Relevant bibliographies by topics / Vnf modeling

Academic literature on the topic 'Vnf modeling'

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Published: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Vnf modeling"

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Marchetto, Guido, Riccardo Sisto, Matteo Virgilio, and Jaloliddin Yusupov. "A VNF modeling approach for verification purposes." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 9, no. 4 (August 1, 2019): 2627. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v9i4.pp2627-2636.

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<span lang="EN-US">Network Function Virtualization (NFV) architectures are emerging to increase networks flexibility. However, this renewed scenario poses new challenges, because virtualized networks, need to be carefully verified before being actually deployed in production environments in order to preserve network coherency (e.g., absence of forwarding loops, preservation of security on network traffic, etc.). Nowadays, model checking tools, SAT solvers, and Theorem Provers are available for formal verification of such properties in virtualized networks. Unfortunately, most of those verification tools accept input descriptions written in specification languages that are difficult to use for people not experienced in formal methods. Also, in order to enable the use of formal verification tools in real scenarios, vendors of Virtual Network Functions (VNFs) should provide abstract mathematical models of their functions, coded in the specific input languages of the verification tools. This process is error-prone, time-consuming, and often outside the VNF developers’ expertise. This paper presents a framework that we designed for automatically extracting verification models starting from a Java-based representation of a given VNF. It comprises a Java library of classes to define VNFs in a more developer-friendly way, and a tool to translate VNF definitions into formal verification models of different verification tools.</span>
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Vladislavić, Đani, Darko Huljenić, and Julije Ožegović. "Virtual Network Resource Optimization Model for Network Function Virtualization." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (August 17, 2021): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9928210.

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Network function virtualization (NFV) is a concept aimed at achieving telecom grade cloud ecosystem for new-generation networks focusing on capital and operational expenditure (CAPEX and OPEX) savings. This study introduces empirical throughput prediction model for the virtual network function (VNF) and network function virtualization infrastructure (NFVI) architectures based on Linux kernel. The model arises from the methodology for performance evaluation and modeling based on execution area (EA) distribution by CPU core pinning. EA is defined as a software execution unit that can run isolated on a compute resource (CPU core). EAs are derived from the elements and packet processing principles in NFVIs and VNFs based on Linux kernel. Performing measurements and observing linearity of the measured results open the possibility to apply model calibration technique to achieve general VNF and NFVI architecture model with performance prediction and environment setup optimization. The modeling parameters are derived from the cumulative packet processing cost obtained by measurements for collocated EAs on the CPU core hosting the bottleneck EA. The VNF and NFVI architecture model with performance prediction is successfully validated against the measurement results obtained in emulated environment and used to predict optimal system configurations and maximal throughput results for different CPUs.
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Zeng, Zhihao, Zixiang Xia, Xiaoning Zhang, and Yexiao He. "SFC Design and VNF Placement Based on Traffic Volume Scaling and VNF Dependency in 5G Networks." Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 134, no. 3 (2023): 1791–814. http://dx.doi.org/10.32604/cmes.2022.021648.

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Wei, Yifei, Yuning Jia, Jun Li, and Xiaojun Wang. "RESEARCH ON 5G NETWORK RESOURCE ORCHESTRATION ALGORITHM BASED ON NETWORK VIRTUALIZATION TECHNOLOGY." Latin American Applied Research - An international journal 52, no. 4 (September 25, 2022): 347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.52292/j.laar.2022.970.

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With the advancement of wireless network technology to the next generation, network function virtualization (NFV) brings the advantages of centralized scheduling of virtual wireless resources and the ability to orchestrate virtual network functions. This makes it possible to dynamically deploy and manage service function chains (SFCs) in virtualized wireless networks according to changes in network load. Through the network function virtualization technology, the DU/CU separation architecture under 5G-NG-RAN is considered. Aiming at the resource orchestration problem of the 5G access network virtual protocol stack function and service function chain after deployment, an energy-aware virtualized network function instance (VNFI) orchestration algorithm is proposed. By modeling the underlying physical network and node energy consumption, the node load, resource type, tolerable delay and migration loss are included in the decision, and the state of the general server node is divided into two types: running state and sleep state. The algorithm decouples the decision-making process of VNF migration into two specific modules, namely "the VNF selection module" and "the migration destination node selection module". It is verified by simulation that compared with other energy-saving strategies, the algorithm in this paper has better performance in reducing energy consumption and reducing migration loss, and it can take into account both the reduction of the number of open server nodes and the improvement of resource utilization.
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Rafiq, Adeel, Asif Mehmood, Talha Ahmed Khan, Khizar Abbas, Muhammad Afaq, and Wang-Cheol Song. "Intent-Based End-to-End Network Service Orchestration System for Multi-Platforms." Sustainability 12, no. 7 (April 1, 2020): 2782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072782.

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On-demand service is the main feature of the 5G network, and Network Function Virtualization (NFV) provides it by virtualizing the existing 5G network infrastructure. NFV crafts various virtual networks on a shared physical network, but one of the core challenges in future 5G networks is to automate the modeling of Virtualized Network Functions (VNFs) and end-to-end Network Service (NS) orchestration with less human interaction. Traditionally, the descriptor of VNF and NS is created manually, which requires expert-level skills. This manual approach has a big threat of human error, which can be avoided by using the Intent-Based Networking (IBN) approach. The IBN approach eliminates the requirement of expertise for designing VNFs and NS by taking users’ intentions as an input. In this paper, the proposed system presents the Intent Management System for VNF modeling and end-to-end NS orchestration for multi-platforms. This system takes the high-level information related to a specific service, configures it accordingly, and converts it into the selected platform. The proposed system is tested using Mobile Central Office Re-architected as Data Center (M-CORD) and Open-Source Management and Orchestration (OSM) orchestrators. The results section shows that the proposed system reduces the effort of the end-user in creating network slices and provides seamless end-to-end service orchestration.
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Ye, Qiang, Weihua Zhuang, Xu Li, and Jaya Rao. "End-to-End Delay Modeling for Embedded VNF Chains in 5G Core Networks." IEEE Internet of Things Journal 6, no. 1 (February 2019): 692–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2018.2853708.

