organiques Volatils (COV) en région Île-de-France." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS537/document.

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Les composés organiques volatils (COV) jouent un rôle majeur au sein du système atmosphérique puisqu’ils interviennent en tant que précurseurs d’ozone troposphérique et d’aérosols organiques secondaires (composés aux divers impacts sanitaires et climatiques) ; d’où le réel besoin de mieux les caractériser. A ce jour, de fortes incertitudes demeurent quant à leur nature, leur quantification et la contribution de leurs sources d’émissions respectives.Cette thèse propose, au travers d’expérimentations de laboratoire et de terrain, une caractérisation exhaustive des COV et de leurs principales sources d’émissions en région Île-de-France. Les méthodes mises en place dans ce travail de thèse reposent sur la détermination de profils de spéciation caractéristiques du trafic routier, du chauffage au bois et du gaz naturel à partir d’investigations en champ proche (en tunnel, en cheminée et à partir d’un conduit de gaz domestique). Ces différents profils de source ont été utilisés comme empreinte chimique de référence pour l’identification des principales sources d’émissions de COV, dont les contributions respectives ont été estimées à l’aide du modèle source-récepteur Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF), appliqué sur une année d’acquisition de mesures COV (HCNM+COVO) à Paris. Ce travail de thèse a ainsi permis, pour la première fois, d’étudier la variabilité saisonnière des COV et de leurs sources majeures. Les émissions liées au trafic routier ont été révélées comme la principale source de COV d’origine locale/régionale à Paris (contribuant à ¼ des émissions totales à l’échelle annuelle). L’impact prépondérant du chauffage au bois en hiver (50 % de la masse totale COV mesurée) a également été mis en évidence. Les résultats de cette étude de répartition de sources ont été confrontés à l’inventaire des émissions d’Airparif. Nous avons souligné un bon accord entre nos observations et l’inventaire pour les sources liées au trafic automobile et au chauffage au bois.Cette évaluation indépendante des inventaires est essentielle puisque ces derniers sont aujourd’hui utilisés comme données d’entrée au sein des modèles de prévision de qualité de l’air
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play a key role within the atmospheric system acting as precursors of ground-level ozone and secondary organic aerosols (causing health and climatic impacts); hence the growing interest of better characterizing them. Significant uncertainties are still associated with compounds speciation, quantification and respective contributions from the different emission sources.This thesis proposes, through several laboratory and intensive field campaigns, a detailed characterization of VOCs and their main emissions sources within the Île-de-France region. We used methods based on the determination of speciation profiles indicative of road traffic, wood burning and natural gas sources obtained from near-field investigations (inside a tunnel, at a fireplace and from a domestic gas flue). These different source profiles were used as chemical fingerprints for the identification of the main VOC emission sources, which respective contributions were estimated using the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) source-receptor model applied to one-year VOCs (including NMHC+OVOC) measurements in Paris. This thesis allowed, for the first time, to evaluate the seasonal variability of VOCs and their main emission sources. Road traffic-related emissions are major VOC local/regional sources in Paris (contributing to a quarter of total annual emissions). The important impact of wood burning in winter (50 % of the VOC total mass) was observed. Results obtained from this approach were compared with the regional emissions inventory provided by the air quality monitoring network Airparif. Finally, a good agreement was found between our observations and the inventory for road traffic and wood burning-related sources.This independent assessment of inventories is of great interest because they are currently used as input data within air quality prediction models
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Allam, Nadine. "Estimation des émissions surfaciques du biogaz dans une installation de stockage des déchets non dangereux." Thesis, Nantes, Ecole des Mines, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EMNA0187/document.