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Elvidge, Christopher D., Mikhail Zhizhin, Feng Chi Hsu, Tamara Sparks, and Tilottama Ghosh. "Subpixel Analysis of Primary and Secondary Infrared Emitters with Nighttime VIIRS Data." Fire 4, no. 4 (November 7, 2021): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire4040083.

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Biomass burning is a coupled exothermic/endothermic system that transfers carbon in several forms to the atmosphere, ultimately leaving mineral ash. The exothermic phases include flaming and smoldering, which produce the heat that drives the endothermic processes. The endothermic components include pre-heating and pyrolysis, which produce the fuel consumed by flaming and smoldering. These components can be broadly distinguished from each other based on temperature. For several years, we have researched the subpixel analysis of two temperature phases present in fire pixels detected in nighttime VIIRS data. Here, we present the flaming subtractive method, with which we have successfully derived temperatures and source areas for two infrared (IR) emitters and a cooler background. This is developed as an add-on to the existing VIIRS nightfire algorithm version 3 (VNF v.3) which uses Planck curve fitting to calculate temperatures and source areas for a single IR emitter and background. The flaming subtractive method works with data collected in four spectral ranges: near-infrared (NIR), short-wave infrared (SWIR), mid-wave infrared (MWIR) and long-wave infrared (LWIR). With sunlight eliminated, the NIR and SWIR radiances can be fully attributed to the primary IR emitter. The analysis begins with Planck curve modeling for the primary emitter based on the NIR and SWIR radiances, yielding temperature, source area and primary emitter radiances in all spectral bands. The primary emitter radiances are subtracted from each spectral band and then the residual radiance is analyzed for a secondary IR emitter and the background. Spurious results are obtained in pixels lacking a discernable secondary emitter. These misfit pixels revert back to the single IR emitter analysis of VNF v.3. In tests run for two California megafires, we found that the primary emitters straddle the temperature ranges for flaming and smoldering, the exothermic portions of biomass burning, which are apparently commingled on the ground. The secondary emitter temperatures span 350–750 K, corresponding to pre-heating and slow pyrolysis. The natural gas flare test case had few numbers of successful secondary emitter retrievals and a wide range of secondary emitter temperatures. The flaming subtractive analysis is the key addition to VNF version 4, which will commence production later in 2021. In 2022, we will seek validation of the VNF v.4 from nighttime Landsat and other data sources.
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Baldi, Mario, and Amedeo Sapio. "Network Function Modeling and Performance Estimation." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 8, no. 5 (October 1, 2018): 3021. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v8i5.pp3021-3037.

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<p>This work introduces a methodology for the modelization of network functions focused on the identification of recurring execution patterns as basic building blocks and aimed at providing a platform independent representation. By mapping each modeling building block on specific hardware, the performance of the network function can be estimated in termsof maximum throughput that the network function can achieve on the specific execution platform. The approach is such that once the basic modeling building blocks have been mapped, the estimate can be computed automatically for any modeled network function. Experimental results on several sample network functions show that although our approach cannot be very accurate without taking in consideration traffic characteristics, it is very valuable for those application where even loose estimates are key. One such example is orchestration in network functions virtualization (NFV) platforms, as well as in general virtualization platforms where virtual machine placement is based also on the performance<br />of network services offered to them. Being able to automatically estimate the performance of a virtualized network function (VNF) on different execution hardware, enables optimal placement of VNFs themselves as well as the virtual hosts they serve, while efficiently utilizing available resources.</p>
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Zhu, Haochen, Bo Hu, and Fengrui Yang. "Removal of Sulfadiazine by Polyamide Nanofiltration Membranes: Measurement, Modeling, and Mechanisms." Membranes 11, no. 2 (February 2, 2021): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11020104.

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In this study, a complete steric, electrostatic, and dielectric mass transfer model is applied to investigate the separation mechanism of typical antibiotic sulfadiazine by NF90, NF270, VNF-8040 and TMN20H-400 nanofiltration membranes. FTIR and XPS analysis clearly indicate that the membranes we used possess skin layers containing both amine and carboxylic acid groups that can be distributed in an inhomogeneous fashion, leading to a bipolar fixed charge distribution. We compare the theoretical and experimental rejection rate of the sulfadiazine as a function of the pressure difference across the nanopore for the four polyamide membranes of inhomogeneously charged nanopores. It is shown that the rejection rate of sulfadiazine obtained by the solute transport model has similar qualitative results with that of experiments and follows the sequence: RNF90>RVNF2−8040>RNF270>RTMN20H−400. The physical explanation can be attributed to the influence of the inhomogeneous charge distribution on the electric field that arises spontaneously so as to maintain the electroneutrality within the nanopore.
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Elagin, Vasily S., Alexander V. Bogachev, and Ilya A. Belozertsev. "Modeling the estimation of end-to-end packet latency for a chain of NFV nodes in 5G networks." T-Comm 16, no. 3 (2022): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.36724/2072-8735-2022-16-3-23-30.

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It is expected that future communication networks will provide configurable delay-sensitive types of services (for example, streaming video, machine interaction). To support a variety of applications and use cases of servers providing various functions, you can use network function virtualization (NFV), which will be able to provide flexible implementation and placement of configuration of the necessary network functions. This article analyzes the end-to-end packet latency (E2E) for multiple traffic flows passing through the chain of embedded virtual network functions (VNF) in fifth-generation communication networks (5G). The Dominant of Generalized Resource Processing (DR-GPS) is used to distribute computing resources and transfer data between threads in each node of Network Function Virtualization (NFV) to achieve equitable distribution and utilization of available resources. The tandem queuing model is designed for incoming packets combined in several streams passing through the NFV node and its outgoing transmission channel. To analyze manageability, we separate packet processing (and transmission) of various streams in the simulation and determine the average packet processing and transmission rates of each stream as approximate service speeds.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Vnf modeling"

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Kline, Theodore S. "Broadband HF and VHF antenna design with terrain modeling." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1995. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA305429.