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Les ISDND produisent du biogaz par fermentation des déchets organiques. Le biogaz principalement composé de CH4 et CO2 représente un enjeu environnemental majeur. Cette étude propose un outil d’estimation des émissions surfaciques de biogaz d’une ISDND par modélisation de la dispersion atmosphérique d’un gaz traceur, en l’occurrence, le méthane. Les dynamiques spatiales et temporelles des concentrations en CH4 et en COV ont été suivies sur et dans l’entourage de l’ISDND d’étude (Séché Environnement) en fonction des conditions météorologiques. Les résultats montrent des faibles teneurs atmosphériques en COV et en CH4 sur le site d’étude validant une faible émission de ces espèces. Les COV mesurés sont émis par différentes sources dont la contribution est plus importante que celle de l’ISDND et aucun COV ne constitue un traceur de biogaz émis par le site. En revanche, l’ISDND apparait comme source principale du CH4 détecté. Deux méthodes sont proposées pour estimer les émissions surfaciques de méthane en utilisant un modèle de dispersion atmosphérique Gaussien ADMS, validé par comparaison des teneurs atmosphériques en méthane mesurées et modélisées et leur dynamique temporelle. La première méthode repose sur une approche inverse et la deuxième est une approche statistique par régression. Les émissions de CH4 sont estimées pour la période d’exposition de la diode laser aux émissions du site pour 4 scénarios météorologiques types identifiés par une classification hiérarchique. Les résultats valident l’influence des paramètres météorologiques, surtout de la stabilité de l’atmosphère, sur la dispersion atmosphérique et les émissions surfaciques en méthane
Landfill sites produce biogas by degradation of biodegradable organic matter. Biogas mainly composed of CH4 and CO2 represents a major environmental challenge. This study propose a method to estimate biogas surface emissions in landfill sites using atmospheric dispersion modeling of a tracer gas, in this case, methane. The spatial and temporal dynamics of CH4 and VOC concentrations have been followed on the studied landfill site (Séché Environnement) for several weather conditions. Measurement results show low atmospheric VOC and CH4 concentrations on the studied landfill site which validates low emissions of these compounds. Detected VOC are emitted by different sources, excluding the landfill site. The contribution of these sources on VOC concentrations is more important than that of the landfill site and no VOC could be identified as tracer of biogas emitted by landfill site. However, CH4 is emitted by the landfill site, its principal source. Two methods are proposed to estimate methane surface emissions using a Gaussian atmospheric dispersion model ADMS. Gaussian model is validated by comparison of the temporal dynamics and atmospheric concentrations of methane measured on the site and those modeled. The first method is based on an inverse approach and the second one is a statistical regression approach. CH4 emissions are estimated for the exposure period of the laser diode to the site emissions and for 4 weather scenarios identified by a hierarchical classification. Results validate the influence of meteorological parameters, especially the stability of the atmosphere, on the atmospheric dispersion and methane surface emissions
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Shim, Changsub. "Constraining global biogenic emissions and exploring source contributions to tropospheric ozone modeling applications /." Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006, 2006. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-06222006-060856/.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007.
Wang Yuhang, Committee Chair ; Cunnold Derek, Committee Member ; Weber Rodney, Committee Member ; Nenes Athanasios, Committee Member ; Guillas Serge, Committee Member.
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Fortner, Edward Charles. "Airborne and ground based measurements of volatile organic compounds using proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry in Texas and Mexico City." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1040.

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Parris, R. "Intrinsically valid VOC measurements systems : concept to application." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.528440.

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VOCs are generally present in the atmosphere in the gaseous state at concentrations in the 0.1 to 10 I-1g m-3 range. In indoor environments the concentrations tend to be ten times higher. VOCs enter ambient air from industrial fugitive emissions, biogenic sources and most notably from mobile sources associated with motor vehicles. It is known that VOCs in the atmosphere can be transported into soils and ground water by infiltrating precipitation. Development of new and existing analytical tools and sampling techniques to accurately analyse and quantify these compounds in all types of media for environmental management and remediation purposes is critical. This work seeks to incorporate intrinsic valid measurements to a fast field portable soil recovery unit and therefore propose a new advanced methodology for rapid site screening of contaminated land. The production of a new intrinsic validation device using polydimethlysiloxane coupons which contain 0.09 ± 0.011Jg of acetone, 1.02 ± 0.151Jg of toluene-D8 and 10.48 ± 0.721Jg of o-xylene-D10 are described, along with its application to intrinsically valid measurements using active adsorbent sampling, where an active adsorbent method incorporating intrinsic validation protocol is suggested. The development of a new soil screening methodology is next described with the aim of incorporating and transferring the previously described intrinsic validation methodology using the PDMS validation coupons. The initial response of the internal standards when recovered using the soil recovery unit, resulted in encouraging results with RSD between 9 and 34% achieved and a maximum recovered mass of 276.85ng for toluene-D8 and 198.45ng for o-xylene-D10 at 50bars with an extraction time of 1minute. A new method of soil spiking was described, which demonstrated the reproducible toluene soil spiking at the Ug g-1 level. It was found that the recovery of toluene from soil increased with an increase in pressure and extraction time when using the proposed system, with a maximum recovery of 30.8% recorded at 50bars with an extraction time of 2minutes. This trend was also true for the internal standards.
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Books on the topic "VOC measurement"

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Ressl, R. A. Field experience with four portable VOC monitors. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, 1985.

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Kankyōshō, Japan. VOC kan'i sokutei gijutsu bun'ya. Tōkyō: Kankyōshō, 2010.

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United States. Environmental Protection Agency, ed. Overview of VOC measurement technology in the PAMS program. [Washington, D.C.?: Environmental Protection Agency, 1994.

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Tunga, Salthammer, ed. Organic indoor air pollutants: Occurrence, measurement, evaluation. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 1999.

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Kankyōshō, Japan. VOC tō kan'i sokutei gijutsu bun'ya: Heisei 25-nendo jisshō taishō gijutsu no kankyō hozen kōka tō. Tōkyō-to Chiyoda-ku: Kankyōshō, 2014.

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Kyōkai, Nihon Kankyō Gijutsu. Kankyō gijutsu jisshō jigyō VOC kan'i sokutei gijutsu bun'ya jisshō un'ei kikan gyōmu hōkokusho: Heisei 23-nendo. [Tōkyō-to Chiyoda-ku]: Nihon Kankyō Gijutsu Kyōkai, 2012.

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Board, India Central Pollution Control. Study of urban air quality in Kolkata for source identification and estimation of ozone, carbonyls, NOx and VOC emissions. Delhi: Central Pollution Control Board, Ministry of Environment & Forests, 2010.

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Gijutsukai, Jidōsha. Jidōsha naisōzai no kihatsusei yūki kagōbutsu (VOC) hōsan sokuteihō ni kansuru hyōjunka seika hōkokusho: Heisei 20-nendo Keizai Sangyōshō itaku. [Tokyo]: Jidōsha Gijutsukai, 2009.

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Wolff, Mareile. Development of a novel balloon-borne optical sonde for the measurement of ozone and other stratopheric trace gases =: Entwicklung einer ballongestützten optischen Sonde zur Messung von Ozon und anderen stratosphärischen Spurengasen. Bremerhaven: Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 2007.

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Kalmring, Dirk. Performance Measurement von wissensintensiven Geschäftsprozessen. Wiesbaden: Deutscher Universitätsverlag, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-81687-0.

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Book chapters on the topic "VOC measurement"

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Sielemann, S., J. I. Baumbach, G. A. Eiceman, M. Jauzein, G. Walendzik, and D. Klockow. "Measurement of VOC Mobility in Soils and Groundwaters for Environmental Risk Assessment Using Multi-Capillary Coupled Ion Mobility Spectrometry." In Field Screening Europe, 351–54. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1473-5_81.

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Gladen, Werner. "Bildung von Steuerungskennzahlen." In Performance Measurement, 171–242. Wiesbaden: Gabler, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-6766-4_4.

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Gladen, Werner. "Bildung von Steuerungskennzahlen." In Performance Measurement, 179–252. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-05138-9_4.

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Kumar, Shiv. "Pipe Flow Measurement." In Fluid Mechanics (Vol. 2), 283–332. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99754-0_5.

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Schwarz, Norbert. "Attitudes: Attitude measurement." In Encyclopedia of psychology, Vol. 1., 313–17. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10516-109.

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Kumar, Shiv. "Pressure and Its Measurement." In Fluid Mechanics (Vol. 1), 51–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99762-5_2.

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Kleindienst, Bernd. "Modell zur Entwicklung und Implementierung von PMM-Systemen." In Performance Measurement und Management, 111–64. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-19449-9_5.

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Kalmring, Dirk. "Einleitung." In Performance Measurement von wissensintensiven Geschäftsprozessen, 1–6. Wiesbaden: Deutscher Universitätsverlag, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-81687-0_1.

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Kalmring, Dirk. "Ansätze für ein Wissenscontrolling." In Performance Measurement von wissensintensiven Geschäftsprozessen, 117–39. Wiesbaden: Deutscher Universitätsverlag, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-81687-0_10.

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Kalmring, Dirk. "Wissensmanagement im Kontext organisationaler Handlungs- und Problemlösungsfähigkeit." In Performance Measurement von wissensintensiven Geschäftsprozessen, 143–47. Wiesbaden: Deutscher Universitätsverlag, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-81687-0_11.