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Thesis (M.S. in Electrical Engineering) Naval Postgraduate School, December 1995.
Thesis advisor(s): Rasler W. Smith, R.W. Adler. "December 1995." Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.
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Overstreet, William Patton. "VHF bipolar transistor power amplifiers: measurement, modeling, and design." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/71166.

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Widely used design techniques for radio frequency power amplifiers yield results which are approximate; the initial design is usually refined by applying trial-and-error procedures in the laboratory. More accurate design techniques are complicated in their application and have not gained acceptance by practicing engineers. A new design technique for VHF linear power amplifiers using bipolar junction transistors is presented in this report. This design technique is simple in its application but yields accurate results. The design technique is based upon a transistor model which is simple enough to be useful for design, but which is sufficiently accurate to predict performance at high frequencies. Additionally, the model yields insight into many of the processes which take place within the typical RF power transistor. The fundamental aspect of the model is the inclusion of charge storage within the transistor base. This charge storage effect gives rise to a nearly sinusoidal collector current waveform, even in a transistor which ostensibly is biased for class B or nonsaturating class C operation. Methods of predicting transistor input and output impedances are presented. A number of other topics related to power amplifier measurement and design are also included. A unique measurement approach which is ideally suited for use with power amplifiers is discussed. This measurement approach is a hybrid of the common S-parameter measurement technique and the "load-pull" procedure. Practical considerations such as amplifier stability, bias network design, and matching network topology are also included in the report.
Ph. D.
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Najm, Riyadh K. "Wire-grid modelling of glass-mounted vehicular antennas at VHF." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239950.

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Miller, Robert W. "Modeling methodology and data throughout analysis of a VHF land mobile radio network." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0002/MQ44853.pdf.

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Zhang, Aibin. "CFD Modeling and Optimization of Primary sedimentation tank." Thesis, KTH, Vattendragsteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-217116.

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In this project, the flow field characteristics of the simplified 2D rectangular primary sedimentation tank in Syvab wastewater treatment plant were achieved by a transient water-air two phases finite-volume method, applying Volume-Of-Fluid (VOF) model. RNG k-ε turbulence model was also employed to calculate the turbulent kinetic energy and its dissipation rate. The undesired hydraulic phenomenon for solid sedimentation was detected in original tank. To reduce the velocity and turbulence intensity of the influent, two categories of optimization methods were proposed, which are installing the baffle and changing the velocity inlet. The modifying effects of different methods were compared by the velocity profiles and the contours of kinetic energy. It turns out that both ways provide a preferred condition for particle settling. In the end, further research was forecasted and the work direction were given.
I detta projekt uppnåddes 2D modellering av avloppsflödesfältets karaktär hos en förenklade och rektangulär primära sedimenteringsbassäng, Syvab avloppsreningsverk, genom en transient-tvåfas-finita-volymmetoden med vatten och luft, som tillämpades med Volume-Of-Fluid (VOF) modellen. RNG k-ε turbulensmodellen användes även för att beräkna den kinetiska energin av turbulas och dess dissipationshastighet. Detta för att oönskade hydrauliska fenomen har uppmärksammats hos sedimenteringsbassängen hos avloppsreningsverket. För att minska flödeshastigheten och turbulens föreslås två optimeringsmetoder, vilket är att installera skärm och att ändra inloppets hastighet. Eeffekterna av de olika metoderna jämförs med hjälp av hastighets- och kinetisk energiprofiler. Det visar sig att båda metoderna kan ge gynsammare tillstånd för sedimentering av partikelar. Som avslutning ges prognos för den fortsatta forskningen och arbetsriktningen inom ämnet.
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Thiele, Roman. "Modeling of Direct Contact Condensation With OpenFOAM." Thesis, KTH, Reaktorteknologi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-49825.

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Within the course of the master thesis project, two thermal phase change models for direct contact conden-sation were developed with different modeling approaches, namely interfacial heat transfer and combustionanalysis approach.After understanding the OpenFOAM framework for two phase flow solvers with phase change capabilities,a new solver, including the two developed models for phase change, was implemented under the name ofinterPhaseChangeCondenseTempFoam and analyzed in a series of 18 tests in order to determine the physicalbehavior and robustness of the developed models. The solvers use a volume-of-fluid (VOF) approach withmixed fluid properties.It has been shown that the approach with inter-facial heat transfer shows physical behavior, a strong timestep robustness and good grid convergence properties. The solver can be used as a basis for more advancedsolvers within the phase change class.
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Abtahi, Sayyed Mohammad. "Airborne Gravity Gradient, Magnetic and VLF datasets : Case studies of modelling, inversion and interpretation." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Geofysik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-300126.

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Northern Sweden is one of the largest hosts for mineral resources in Europe and always has been an interesting area for researchers from various disciplines of Earth sciences. This dissertation is a comprehensive summary of three case study papers on airborne VLF, gravity gradient and magnetic data in the area. In the first paper, tensor VLF data is extracted from an old data set which contains only the total and the vertical magnetic components. The anomalous part of the horizontal magnetic field components is computed by a Hilbert transform of the vertical magnetic field. The normal part of the horizontal magnetic field component is computed as a function of total, vertical and anomalous part of horizontal magnetic fields. The electric field is also calculated for TE mode and impedance tensor and apparent resistivity are computed. In addition tippers are calculated for two transmitters and inverted by a 3D inversion algorithm. Comparison of the estimated model and geology map of bedrock shows that lower resistivity zones are correlated with mineralizations. The second paper deals with the internal consistency of airborne gravity gradient data. The six components of the data are estimated from a common potential function. It is shown that the data is adequately consistent but at shorter land clearances the difference between the estimated data and the original data is larger. The technique is also used for computing the Bouguer anomaly from terrain corrected FTG data. Finally the data is inverted in 3D, which shows that the estimated density model in shallow depth is dominated by short wave length features. Inversion of TMI data is the topic of the third paper where a new type of reference model for 3D inversion of magnetic data is proposed by vertically extending the estimated magnetization of a 2D terrain magnetization model. The final estimated 3D result is compared with the magnetization model where no reference model is used. The comparison shows that using the reference model helps the high magnetization zones in the estimated model at shallow depths to be better correlated with measured high remanent magnetization from rock samples. The high magnetization zones are also correlated with gabbros and volcanic metasediments.
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Toninelli, Paolo. "Two-phase heat transfer in minichannels: modeling and heat pump applications." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3425359.