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Conference papers on the topic "VOC measurement"

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Fan, V., and T. Buckley. "275. Human In Vivo Measurement of VOC Dermal Absorption in Water." In AIHce 1999. AIHA, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3320/1.2763122.

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BARRACO, CORINNA, MARCO RAVINA, DEBORAH PANEPINTO, and MARIACHIARA ZANETTI. "MEASUREMENT AND SIMULATION OF ANTHROPOGENIC AND BIOGENIC VOC EMISSIONS FROM DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOURCES." In AIR POLLUTION 2020. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/air200101.

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Han, Baoqing, Guishan Wu, Hairong Wang, and Jiuhong Wang. "Micro-fabricated packed metal gas preconcentrator for low detection limit exhaled VOC gas measurements." In 2017 IEEE International Conference on Manipulation, Manufacturing and Measurement on the Nanoscale (3M-NANO). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/3m-nano.2017.8286278.

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Pavri, Roointon E., and Richard A. Symonds. "Unburned Hydrocarbon, Volatile Organic Compound, and Aldehyde Emissions From General Electric Heavy-Duty Gas Turbines." In ASME 1990 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/90-gt-279.

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Field data clearly show that the emissions of UHC, VOC, (sometimes also called Reactive Organic Gases), and Aldehydes from GE heavy-duty gas turbines are very low. At loads exceeding 75% of base, these emissions are less than 2 ppm. In fact, stack emissions are often less than background concentration. Proper methods of measurement and quality assurance are necessary to detect and measure such low values. Allowance for background hydrocarbons should be made when guaranteeing UHC/VOC.
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Lertsiriyothin, W., B. K. Khoo, J. Lech, T. G. Hartman, J. A. Hogan, R. M. Cowan, L. S. Logendra, and S. T. Kania. "A Technique for Measurement of Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Emission Rates from Small Salad Crops." In 31st International Conference On Environmental Systems. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-2427.

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Esmaeilzadeh, Hamed, George Cernigliaro, Junwei Su, Lin Gong, Iman Mirzaee, Majid Charmchi, and Hongwei Sun. "The Effects of Material Properties on Pillar-Based QCM Sensors." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-52533.

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Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) device is a highly sensitive mass sensor (sensitivity: 0.5 ng/cm2) with a wide range of applications including biosensing, thin film deposition, surface chemistry, volatile organic compounds (VOC) and gaseous analytes detection. A recent study shows that several orders of magnitude improvement in sensitivity can be achieved by attaching microscale Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) pillars onto the surface of the QCM (QCM-P) to form a two-degree of freedom coupled resonant system. In this research, the effects of residual layer from the nanoimprinting process of micro-pillars and polydispersity index (Pd) of PMMA molecules on the sensitivity of QCM-P devices are investigated both experimentally and theoretically. The results show the residual layer behaves as an additional mass and significantly reduces the frequency shift of QCM-P sensor while a low polydispersity of PMMA improves the sensor responses. The outcome of this research leads to an in-depth understanding of the effects of material and fabrication process on QCM-P sensors which will build a solid foundation for the further improvement of QCM-P devices for a variety of applications such as protein binding measurement in drug discovery, gas detection for environmental monitoring and protection.
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Badhan, Antara, Luz Bugarin, and Shaolin Mao. "Numerical Prediction of Collection Efficiency of a Personal Sampler Based on Cyclone Principle." In ASME 2014 4th Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2014-21229.

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A personal bio-aerosol sampler is a self-contained, operation flexible, high-efficient device for indoor air quality (IAQ) and health risk exposure monitoring and measurement. Bio-aerosols such germ-laden viruses, microbial species, airborne microorganisms and volatile organic compounds (VOC) are sucked into the sampler and are deposited on the inner wall surface based on cyclone principal. The major concern with bio-aerosol samplers is the collection efficiency. In this study, we use computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools to evaluate key design parameters, specifically the inlet tube angle and collection tube inner wall roughness. 3D incompressible turbulent flow is simulated using commercial software ANSYS FLUENT. Reynolds stress model (RSM) is used to investigate the turbulence effect with the following boundary conditions (velocity-inlet boundary condition at inlet, outflow boundary condition at outlet and no slip at walls). The numerical approach for air-aerosol interaction is based on an Eulerian-Lagrangian fluid dynamics framework, where the particles or droplets trajectories are computed in a Lagrangian method (discrete phase element) and then conjugate these particles to the continuous phase in the Eulerian frame. The variation of inlet angle affects the collection efficiency of the cyclone separator. In addition, the flow characterizations with different velocity fluctuation profiles validate the continuous phase model. The development and evolution of the vortex core region for the axial velocity are obtained and evaluated in the simulation of the cyclonic flow.
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Lall, Pradeep, Hao Zhang, and Lynn Davis. "Prognostics Health Management Model for LED Package Failure Under Contaminated Environment." In ASME 2015 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems collocated with the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2015-48724.

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The reliability consideration of LED products includes both luminous flux drop and color shift. Previous research either talks about luminous maintenance or color shift, because luminous flux degradation usually takes very long time to observe. In this paper, the impact of a VOC (volatile organic compound) contaminated luminous flux and color stability are examined. As a result, both luminous degradation and color shift had been recorded in a short time. Test samples are white, phosphor-converted, high-power LED packages. Absolute radiant flux is measured with integrating sphere system to calculate the luminous flux. Luminous flux degradation and color shift distance were plotted versus aging time to show the degradation pattern. A prognostic health management (PHM) method based on the state variables and state estimator have been proposed in this paper. In this PHM framework, unscented kalman filter (UKF) was deployed as the carrier of all states. During the estimation process, third order dynamic transfer function was used to implement the PHM framework. Both of the luminous flux and color shift distance have been used as the state variable with the same PHM framework to exam the robustness of the method. Predicted remaining useful life is calculated at every measurement point to compare with the tested remaining useful life. The result shows that state estimator can be used as the method for the PHM of LED degradation with respect to both luminous flux and color shift distance. The prediction of remaining useful life of LED package, made by the states estimator and data driven approach, falls in the acceptable error-bounds (20%) after a short training of the estimator.
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Xu, Shichang, Subhabrata Sen, Z. Morley Mao, and Yunhan Jia. "Dissecting VOD services for cellular." In IMC '17: Internet Measurement Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3131365.3131386.

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Dressel, J., and A. N. Jordan. "Weak values are universal in von Neumann measurements." In Quantum Information and Measurement. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/qim.2013.w6.50.

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Reports on the topic "VOC measurement"

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Liekhus, K. J., and E. S. Peterson. Measurement of VOC permeability of polymer bags and VOC solubility in polyethylene drum liner. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/114587.

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Kyllönen, Katriina, Karri Saarnio, Ulla Makkonen, and Heidi Hellén. Verification of the validity of air quality measurements related to the Directive 2004/107/EC in 2019-2020 (DIRME2019). Finnish Meteorological Institute, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361256.

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This project summarizes the results from 2000–2020and evaluates the trueness andthequality control (QC) procedures of the ongoing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)and trace element measurements in Finlandrelating to Air Quality (AQ) Directive 2004/107/EC. The evaluation was focused on benzo(a)pyrene and other PAH compounds as well as arsenic, cadmium and nickel in PM10and deposition. Additionally, it included lead and other metals in PM10and deposition, gaseous mercury and mercury deposition, andbriefly other specificAQ measurements such as volatile organic compounds (VOC)and PM2.5chemical composition. This project was conducted by the National Reference Laboratory on air quality and thiswas the first time these measurements were assessed. A major part of the project was field and laboratory audits of the ongoing PAH and metal measurements. Other measurements were briefly evaluated through interviews and available literature. In addition, the national AQ database, the expertise of local measurement networks and related publications were utilised. In total, all theseven measurement networks performing PAH and metal measurements in 2019–2020took part in the audits. Eleven stations were audited while these measurements are performed at 22 AQ stations in Finland. For the large networks, one station was chosen to represent the performance of the network. The audits included also six laboratories performing the analysis of the collected samples. The audits revealed the compliance of the measurements with the AQ Decree 113/2017, Directive 2004/107/EC and Standards of the European Committee for Standardization(CEN). In addition, general information of the measurements, instruments and quality control procedures were gained. The results of the laboratory audits were confidential,but this report includes general findings, and the measurement networks were informed on the audit results with the permission of the participating laboratories. As a conclusion, the measurementmethodsusedwere mainly reference methods. Currently, all sampling methods were reference methods; however, before 2018 three networks used other methods that may have underestimated concentrations. Regarding these measurements, it should be noted the results are notcomparable with the reference method. Laboratory methods were reference methods excluding two cases, where the first was considered an acceptable equivalent method. For the other, a change to a reference method was strongly recommended and this realized in 2020. For some new measurements, the ongoing QC procedures were not yet fully established, and advice were given. Some networks used consultant for calibration and maintenance, and thus theywere not fully aware of the QC procedures. EN Standards were mostly followed. Main concerns were related to the checks of flow and calculation of measurement uncertainty, and suggestions for improvement were given. When the measurement networks implement the recommendations given inthe audits, it can be concluded that the EN Standards are adequately followed in the networks. In the ongoing sampling, clear factors risking the trueness of the result were not found. This applies also for the laboratory analyses in 2020. One network had concentrations above the target value, and theindicative measurementsshould be updated to fixed measurements.
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Hart, Carl. Vibration survey of Room 47 with a laser doppler vibrometer : Main Laboratory Basement, U.S. Army ERDC-CRREL. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/38919.