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Nowadays there is an increasing demand for compact devices with high performance in heating and cooling applications; a compact geometry permits to have a lower charge of refrigerant as compared to conventional HX. The present research activity is focused on the analysis of condensation phenomena inside a single minichannel and on the application of minichannels technology for condensers and evaporators in heating and cooling systems. When the inner diameter decreases, new parameters can influence in a significant way the two-phase heat transfer. Nowadays powerful numerical tools permit to obtain a detailed analysis of two-phase heat transfer mechanisms inside channels and to model the interaction between the phases without using any empirical closure law. In this way it is possible to have a numerical approach that can be applied for different fluids and operating conditions being independent from the empirical correlations found in the literature. In particular the Volume Of Fluid (VOF) method is used to have investigate the main features of condensation phenomena inside a single minichannel and the numerical results have been validated against experimental data. Since the low mass flux conditions are the least investigated due to the high experimental uncertainly when the heat flow rate is in the order of few watts, numerical simulations have been performed to get an insight into the condensation process at these operating conditions, focusing the investigation on the effect of fluid properties, channel shape, channel size and channel orientation. The VOF simulations were then extended to the study of interfacial instabilities during the R134a annular-wavy downflow condensation inside a vertical 3.4 mm i.d. minichannel. Computational results about the evolution in time of the vapour-liquid interface along the channel have been validated against experimental visualizations and the influence of the waves on heat transfer has been analyzed. Besides the numerical analysis of the heat transfer, the application of minichannel technology in heating and cooling systems has also been investigated. The use of minichannels in heat exchangers allows to significantly decrease the refrigerant charge as compared to conventional finned coil heat exchangers. This is particularly useful in a reversible heat pump when the same heat exchanger can work as a condenser or as an evaporator and it is particularly useful when the refrigerant is flammable or middly flammable. The development of physical models are necessary to the prediction of the performance and the design of completely innovative systems. Computational procedures have been thus developed to evaluate the performance of a reversible water-to-water and air-to-water heat pump using minichannels in the heat transfer with air, considering both the air and the ground as possible heat sources. This work has been possible thanks to the financial support of Riello SpA.
Attualmente vi è una crescente domanda di dispositivi compatti con prestazioni elevate in applicazioni di riscaldamento e raffreddamento; una geometria compatta consente di avere una carica ridotta di refrigerante rispetto agli scambiatori convenzionali. L'attività di ricerca è focalizzata sull'analisi del fenomeni di condensazione all'interno di un singolo minicanale e sull'applicazione della tecnologia a minicanali per condensatori ed evaporatori in sistemi di riscaldamento e raffreddamento. Quando il diametro interno diminuisce, nuovi parametri possono influenzare in modo significativo il trasferimento di calore in deflusso bifase. Oggigiorno potenti strumenti numerici permettono di ottenere un'analisi dettagliata dei meccanismi di trasferimento di calore in deflusso bifase all'interno di canali e di modellare l'interazione tra le fasi senza utilizzare alcuna legge empirica di chiusura. In questo modo è possibile avere un approccio puramente numerico che può essere applicato per diversi fluidi e diverse condizioni operative, risultando indipendente dalle correlazioni empiriche in letteratura. In particolare, il metodo VOF è stato utilizzato per studiare le caratteristiche principali dei fenomeni di condensazione all'interno di un singolo minicanale ed i risultati numerici sono stati poi convalidati con i dati sperimentali. Poiché le condizioni a bassa portata specifica sono le meno indagate a causa della elevata incertezza sperimentale quando il flusso termico è dell'ordine di pochi watt, simulazioni numeriche sono state effettuate allo scopo di ottenere una panoramica del processo di condensazione in tali condizioni operative, concentrando l'indagine sugli effetti della proprietà del fluido, la forma, le dimensioni e l'’inclinazione del canale. Le simulazioni VOF sono state poi estese allo studio delle instabilità all’interfaccia durante il processo di condensazione di R134a per un deflusso anulare-ondoso all'interno di un minicanale verticale con un diametro interno di 3.4 mm. I risultati numerici sull'evoluzione dell’interfaccia liquido-vapore nel tempo sono stati convalidati con visualizzazioni sperimentali e l'influenza delle onde sullo scambio termico è stata analizzata. Oltre all'analisi numerica del trasferimento di calore, l'applicazione della tecnologia a minicanali è stata anche investigata in sistemi di riscaldamento e raffreddamento. L'uso di minicanali negli scambiatori di calore permette di ridurre in modo significativo la carica di refrigerante rispetto ai tradizionali scambiatori di calore a batteria alettata. Questo è particolarmente utile in una pompa di calore reversibile quando lo stesso scambiatore di calore può funzionare come un condensatore o come evaporatore ed è particolarmente utile quando il refrigerante è infiammabile o mediamente infiammabile. Lo sviluppo di modelli fisici è necessario per la previsione delle prestazioni e per la progettazione di sistemi completamente innovativi. Procedure di calcolo sono state così implementate per valutare le prestazioni di una pompa di calore reversibile acqua-acqua e aria-acqua utilizzando i minicanali nel trasferimento di calore con l'aria, considerando sia l'aria che il terreno come possibili fonti di calore. Questo lavoro è stato possibile grazie al sostegno finanziario di Riello SpA .
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Thunell, Rasmus. "Groundwater flow paths in fractured crystalline bedrock : Electromagnetic VLF measurements and modelling of a groundwater basin in Svanberga, Sweden." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-231983.

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Sweden is a country with a relatively high number of private wells, where about 1.2 million inhabitants in permanent housing and an equal amount in summer housing relies on private wells as their drinking water supply. At the same time the market for drinking water treatment products is unregulated regarding quality and requirements are needed. A testing facility with the aim of providing quality certifications as well as sustainability- and efficiency- tests of small scale drinking water treatment techniques is under development and located in a decommissioned groundwater treatment plant in Svanberga, outside Norrtälje, Stockholm County, Sweden. The groundwater treatment plant has three operational bedrock wells connected to it and the groundwater system is rather unknown with only a few previous studies done in the region. Better understanding of the hydrogeological system would aid in further work of evaluating the risks of contaminant spread in the region. Trough fracture outcrop mapping, geophysical Very Low Frequency measurements and groundwater modelling using COMSOL Multiphysics this master thesis have identified several possible flow paths within the bedrock connected to the GWTP. The results indicates there are one or two approximately east-west striking fracture zones that could play a major role in transportation of contaminants related to road traffic and agriculture to the wells, while several north to south striking fracture zones most likely supplies the groundwater basin with water from the thicker soil layers in the northern part of the region. Recommendations of future studies includes conducting a detailed pumping test of the operational wells in Svanberga old GWTP as well as verification of the presumed most important identified fracture zones to the south east and north in the studied area by additional geophysical investigations or  tracer tests.
Testbädd dricksvatten är ett pågående projekt och testanläggning där tester och utveckling av filter och småskaliga tekniker för rening av dricksvatten samt kvalitetscertifiering för effektivitets och hållbarhetstester kommer utföras. Testanläggningen består av ett nedlagt grundvattenverk med tre tillhörande bergborrade brunnar i Svanberga utanför Norrtälje. Grundvattensystemet och flödesvägar för grundvattnet i området är relativt okända och bättre förståelse av hydrogeologin skulle kunna bidra till framtida arbete med att identifiera och bedöma risker för föroreningstransporter i området samt till grundvattenverkets brunnar. Detta examensarbete har genom beprövade metoder i form av sprick-kartering, geofysiska undersökningar (VLF) och grundvattenmodellering med COMSOL Multiphysics identifierat flera möjliga flödesvägar i berggrunden kopplade till grundvattenverket. Resultatet från studien visar att ett antal sprickzoner i öst-västlig riktning utgör en större risk för föroreningstransport av ämnen från trafik och jordbruk samt att en större del av det vatten som tillförs grundvattensystemet troligen har sitt ursprung från tjockare morän-lager i de norra delarna av området. Provpumpningar och verifiering av de identifierade sprick-zonerna genom spårämnestester och geofysiska undersökningar bör utföras för att stärka resultaten från detta arbete och möjligen utöka kunskapen om hydrogeologin i området kring Svanberga gamla grundvattenverk.
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Jiang, Wenbiao. "Simulation du bullage dans un photobioréacteur." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLC086/document.

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Au cours des dernières années, la culture de microalgues est largement étudiée pour produire des biocarburants et d’autres produits de valeur en fixant le dioxyde de carbone de l’atmosphère, afin d’atténuer simultanément les effets du changement climatique et de réduire la dépendance à l’égard des carburants fossiles. En comparaison avec les systèmes ouverts, les photobioréacteurs fermés sont davantage utilisés en laboratoire, car ils permettent de contrôler avec précision les facteurs environnementaux tels que le pH, la concentration en éléments nutritifs, etc. Le principe de fonctionnement d’un photobioréacteur repose sur l’injection de bulles dans le milieu de culture pour (i) apporter du dioxyde de carbone aux cellules (ii)agiter le liquide. Par l’apport d’énergie lumineuse les cellules transforment le carbone inorganique en carbone organique par photosynthèse. Ainsi, les phénomènes physiques - l’écoulement, transfert de matière, transfert radiatif - et les phénomènes biologiques - photosynthèse, croissance cellulaire et mort - coexistent dans un photobioréacteur. Plus important encore, tous les phénomènes de base ne sont pas complètement indépendants les uns des autres. Des recherches récentes ont révélé que le comportement des bulles avait également une incidence directe sur le processus biologique. En raison du comportement significatif des bulles sur la productivité d'un photobioréacteur, la génération de bulles a été étudiée dans cette thèse au moyen de méthodes expérimentales et numériques.Dans l'étude expérimentale, nous avons conçu puis fabriqué un nouveau photobioréacteur afin d'étudier le bullage in situ. L’emploi d’une technique d’ombroscopie couplée à une caméra vidéo a permis l’enregistrement de séries de bulles. Les images traitées ont permis de mesurer des caractéristiques de bulles (fréquence, volume, facteur de forme). Le volume moyen de bulle et la fréquence de formation de bulles augmentent avec le débit de gaz. De plus, la distribution volumique monodisperse à faible débit devient de plus en plus polydisperse par l’accroissement de celui-ci. L’évolution de la forme des bulles lors de leur remontée dans le liquide a été évaluée par l’emploi de facteurs de forme. Ces facteurs diminuent avec la remontée des bulles et traduisent une déformation horizontalement. A débit élevé, les formes des bulles oscillent et coalescent plus fréquemment.La simulation du bullage a été réalisé par l’emploi d’une méthode Volume of Fluid (VOF) et d’une bibliothèque open source de mécanique numérique des fluides OpenFOAM. Ces choix de méthodes sont motivés en raison de la robustesse d'OpenFOAM en matière de simulation d'écoulements diphasiques rapportée dans la littérature. Une première étude numérique de simulation 2D a permis de déterminer les valeurs appropriées des paramètres numériques (nombre de Courant et la taille du maillage) tout en minimisant le temps de calcul par rapport à une pré-étude 3D. Sans surprise, nous avons déterminé que la taille des mailles devait être inférieure au diamètre de la buse pour obtenir des résultats significatifs. De façon plus surprenante, nous avons observé que le nombre maximum de Courant n’a pas d’importance particulière pour ces simulations (dans une limite raisonnable : 0 à 1). Les simulations 3D ont été menées sur un supercalculateur. Elles ont montré que le volume des bulles et l’évolution de leur forme calculées numériquement étaient en accord avec les résultats expérimentaux. Cependant, les simulations 3D n’ont pas permis de représenter la polydispersité de la distribution volumique des bulles en raison d’un temps de calcul nécessaire trop important pour générer une population de bulles suffisamment nombreuse. Au final, l'outil numérique a aussi été utilisé avec succès pour explorer plusieurs caractéristiques hydrodynamiques de mélange dans le liquide
The working principle of a typical photobioreactor is to inject gas bubbles into the culture medium, providing CO2 to the cells and also stirring the liquid. Subsequently, the cells convert inorganic carbon into organic carbon through photosynthesis under illumination. Therefore, physical phenomena, e.g. bubbly flow, mass transfer, radiative transfer, and biological phenomena, e.g. photosynthesis, cell growth and death, coexist in a photobioreactor. More importantly, all the basic phenomena are not completely independent to each other. For example, bubble volume and bubble shape can influence gas-liquid mass transfer according to Young-Laplace equation and Henry's law. Moreover, some recent research revealed that bubble behaviors also directly affect the biological process. In view of the important impact of bubble behaviors on productivity of a phototbioreactor, the bubbly flow was investigated in this thesis by both experimental and numerical methods.In the experimental study, we first manufactured a new photobioreactor in order to study the bubbles and other phenomena. Subsequently, the bubbles were captured by high speed camera by virtue of a shadowgraphy technique and bubble behaviors were obtained by processing and analyzing the images. From the experimental results, we found that both averaged bubble volume and bubbling frequency increased with gas flow rate. Furthermore, we also discovered that the distribution of bubble volume was almost monodisperse at low flow rate, and it became more and more polydisperse with increasing flow rate. Regarding bubble shape evolution, we used two shape factors, viz. aspect ration and circularity, to quantitatively study it. We found that both shape factors dropped rapidly during bubble rising (within the limit of the field of view of our video camera), which implied that bubbles were flattened in the course of rising. Nonetheless, bubbles became more vertically elongated at higher flow rate, partially due to the more frequent bubble coalescence at higher flow rate.In the numerical study, we adopted VOF method and OpenFOAM, an open source CFD library, as our numerical tool to represent bubbly flow. First of all, the robustness of OpenFOAM in simulating two-phase flow was validated by literature survey. Subsequently, 2D simulations were carried out for seeking the appropriate and not very time-consuming numerical parameters, i.e. maximum Courant number and mesh size. We found that mesh size should somehow be smaller than the nozzle diameter to have meaningful results. On the other hand, maximum Courant number had no particular importance in the simulations (as long as between 0 and 1). Furthermore, 3D simulations were in good agreement with the experiments in terms of bubble volume and bubble shape evolution. However, 3D simulations were not able to represent the polydispersity of bubble volume due to the limited computing power. In addition, several hydrodynamic characteristics were also explored by the proposed numerical tool, which gave reasonable results.To conclude, bubble behaviors were successfully captured by experimental methods and represented by numerical methods in this thesis, which will help us go further in understanding the complicated physical-biological phenomena of a photobioreactor
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Books on the topic "Vnf modeling"