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Plans are underway to create an acousto-optic laboratory on the campus of the Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory. For this purpose, existing space in the basement of the Main Laboratory will be renovated. Demanding measurement techniques, such as interferometry, require a sufficiently quiet vibration environment (i.e., low vibration levels). As such, characterization of existing vibration conditions is necessary to determine vibration isolation requirements so that highly sensitive measurement activities are feasible. To this end, existing vibro-acoustic conditions were briefly surveyed in Room 47, a part of the future laboratory. The survey measured ambient noise and ambient vertical floor vibrations. The ambient vibration environment was characterized according to generic velocity criteria (VC), which are one-third octave band vibration limits. At the time of the survey, the ambient vibration environment fell under a VC-A designation, where the tolerance limit is 2000 μin/s across all one-third octave bands. Under this condition, highly sensitive measurement activities are feasible on a vibration-isolated working surface. The conclusion of this report provides isolation efficiency requirements that satisfy VC-E limits (125 μin/s), which are necessary for interferometric measurements.
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Field, Paul E., and Roger J. Combs. IR Absorbance Measurement of Variable Composition Aqueous VOCs. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada392064.

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Mihovilovic, Miha. Measurement of double polarized asymmetries in quasi-elastic processes ${}^3\vec{He}(\vec{e},e' d)$ and ${}^3\vec{He}(\vec{e},e' p)$. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1047576.

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Cristopher Burnett, Ronald Guel, James R. Philips, L. Lowry, and Beverly Tai. AISI/DOE Advanced Process Control Program Vol. 5 of 6: Phase Measurement of Galvanneal. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/794987.

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S.W. Allison, D.L. Beshears, and W.W. Manges. AISI/DOE Advanced Process Control Program Vol. 6 of 6: Temperature Measurement of Galvanneal Steel. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/795016.

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Presto, Albert A. Measurements and modeling to quantify emissions of methane and VOCs from shale gas operations: Final Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1372456.

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9

Brosh, Arieh, David Robertshaw, Yoav Aharoni, Zvi Holzer, Mario Gutman, and Amichai Arieli. Estimation of Energy Expenditure of Free Living and Growing Domesticated Ruminants by Heart Rate Measurement. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580685.bard.

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Abstract:
Research objectives were: 1) To study the effect of diet energy density, level of exercise, thermal conditions and reproductive state on cardiovascular function as it relates to oxygen (O2) mobilization. 2) To validate the use of heart rate (HR) to predict energy expenditure (EE) of ruminants, by measuring and calculating the energy balance components at different productive and reproductive states. 3) To validate the use of HR to identify changes in the metabolizable energy (ME) and ME intake (MEI) of grazing ruminants. Background: The development of an effective method for the measurement of EE is essential for understanding the management of both grazing and confined feedlot animals. The use of HR as a method of estimating EE in free-ranging large ruminants has been limited by the availability of suitable field monitoring equipment and by the absence of empirical understanding of the relationship between cardiac function and metabolic rate. Recent developments in microelectronics provide a good opportunity to use small HR devices to monitor free-range animals. The estimation of O2 uptake (VO2) of animals from their HR has to be based upon a consistent relationship between HR and VO2. The question as to whether, or to what extent, feeding level, environmental conditions and reproductive state affect such a relationship is still unanswered. Studies on the basic physiology of O2 mobilization (in USA) and field and feedlot-based investigations (in Israel) covered a , variety of conditions in order to investigate the possibilities of using HR to estimate EE. In USA the physiological studies conducted using animals with implanted flow probes, show that: I) although stroke volume decreases during intense exercise, VO2 per one heart beat per kgBW0.75 (O2 Pulse, O2P) actually increases and measurement of EE by HR and constant O2P may underestimate VO2unless the slope of the regression relating to heart rate and VO2 is also determined, 2) alterations in VO2 associated with the level of feeding and the effects of feeding itself have no effect on O2P, 3) both pregnancy and lactation may increase blood volume, especially lactation; but they have no effect on O2P, 4) ambient temperature in the range of 15 to 25°C in the resting animal has no effect on O2P, and 5) severe heat stress, induced by exercise, elevates body temperature to a sufficient extent that 14% of cardiac output may be required to dissipate the heat generated by exercise rather than for O2 transport. However, this is an unusual situation and its affect on EE estimation in a freely grazing animal, especially when heart rate is monitored over several days, is minor. In Israel three experiments were carried out in the hot summer to define changes in O2P attributable to changes in the time of day or In the heat load. The animals used were lambs and young calves in the growing phase and highly yielding dairy cows. In the growing animals the time of day, or the heat load, affected HR and VO2, but had no effect on O2P. On the other hand, the O2P measured in lactating cows was affected by the heat load; this is similar to the finding in the USA study of sheep. Energy balance trials were conducted to compare MEI recovery by the retained energy (RE) and by EE as measured by HR and O2P. The trial hypothesis was that if HR reliably estimated EE, the MEI proportion to (EE+RE) would not be significantly different from 1.0. Beef cows along a year of their reproductive cycle and growing lambs were used. The MEI recoveries of both trials were not significantly different from 1.0, 1.062+0.026 and 0.957+0.024 respectively. The cows' reproductive state did not affect the O2P, which is similar to the finding in the USA study. Pasture ME content and animal variables such as HR, VO2, O2P and EE of cows on grazing and in confinement were measured throughout three years under twenty-nine combinations of herbage quality and cows' reproductive state. In twelve grazing states, individual faecal output (FO) was measured and MEI was calculated. Regression analyses of the EE and RE dependent on MEI were highly significant (P<0.001). The predicted values of EE at zero intake (78 kcal/kgBW0.75), were similar to those estimated by NRC (1984). The EE at maintenance condition of the grazing cows (EE=MEI, 125 kcal/kgBW0.75) which are in the range of 96.1 to 125.5 as presented by NRC (1996 pp 6-7) for beef cows. Average daily HR and EE were significantly increased by lactation, P<0.001 and P<0.02 respectively. Grazing ME significantly increased HR and EE, P<0.001 and P<0.00l respectively. In contradiction to the finding in confined ewes and cows, the O2P of the grazing cows was significantly affected by the combined treatments (P<0.00l ); this effect was significantly related to the diet ME (P<0.00l ) and consequently to the MEI (P<0.03). Grazing significantly increased O2P compared to confinement. So, when EE of grazing animals during a certain season of the year is estimated using the HR method, the O2P must be re measured whenever grazing ME changes. A high correlation (R2>0.96) of group average EE and of HR dependency on MEI was also found in confined cows, which were fed six different diets and in growing lambs on three diets. In conclusion, the studies conducted in USA and in Israel investigated in depth the physiological mechanisms of cardiovascular and O2 mobilization, and went on to investigate a wide variety of ruminant species, ages, reproductive states, diets ME, time of intake and time of day, and compared these variables under grazing and confinement conditions. From these combined studies we can conclude that EE can be determined from HR measurements during several days, multiplied by O2P measured over a short period of time (10-15 min). The study showed that RE could be determined during the growing phase without slaughtering. In the near future the development microelectronic devices will enable wide use of the HR method to determine EE and energy balance. It will open new scopes of physiological and agricultural research with minimizes strain on animals. The method also has a high potential as a tool for herd management.
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Andre' Moreau, Martin Lord, Daniel Levesqure, Marc Dubois, Jean Bussiere, Jean-Pierre Monchalin, Christian Padioleau, et al. AISI/DOE Advanced Process Control Program Vol. 4 of 6: ON-LINE, NON-DESTRUCTIVE MECHANICAL PROPERTY MEASUREMENT USING LASER-ULTRASOUND. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/794988.

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