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Yen-Sen, Chen, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Numerical modeling of spray combustion with an advanced VOF method. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1997.

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30 лет программе «Байкал-бурение». Академическое изд-во «Гео», 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21782/b978-5-6043022-3-1.

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The book is devoted to the International Baikal Drilling Project, a part of the program «Global changes of the environment and climate», accomplished by the Russian, American and Japanese scientists. Much attention is given to the fact that the Baikal Drilling team acted as a single, solid team. The major results obtained from those studies were described in numerous publications published in various Russian and International journals. We hope that the book will be interesting for young scientists, so that they can feel an interest in studying the secrets of nature. The project was accomplished owing to the efforts of M.I. Kuzmin, V.S. Antipin, A.V. Goreglyad, V.F. Geletyi, G.V. Kalmychkov (Institute of Geochemistry, SB RAS), M.A Grachev, O.M. Khlystov (Limnological Institute, SB RAS). Many problems that arouse in the project management were solved with the assistance of V.A. Fialkov, Director of the Baikal Museum, SB RAS, A.A. Bukharov, Vive-Director of the Baikal Museum, and the translators T. V. Bunaeva and M. Yu. Khomutova. The book not only describes a difficult work in the ice of Lake Baikal, but also presents the valuable data on the mineral composition of the bottom sediments, the discovery of Baikal gas hydrates, and the evolution of the landscapes and climate of the Baikal region in the Late Cenozoic. Modern methods of electron-probe x-ray spectral microanalysis and isotope geochemistry are described in detail. All this, as well as the methods of modeling real mineral associations, make this book valuable for researchers in different fields of science.
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Book chapters on the topic "Vnf modeling"

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Pedro, João, and António Eira. "Hybrid Backup Resource Optimization for VNF Placement Over Optical Transport Networks." In Optical Network Design and Modeling, 3–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38085-4_1.

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Komarek, Ales, Jakub Pavlik, Lubos Mercl, and Vladimir Sobeslav. "VNF Orchestration and Modeling with ETSI MANO Compliant Frameworks." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 121–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67380-6_11.

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Kühn, Ramona, Andreas Fischer, and Hermann de Meer. "Modeling Security Requirements for VNE Algorithms: A Practical Approach." In Systems Modeling: Methodologies and Tools, 165–79. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92378-9_11.

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Mailyan, Levon R., Sergey A. Stel’makh, Evgenii M. Shcherban’, Mikhail G. Kholodnyak, Alla S. Smolyanichenko, Ivan A. Parinov, and Alexander V. Cherpakov. "Modeling of Aggregate and Local Structural Characteristics of V-, CF-, and VCF-Concretes." In Management of Structure Formation and Properties of Cement Concretes, 67–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08919-0_4.

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Hyman, Jay M., Aurel A. Lazar, and Giovanni Pacifici. "Modeling VC, VP and VN bandwidth assignment strategies in broadband networks." In Network and Operating System Support for Digital Audio and Video, 102–13. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-58404-8_10.

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García-Álvarez, David, and Javier Lara Hinojosa. "Global Thematic Land Use Cover Datasets Characterizing Vegetation Covers." In Land Use Cover Datasets and Validation Tools, 373–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90998-7_19.

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AbstractVegetation covers were one of the first land covers to receive special attention when thematic Land Use Cover (LUC) maps first appeared. Interest in this subject has remained strong since then because of the valuable information that these datasets provide for monitoring forests, deforestation and climate change, among other issues. A wide variety of thematic LUC datasets characterizing vegetation covers are currently available. In this chapter, we review eleven of these datasets, most of which provide long series of LUC maps, so permitting the study of LUC change. In thematic terms, most of the maps provide information on the vegetation or tree cover fraction per pixel, so characterizing the vegetation covers on Earth in great detail. A specific dataset has been found that maps mangrove distribution across the globe at 30 m for one date (1997/00). It is not included in this review because of its high specificity, which means it is only of interest to certain communities of users. Of all the products reviewed here, the World’s Forests 2000 is probably the most basic, providing information about three wooded cover categories for the year 1995/96 at a spatial resolution of 1 km. SYNMAP is a very specific thematic map designed to meet the needs of the carbon cycle and vegetation modelling community, which was produced at a spatial resolution of 1 km and with a legend of 48 categories. Among the maps providing information on the fraction of vegetation cover per pixel, the Hybrid Forest Mask 2000 (1 km) and the PTC Global Version (500 m–1 km) offer relatively coarse resolutions and few points in time: just one date in the former (2000) and two in the latter (2003, 2008). The Forests of the World 2010 is also available for just one year (2010), albeit at a more detailed spatial resolution (250 m). Various datasets provide information on the cover fraction for long periods of time at medium and high spatial resolutions. FCover provides the longest time series (1999-present) at 1 km, although since 2014 this dataset is also available at 300 m. Modis VCF also offers a long data series (2000–2019) at a spatial resolution of 250 m. MEaSUREs Vegetation Continuous Fields (VCF) is another thematic LUC dataset providing information on the tree cover fraction of the earth surface for a very long time period: 1982–2016. However, it is not reviewed here because of its coarse spatial resolution (around 5.6 km at the Equator). At very detailed spatial resolutions, GFCC30TC Landsat VCF (30 m) provides data on the cover fraction for four different points in time, between 2000 and 2015. It also gives information on forest change for two periods (1990–2000/2000–2005) through the associated GFCC30FCC dataset. The Hansen forest map (30 m) also provides one of the longest time series, from 2000 to 2019. Global FNF is the dataset with the highest resolution (25 m) of all those reviewed. It is available for two periods of time: 2007–2010 and 2015–2017. In thematic terms, however, this dataset is less detailed, in that it only differentiates between forest and non-forest covers. TanDEM-X Forest/Non-Forest also provides information on the forest extent at high spatial resolution (50 m). However, the map is only available for one point in time. Like Global FNF, it was also obtained from the classification of radar data.
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Mansouri, Majdi, Hazem Numan Nounou, and Mohamed Numan Nounou. "Modeling and Monitoring of Chemical System." In Handbook of Research on Modern Optimization Algorithms and Applications in Engineering and Economics, 835–58. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9644-0.ch032.

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This chapter addresses the problem of time-varying nonlinear modeling and monitoring of a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) process using state estimation techniques. These techniques include the extended Kalman filter (EKF), particle filter (PF), and the more recently the variational Bayesian filter (VBF). The objectives of this chapter are threefold. The first objective is to use the variational Bayesian filter with better proposal distribution for nonlinear states and parameters estimation. The second objective is to extend the state and parameter estimation techniques to better handle nonlinear and non-Gaussian processes without a priori state information, by utilizing a time-varying assumption of statistical parameters. The third objective is to apply the state estimation techniques EKF, PF and VBF for time-varying nonlinear modeling and monitoring of CSTR process. The estimation performance is evaluated on a synthetic example in terms of estimation accuracy, root mean square error and execution times.
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Horne, Margaret, Emine Mine Thompson, and James Charlton. "Towards a Multifunctional Virtual City Model." In Advances in Civil and Industrial Engineering, 154–72. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4349-9.ch008.

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This chapter examines the challenge of creating and sustaining a virtual city model and illustrates how the success of such efforts may depend on strategic collaborations between multiple organizations. It argues that a city model which is aligned to the development of the real city, to visually and analytically assess urban planning proposals, is more likely to be regularly used, continually updated, authoritative and sustainable in the longer term. A case study is described of Virtual NewcastleGateshead (VNG), a collaboration between a university (Northumbria University) and two neighbouring local authorities (Newcastle City Council and Gateshead Council) in the north east of England, UK, with the aim of developing a financially sustainable three-dimensional (3D) computer model for the purposes of urban planning, education and research. The chapter also summarises associated research which investigates the issues in extending the visualization capabilities of a virtual city model by exploring data interoperability issues related to 3D simulations of the performance aspects of urban spaces, including pedestrian movement, noise mapping, wind modelling and thermal comfort. It proposes that the integration of such simulations into virtual city modeling offers much scope for continued use of city models and future research. Conclusions on this collaborative, integrated approach to sustainable city modeling are included.
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Moreno-Quintero, Eric. "Modelling the Route Choice." In Handbook of Research on Military, Aeronautical, and Maritime Logistics and Operations, 178–209. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9779-9.ch009.

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The issue of route choice is a key factor for the freight transport performance. Congestion at roads encourages hauliers to change routes to minimize the delays and keep lead times in a reliable range. In the context of transport planning, the route choice problem can be assessed by modelling the travel times needed to reach a destination through the different routes in a road network. Is in this point where the volume-delay functions become relevant. A Volume-Delay Function (VDF) is a mathematical representation of the increase of the travel time as more and more vehicles utilize the routes, causing congestion on the road networks. The related literature and practitioners report on the use of some known functional forms, as the BPR function, the Conical volume-delay function or the Akcelik's function, which are widely utilized in flow's assignation modelling in transport planning. A successful application of VDFs requires a proper fitting of the function's parameters. In a classical focus these parameters can be deduced from speed-flow surveys carried out at the routes or links of interest; these surveys generally require time money and personnel. As an alternative to this classical focus, particularly when facing scarcity of resources, this work carries out a mathematical analysis of the VDF functional forms, as well with an interpretation of their parameters in relation to road's operation. The results of these analyses clarifies the meaning of the functional forms for the VDFs and their parameters, and suggest other ways to assess those parameters which may be more practical for the purpose of modelling the choice of route in freight transport. Some considerations to put into practice this in Mexico are discussed at the end of this work.
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Sági, Tamás, Szabolcs Harangi, and Theodoros Ntaflos. "Modeling of Olivine and Clinopyroxene Fractionation in Intracontinental Alkaline Basalts: A Case Study from the Carpathian-Pannonian Region." In Updates in Volcanology - Transdisciplinary Nature of Volcano Science. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94808.

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Besides mantle peridotites primary basaltic melts are the best tool to investigate upper mantle petrology and geochemistry. However, de facto primitive melts are hard to found, as basaltic melts usually go through a fractionation process during their ascent towards the surface. Most primary melt calculators are based on the major or trace element compositions of olivine-phyric ocean island basalts and peridotites and are less accurate if clinopyroxene fractionation occurred. In this chapter a new fractionation modeling method of alkaline basalts will be introduced, which has been published earlier only in Hungarian. Olivine ± clinopyroxene fractionation of four basaltic volcanoes have been modeled from different Miocene-Quaternary volcanic fields from the Carpathian-Pannonian Region (Stiavnica (Selmec) VF, Novohrad-Gemer (Nógrád-Gömör) VF, Perşani Mts. (Persányi Mts.) VF and from the Lucaret-Sanoviţa (Lukácskő-Sziklás) volcano.
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Conference papers on the topic "Vnf modeling"

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Rodriguez, Veronica Quintuna, and Fabrice Guillemin. "VNF modeling towards the cloud-RAN implementation." In 2017 International Conference on Networked Systems (NetSys). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/netsys.2017.7903950.

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Popokh, Leo, Jing Su, Suku Nair, and Eli Olinick. "IllumiCore: Optimization Modeling and Implementation for Efficient VNF Placement." In 2021 International Conference on Software, Telecommunications and Computer Networks (SoftCOM). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/softcom52868.2021.9559076.

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Marchetto, Guido, Riccardo Sisto, Matteo Virgilio, and Jalolliddin Yusupov. "A Framework for User-Friendly Verification-Oriented VNF Modeling." In 2017 IEEE 41st Annual Computer Software and Applications Conference (COMPSAC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/compsac.2017.16.

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Cao, Jiuyue, Yan Zhang, Wei An, Xin Chen, Yanni Han, and Jiyan Sun. "VNF Placement in Hybrid NFV Environment: Modeling and Genetic Algorithms." In 2016 IEEE 22nd International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems (ICPADS). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpads.2016.0105.

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Popokh, Leo, Pablo Olive, Ignacio Aldama, Yaseen Al-Doori, and S. Nair. "Physical and Virtual Resources Inventory Modeling for Efficient VNF Placement." In 2020 IEEE 10th International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE-Berlin). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icce-berlin50680.2020.9352159.

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Bista, Ghoshana, Eddy Caron, and Anne-Lucie Vion. "Total Cost Modeling for VNF based on Licenses and Resources." In 12th International Conference on Cloud Computing and Services Science. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0011079600003200.

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Lu, Wei, Lipei Liang, and Zuqing Zhu. "Orchestrating data-intensive vNF service chains in inter-DC elastic optical networks." In 2017 International Conference on Optical Network Design and Modeling (ONDM). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/ondm.2017.7958547.

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Saatkamp, Karoline, Christoph Krieger, Frank Leymann, Julian Sudendorf, and Michael Wurster. "Application Threat Modeling and Automated VNF Selection for Mitigation using TOSCA." In 2019 International Conference on Networked Systems (NetSys). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/netsys.2019.8854524.

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Sarrigiannis, Ioannis, Elli Kartsakli, Kostas Ramantas, Angelos Antonopoulos, and Christos Verikoukis. "Application and Network VNF migration in a MEC-enabled 5G Architecture." In 2018 IEEE 23rd International Workshop on Computer Aided Modeling and Design of Communication Links and Networks (CAMAD). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/camad.2018.8514943.

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Ben Jemaa, Fatma, Guy Pujolle, and Michel Pariente. "Analytical Models for QoS-driven VNF Placement and Provisioning in Wireless Carrier Cloud." In MSWiM '16: 19th ACM International Conference on Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Wireless and Mobile Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2988287.2989154.

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Reports on the topic "Vnf modeling"

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Wilson, D., Daniel Breton, Lauren Waldrop, Danney Glaser, Ross Alter, Carl Hart, Wesley Barnes, et al. Signal propagation modeling in complex, three-dimensional environments. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40321.

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The Signal Physics Representation in Uncertain and Complex Environments (SPRUCE) work unit, part of the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) Army Terrestrial-Environmental Modeling and Intelligence System (ARTEMIS) work package, focused on the creation of a suite of three-dimensional (3D) signal and sensor performance modeling capabilities that realistically capture propagation physics in urban, mountainous, forested, and other complex terrain environments. This report describes many of the developed technical capabilities. Particular highlights are (1) creation of a Java environmental data abstraction layer for 3D representation of the atmosphere and inhomogeneous terrain that ingests data from many common weather forecast models and terrain data formats, (2) extensions to the Environmental Awareness for Sensor and Emitter Employment (EASEE) software to enable 3D signal propagation modeling, (3) modeling of transmitter and receiver directivity functions in 3D including rotations of the transmitter and receiver platforms, (4) an Extensible Markup Language/JavaScript Object Notation (XML/JSON) interface to facilitate deployment of web services, (5) signal feature definitions and other support for infrasound modeling and for radio-frequency (RF) modeling in the very high frequency (VHF), ultra-high frequency (UHF), and super-high frequency (SHF) frequency ranges, and (6) probabilistic calculations for line-of-sight in complex terrain and vegetation.
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Beaudoin, C., A. Gatesman, M. Clinard, J. Waldman, R. Giles, and W. Nixon. Physical Scale Modeling of VHF/UHF SAR Collection Geometries. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada461959.

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Cummer, Steven A., and Jingbo Li. Accurate Modeling of Ionospheric Electromagnetic Fields Generated by a Low Altitude VLF Transmitter. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada534986.

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Cummer, Steven A. Accurate Modeling of Ionospheric Electromagnetic Fields Generated by a Low-Altitude VLF Transmitter. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada519257.

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